Chapter XXIII: Section XIX: Botanical Work (1)

555. Some hints and brief instructions for the collection, examination, and preservation of specimens are added. They are especially intended for the assistance of those who have not the advantage of a teacher. They apply to phanerogamous plants and Ferns only, and to systematic botany.[1]

Sec. 1. COLLECTION, OR HERBORIZATION.

556. As much as possible, plants should be examined in the living state, or when freshly gathered. But dried specimens should be prepared for more leisurely examination and for comparison. To the working botanist good dried specimens are indispensable.

557. =Botanical Specimens=, to be complete, should have root or rootstock, stem, leaves, flowers, both open and in bud, and fruit. Sometimes these may all be obtained at one gathering; more commonly two or three gatherings at different times are requisite, especially for trees and shrubs.

558. =In Herborizing=, a good knife and a narrow and strong trowel are needed; but a very strong knife will serve instead of a trowel or small pick for digging out bulbs, tubers, and the like. To carry the specimens, either the tin box (_vasculum_) or a portfolio, or both are required. The tin box is best for the collection of specimens to be used fresh, as in the class-room; also for very thick or fleshy plants. The portfolio is indispensable for long expeditions, and is best for specimens which are to be preserved in the herbarium.

559. The _Vasculum_, or _Botanical Collecting-box_, is made of tin, in shape like a candle-box, only flatter, or the smaller sizes like an English sandwich-case; the lid opening for nearly the whole length of one side of the box. Any portable tin box of convenient size, and capable of holding specimens a foot or fifteen inches long, will answer the purpose. The box should shut close, so that the specimens may not wilt: then it will keep leafy branches and most flowers perfectly fresh for a day or two, especially if slightly moistened. They should not be wet.

560. _The Portfolio_ is best made of two pieces of solid binder's-board, covered with enamel cloth, which also forms the back, and fastened by straps and buckles. It may be from a foot to twenty inches long, from nine to eleven or twelve inches wide. It should contain a needful quantity of smooth but strong and pliable paper (thin so-called Manilla paper is best), either fastened at the back as in a book, or loose in folded sheets when not very many specimens are required. As soon as gathered, the specimens should be separately laid between the leaves or in the folded sheets, and kept under moderate pressure in the closed portfolio.

561. Of small herbs, especially annuals, the whole plant, root and all, should be taken for a specimen. Of larger ones branches will suffice, with some leaves from near the root. Enough of the root or subterranean part of the plant should be collected to show whether it is an annual, a biennial, or a perennial. Thick roots, bulbs, tubers, or branches of specimens intended to be pressed should be thinned with a knife, or cut into slices. Keep the specimens within the length of fifteen or sixteen inches, by folding, or when that cannot be done, by cutting into lengths.

562. =For Drying Specimens= a good supply of soft and unsized paper is wanted; and some convenient means of applying considerable pressure. To make good dried botanical specimens, dry them as rapidly as possible between many thicknesses of sun-dried paper to absorb their moisture, under as much pressure as can be given without crushing the more delicate parts. This pressure may be had by a botanical press, of which various forms have been contrived; or by weights placed upon a board,--from forty to eighty or a hundred pounds, according to the quantity of specimens drying at the time. For use while travelling, a good portable press may be made of thick binders' boards for the sides, and the pressure may be applied by strong straps with buckles. Still better, on some accounts, are portable presses made of wire network, which allow the dampness to escape by evaporation between the meshes. For herborization in a small way, a light wire-press may be taken into the field and made to serve also as a portfolio.

563. It is well to have two kinds of paper, namely, _driers_ of bibulous paper, stitched into pads (or the pads may be of thick carpet-paper, cut to size) and thin smooth paper, folded once; the specimens to be laid into the fold, either when gathered or on returning from the excursion. These sheets are to hold the specimens until they are quite dry. Every day, or at first even twice a day, the specimens, left undisturbed in their sheets, are to be shifted into fire-dried or sun-dried fresh driers, and the pressure renewed, while the moist sheets are spread out to dry, so as to take their turn again at the next shifting. This course must be continued until the specimens are no longer moist to the touch. Good and comely specimens are either made or spoiled within the first twenty-four or thirty-six hours. After that, when plenty of driers are used, it may not be necessary to change them so frequently.

564. Succulent plants, which long refuse to part with life and moisture, and Spruces and some other evergreens which are apt to cast off their leaves, may be plunged for a moment into boiling water, all but the flowers. Delicate flowers may be encased in thin tissue paper when put into the press. Thick parts, like the heads of Sunflowers and Thistles, may be cut in two or into slices.

565. Dried specimens may be packed in bundles, either in folded paper or upon single half-sheets. It is better that such paper should not be bibulous. The packages should be well wrapped or kept in close cases.

566. =Poisoning= is necessary if specimens are to be permanently preserved from the depredation of insects. The usual application is an almost saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in 95 per cent alcohol, freely applied with a large and soft brush, or the specimens dipped into some of the solution poured into a large and flat dish; the wetted specimens to be transferred for a short time to driers.

Sec. 2. HERBARIUM.

567. The botanist's collection of dried specimens, ticketed with their names, place, and time of collection, and systematically arranged under their genera, orders, etc., forms a _Hortus Siccus_ or _Herbarium_. It comprises not only the specimens which the proprietor has himself collected, but those which he acquires through friendly exchanges, or in other ways. The specimens of an herbarium may be kept in folded sheets of paper; or they may be fastened on half-sheets of thick and white paper, either by gummed slips, or by glue applied to the specimens themselves. The former is best for private and small herbaria; the latter for large ones which are much turned over. Each sheet should be appropriated to one species; two or more different plants should never be attached to the same sheet. The generic and specific name of the plant should be added to the lower right-hand corner, either written on the sheet, or on a ticket pasted down; and the time of collection, the locality, the color of the flowers, and any other information which the specimens themselves do not afford, should be duly recorded upon the sheet or the ticket. The sheets of the herbarium should all be of exactly the same dimensions. The herbarium of Linnaeus is on paper of the common foolscap size, about eleven inches long and seven wide. This is too small. Sixteen and three eighths inches by eleven and a half inches is an approved size.

568. The sheets containing the species of each genus are to be placed in _genus-covers_, made of a full sheet of thick paper (such as the strongest Manilla-hemp paper), to be when folded of the same dimensions as the species-sheet but slightly wider: the name of the genus is to be written on one of the lower corners. These are to be arranged under the orders to which they belong, and the whole kept in closed cases or cabinets, either laid flat in compartments, like "pigeon-holes," or else placed in thick portfolios, arranged like folio volumes. All should be kept, as much as practicable, in dust-proof and insect-proof cases or boxes.

569. Fruits, tubers, and other hard parts, too thick for the herbarium, may be kept in pasteboard or light wooden boxes, in a collection apart. Small loose fruits, seeds, detached flowers, and the like may be conveniently preserved in paper capsules or envelopes, attached to the herbarium-sheets.

Sec. 3. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OF PLANTS.

570. =The Implements= required are a hand magnifying glass, a pocket lens of an inch or two focus, or a glass of two lenses, one of the lower and the other of the higher power; and a sharp penknife for dissection. With these and reasonable perseverance the structure of the flowers and fructification of most phanerogamous plants and Ferns can be made out. But for ease and comfort, as well as for certainty and right training, the student should have some kind of simple stage microscope, and under this make all dissections of small parts. Without it the student will be apt to fall into the bad habit of guessing where he ought to ascertain.

