Chapter XXIV: Section XIX: Botanical Work (2)

_Foliate_, provided with leaves. Latin prefixes denote the number of leaves, as _bifoliate_, _trifoliate_, &c. _Foliose_, leafy; abounding in leaves.

_Foliolate_, relating to or bearing leaflets (_foliola_); _trifoliolate_, with three leaflets, &c.

_Folium_ (plural, _folia_), Latin for leaf.

_Follicle_, a simple pod, opening down the inner suture, 122.

_Follicular_, resembling or belonging to a follicle.

_Food of Plants_, 144.

_Foot-stalk_, either petiole or peduncle, 49.

_Foramen_, a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule, 110.

_Foraminose_, _Foraminulose_, pierced with holes.

_Forked_, branched in two or three or more.

_Fornicate_, bearing fornices.

_Fornix_, little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey.

_Foveate_, deeply pitted. _Foveolate_, diminutive of _foveate_.

_Free_, not united with any other parts of a different sort, 95.

_Fringed_, the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, &c.

_Frond_, what answers to leaves in Ferns, &c., 157; or to the stem and leaves fused into one, as in Liverwort.

_Frondescence_, the bursting into leaf.

_Frondose_, frond-bearing; like a frond, or sometimes used for leafy.

_Fructification_, the state or result of fruiting.

_Fructus_, Latin for fruit.

_Fruit_, the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with, 117.

_Fruit-dots_ in Ferns; see _Sorus_.

_Frustulose_, consisting of a chain of similar pieces, or _Frustules_.

_Frutescent_, somewhat shrubby; becoming a shrub (_Frutex_), 39.

_Fruticulose_, like a small shrub, or _Fruticulus_. _Fruticose_, shrubby, 39.

_Fugacious_, soon falling off or perishing.

_Fulcrate_, having accessory organs or _fulcra_, i. e. props.

_Fulvous_, tawny; dull yellow with gray.

_Fungus_, _Fungi_, 172.

_Funicle_, _Funiculus_, the stalk of a seed or ovule, 110.

_Funnelform_, or _funnel-shaped_, expanding gradually upwards into an open mouth, like a funnel or tunnel, 90.

_Furcate_, forked.

_Furfuraceous_, covered with bran-like fine scurf.

_Furrowed_, marked by longitudinal channels or grooves.

_Fuscous_, deep gray-brown.

_Fusiform_, spindle-shaped, 36.

_Galbalus_, the fleshy or at length woody cone of Juniper and Cypress.

_Galea_, a helmet-shaped body, as the upper sepal of the Monkshood, 87.

_Galeate_, shaped like a helmet.

_Gamopetalous_, of united petals, 89.

_Gamophyllous_, formed of united leaves.

_Gamosepalous_, formed of united sepals, 89.

_Geminate_, twin; in pairs.

_Gemma_, Latin for a bud.

_Gemmation_, the state of budding; budding growth.

_Gemmule_, a small bud; the plumule, 13.

_Genera_, plural of genus.

_Geniculate_, bent abruptly, like a knee (_genu_), as many stems.

_Generic Names_, 179.

_Genus_, a kind of a rank above species, 177.

_Germ_, a growing point; a young bud; sometimes the same as embryo, 127.

_Germen_, the old name for ovary.

_Germination_, the development of a plantlet from the seed, 12.

_Gerontogaeous_, inhabiting the Old World.

_Gibbous_, more tumid at one place or on one side than the other.

_Gilvous_, dirty reddish-yellow.

_Glabrate_, becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrous.

_Glabrous_, smooth, in the sense of having no hairs, bristles, or other pubescence.

_Gladiate_, sword-shaped, as the leaves of Iris.

_Glands_, small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other products; they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly Ash, &c.; sometimes on the surface as small projections; sometimes raised on hairs or bristles (_glandular hairs, &c._), as in the Sweetbrier and Sundew. The name is also given to any small swellings, &c., whether they secrete anything or not; so that the word is loosely used.

_Glandular_, _Glandulose_, furnished with glands, or gland-like.

_Glans_ (_Gland_), the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits.

_Glareose_, growing in gravel.

_Glaucescent_, slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray.

_Glaucous_, covered with a _bloom_, viz. with a fine white powder of wax that rubs off, like that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf.

_Globose_, spherical in form, or nearly so. _Globular_, nearly globose.

_Glochidiate_, or _Glochideous_, (bristles) barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a double hooked point.

_Glomerate_, closely aggregated into a dense cluster.

_Glomerule_, a dense head-like cluster, 77.

_Glossology_, the department of botany in which technical terms are explained.

_Glumaceous_, glume-like, or glume-bearing.

_Glume_; Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, particularly, the outer husks or bracts of each spikelet.

_Glumelles_, the inner husks of Grasses.

_Gonophore_, a stipe below stamens, 113.

_Gossypine_, cottony, flocculent.

_Gracilis_, Latin for slender.

_Grain_, see _Caryopsis_, 121.

_Gramineous_, grass-like.

_Granular_, composed of grains. _Granule_, a small grain.

_Graveolent_, heavy-scented.

_Griseous_, gray or bluish-gray.

_Growth_, 129.

_Grumous_, or _Grumose_, formed of coarse clustered grains.

_Guttate_, spotted, as if by drops of something colored.

_Gymnos_, Greek for naked, as

_Gymnocarpous_, naked-fruited.

_Gymnospermous_, naked-seeded, 109.

_Gymnospermous gynoecium_, 109.

_Gymnospermae_, or _Gymnospermous Plants_, 183.

_Gynandrous_, with stamens borne on, i. e. united with, the pistil, 99.

_Gynoecium_, a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether, 105.

_Gynobase_, a depressed receptacle or support of the pistil or carpels, 114.

_Gynophore_, a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, 113.

_Gynostegium_, a sheath around pistils, of whatever nature.

_Gynostemium_, name of the column in Orchids, &c., consisting of style and stigma with stamens combined.

_Gyrate_, coiled or moving circularly.

_Gyrose_, strongly bent to and fro.