571. The simple microscope may be reduced to a good lens or doublet, of an inch focus, mounted over a glass stage, so that it can be moved up and down and also sidewise, and with (or without) a little mirror underneath. A better one would have one or two additional lenses (say of half and of a quarter inch focus), a pretty large stage, on the glass of which several small objects can be placed and conveniently brought under the lens; and its height or that of the lens should be adjustable by a rack-work; also a swivel-mounted little mirror beneath, which is needed for minute objects to be viewed by transmitted light.

572. For dissecting and displaying small parts on the stage of the microscope, besides a thin-bladed knife, the only tools needed are a good stock of common needles of various sizes, mounted in handles, and one or more saddler's-needles, which, being triangular, may be ground to sharp edges convenient for dissection. Also a pair of delicate-pointed forceps; those with curved points used by the dentist are most convenient. A cup of clean water is indispensable, with which to moisten or wet, or in which occasionally to float delicate parts. Small flowers, buds, fruits, and seeds of dried specimens can be dissected quite as well as fresh ones. They have only to be soaked in warm or boiling water.

573. The compound microscope is rarely necessary except in cryptogamic botany and vegetable anatomy; but it is very useful and convenient, especially for the examination of pollen. To the advanced botanist it is a necessity, to all students of botany an aid and delight.

574. =Analysis.= A few directions and hints may be given. The most important is this: In studying an unknown plant, make a complete examination of all its parts, and form a clear idea of its floral structure and that of its fruit, from pericarp down to the embryo, or as far as the materials in hand allow, before taking a step toward finding out its name and relationship by means of the keys or other helps which the Manuals and Floras provide. If it is the name merely that is wanted, the shorter way is to ask some one who already knows it. To verify the points of structure one by one as they happen to occur in an artificial key, without any preparatory investigation, is a usual but is not the best nor the surest way. It is well to make drawings or outline sketches of the smaller parts, and especially diagrams of the plan of the flower, such as those of Fig. 225, 227, 241, 244, 275-277. For these, cross sections of the flower-bud or flower are to be made: and longitudinal sections, such as Fig. 270-274, are equally important. The dissection even of small seeds is not difficult after some practice. Commonly they need to be soaked or boiled.

575. The right appreciation of characters and terms used in description needs practice and calls for judgment. Plants do not grow exactly by rule and plummet, and measurements must be taken loosely. Difference of soil and situation are responded to by considerable variations, and other divergences occur which cannot be accounted for by the surroundings, nor be anticipated in general descriptions. Annuals may be very depauperate in dry soils or seasons, or very large when particularly well nourished. Warm and arid situations promote, and wet ones are apt to diminish pubescence. Salt water causes increased succulence. The color of flowers is apt to be lighter in shade, and brighter in open and elevated situations. A color or hue not normal to the species now and then occurs, which nothing in the conditions will account for. _A white-flowered variation of any other colored blossom may always be expected_; this, though it may be notable, no more indicates a distinct variety of the species than an albino would a variety of the human species. The numerical plan is subject to variation in some flowers; those on the plan of five may now and then vary to four or to six. Variations of the outline or lobing of leaves are so familiar that they do not much mislead. Only wider and longer observation suffices to prevent or correct mistakes in botanical study. But the weighing of evidence and the balancing of probabilities, no less than the use of the well-ordered and logical system of classification, give as excellent training to the judgment as the search for the facts themselves does to the observing powers.

Sec. 4. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

576. For a full account of these, whether of former or actual use, see "Structural Botany" of the "Botanical Text Book," pp. 367, 392, as also for the principles which govern the accentuation of names. It is needful here to explain only those used in the Manuals and Floras of this country, for which the present volume is an introduction and companion. They are not numerous.

577. In arranging the species, at least those of a large genus, the divisions are denoted and graduated as follows: The sign Sec. is prefixed to sections of the highest rank: these sections when they have names affixed to them (as Prunus Sec. Cerasus) may be called subgenera. When the divisions of a genus are not of such importance, or when divisions are made under the subgenus itself, the most comprehensive ones are marked by asterisks, * for the first, * * for the second, and so on. Subdivisions are marked with a prefixed +; those under this head with ++; and those under this with =, if there be so many grades. A similar notation is followed in the synopsis of the genera of an order.

578. The interrogation point is used in botany to indicate doubt. Thus _Clematis crispa_, L.? expresses a doubt whether the plant in question is really the _Clematis crispa_ of Linnaeus. _Clematis? polypetala_ expresses a doubt whether the plant so named is really a Clematis. On the other hand the exclamation point (!) is used to denote certainty whenever there is special need to affirm this.

579. For size or height, the common signs of degrees, minutes, and seconds, have been used, thus, 1 deg., 2', 3", stand respectively for a foot, two inches, and three lines or twelfths of an inch. A better way, when such brevity is needed, is to write 1^{ft}. 2^{in}. 3^{l}.

580. Signs for duration used by Linnaeus were [Symbol for Sun] for an annual, [Symbol for Mars] for a biennial, [Symbol for Jupiter] for a perennial herb, [Symbol like numeral 5 without the top bar] for a shrub or tree. DeCandolle brought in [Symbol for Sun] for a plant that died after once flowering, [Symbol with numeral 1 in a circle] if annual, [Symbol with numeral 2 in a circle] if biennial.

581. To indicate sexes, [Symbol for Male] means staminate or male plant or blossom; [Symbol for Female], pistillate or female; [Symbol like that for Mercury, but with two inverted breve accents over it], perfect or hermaphrodite.

582. To save room it is not uncommon to use [Symbol for infinity] in place of "many;" thus, "Stamens [Symbol for infinity]," for stamens indefinitely numerous: "[Symbol for infinity] flora" for pluriflora or many-flowered. Still more common is the form "Stamens 5-20," or "Calyx 4-5-parted," for stamens from five to twenty, calyx four-parted or five-parted, and the like. Such abbreviations hardly need explanation.

583. The same may be said of such abbreviations as _Cal._ for calyx, _Cor._ for corolla, _Pet._ for petals, _St._ for stamens, _Pist._ for pistil, _Hab._ for habitat, meaning place of growth, _Herb._ for herbarium, _Hort._ for garden. Also _l. c._, loco citato, which avoids repetition of volume and page.

584. "Structural Botany" has six pages of abbreviations of the names of botanists, mostly of botanical authors. As they are not of much consequence to the beginner, while the more advanced botanist will know the names in full, or know where to find them, only a selection is here appended.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] For fuller directions in many particulars, see "Structural Botany," pp. 370-374.

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS.

_Adans._ = Adanson.
_Ait._ Aiton.
_All._ Allioni.
_Andr._ Andrews.
_Arn._ Arnott.
_Aub._ Aublet.
_Bartr._ Bartram.
_Beauv._ Palisot de Beauvois.
_Benth._ Bentham.
_Bernh._ Bernhardi.
_Bigel._ Jacob Bigelow.
_Bong._ Bongard.
_Bonpl._ Bonpland.
_Br._ or _R. Br._ Robert Brown.
_Cass._ Cassini.
_Cav._ Cavanilles.
_Cham._ Chamisso.
_Chapm._ Chapman.
_Chois._ Choisy.
_Clayt._ Clayton.
_Curt._ Curtis.
_Curt. (M. A.)_ M. A. Curtis.
_Darl._ Darlington.
_DC._ } DeCandolle.
_DeCand._ }
_A. DC._ Alphonse DeCandolle.
_Desc._ Descourtilz.
_Desf._ Desfontaines.
_Desv._ Desvaux.
_Dill._ Dillenius.
_Dougl._ Douglas.
_Duham._ Duhamel.
_Dun._ Dunal.
_Eat._ Eaton (Amos) or D. C.
_Ehrh._ Ehrhart.
_Ell._ Elliott.
_Endl._ Endlicher.
_Engelm._ Engelmann.
_Engl._ Engler.
_Fisch._ Fischer.
_Froel._ Froelich.
_Gaertn._ Gaertner.
_Gaud._ Gaudin.
_Gaudich._ Gaudichaud.
_Ging._ Gingins.
_Gmel._ Gmelin.
_Good._ Goodenough.
_Grev._ Greville.
_Griseb._ Grisebach.
_Gron._ } Gronovius.
_Gronov._ }
_Hall._ Haller.
_Hartm._ Hartmann.
_Hartw._ Hartweg.
_Harv._ Harvey.
_Haw._ Haworth.
_Hegelm._ Hegelmaier.
_Hemsl._ Hemsley.
_Herb._ Herbert.
_Hoffm._ Hoffmann.
_Hoffmans._ Hoffmansegg.
_Hook._ Hooker.
_Hook. f._ J. D. Hooker.
_Hornem._ Hornemann.
_Huds._ Hudson.
_Humb._ Humboldt.
_HBK._ Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth.
_Jacq._ Jacquin.
_Jacq. f._ J. F. Jacquin.
_Juss._ Jussieu.
_A. Juss._ Adrien de Jussieu.
_Kit._ Kitaibel.
_L._ or _Linn._ Linnaeus.
_Labill._ Labillardiere.
_Lag._ Lagasca.
_Lam._ Lamarck.
_Ledeb._ Ledebour.
_Lehm._ Lehmann.
_Lesq._ Lesquereux.
_Less._ Lessing.
_Lestib._ Lestibudois.
_L'Her._ L'Heritier.
_Lindb._ Lindberg.
_Lindh._ Lindheimer.
_Lindl._ Lindley.
_Lodd._ Loddiges.
_Loud._ Loudon.
_M. Bieb._ Marschall von Bieberstein.
_Marsh._ Marshall (Humphrey).
_Mart._ Martius.
_Mast._ = Masters.
_Maxim._ Maximowicz.
_Meisn._ } Meisner or
_Meissn._ } Meissner.
_Michx._ or _Mx._ Michaux.
_Michx. f._ F. A. Michaux.
_Mill._ Miller.
_Miq._ Miquel.
_Mitch._ Mitchell.
_Moc._ Mocino.
_Moq._ Moquin-Tandon.
_Moric._ Moricand.
_Moris._ Morison.
_Muell. Arg._ J. Mueller.
_Muell. (F.)_ Ferdinand Mueller.
_Muhl._ Muhlenberg.
_Murr._ Murray.
_Naud._ Naudin.
_Neck._ Necker.
_Nees_ } Nees von Esenbeck.
_N. ab E._ }
_Nutt._ Nuttall.
_Oed._ Oeder.
_Ort._ Ortega.
_P. de Beauv._ Palisot de Beauvois.
_Pall._ Pallas.
_Parl._ Parlatore.
_Pav._ Pavon.
_Pers._ Persoon.
_Planch._ Planchon.
_Pluk._ Plukenet.
_Plum._ Plumier.
_Poir._ Poiret.
_Radlk._ Radlkofer.
_Raf._ Rafinesque.
_Red._ Redoute.
_Reichenb._ Reichenbach.
_Rich._ L. C. Richard.
_Rich. f._ or _A._ Achille Richard.
_Richards._ Richardson.
_Ridd._ Riddell.
_Roem. & Schult._ Roemer & Schultes.
_Rottb._ Rottboell.
_Rupr._ Ruprecht.
_St. Hil._ Saint-Hilaire.
_Salisb._ Salisbury.
_Schk._ Schkuhr.
_Schlecht._ Schlechtendal.
_Schrad._ Schrader.
_Schreb._ Schreber.
_Schwein._ Schweinitz.
_Scop._ Scopoli.
_Spreng._ Sprengel.
_Sternb._ Sternberg.
_Steud._ Steudel.
_Sull._ Sullivant.
_Thunb._ Thunberg.
_Torr._ Torrey.
_Tourn._ Tournefort.
_Trautv._ Trautvetter.
_Trin._ Trinius.
_Tuck._ Tuckerman.
_Vaill._ Vaillant.
_Vent._ Ventenat.
_Vill._ Villars.
_Wahl._ Wahlenberg.
_Walds._ Waldstein.
_Wall._ Wallich.
_Wallr._ Wallroth.
_Walp._ Walpers.
_Walt._ Walter.
_Wang._ Wangenheim.
_Wats._ Sereno Watson, unless other initials are given.
_Wedd._ Weddell.
_Wendl._ Wendland.
_Wiks._ Wikstrom.
_Willd._ Willdenow.
_Wulf._ Wulfen.
_Zucc._ Zuccarini.
_Zuccag._ Zuccagini.

GLOSSARY AND INDEX,

OR

DICTIONARY OF THE PRINCIPAL TERMS IN DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY, COMBINED WITH AN INDEX.

For the convenience of unclassical students, the commoner Latin
and Greek words (or their equivalents in English form) which
enter into the composition of botanical names, as well as of
technical terms, are added to this Glossary. The numbers refer
to pages.

_A_, at the beginning of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a negative, or the absence of something; as apetalous, without petals; aphyllous, leafless, &c. In words beginning with a vowel, the prefix is _an_; as anantherous, destitute of anther.

_Abnormal_, contrary to the usual or the natural structure.

_Aboriginal_, original in the strictest sense; same as indigenous.

_Abortive_, imperfectly formed, or rudimentary.

_Abortion_, the imperfect formation or the non-formation of some part.

_Abrupt_, suddenly terminating; as, for instance,

_Abruptly pinnate_, pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end, 58.

_Acantho-_, spiny.

_Acaulescent_ (_acaulis_), apparently stemless; the proper stem, bearing the leaves and flowers, being very short or subterranean.

_Accessory_, something additional; as _Accessory buds_, 30, 31; _Accessory fruits_, 118.

_Accrescent_, growing larger after flowering.

_Accrete_, grown to.

_Accumbent_, lying against a thing. The cotyledons are accumbent when they lie with their edges against the radicle, 128.

_Acephalous_, headless.

_Acerose_, needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines.

_Acetabuliform_, saucer-shaped.

_Achaenium_, or _Achenium_ (plural _achenia_), a one-seeded, seed-like fruit, 120.

_Achlamydeous_ (flower), without floral envelopes, 86.

_Acicular_, needle-shaped; more slender than acerose.

_Acinaciform_, scimitar-shaped, like some bean-pods.

_Acines_, the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry.

_Acorn_, the nut of the Oak, 122.

_Acotyledonous_, destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves.

_Acrogenous_, growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns and Mosses. _Acrogens_, or _Acrogenous Plants_, a name for the vascular cryptogamous plants, 156.

_Aculeate_, armed with prickles, i. e. _aculei_; as the Rose and Brier.

_Aculeolate_, armed with small prickles, or slightly prickly.

_Acuminate_, taper-pointed, 54.

_Acute_, merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right angle, 54.

_Adelphous_ (stamens), joined in a fraternity (_adelphia_); see _monadelphous_, &c.

_Aden_, Greek for gland. So _Adenophorous_, gland-bearing.

_Adherent_, sticking to, or more commonly, growing fast to another body.

_Adnate_, literally, growing fast to, born adherent, 95. The anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolongation, 101.

_Adnation_, the state of being adnate, 94.

_Adpressed_ or _appressed_, brought into contact with, but not united.

_Adscendent_, _ascendent_, or _ascending_, rising gradually upwards, 39.

_Adsurgent_, or _assurgent_, same as ascending, 39.

_Adventitious_, out of the proper or usual place; e. g. _Adventitious buds_, 30.