_Habit_, the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth.

_Habitat_, the situation or country in which a plant grows in a wild state.

_Hairs_, hair-like growths on the surface of plants.

_Hairy_, beset with hairs, especially longish ones.

_Halberd-shaped_, see _hastate_, 53.

_Halved_, when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away.

_Hamate_, or _Hamose_, hooked; the end of a slender body bent round.

_Hamulose_, bearing a small hook; a diminutive of the last.

_Haplo-_, in Greek compounds, single; as _Haplostemonous_, having only one series of stamens.

_Hastate_, or _Hastile_, shaped like a halberd; furnished with a spreading lobe on each side at the base, 53.

_Head_, capitulum, a form of inflorescence, 74.

_Heart-shaped_, of the shape of a heart as painted on cards, 53.

_Heart-wood_, the older or matured wood of exogenous trees, 142.

_Helicoid_, coiled like a _helix_ or snail-shell, 77.

_Helmet_, the upper sepal of Monkshood is so called.

_Helvolous_, grayish-yellow.

_Hemi-_ in compounds from the Greek, half; e. g. _Hemispherical_, &c.

_Hemicarp_, half-fruit, one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant, 121.

_Hemitropous_ (ovule or seed), nearly same as _amphitropous_, 123.

_Hepta-_ (in words of Greek origin), seven; as _Heptagynous_, with seven pistils or styles. _Heptamerous_, its parts in sevens. _Heptandrous_, having seven stamens.

_Herb_, plant not woody, at least above ground.

_Herbaceous_, of the texture of an herb; not woody, 39.

_Herbarium_, the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants, 186.

_Herborization_, 184.

_Hermaphrodite_ (flower), having stamens and pistils in the same blossom, 81.

_Hesperidium_, orange-fruit, a hard-rinded berry.

_Hetero-_, in Greek compounds, means of two or more sorts, as

_Heterocarpous_, bearing fruit of two kinds or shapes.

_Heterogamous_, bearing two or more sorts of flowers in one cluster.

_Heterogony_, _Heterogone_, or _Heterogonous_, with stamens and pistil reciprocally of two sorts, 116. _Heterostyled_ is same.

_Heteromorphous_, of two or more shapes.

_Heterophyllous_, with two sorts of leaves.

_Heterotropous_ (ovule), the same as _amphitropous_, 123.

_Hexa-_ (in Greek compounds), six; as _Hexagonal_, six-angled. _Hexagynous_, with six pistils or styles. _Hexamerous_, its parts in sixes. _Hexandrous_, with six stamens. _Hexapterous_, six-winged.

_Hibernaculum_, a winter bud.

_Hiemal_, relating to winter.

_Hilar_, belonging to the hilum.

_Hilum_, the scar of the seed; its place of attachment, 110, 126.

_Hippocrepiform_, horseshoe-shaped.

_Hirsute_, clothed with stiffish or beard-like hairs.

_Hirtellous_, minutely hirsute.

_Hispid_, bristly, beset with stiff hairs. _Hispidulous_, diminutive of hispid.

_Histology_, 9.

_Hoary_, grayish-white; see _canescent_, &c.

_Holosericeous_, all over sericeous or silky.

_Homo-_, in Greek compounds, all alike or of one sort.

_Homodromous_, running in one direction.

_Homogamous_, a head or cluster with flowers all of one kind.

_Homogeneous_, uniform in nature; all of one kind.

_Homogone_, or _Homogonous_, counterpart of _Heterogone_ or _Homostyled_.

_Homologous_, of same type; thus petals and sepals are the homologues of leaves.

_Homomallous_ (leaves, &c.), originating all round an axis, but all bent or curved to one side.

_Homorphous_, all of one shape.

_Homotropous_ (embryo), curved with the seed; curved only one way.

_Hood_, same as _helmet_ or _galea_. _Hooded_, hood-shaped; see _cucullate_.

_Hooked_, same as _hamate_.

_Horn_, a spur or some similar appendage. _Horny_, of the texture of horn.

_Hortensis_, pertaining to the garden.

_Hortus Siccus_, an herbarium, or collection of dried plants, 186.

_Humifuse_, _Humistrate_, spread over the surface of the ground.

_Humilis_, low in stature.

_Hyaline_, transparent, or partly so.

_Hybrid_, a cross-breed between two allied species, 176.

_Hydrophytes_, water-plants.

_Hyemal_, see _hiemal_.

_Hymenium_ of a Mushroom, 172.

_Hypanthium_, a hollow flower-receptacle, such as that of Rose.

_Hypo-_, Greek prefix for under, or underneath.

_Hypocotyle_, or _Hypocotyl_, part of stem below the cotyledons, 11.

_Hypocrateriform_, properly _Hypocraterimorphous_, salver-shaped.

_Hypogaean_, or _Hypogaeous_, produced under ground, 19.

_Hypogynous_, inserted under the pistil, 95, 99.

_Hysteranthous_, with the blossoms developed earlier than the leaves.

_Icosandrous_, having 20 (or 12 or more) stamens inserted on the calyx.

_Imberbis_, Latin for beardless.

_Imbricate_, _Imbricated_, _Imbricative_, overlapping one another, like tiles or shingles on a roof, as the bud-scales of Horse-chestnut and Hickory, 27. In aestivation, where some leaves of the calyx or corolla are overlapped on both sides by others, 98.

_Immarginate_, destitute of a rim or border.

_Immersed_, growing wholly under water.

_Impari-pinnate_, pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex, 57.

_Imperfect flowers_, wanting either stamens or pistils, 85.

_Inaequilateral_, unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia.

_Inane_, empty, said of an anther which produces no pollen, &c.

_Inappendiculate_, not appendaged.

_Incanous_, _Incanescent_, hoary with soft white pubescence.

_Incarnate_, flesh-colored.

_Incised_, cut rather deeply and irregularly, 58.

_Included_, enclosed; when the part in question does not project beyond another.

_Incomplete Flower_, wanting calyx or corolla, 86.

_Incrassated_, thickened.

_Incubous_, with tip of one leaf lying flat over the base of the next above.