_Adventive_, applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly introduced into a country, but hardly to be called naturalized.

_AEquilateral_, equal-sided; opposed to oblique.

_Aerial roots_, &c., 36.

_AEruginous_, verdigris-colored.

_AEstival_, produced in summer.

_AEstivation_, the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud, 97.

_Agamous_, sexless.

_Aggregate fruits_, 118.

_Agrestis_, growing in fields.

_Air-cells_ or _Air-passages_, spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems, 131.

_Air-Plants_, 36.

_Akene_ or _Akenium_, 120.

_Ala_ (plural, _alae_), a wing; the side-petals of a papilionaceous corolla, 92.

_Alabastrum_, a flower-bud.

_Alar_, situated in the forks of a stem.

_Alate_, winged.

_Albescent_, whitish, or turning white.

_Albus_, Latin for white.

_Albumen_ of the seed, nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, 21, 127.

_Albumen_, a vegetable product, of four elements.

_Albuminous_ (seeds), furnished with albumen, 21.

_Alburnum_, young wood, sap-wood, 142.

_Alliaceous_, with odor of garlic.

_Allogamous_, close fertilization.

_Alpestrine_, subalpine.

_Alpine_, belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests.

_Alternate_ (leaves), one after another, 29, 67. Petals are _alternate_ with the sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals between them, 82.

_Alveolate_, honeycomb-like.

_Ament_, the scaly spike of trees like the Birch and Willow, 75.

_Amentaceous_, catkin-like, or catkin-bearing.

_Amorphous_, shapeless, without any definite form.

_Amphicarpous_, producing two kinds of fruit.

_Amphigastrium_ (plural, _amphigastria_), a peculiar stipule-like leaf of Liverworts.

_Amphitropous_ ovules or seeds, 111.

_Amphora_, a pitcher-shaped organ.

_Amplectant_, embracing. _Amplexicaul_ (leaves), clasping the stem by the base.

_Ampullaceous_, swelling out like a bottle or bladder (_ampulla_).

_Amylaceous_, _Amyloid_, composed of starch (_amylum_), or starch-like.

_Anandrous_, without stamens.

_Anantherous_, without anthers.

_Ananthous_, destitute of flowers; flowerless.

_Anastomosing_, forming a net-work (_anastomosis_), as the veins of leaves, 50.

_Anatropous_ ovules or seeds, 111.

_Ancipital_ (_anceps_), two-edged.

_Androecium_, a name for the stamens taken together, 98.

_Andro-dioecious_, flowers staminate on one plant, perfect on another.

_Androgynous_, having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster.

_Androphore_, a column of united stamens, as in a Mallow.

_Androus_, or _Ander_, _andra_, _andrum_, Greek in compounds for male, or stamens.

_Anemophilous_, wind-loving, said of wind-fertilizable flowers, 113.

_Anfractuose_, bent hither and thither as the anthers of the Squash, &c.

_Angiospermae_, _Angiospermous_, with seeds formed in an ovary or pericarp, 109.

_Angular divergence_ of leaves, 69.

_Anisos_, unequal. _Anisomerous_, parts unequal in number. _Anisopetalous_, with unequal petals. _Anisophyllous_, the leaves unequal in the pairs.

_Annual_ (plant), flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the seed, and then dying, 37.

_Annular_, in the form of a ring, or forming a circle.

_Annulate_, marked by rings; or furnished with an

_Annulus_, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns. In Mosses it is a ring of cells placed between the mouth of the spore-case and the lid in many species.

_Annotinous_, yearly, or in yearly growths.

_Anterior_, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external; while the posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus, in the Pea, &c., the keel is _anterior_, and the standard _posterior_, 96.

_Anthela_, an open paniculate cyme.

_Anther_, the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen, 14, 80, 101.

_Antheridium_ (plural _antheridia_), the organ in Cryptogams which answers to the anther of Flowering Plants, 150.

_Antheriferous_, anther-bearing.

_Anthesis_, the period or the act of the expansion of a flower.

_Anthocarpus_ (fruits), 118.

_Anthophore_, a stipe between calyx and corolla, 113.

_Anthos_, Greek for flower; in composition, _Monanthous_, one-flowered, &c.

_Anticous_, same as anterior.

_Antrorse_, directed upwards or forwards.

_Apetalous_, destitute of petals, 86.

_Aphyllous_, leafless.

_Apical_, belonging to the apex or point.

_Apiculate_, pointleted; tipped with a small point.

_Apocarpous_ (pistils), when the several pistils of the same flower are separate.

_Apophysis_, any irregular swelling; the enlargement at the base of the spore-case of the Umbrella-Moss.

_Apothecium_, the fructification of Lichens, 171.

_Appendage_, any superadded part. _Appendiculate_, provided with appendages.

_Appressed_, close pressed to the stem, &c.

_Apricus_, growing in dry and sunny places.

_Apterous_, wingless.

_Aquatic_ (_Aquatilis_), living or growing in water; applied to plants whether growing under water, or with all but the base raised out of it.

_Arachnoid_, _Araneose_, cobwebby; clothed with, or consisting of, soft downy fibres.

_Arboreous_, _Arborescent_, tree-like, in size or form, 39.

_Arboretum_, a collection of trees.

_Archegonium_ (plural _archegonia_), the organ in Mosses, &c., which is analogous to the pistil of Flowering Plants.

_Arcuate_, bent or curved like a bow.

_Arenose_ (_Arenarius_), growing in sand.

_Areolate_, marked out into little spaces or _areolae_.

_Argenteous_, or _Argentate_, silvery-like.

_Argillose_, growing in clay.

_Argos_, Greek for pure white; _Argophyllous_ or _Argyrophyllous_, white-leaved, &c.

_Argutus_, acutely dentate.

_Arillate_ (seeds) furnished with an aril.

_Arilliform_, aril-like.

_Arillus_, or _Aril_, a fleshy growth from base of a seed, 126.

_Aristate_, awned, i. e. furnished with an _arista_, like the beard of Barley, &c., 54.

_Aristulate_, diminutive of the last; short-awned.

_Arrect_, brought into upright position.

_Arrow-shaped_ or _Arrow-headed_, same as _sagittate_, 53.

_Articulated_, jointed; furnished with joints or _articulations_, where it separates or inclines to do so. _Articulated leaves_, 57.

_Artificial Classification_, 181.

_Ascending_ (stems, &c.), 39; (seeds or ovules), 110.

_Ascidium_, a pitcher-shaped body, like leaves of Sarracenia.

_Ascus_ (_asci_), a sac, the spore-case of Lichens and some Fungi.

_Aspergilliform_, shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water; as the stigmas of many Grasses.

_Asperous_, rough to touch.

_Assimilation_, 144, 147.

_Assurgent_, same as ascending, 39.

_Atropous_ or _Atropal_ (ovules), same as orthotropous.

_Aurantiacous_, orange-colored.

_Aureous_, golden.

_Auriculate_, furnished with _auricles_ or ear-like appendages, 53.

_Autogamy_, self-fertilization, 115.

_Awl-shaped_, sharp-pointed from a broader base, 61.

_Awn_, the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, &c.; or any similar appendage.

_Awned_ or _Awn-pointed_, furnished with an awn or long bristle-shaped tip, 54.

_Axil_, the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem, 13.

_Axile_, belonging to the axis, or occupying the axis.

_Axillary_ (buds, &c.), occurring in an axil, 27.

_Axis_, the central line of any body; the organ round which others are attached; the root and stem. _Ascending_ and _Descending Axis_, 38.

_Baccate_, berried, berry-like, of a pulpy nature like a berry (_bacca_).

_Badius_, chestnut-colored.

_Banner_, see Standard, 92.

_Barbate_, bearded; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs.

_Barbed_, furnished with a _barb_ or double hook; as the apex of the bristle on the fruit of Echinospermum (Stickseed), &c.

_Barbellate_, said of the bristles of the pappus of some Compositae when beset with short, stiff hairs, longer than when denticulate, but shorter than when plumose.

_Barbellulate_, diminutive of barbellate.

_Bark_, the covering of a stem outside of the wood, 138, 140.

_Basal_, belonging or attached to the

_Base_, that extremity of any organ by which it is attached to its support.

_Basifixed_, attached by its base.

_Bast_, _Bast-fibres_, 134.

_Beaked_, ending in a prolonged narrow tip.

_Bearded_, see _barbate_. _Beard_ is sometimes used for awn, more commonly for long or stiff hairs of any sort.

_Bell-shaped_, of the shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell, 90.

_Berry_, a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape, 119.

_Bi-_ (or _Bis_), in compound words, twice; as

_Biarticulate_, twice-jointed, or two-jointed; separating into two pieces.

_Biauriculate_, having two ears, as the leaf in fig. 126.

_Bicallose_, having two callosities or harder spots.

_Bicarinate_, two-keeled.

_Bicipital_ (_Biceps_), two-headed; dividing into two parts.

_Biconjugate_, twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice.

_Bidentate_, having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate).

_Biennial_, of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one season, flowering and dying the next, 38.

_Bifarious_, two-ranked; arranged in two rows.

_Bifid_, two-cleft to about the middle.

_Bifoliolate_, a compound leaf of two leaflets, 59.

_Bifurcate_, twice forked; or more commonly, forked into two branches.

_Bijugate_, bearing two pairs (of leaflets, &c.).

_Bilabiate_, two-lipped, as the corolla of Labiatae.

_Bilamellate_, of two plates (_lamellae_), as the stigma of Mimulus.

_Bilobed_, the same as two-lobed.

_Bilocellate_, when a cell is divided into two _locelli_.

_Bilocular_, two-celled; as most anthers, the pod of Foxglove, &c.

_Binary_, in twos.

_Binate_, in couples, two together. _Bipartite_, the Latin form of two-parted.

_Binodal_, of two nodes.

_Binomial_, of two words, as the name of genus and species taken together, 180.

_Bipalmate_, twice palmately divided.

_Biparous_, bearing two.

_Bipinnate_ (leaf), twice pinnate, 58. _Bipinnatifid_, twice pinnatifid, 57.

_Bipinnatisect_, twice pinnately divided.

_Biplicate_, twice folded together.

_Biserial_, or _Biseriate_, occupying two rows, one within the other.

_Biserrate_, doubly serrate, as when the teeth of a leaf are themselves serrate.

_Bisexual_, having both stamens and pistil.

_Biternate_, twice ternate; i. e. principal divisions three, each bearing three leaflets, 59.

_Bladdery_, thin and inflated.

_Blade_ of a leaf, its expanded portion, 49.

_Bloom_, the whitish powder on some fruits, leaves, &c.

_Boat-shaped_, concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small boat.

_Border_ of corolla, &c., 89.

_Brachiate_, with opposite branches at right angles to each other.

_Brachy-_, short, as _Brachycarpous_, short-fruited, &c.

_Bract_ (_Bractea_), the leaf of an inflorescence. Specially, the bract is the small leaf or scale from the axil of which a flower or its pedicel proceeds, 73.

_Bracteate_, furnished with bracts.

_Bracteolate_, furnished with bractlets.

_Bracteose_, with numerous or conspicuous bracts.

_Bractlet_ (_Bracteola_), or _Bracteole_, is a bract seated _on_ the pedicel or flower-stalk, 73.

_Branch_, _Branching_, 27.

_Breathing-pores_, 144.

_Bristles_, stiff, sharp hairs, or any very slender bodies of similar appearance.

_Bristly_, beset with bristles. _Bristle-pointed_, 54.

_Brunneous_, brown.

_Brush-shaped_, see _aspergilliform_.

_Bryology_, that part of botany which relates to Mosses.

_Bryophyta_, _Bryophytes_, 163.

_Bud_, a branch in its earliest or undeveloped state, 27. _Bud-scales_, 63.

_Bulb_, a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean, 46.

_Bulbils_, diminutive bulbs.

_Bulbiferous_, bearing or producing bulbs. _Bulbose_ or _bulbous_, bulb-like in shape, &c.

_Bulblets_, small bulbs, borne above ground, 46.

_Bulb-scales_, 46.

_Bullate_, appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from _bulla_, a bubble).

_Byssaceous_, composed of fine flax-like threads.

_Caducous_, dropping off very early, compared with other parts; as the calyx in the Poppy, falling when the flower opens.

_Caeruleous_, blue. _Caerulescent_, becoming bluish.

_Caespitose_, or _Cespitose_, growing in turf-like patches or tufts.

_Calathiform_, cup-shaped.

_Calcarate_, furnished with a spur (_calcar_), 86, 87.

_Calceolate_ or _Calceiform_, slipper-shaped, like one petal of the Lady's Slipper.

_Callose_, hardened; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots.

_Calvous_, bald or naked of hairs.

_Calyciflorus_, when petals and stamens are adnate to calyx.

_Calycine_, belonging to the calyx.

_Calyculate_, furnished with an outer accessory calyx (_calyculus_) or set of bracts looking like a calyx, as in true Pinks.

_Calyptra_, the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss, 163.

_Calyptrate_, having a calyptra.

_Calyptriform_, shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher.

_Calyx_, the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower, 14, 79.

_Cambium_, _Cambium-layer_, 140.

_Campanulate_, bell-shaped, 90.

_Campylotropous_, or _Campylotropal_, curved ovules and seeds, 111. _Campylospermous_, applied to fruits of Umbelliferae when the seed is curved in at the edges, forming a groove down the inner face; as in Sweet Cicely.

_Canaliculate_, channelled, or with a deep longitudinal groove.

_Cancellate_, latticed, resembling lattice-work.

_Candidus_, Latin for pure white.

_Canescent_, grayish-white; hoary, usually because the surface is covered with fine white hairs. _Incanous_ is whiter still.

_Canous_, whitened with pubescence; see _incanous_.

_Capillaceous_, _Capillary_, hair-like in shape; as fine as hair or slender bristles.

_Capitate_, having a globular apex, like the head on a pin.

_Capitellate_, diminutive of capitate.

_Capitulum_, a close rounded dense cluster or _head_ of sessile flowers, 74.

_Capreolate_, bearing tendrils (from _capreolus_, a tendril).

_Capsule_, a dry dehiscent seed-vessel of a compound pistil, 122.

_Capsular_, relating to, or like a capsule.

_Capture of insects_, 154.

_Carina_, a keel; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, 92.

_Carinate_, keeled, furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the lower side.

_Cariopsis_, or _Caryopsis_, the one-seeded fruit or grain of Grasses, 121.

_Carneous_, flesh-colored; pale red. _Carnose_, fleshy in texture.

_Carpel_, or _Carpidium_, a simple pistil or a pistil-leaf, 106.

_Carpellary_, pertaining to a carpel.

_Carpology_, that department of botany which relates to fruits.

_Carpophore_, the stalk or support of a pistil extending between its carpels, 113.

_Carpos_, Greek for fruit.

_Cartilaginous_, or _Cartilagineous_, firm and tough in texture, like cartilage.

_Caruncle_, an excrescence at the scar of some seeds, 126.

_Carunculate_, furnished with a caruncle.

_Caryophyllaceous_, pink-like: applied to a corolla of 5 long-clawed petals.