_Incumbent_, leaning or resting upon; the cotyledons are incumbent when the back of one of them lies against the radicle, 128; the anthers are incumbent when turned or looking inwards.

_Incurved_, gradually curving inwards.

_Indefinite_, not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention (over 12).

_Indefinite_ or _Indeterminate Inflorescence_, 72.

_Indehiscent_, not splitting open; i. e. not dehiscent, 119.

_Indigenous_, native to the country.

_Individuals_, 175.

_Indumentum_, any hairy coating or pubescence.

_Induplicate_, with the edges turned inwards, 97.

_Induviate_, clothed with old and withered parts or _induviae_.

_Indusium_, the shield or covering of a fruit-dot of a Fern, 159.

_Inermis_, Latin for unarmed, not prickly.

_Inferior_, growing below some other organ, 96.

_Infertile_, not producing seed, or pollen, as the case may be.

_Inflated_, turgid and bladdery.

_Inflexed_, bent inwards.

_Inflorescence_, the arrangement of flowers on the stem, 72.

_Infra-axillary_, situated beneath the axil.

_Infundibuliform_ or _Infundibular_, funnel-shaped, 90.

_Innate_ (anther), attached by its base to the very apex of the filament, 101.

_Innovation_, a young shoot, or new growth.

_Insertion_, the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its support, 95, 99.

_Integer_, entire, not lobed. _Integerrimus_, quite entire, not serrate.

_Intercellular Passages_ or _Spaces_, 131, 143.

_Interfoliaceous_, between the leaves of a pair or whorl.

_Internode_, the part of a stem between two nodes, 13.

_Interpetiolar_, between petioles.

_Interruptedly pinnate_, pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger.

_Intine_, inner coat of a pollen grain.

_Intrafoliaceous_ (stipules, &c.), placed between the leaf or petiole and the stem.

_Introrse_, turned or facing inwards; i. e. towards the axis of the flower, 101.

_Intruse_, as it were pushed inwards.

_Inversed_ or _Inverted_, where the apex is in the direction opposite to that of the organ it is compared with.

_Involucel_, a partial or small involucre, 76.

_Involucellate_, furnished with an involucel. _Involucrate_, furnished with an involucre.

_Involucre_, a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head, &c., 74, 75.

_Involute_, in vernation, 72; rolled inwards from the edges, 97.

_Irregular Flowers_, 86, 91.

_Isos_, Greek for equal in number. _Isomerous_, the same number in the successive circles or sets. _Isostemonous_, the stamens equal in number to the sepals or petals.

_Jointed_, separate or separable at one or more places into pieces, 64, &c.

_Jugum_ (plural _Juga_), Latin for a pair, as of leaflets,--thus _Unijugate_, of a single pair; _Bijugate_, of two pairs, &c.

_Julaceus_, like a catkin or _Julus_.

_Keel_, a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous corolla, 92.

_Keeled_, furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge.

_Kermesine_, Carmine-red.

_Kernel_ of the ovule and seed, 110.

_Key_, or _Key-fruit_, a Samara, 122.

_Kidney-shaped_, resembling the outline of a kidney, 53.

_Labellum_, the odd petal in the Orchis Family.

_Labiate_, same as _bilabiate_ or two-lipped, 92.

_Labiatiflorous_, having flowers with bilabiate corolla.

_Labium_ (plural, _Labia_), Latin for lip.

_Lacerate_, with margin appearing as if torn.

_Laciniate_, slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes or _Laciniae_.

_Lactescent_, producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, &c.

_Lacteus_, Latin for milk-white.

_Lacunose_, full of holes or gaps.

_Lacustrine_, belonging to lakes.

_Laevigate_, smooth as if polished. Latin, _Laevis_, smooth, as opposed to rough.

_Lageniform_, gourd-shaped.

_Lagopous_, Latin, hare-footed; densely clothed with long soft hairs.

_Lamellar_ or _Lamellate_, consisting of flat plates, _Lamellae_.

_Lamina_, a plate or blade, the blade of a leaf, &c., 49.

_Lanate_, _Lanose_, woolly; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs.

_Lanceolate_, lance-shaped, 52.

_Lanuginous_, cottony or woolly.

_Latent buds_, concealed or undeveloped buds, 30.

_Lateral_, belonging to the side.

_Latex_, the milky juice, &c., of plants, 135.

_Lax_ (_Laxus_), loose in texture, or sparse; the opposite of crowded.

_Leaf_, 49. _Leaf-buds_, 31.

_Leaflet_, one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf, 57.

_Leaf-like_, same as _foliaceous_.

_Leathery_, of about the consistence of leather; coriaceous.

_Legume_, a simple pod which dehisces in two pieces, like that of the Pea, 122.

_Leguminous_, belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family.

_Lenticular_, lens-shaped; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides.

_Lappaceous_, bur-like.

_Lasio_, Greek for woolly or hairy, as _Lasianthus_, woolly-flowered.

_Lateritious_, brick-colored.

_Laticiferous_, containing latex, 135.

_Latus_, Latin for broad, as _Latifolius_, broad-leaved.

_Leaf-scar_, _Leaf-stalk_, petiole.

_Lenticels_, lenticular dots on young bark.

_Lentiginose_, as if freckled.

_Lepal_, a made-up word for a staminode.

_Lepis_, Greek for a scale, whence _Lepidote_, leprous; covered with scurfy scales.

_Leptos_, Greek for slender; so _Leptophyllous_, slender-leaved.

_Leukos_, Greek for white; whence _Leucanthous_, white-flowered, &c.

_Liber_, the inner bark of Exogenous stems, 140.

_Lid_, see _operculum_.

_Ligneous_, or _Lignose_, woody in texture.

_Ligulate_, furnished with a ligule, 93.

_Ligule_, _Ligula_, the strap-shaped corolla in many Compositae, 93; the membranous appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most Grasses, 67.

_Limb_, the border of a corolla, &c., 89.

_Limbate_, bordered (Latin, _Limbus_, a border).