_Cassideous_, helmet-shaped.

_Cassus_, empty and sterile.

_Catenate_, or _Catenulate_, end to end as in a chain.

_Catkin_, see Ament, 75.

_Caudate_, tailed, or tail-pointed.

_Caudex_, a sort of trunk, such as that of Palms; an upright rootstock, 39, 44.

_Caudicle_, the stalk of a pollen-mass, &c.

_Caulescent_, having an obvious stem, 36.

_Caulicle_, a little stem, or rudimentary stem (of a seedling), 11, 127.

_Cauline_, of or belonging to a stem, 36. _Caulis_, Latin name of stem.

_Caulocarpic_, equivalent to perennial.

_Caulome_, the cauline parts of a plant.

_Cell_ (diminutive, _Cellule_), the cavity of an anther, ovary, &c.; one of the anatomical elements, 131.

_Cellular Cryptogams_, 162.

_Cellular tissue_, 131.

_Cellulose_, 131.

_Cell-walls_, 130.

_Centrifugal_ (inflorescence), produced or expanding in succession from the centre outwards, 77.

_Centripetal_, the opposite of centrifugal, 74.

_Cephala_, Greek for head. In compounds, _Monocephalous_, with one head, _Microcephalous_, small-headed, &c.

_Cereal_, belonging to corn, or corn-plants.

_Cernuous_, nodding; the summit more or less inclining.

_Chaeta_, Greek for bristle.

_Chaff_, small membranous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Compositae; the glumes, &c., of grasses.

_Chaffy_, furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff.

_Chalaza_, that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together, 110, 126.

_Channelled_, hollowed out like a gutter; same as _canaliculate_.

_Character_, a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c., 181.

_Chartaceous_, of the texture of paper or parchment.

_Chloros_, Greek for green, whence _Chloranthous_, green-flowered; _Chlorocarpous_, green-fruited, &c.

_Chlorophyll_, leaf green, 136.

_Chlorosis_, a condition in which naturally colored parts turn green.

_Choripetalous_, same as polypetalous.

_Chorisis_, separation of the normally united parts, or where two or more parts take the place of one.

_Chromule_, coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or when liquid.

_Chrysos_, Greek for golden yellow, whence _Chrysanthous_, yellow-flowered, &c.

_Cicatrix_, the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ.

_Ciliate_, beset on the margin with a fringe of _cilia_, i. e. of hairs or bristles, like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name.

_Cinereous_, or _Cineraceous_, ash-grayish; of the color of ashes.

_Circinate_, rolled inwards from the top, 72.

_Circumscissile_, or _Circumcissile_, divided by a circular line round the sides, as the pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c., 124.

_Circumscription_, general outline.

_Cirrhiferous_, or _Cirrhose_, furnished with a tendril (Latin, _Cirrhus_); as the Grape-vine. _Cirrhose_ also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as the leaf-stalks of Virgin's-bower. More properly _Cirrus_ and _Cirrose_.

_Citreous_, lemon-yellow.

_Clados_, Greek for branch. _Cladophylla_, 64.

_Class_, 178, 183.

_Classification_, 175, 183.

_Clathrate_, latticed; same as _cancellate_.

_Clavate_, club-shaped; slender below and thickened upwards.

_Clavellate_, diminutive of clavate.

_Claviculate_, having _Claviculae_, or little tendrils or hooks.

_Claw_, the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks, 91.

_Cleistogamous_ (_Cleistogamy_), fertilized in closed bud, 115.

_Cleft_, cut into lobes, 55.

_Close_ fertilization, 115.

_Climbing_, rising by clinging to other objects, 39, 151.

_Club shaped_, see _clavate_.

_Clustered_, leaves, flowers, &c., aggregated or collected into a bunch.

_Clypeate_, buckler-shaped.

_Coadunate_, same as _connate_, i. e. united.

_Coalescent_, growing together. _Coalescence_, 88.

_Coarctate_, contracted or brought close together.

_Coated_, having an integument, or covered in layers. Coated bulb, 46.

_Cobwebby_, same as _arachnoid_; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer.

_Coccineous_, scarlet-red.

_Coccus_ (plural _cocci_), anciently a berry; now mostly used to denote the separable carpels or nutlets of a dry fruit.

_Cochleariform_, spoon-shaped.

_Cochleate_, coiled or shaped like a snail-shell.

_Coelospermous_, applied to those fruits of Umbelliferae which have the seed hollowed on the inner face, by incurving of top and bottom; as in Coriander.

_Coherent_, usually the same as _connate_.

_Cohort_, name sometimes used for groups between order and class, 178.

_Coleorhiza_, a root-sheath.

_Collateral_, side by side.

_Collective fruits_, 118.

_Collum_ or _Collar_, the neck or junction of stem and root.

_Colored_, parts of a plant which are other-colored than green.

_Columella_, the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached, as in Geranium (112), or which is left when a pod opens, as in Azalea.

_Column_, the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united into one body, as in the Orchis family.

_Columnar_, shaped like a column or pillar.

_Coma_, a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair), 125.

_Comose_, tufted; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed, 126.

_Commissure_, the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbelliferae.

_Complanate_, flattened.

_Compound leaf_, 54, 57. _Compound pistil_, 107. _Compound umbel_, 75, &c.

_Complete_ (flower), 81.

_Complicate_, folded upon itself.

_Compressed_, flattened on opposite sides.

_Conceptacle_, 168.

_Concinnous_, neat.

_Concolor_, all of one color.

_Conchiform_, shell- or half-shell-shaped.

_Conduplicate_, folded upon itself lengthwise, 71.

_Cone_, the fruit of the Pine family, 124. _Coniferous_, cone-bearing.

_Confertus_, much crowded.

_Conferruminate_, stuck together, as the cotyledons in a horse-chestnut.

_Confluent_, blended together; or the same as _coherent_.

_Conformed_, similar to another thing it is associated with or compared to; or closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed.

_Congested_, _Conglomerate_, crowded together.

_Conglomerate_, crowded into a glomerule.

_Conjugate_, coupled; in single pairs. _Conjugation_, 170.

_Connate_, united or grown together from the first formation, 96.

_Connate-perfoliate_, when a pair of leaves are connate round a stem, 60.

_Connective_, _Connectivum_, the part of the anther connecting its two cells, 101.

_Connivent_, converging, or brought close together.

_Consolidation_ (floral), 94.

_Consolidated_ forms of vegetation, 47.

_Contents_ of cells, 136.

_Continuous_, the reverse of interrupted or articulated.

_Contorted_, twisted together. _Contorted aestivation_, same as _convolute_, 97.

_Contortuplicate_, twisted back upon itself.

_Contracted_, either narrowed or shortened.

_Contrary_, turned in opposite direction to the ordinary.

_Convolute_, rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation, 72. In aestivation, same as _contorted_, 97.

_Cordate_, heart-shaped, 53.

_Coriaceous_, resembling leather in texture.

_Corky_, of the texture of cork. _Corky layer_ of bark, 141.

_Corm_, a solid bulb, like that of Crocus, 45.

_Corneous_, of the consistence or appearance of horn.

_Corniculate_, furnished with a small horn or spur.

_Cornute_, horned; bearing a horn-like projection or appendage.

_Corolla_, the leaves of the flower within the calyx, 14, 79.

_Corollaceous_, _Corolline_, like or belonging to a corolla.

_Corona_, a coronet or crown; an appendage at the top of the claw of some petals, 91.

_Coronate_, crowned; furnished with a crown.

_Cortex_, bark. _Cortical_, belonging to the bark (_cortex_).

_Corticate_, coated with bark or bark-like covering.