_Line_, the twelfth of an inch; or French lines, the tenth.

_Linear_, narrow and flat, the margins parallel, 52.

_Lineate_, marked with parallel lines. _Lineolate_, marked with minute lines.

_Lingulate_, _Linguiform_, tongue-shaped.

_Lip_, the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, 92.

_Litoral_ or _Littoral_, belonging to the shore.

_Livid_, pale lead-colored.

_Lobe_, any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, &c.

_Lobed_ or _Lobate_, cut into lobes, 55, 56; _Lobulate_, into small lobes.

_Locellate_, having _Locelli_, i. e. compartments in a cell: thus an anther-cell is often _bilocellate_.

_Loculament_, same as _loculus_.

_Locular_, relating to the cell or compartment (_Loculus_) of an ovary, &c.

_Loculicidal_ (dehiscence), splitting down through the back of each cell, 123.

_Locusta_, a name for the spikelet of Grasses.

_Lodicule_, one of the scales answering to perianth-leaves in Grass-flowers.

_Loment_, a pod which separates transversely into joints, 122.

_Lomentaceous_, pertaining to or resembling a loment.

_Lorate_, thong-shaped.

_Lunate_, crescent-shaped. _Lunulate_, diminutive of _lunate_.

_Lupuline_, like hops.

_Lusus_, Latin for a sport or abnormal variation.

_Luteolus_, yellowish; diminutive of

_Luteus_, Latin for yellow. _Lutescent_, verging to yellow.

_Lyrate_, lyre-shaped; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in fig. 149.

_Macros_, Greek for long, sometimes also used for large: thus _Macrophyllous_, long or large-leaved, &c.

_Macrospore_, the large kind of spore, when there are two kinds, 160, 161.

_Maculate_, spotted or blotched.

_Male_ (flowers or plants), having stamens but no pistil.

_Mammose_, breast-shaped.

_Marcescent_, withering without falling off.

_Marginal_, belonging to margin.

_Marginate_, margined with an edge different from the rest.

_Marginicidal dehiscence_, 123.

_Maritime_, belonging to sea-coasts.

_Marmorate_, marbled.

_Mas._, _Masc._, _Masculine_, male.

_Masked_, see _personate_.

_Mealy_, see _farinaceous_.

_Median_, _Medial_, belonging to the middle.

_Medifixed_, attached by the middle.

_Medullary_, belonging to, or of the nature of, pith (_Medulla_); pithy.

_Medullary Rays_, the silver-grain of wood, 140, 141.

_Medullary Sheath_, a set of ducts just around the pith, 140.

_Meiostemonous_, having fewer stamens than petals.

_Membranaceous_ or _Membranous_, of the texture of membrane; thin and soft.

_Meniscoid_, crescent-shaped.

_Mericarp_, one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant, 121.

_Merismatic_, separating into parts by the formation of partitions across.

_Merous_, from the Greek for part; used with numeral prefix to denote the number of pieces in a set or circle: as _Monomerous_, of only one, _Dimerous_, with two, _Trimerous_, with three parts (sepals, petals, stamens, &c.) in each circle.

_Mesocarp_, the middle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguishable into three layers, 120.

_Mesophloeum_, the middle or green bark.

_Micropyle_, the closed orifice of the seed, 110, 126.

_Microspore_, the smaller kind of spore when there are two kinds, 161.

_Midrib_, the middle or main rib of a leaf, 50.

_Milk-vessels_, 135.

_Miniate_, vermilion-colored.

_Mitriform_, mitre-shaped: in the form of a peaked cap, or one cleft at the top.

_Moniliform_, necklace-shaped; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals.

_Monocarpic_ (duration), flowering and seeding but once, 38.

_Monochlamydeous_, having only one floral envelope.

_Monocotyledonous_ (embryo), with only one cotyledon, 24.

_Monocotyledonous Plants_, 24. _Monocotyls_, 24.

_Monoecious_, or _Monoicous_ (flower), having stamens or pistils only, 85.

_Monogynous_ (flower), having only one pistil, or one style, 105.

_Monopetalous_ (flower), with the corolla of one piece, 89.

_Monophyllous_, one-leaved, or of one piece.

_Monos_, Greek for solitary or only one; thus _Monadelphous_, stamens united by their filaments into one set, 99; _Monandrous_ (flower), having only one stamen, 100.

_Monosepalous_, a calyx of one piece; i. e. with the sepals united into one body.

_Monospermous_, one-seeded.

_Monstrosity_, an unnatural deviation from the usual structure or form.

_Morphology_, _Morphological Botany_, 9; the department of botany which treats of the forms which an organ may assume.

_Moschate_, Musk-like in odor.

_Movements_, 149.

_Mucronate_, tipped with an abrupt short point (_Mucro_), 54.

_Mucronulate_, tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the last.

_Multi-_, in composition, many; as _Multangular_, many-angled; _Multicipital_, many-headed, &c.; _Multifarious_, in many rows or ranks; _Multifid_, many-cleft; _Multilocular_, many-celled; _Multiserial_, in many rows.

_Multiple Fruits_, 118, 124.

_Muricate_, beset with short and hard or prickly points.

_Muriform_, wall-like; resembling courses of bricks in a wall.

_Muticous_, pointless, blunt, unarmed.

_Mycelium_, the spawn of Fungi; i. e. the filaments from which Mushrooms, &c., originate, 172.

_Naked_, wanting some usual covering, as achlamydeous flowers, 86; gymnospermous seeds, 109, 125, &c.

_Names_ in botany, 179.

_Nanus_, Latin for dwarf.

_Napiform_, turnip-shaped, 35.

_Natural System_, 182.

_Naturalized_, introduced from a foreign country, and flourishing wild.

_Navicular_, boat-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses.

_Necklace-shaped_, looking like a string of beads; see _moniliform_.

_Nectar_, the sweet secretion in flowers from which bees make honey, &c.

_Nectariferous_, honey-bearing; or having a nectary.

_Nectary_, the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of unusual shape, especially when honey-bearing. So the hollow spur-shaped petals of Columbine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed petals of Monkshood, 87, &c.

_Needle-shaped_, long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines.

_Nemorose_ or _Nemoral_, inhabiting groves.

_Nerve_, a name for the ribs or veins of leaves when simple and parallel, 50.

_Nerved_, furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins, 50.

_Nervose_, conspicuously nerved. _Nervulose_, minutely nervose.

_Netted-veined_, furnished with branching veins forming network, 50, 51.

_Neuter_, _Neutral_, sexless. _Neutral flower_, 79.

_Niger_, Latin for black. _Nigricans_, Latin for verging to black.

_Nitid_, shining.

_Nival_, living in or near snow. _Niveus_, snow-white.

_Nodding_, bending so that the summit hangs downward.

_Node_, a knot; the "joints" of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair of leaves springs, 13.

_Nodose_, knotty or knobby. _Nodulose_, furnished with little knobs or knots.

_Nomenclature_, 175, 179.

_Normal_, according to rule, natural.

_Notate_, marked with spots or lines of a different color.

_Nucamentaceous_, relating to or resembling a small nut.

_Nuciform_, nut-shaped or nut-like.

_Nucleus_, the kernel of an ovule (110) or seed (127) of a cell.

_Nucule_, same as nutlet.

_Nude_, (Latin, _Nudus_), naked. So _Nudicaulis_, naked-stemmed, &c.

_Nut_, Latin _Nux_, a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit; as a chestnut, butternut, acorn, 121.

_Nutant_, nodding.

_Nutlet_, a little nut; or the stone of a drupe.

_Ob-_ (meaning over against), when prefixed to words signifies inversion; as, _Obcompressed_, flattened the opposite of the usual way; _Obcordate_, heart-shaped, with the broad and notched end at the apex instead of the base, 54; _Oblanceolate_, lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards, 52.

_Oblique_, applied to leaves, &c., means unequal-sided.

_Oblong_, from two to four times as long as broad, 52.

_Obovate_, inversely ovate, the broad end upward, 53. _Obovoid_, solid obovate.

_Obtuse_, blunt or round at the end, 54.

_Obverse_, same as _inverse_.

_Obvolute_ (in the bud), when the margins of one piece or leaf alternately overlap those of the opposite one.

_Ocellate_, with a circular colored patch, like an eye.

_Ochroleucous_, yellowish-white; dull cream-color.

_Ocreate_, furnished with _Ocreae_ (boots), or stipules in the form of sheaths, 67.

_Octo-_, Latin for eight, enters into the composition of _Octagynous_, with eight pistils or styles; _Octamerous_, its parts in eights; _Octandrous_, with eight stamens, &c.

_Oculate_, with eye-shaped marking.

_Officinal_, used in medicine, therefore kept in the shops.

_Offset_, short branches next the ground which take root, 40.

_Oides_, termination, from the Greek, to denote likeness; so _Dianthoides_, Pink-like.

_Oleraceous_, esculent, as a pot-herb.

_Oligos_, Greek for few; thus _Oliganthous_, few-flowered, &c.

_Olivaceous_, olive-green.

_Oophoridium_, a name for spore-case containing macrospores.

_Opaque_, applied to a surface, means dull, not shining.

_Operculate_, furnished with a lid (_Operculum_), as the spore-case of Mosses, 163.

_Opposite_, said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem from each other (i. e. in pairs), 29, 68. Stamens are opposite the petals, &c., when they stand before them.

_Oppositifolius_, situated opposite a leaf.

_Orbicular_, _Orbiculate_, circular in outline, or nearly so, 52.

_Order_, group below class, 178. _Ordinal names_, 180.

_Organ_, any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, &c.

_Organography_, study of organs, 9. _Organogenesis_, that of the development of organs.

_Orgyalis_, of the height of a man.

_Orthos_, Greek for straight; thus, _Orthocarpous_, with straight fruit; _Orthostichous_, straight-ranked.

_Orthotropous_ (ovule or seed), 111.

_Osseous_, of a bony texture.

_Outgrowths_, growths from the surface of a leaf, petal, &c.

_Oval_, broadly elliptical, 52.

_Ovary_, that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds, 14, 80, 105.

_Ovate_, shaped like an egg, with the broader end downwards; or, in plain surfaces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise, 52.

_Ovoid_, ovate or oval in a solid form.

_Ovule_, the body which is destined to become a seed, 14, 80, 105, 110.

_Ovuliferous_, ovule-bearing.

_Palate_, a projection of the lower lip of a labiate corolla into the throat, as in Snapdragon, &c.

_Palea_ (plural _paleae_), chaff; the inner husks of Grasses; the chaff or bracts on the receptacle of many Compositae, as Coreopsis, and Sunflower.

_Paleaceous_, furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture.

_Paleolate_, having _Paleolae_ or paleae of a second order, or narrow paleae.

_Palet_, English term for palea.

_Palmate_, when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of the petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers, 57, 58.

_Palmately_ (veined, lobed, &c.), in a palmate manner, 51, 56.

_Palmatifid_, _-lobed_, _-sect_, palmately cleft, or lobed, or divided.

_Paludose_, inhabiting marshes. _Palustrine_, same.

_Panduriform_, or _Pandurate_, fiddle-shaped (which see).

_Panicle_, an open and branched cluster, 81.

_Panicled_, _Paniculate_, arranged in panicles, or like a panicle.

_Pannose_, covered with a felt of woolly hairs.

_Papery_, of about the consistence of letter-paper.

_Papilionaceous_, butterfly-shaped; applied to such a corolla as that of the Pea, 91.

_Papilla_ (plural _papillae_), little nipple-shaped protuberances.

_Papillate_, _Papillose_, covered with papillae.

_Pappus_, thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle, Groundsel, &c., and whatever in Compositae answers to calyx, whether hairs, teeth, or scales, 121.

_Papyraceous_, like parchment in texture.

_Parallel-veined_ or _nerved_ (leaves), 50.

_Paraphyses_, jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mosses.

_Parasitic_, living as a parasite, i. e. on another plant or animal, 37.