_Corymb_, a flat or convex indeterminate flower-cluster, 74.

_Corymbiferous_, bearing corymbs.

_Corymbose_, in corymbs, approaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way.

_Costa_, a rib; the midrib of a leaf, &c. _Costate_, ribbed.

_Cotyledons_, the proper leaves of the embryo, 11, 127.

_Crateriform_, goblet-shaped or deep saucer-shaped.

_Creeping_ (stems), growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting, 39.

_Cremocarp_, a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbelliferae, 121.

_Crenate_, or _Crenelled_, the edge scalloped into rounded teeth, 55.

_Crenulate_, minutely or slightly crenate.

_Crested_, or _Cristate_, bearing any elevated appendage like a crest.

_Cretaceous_, chalky or chalk-like.

_Cribrose_, or _cribriform_, pierced like a sieve with small apertures.

_Crinite_, bearing long hairs.

_Crispate_, curled or crispy.

_Croceous_, saffron-color, deep reddish-yellow.

_Cross-breeds_, the progeny of interbred varieties, 176.

_Cross fertilization_, 115.

_Crown_, see _corona_. _Crowned_, see _coronate_.

_Cruciate_, or _Cruciform_, cross-shaped. _Cruciform Corolla_, 86.

_Crustaceous_, hard and brittle in texture; crust-like.

_Cryptogamous Plants_, _Cryptogams_, 10, 156.

_Cryptos_, concealed, as _Cryptopetalous_, with concealed petals, &c.

_Crystals_ in plants, 137.

_Cucullate_, hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper, or a hood (_cucullus_), as the spathe of Indian Turnip, 75.

_Culm_, a straw; the stem of Grasses and Sedges, 39.

_Cultrate_, shaped like a trowel or broad knife.

_Cuneate_, _Cuneiform_, wedge-shaped, 53.

_Cup-shaped_, same as cyathiform or near it.

_Cupule_, a little cup; the cup to the acorn of the Oak, 122.

_Cupular_, or _Cupulate_, provided with a cupule.

_Cupuliferous_, cupule-bearing.

_Curviveined_, with curved ribs or veins.

_Curviserial_, in oblique or spiral ranks.

_Cushion_, the enlargement at the insertion or base of a petiole.

_Cuspidate_, tipped with a sharp and stiff point or _cusp_, 54.

_Cut_, same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep division, 55.

_Cuticle_, the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle.

_Cyaneous_, bright blue.

_Cyathiform_, in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass.

_Cycle_, one complete turn of a spire, or a circle, 70.

_Cyclical_, rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle.

_Cyclosis_, circulation in closed cells, 149.

_Cylindraceous_, approaching to the _Cylindrical_ form, terete and not tapering.

_Cymbaeform_, or _Cymbiform_, same as boat-shaped.

_Cyme_, a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence, 77.

_Cymose_, furnished with cymes, or like a cyme.

_Cymule_, a partial or diminutive cyme, 77.

_Deca-_ (in words of Greek derivation), ten; as

_Decagynous_, with 10 pistils or styles, _Decamerous_, of 10 parts, _Decandrous_, with 10 stamens, &c.

_Deciduous_, falling off, or subject to fall; said of leaves which fall in autumn, and of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms.

_Declinate_, _declined_, turned to one side, or downwards.

_Decompound_, several times compounded or divided, 59.

_Decumbent_, reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise, 39.

_Decurrent_ (leaves), prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in Thistles.

_Decussate_, arranged in pairs which successively cross each other, 71.

_Deduplication_, same as chorisis.

_Definite_, when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so.

_Definite Inflorescence_, 72.

_Deflexed_, bent downwards.

_Deflorate_, past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen.

_Dehiscence_, the regular splitting open of capsule or anther, 103, 119.

_Dehiscent_, opening by regular dehiscence, 119, 123.

_Deliquescent_, branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches, 32.

_Deltoid_, of a triangular shape, like the Greek capital Delta.

_Demersed_, growing below the surface of water.

_Dendroid_, _Dendritic_, tree-like in form or appearance.

_Dendron_, Greek for tree.

_Deni_, ten together.

_Dens_, Latin for tooth.

_Dentate_, toothed, 55. _Denticulate_, furnished with denticulations, or little teeth.

_Depauperate_, impoverished or starved, and so below the natural size.

_Depressed_, flattened or as if pressed down from above.

_Derma_, Greek for skin.

_Descending_, tending gradually downwards. _Descending axis_, the root.

_Desmos_, Greek for things connected or bound together.

_Determinate Inflorescence_, 72.

_Dextrorse_, turned to the right hand.

_Di- Dis_ (in Greek compounds) two, as

_Diadelphous_ (stamens), united by their filaments in two sets, 99.

_Diagnosis_, a short distinguishing character or descriptive phrase.

_Dialypetalous_, same as polypetalous.

_Diandrous_, having two stamens, &c.

_Diaphanous_, transparent or translucent.

_Dicarpellary_, of two carpels.

_Dichlamydeous_ (flower), having both calyx and corolla.

_Dichogamous_, _Dichogamy_, 116.

_Dichotomous_, two-forked.

_Diclinous_, having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another, 85.

_Dicoccous_ (fruit), splitting into two _cocci_ or closed carpels.

_Dicotyls_, 23.

_Dicotyledonous_ (embryo), having a pair of cotyledons, 23. _Dicotyledonous Plants_, 23, 182.

_Didymous_, twin.

_Didynamous_ (stamens), having four stamens in two pairs, 100.

_Diffuse_, spreading widely and irregularly.

_Digitate_ (fingered), where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on the apex of the petiole, 58.

_Digynous_ (flower), having two pistils or styles, 105.

_Dimerous_, made up of two parts, or its organs in twos.

_Dimidiate_, halved; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed.

_Dimorphism_, 117. _Dimorphous_, _Dimorphic_, of two forms, 117.

_Dioecious_, or _Dioicous_, with stamens and pistils on different plants, 85.

_Dipetalous_, of two petals.

_Diphyllous_, two-leaved.

_Dipterous_, two-winged.

_Diplo-_, Greek for double, as _Diplostemonous_, with two sets of stamens.

_Disciform_ or _Disk-shaped_, flat and circular, like a disk or quoit.

_Discoidal_, or _Discoid_, belonging to or like a disk.

_Discolor_, of two different colors or hues.

_Discrete_, separate, opposite of concrete.

_Disepalous_, of two sepals.

_Disk_, the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, like the Sunflower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin; a fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower, 113.

_Disk-flowers_, those of the disk in Compositae.

_Dissected_, cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.

_Dissepiments_, the partitions of a compound ovary or a fruit, 108.

_Dissilient_, bursting in pieces.

_Distichous_, two-ranked.

_Distinct_, uncombined with each other, 95.

_Dithecous_, of two thecae or anther-cells.

_Divaricate_, straddling; very widely divergent.

_Divided_ (leaves, &c.), cut into divisions down to the base or midrib, 55.

_Dodeca_, Greek for twelve; as _Dodecagynous_, with twelve pistils or styles, _Dodecandrous_, with twelve stamens.

_Dodrans_, span-long.

_Dolabriform_, axe-shaped.

_Dorsal_, pertaining to the back (_dorsum_) of an organ. _Dorsal Suture_, 106.

_Dotted Ducts_, 148.

_Double Flowers_, where the petals are multiplied unduly, 79.

_Downy_, clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs.

_Drupaceous_, like or pertaining to a drupe.

_Drupe_, a stone-fruit, 120. _Drupelet_ or _Drupel_, a little drupe.

_Ducts_, the so-called vessels of plants, 134.

_Dumose_, bushy, or relating to bushes.