_Parenchemytous_, composed of parenchyma.

_Parenchyma_, soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves, 132.

_Parietal_ (placentae, &c.), attached to the walls (_parietes_) of the ovary.

_Paripinnate_, pinnate with an even number of leaflets.

_Parted_, separated or cleft into parts almost to the base, 55.

_Parthenogenesis_, producing seed without fertilization.

_Partial involucre_, same as an _involucel_; _partial petiole_, a division of a main leaf-stalk or the stalk of a leaflet; _partial peduncle_, a branch of a peduncle; _partial umbel_, an umbellet, 76.

_Partition_, a segment of a _parted_ leaf; or an internal wall in an ovary, anther, &c.

_Patelliform_, disk-shaped, like the _patella_ or kneepan.

_Patent_, spreading, open. _Patulous_, moderately spreading.

_Pauci-_, in composition, few; as _pauciflorous_, few-flowered, &c.

_Pear-shaped_, solid obovate, the shape of a pear.

_Pectinate_, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divisions, like the teeth of a comb.

_Pedate_, like a bird's foot; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divisions again cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c.

_Pedicel_, the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster, 73.

_Pedicellate_, _Pedicelled_, borne on a pedicel.

_Pedalis_, Latin for a foot high or long.

_Peduncle_, a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a flower-cluster, 73.

_Peduncled_, _Pedunculate_, furnished with a peduncle.

_Peloria_, an abnormal return to regularity and symmetry in an irregular flower; commonest in Snapdragon.

_Peltate_, shield-shaped; said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole is attached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin, 53.

_Pelviform_, basin-shaped.

_Pendent_, hanging. _Pendulous_, somewhat hanging or drooping.

_Penicillate_, _Penicilliform_, tipped with a tuft of fine hairs, like a painter's pencil; as the stigmas of some Grasses.

_Pennate_, same as pinnate. _Penninerved_ and _Penniveined_, pinnately veined, 51.

_Penta-_ (in words of Greek composition), five; as _Pentadelphous_, 99; _Pentagynous_, with five pistils or styles; _Pentamerous_, with its parts in fives, or on the plan of five; _Pentandrous_, having five stamens, 112; _Pentastichous_, in five ranks, &c.

_Pepo_, a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber, 119.

_Perennial_, lasting from year to year, 38.

_Perfect_ (flower), having both stamens and pistils, 81.

_Perfoliate_, passing through the leaf, in appearance, 60.

_Perforate_, pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, as an Orange-leaf.

_Peri-_, Greek for around; from which are such terms as

_Perianth_, the leaves of the flower collectively, 79.

_Pericarp_, the ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit, 117.

_Pericarpic_, belonging to the pericarp.

_Perigonium_, _Perigone_, same as _perianth_.

_Perigynium_, bodies around the pistil; applied to the closed cup or bottle-shaped body (of bracts) which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles, little scales, &c., of the flowers of some other Cyperaceae.

_Perigynous_, the petals and stamens borne on the calyx, 95, 99.

_Peripheric_, around the outside, or periphery, of any organ.

_Perisperm_, a name for the albumen of a seed.

_Peristome_, the fringe of teeth to the spore-case of Mosses, 163.

_Persistent_, remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as the leaves of evergreens, and the calyx of such flowers as persist during the growth of the fruit.

_Personate_, masked; a bilabiate corolla with a _palate_ in the throat, 92.

_Pertuse_, perforated with a hole or slit.

_Perulate_, having scales (_Perulae_), such as bud-scales.

_Pes_, _pedis_, Latin for the foot or support, whence _Longipes_, long-stalked, &c.

_Petal_, a leaf of the corolla, 14, 79.

_Petalody_, metamorphosis of stamens, &c., into petals.

_Petaloid_, _Petaline_, petal-like; resembling or colored like petals.

_Petiole_, a footstalk of a leaf; a leaf-stalk, 49.

_Petioled_, _Petiolate_, furnished with a petiole.

_Petiolulate_, said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial leaf-stalk.

_Petraeus_, Latin for growing on rocks.

_Phalanx_, _phalanges_, bundles of stamens.

_Phaenogamous_, or _Phanerogamous_, plants bearing flowers and producing seeds; same as Flowering Plants. _Phaenogams_, _Phanerogams_, 10.

_Phloeum_, Greek name for bark, whence _Endophloeum_, inner bark, &c.

_Phoeniceous_, deep red verging to scarlet.

_Phycology_, the botany of Algae.

_Phyllocladia_, branches assuming the form and function of leaves.

_Phyllodium_ (plural, _phyllodia_), a leaf where the seeming blade is a dilated petiole, as in New Holland Acacias, 61.

_Phyllome_, foliar parts, those answering to leaves in their nature.

_Phyllon_ (plural, _phylla_), Greek for leaf and leaves; used in many compound terms and names.

_Phyllotaxis_, or _Phyllotaxy_, the arrangement of leaves on the stem, 67.

_Physiological Botany_, 9.

_Phytography_, relates to characterizing and describing plants.

_Phyton_, or _Phytomer_, a name used to designate the pieces which by their repetition make up a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem with its leaf or pair of leaves.

_Pileus_ of a mushroom, 172.

_Piliferous_, bearing a slender bristle or hair (_pilum_), or beset with hairs.

_Pilose_, hairy; clothed with soft slender hairs.

_Pinna_, a primary division with its leaflets of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.

_Pinnule_, a secondary division of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf, 66.

_Pinnate_ (leaf), when leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common petiole, 57.

_Pinnately lobed_, _cleft_, _parted_, _divided_, _veined_, 56.

_Pinnatifid_, _Pinnatisect_, same as pinnately cleft and pinnately parted, 56.

_Pisiform_, pea-shaped.

_Pistil_, the seed-bearing organ of the flower, 14, 80, 105.

_Pistillate_, having a pistil, 85.

_Pistillidium_, the body which in Mosses answers to the pistil, 159, 164.

_Pitchers_, 64.

_Pith_, the cellular centre of an exogenous stem, 138.