_Duramen_, the heart-wood, 142.

_Dwarf_, remarkably low in stature.

_E-_, as a prefix of Latin compound words, means destitute of; as _ecostate_, without a rib or midrib; _exalbuminous_, without albumen, &c.

_Eared_, see _auriculate_, 53.

_Ebracteate_, destitute of bracts. _Ebracteolate_, destitute of bractlets.

_Eburneous_, ivory-white.

_Echinate_, armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). _Echinulate_, a diminutive of it.

_Edentate_, toothless.

_Effete_, past bearing, &c.; said of anthers which have discharged their pollen.

_Effuse_, very loosely branched and spreading.

_Eglandulose_, destitute of glands.

_Elaters_, threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts, 165.

_Ellipsoidal_, approaching an elliptical figure.

_Elliptical_, oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded, 52.

_Emarginate_, notched at the summit, 54.

_Embryo_, the rudimentary plantlet in a seed, 11, 127.

_Embryonal_, belonging or relating to the embryo.

_Embryo-sac_, 117.

_Emersed_, raised out of water.

_Endecagynous_, with eleven pistils or styles.

_Endecandrous_, with eleven stamens.

_Endemic_, peculiar to the country geographically.

_Endocarp_, the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit, 120.

_Endochrome_, the coloring matter of Algae and the like.

_Endogenous Stems_, 138. _Endogenous plants_, an old name for monocotyledons.

_Endopleura_, inner seed-coat.

_Endorhizal_, radicle or root sheathed in germination.

_Endosperm_, the albumen of a seed, 21.

_Endostome_, the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule.

_Ennea-_, nine. _Enneagynous_, with nine petals or styles. _Enneandrous_, nine-stamened.

_Ensate_, _Ensiform_, sword-shaped.

_Entire_, the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even, 55.

_Entomophilous_, said of flowers frequented and fertilized by insects, 113.

_Ephemeral_, lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c.

_Epi-_, Greek for upon.

_Epicalyx_, such an involucel as that of Malvaceae.

_Epicarp_, the outermost layer of a fruit, 120.

_Epidermal_, relating to the _Epidermis_, or skin of a plant, 50, 141, 143.

_Epigaeous_, growing on the earth, or close to the ground.

_Epigynous_, upon the ovary, 95, 99.

_Epipetalous_, borne on the petals or the corolla, 99.

_Epiphyllous_, borne on a leaf.

_Epiphyte_, a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it, 36.

_Epiphytic_ or _Epiphytal_, relating to _Epiphytes_.

_Epipterous_, winged at top.

_Episperm_, the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat.

_Equal_, alike in number or length.

_Equally pinnate_, same as abruptly pinnate, 57.

_Equitant_ (riding straddle), 60.

_Erion_, Greek for wool. _Erianthous_, woolly-flowered. _Eriophorous_, wool-bearing, &c.

_Erose_, eroded, as if gnawed.

_Erostrate_, not beaked.

_Erythros_, Greek for red. _Erythrocarpous_, red-fruited, &c.

_Essential Organs_ of the flower, 80.

_Estivation_, see _aestivation_.

_Etiolated_, blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery.

_Eu_, Greek prefix, meaning very, or much.

_Evergreen_, holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or longer.

_Ex_, Latin prefix; privative in place of "e" when next letter is a vowel. So _Exalate_, wingless; _Exalbuminous_ (seed), without albumen, 21.

_Excurrent_, running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of a leaf, or a trunk is continued to the very top of a tree, 32.

_Exiguous_, puny.

_Exilis_, lank or meagre.

_Eximius_, distinguished for size or beauty.

_Exo-_, in Greek compounds, outward, as in

_Exocarp_, outer layer of a pericarp, 120.

_Exogenous_, outward growing. _Exogenous stems_, 139.

_Exorhizal_, radicle in germination not sheathed.

_Exostome_, the orifice in the outer coat of the ovule.

_Explanate_, spread or flattened out.

_Exserted_, protruding out of, as the stamens out of the corolla.

_Exstipulate_, destitute of stipules.

_Extine_, outer coat of a pollen-grain.

_Extra-axillary_, said of a branch or bud somewhat out of the axil, 31.

_Extrorse_, turned outwards; the anther is extrorse when fastened to the filament on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side, 101.

_Falcate_, scythe-shaped; a flat body curved, its edges parallel.

_False Racemes_, 78.

_Family_, in botany same as Order, 177.

_Farina_, meal or starchy matter, 136.

_Farinaceous_, mealy in texture. _Farinose_, covered with a mealy powder.

_Fasciate_, banded; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat.

_Fascicle_, a close cluster, 77.

_Fascicled_, _Fasciculated_, growing in a bundle or tuft, as the leaves of Larch, 68, and roots of Peony, 35.

_Fastigiate_, close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy Poplar.

_Faux_ (plural, _fauces_), the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c., 89.

_Faveolate_, _Favose_, honeycombed; same as _alveolate_.

_Feather-veined_, with veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of a midrib, 51.

_Fecula_ or _Faecula_, starch, 136.

_Female flower_ or _plant_, one bearing pistils only.

_Fenestrate_, pierced with one or more large holes, like windows.

_Ferrugineous_, or _Ferruginous_, resembling iron-rust; red-grayish.

_Fertile_, fruit-bearing, or capable of it; also said of anthers producing good pollen.

_Fertilization_, the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed, 114.

_Fibre_ (woody), 133. _Fibrous_, containing much fibre, or composed of fibres.

_Fibrillose_, formed of small fibres, or _Fibrillae_.

_Fibro-vascular_ bundle or tissue, formed of fibres and vessels.

_Fiddle-shaped_, obovate with a deep recess on each side.

_Fidus_, Latin suffix for cleft, as _Bifid_, two-cleft.

_Filament_, the stalk of a stamen, 14, 80, 101; also any slender thread-shaped body.

_Filamentose_, or _Filamentous_, bearing or formed of slender threads.

_Filiform_, thread-shaped; long, slender, and cylindrical.

_Fimbriate_, fringed; furnished with fringes (_fimbriae_).

_Fimbrillate_, _Fimbrilliferous_, bearing small _fimbriae_, i. e. _fimbrillae_.

_Fissiparous_, multiplying by division of one body into two.

_Fissus_, Latin for split or divided.

_Fistular_, or _Fistulose_, hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion.

_Flabelliform_, or _Flabellate_, fan-shaped.

_Flagellate_, or _Flagelliform_, long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip; or like the runners (_flagellae_) of the Strawberry.

_Flavescent_, yellowish, or turning yellow.

_Flavus_, Latin for yellow.

_Fleshy_, composed of firm pulp or flesh.

_Flexuose_, or _Flexuous_, bending in opposite directions, in a zigzag way.

_Floating_, swimming on the surface of water.

_Floccose_, composed of or bearing tufts of woolly or long and soft hairs.

_Flora_ (the goddess of flowers), the plants of a country or district, taken together, or a work systematically describing them, 9.

_Floral Envelopes_, or _Flower-leaves_, 79.

_Floret_, a diminutive flower, one of a mass or cluster.

_Floribund_, abundantly floriferous.

_Florula_, the flora of a small district.

_Flos_, _floris_, Latin for flower.

_Flosculus_, diminutive, same as floret.

_Flower_, the whole organs of reproduction of Phaenogamous plants, 14, 72.

_Flower-bud_, an unopened flower.

_Flowering Plants_, 10, 156. _Flowerless Plants_, 10, 156.

_Fly-trap leaves_, 65.

_Fluitans_, Latin for floating. _Fluviatile_, belonging to a river or stream.

_Foliaceous_, belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (_folium_).