_Placenta_, the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached, 107.

_Placentiform_, nearly same as quoit-shaped.

_Plaited_ (in the bud), or _Plicate_, folded, 72, 98.

_Platy-_, Greek for broad, in compounds, such as _Platyphyllous_, broad-leaved, &c.

_Pleio-_, Greek for full or abounding, used in compounds, such as _Pleiopetalous_, of many petals, &c.

_Plumbeus_, lead-colored.

_Plumose_, feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pappus or a style) is beset with hairs along its sides, like the plume of a feather.

_Plumule_, the bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above the cotyledons, 13.

_Pluri-_, in composition, many or several; as _Plurifoliolate_, with several leaflets.

_Pod_, specially a legume, 122; also may be applied to any sort of capsule.

_Podium_, a footstalk or stipe, used only in Greek compounds, as (suffixed) _Leptopodus_, slender-stalked, or (prefixed) _Podocephalus_, with a stalked head, and in _Podosperm_, a seed stalk or funiculus.

_Pogon_, Greek for beard, comes into various compounds.

_Pointless_, destitute of any pointed tip, such as a _mucro_, _awn_, _acumination_, &c.

_Pollen_, the fertilizing powder contained in the anther, 14, 80, 103.

_Pollen-growth_, 117. _Polleniferous_, pollen-bearing.

_Pollen-mass_, _Pollinium_, the united mass of pollen, 104, as in Milkweed and Orchis.

_Pollicaris_, Latin for an inch long.

_Pollination_, the application of pollen to the stigma, 114.

_Poly-_, in compound words of Greek origin, same as _multi-_ in those of Latin origin viz. many, as

_Polyadelphous_, stamens united by their filaments into several bundles, 100.

_Polyandrous_, with numerous stamens (inserted on the receptacle), 100.

_Polycarpic_, term used by DeCandolle in the sense of perennial.

_Polycotyledonous_, having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines, 23.

_Polygamous_, having some perfect and some unisexual flowers, 85.

_Polygonal_, many-angled.

_Polygynous_, with many pistils or styles, 105.

_Polymerous_, formed of many parts of each set.

_Polymorphous_, of several or varying forms.

_Polypetalous_, when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or many), 89.

_Polyphyllous_, many-leaved; formed of several distinct pieces.

_Polysepalous_, same as the last when applied to the calyx, 89.

_Polyspermous_, many-seeded.

_Pome_, the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits, 119.

_Pomiferous_, pome-bearing.

_Porrect_, outstretched.

_Posterior_ side or portion of a flower (when axillary) is that toward the axis, 96.

_Pouch_, the silicle or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse, 123.

_Praecocious_ (Latin, _praecox_), unusually early in development.

_Praefloration_, same as _aestivation_, 97.

_Praefoliation_, same as _vernation_, 71.

_Praemorse_, ending abruptly, as if bitten off.

_Pratensis_, Latin for growing in meadows.

_Prickles_, sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose.

_Prickly_, bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them.

_Primine_, the outer coat of the covering of the ovule, 110.

_Primordial_, earliest formed; primordial leaves are the first after the cotyledons.

_Prismatic_, prism-shaped; having three or more angles bounding flat sides.

_Procerous_, tall, or tall and slim.

_Process_, any projection from the surface or edge of a body.

_Procumbent_, trailing on the ground, 39.

_Procurrent_, running through but not projecting.

_Produced_, extended or projecting; the upper sepal of a Larkspur is _produced_ above into a spur, 87.

_Proliferous_ (literally, bearing offspring), where a new branch rises from an older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another.

_Propaculum_ or _Propagulum_, a shoot for propagation.

_Prosenchyma_, a tissue of wood-cells.

_Prostrate_, lying flat on the ground, 39.

_Protandrous_ or _Proterandrous_, the anthers first maturing, 116.

_Proteranthous_, flowering before leafing.

_Proterogynous_ or _Protogynous_, the stigmas first to mature, 116.

_Prothallium_ or _Prothallus_, 160.

_Protoplasm_, the soft nitrogenous lining or contents, or living part, of cells, 129.

_Protos_, Greek for first; in various compounds.

_Pruinose_, _Pruinate_, frosted; covered with a powder like hoar-frost.

_Pseudo-_, Greek for false. _Pseudo-bulb_, the aerial corms of epiphytic Orchids, &c.

_Psilos_, Greek for bare or naked, used in many compounds.

_Pteridophyta_, _Pteridophytes_, 156.

_Pteris_, Greek for wing, and general name for Fern, enters into many compounds.

_Puberulent_, covered with fine and short or almost imperceptible down.

_Pubescent_, hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs or _pubescence_.

_Pulverulent_ or _Pulveraceous_, as if dusted with fine powder.

_Pulvinate_, cushioned, or shaped like a cushion.

_Pumilus_, low or little.

_Punctate_, dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such.

_Puncticulate_, minutely punctate.

_Pungent_, prickly-tipped.

_Puniceous_, carmine-red.

_Purpureus_, originally red or crimson, more used for duller or bluish-red.

_Pusillus_, weak and small, tiny.

_Putamen_, the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut, 120.

_Pygmaeus_, Latin for dwarf.

_Pyramidal_, shaped like a pyramid.

_Pyrene_, _Pyrena_, a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe.

_Pyriform_, pear-shaped.

_Pyxidate_, furnished with a lid.

_Pyxis_, _Pyxidium_, a pod opening round horizontally by a lid, 124.

_Quadri-_, in words of Latin origin, four; as _Quadrangular_, four-angled; _Quadrifoliate_, four-leaved; _Quadrifid_, four-cleft. _Quaternate_ in fours.

_Quinate_, in fives. _Quinque_, five.

_Quincuncial_, in a quincunx; when the parts in aestivation are five, two of them outside, two inside, and one half out and half in.

_Quintuple_, five-fold.

_Race_, a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed, 176.

_Raceme_, a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of a general peduncle, 73.

_Racemose_, bearing racemes, or raceme-like.

_Rachis_, see _rhachis_.

_Radial_, belonging to the ray.

_Radiate_, or _Radiant_, furnished with ray-flowers, 94.

_Radiate-veined_, 52.

_Radical_, belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root.

_Radicant_, rooting, taking root on or above the ground.

_Radicels_, little roots or rootlets.

_Radicle_, the stem part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root, 11, 127.

_Rameal_, belonging to a branch. _Ramose_, full of branches (_rami_).

_Ramentaceous_, beset with thin chaffy scales (_Ramenta_), as the stalks of many Ferns.

_Ramification_, branching, 27.

_Ramulose_, full of branchlets (_ramuli_).

_Raphe_, see _rhaphe_.

_Ray_, parts diverging from a centre, the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis, 94), or cluster, as of Hydrangea (78), when different from the rest, especially when ligulate and diverging (like rays or sunbeams); also the branches of an umbel, 74.

_Ray-flowers_, 94.

_Receptacle_, the axis or support of a flower, 81, 112; also the common axis or support of a head of flowers, 73.

_Reclined_, turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent.

_Rectinerved_, with straight nerves or veins.

_Recurved_, curved outwards or backwards.

_Reduplicate_ (in aestivation), valvate with the margins turned outwards, 97.

_Reflexed_, bent outwards or backwards.

_Refracted_, bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend.

_Regular_, all the parts similar in shape, 82.

_Reniform_, kidney-shaped, 53.

_Repand_, wavy-margined, 55.

_Repent_, creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath.

_Replum_, the frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress), persistent after the valves fall away.

_Reptant_, same as repent.

_Resupinate_, inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.

_Reticulated_, the veins forming network, 50. _Retiform_, in network.

_Retinerved_, reticulate-veined.

_Retroflexed_, bent backwards; same as _reflexed_.

_Retuse_, blunted; the apex not only obtuse but somewhat indented, 54.

_Revolute_, rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves, 72.

_Rhachis_ (the backbone), the axis of a spike or other body, 73.

_Rhaphe_, the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or seed, 112, 126.

_Rhaphides_, crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants, 137.

_Rhizanthous_, flowering from the root.

_Rhizoma_, _Rhizome_, a rootstock, 42-44.

_Rhombic_, in the shape of a rhomb. _Rhomboidal_, approaching that shape.

_Rib_, the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces of the framework of a leaf, or any similar elevated line along a body, 49, 50.

_Rimose_, having chinks or cracks.

_Ring_, an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns, 159.

_Ringent_, grinning; gaping open, 92.

_Riparious_, on river-banks.

_Rivalis_, Latin for growing along brooks; or _Rivularis_, in rivulets.

_Root_, 33.

_Root-hairs_, 35.

_Rootlets_, small roots, or root-branches, 33.

_Rootstock_, root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground, 42.

_Roridus_, dewy.

_Rosaceous_, arranged like the petals of a rose.

_Rostellate_, bearing a small beak (_Rostellum_).

_Rostrate_, bearing a beak (_Rostrum_) or a prolonged appendage.

_Rosulate_, in a rosette or cluster of spreading leaves.

_Rotate_, wheel-shaped, 89.

_Rotund_, rounded or roundish in outline.

_Ruber_, Latin for red in general. _Rubescent_, _Rubicund_, reddish or blushing.

_Rudimentary_, imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development.

_Rufous_, _Rufescent_, brownish-red or reddish-brown.

_Rugose_, wrinkled; roughened with wrinkles.

_Ruminated_ (albumen), penetrated with irregular channels or portions, as a nutmeg, looking as if chewed.

_Runcinate_, coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.

_Runner_, a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, 40.

_Sabulose_, growing in sand.

_Sac_, any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity.

_Saccate_, sac-shaped.

_Sagittate_, arrowhead-shaped, 53.

_Salsuginous_, growing in brackish soil.

_Salver-shaped_, or _Salver-form_, with a border spreading at right angles to a slender tube, 89.

_Samara_, a wing-fruit, or key, 122.

_Samaroid_, like a samara or key-fruit.

_Sap_, the juices of plants generally, 136. _Sapwood_, 142.

_Saprophytes_, 37.

_Sarcocarp_, the fleshy part of a stone-fruit, 120.

_Sarmentaceous_, _Sarmentose_, bearing long and flexible twigs (_Sarments_), either spreading or procumbent.

_Saw-toothed_, see _serrate_, 55.

_Scabrous_, rough or harsh to the touch.

_Scalariform_, with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder, 134.

_Scales_, of buds, 28; of bulbs, &c., 46.

_Scalloped_, same as _crenate_, 55.

_Scaly_, furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture.

_Scandent_, climbing, 39.

_Scape_, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it, as in many Violets.

_Scapiform_, scape-like.

_Scapigerous_, scape-bearing.

_Scar_ of the seed, 126. _Leaf-scars_, 27, 28.

_Scarious_ or _Scariose_, thin, dry, and membranous.

_Scion_, a shoot or slip used for grafting.

_Scleros_, Greek for hard, hence _Sclerocarpous_, hard-fruited.

_Scobiform_, resembling sawdust.

_Scorpioid_ or _Scorpioidal_, curved or circinate at the end, 77.

_Scrobiculate_, pitted; excavated into shallow pits.

_Scurf_, _Scurfiness_, minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot.

_Scutate_, _Scutiform_, buckler-shaped.

_Scutellate_, or _Scutelliform_, saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.

_Secund_, one-sided; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c., are all turned to one side.

_Secundine_, the inner coat of the ovule, 110.

_Seed_, 125. _Seed-leaves_, see _cotyledons_. _Seed-vessel_, 127.

_Segment_, a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body.

_Segregate_, separated from each other.

_Semi-_, in compound words of Latin origin, half; as

_Semi-adherent_, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane; _Semicordate_, half-heart-shaped; _Semilunar_, like a half-moon; _Semiovate_, half-ovate, &c.

_Seminal_, relating to the seed (_Semen_). _Seminiferous_, seed-bearing.

_Sempervirent_, evergreen.

_Sensitiveness_ in plants, 149, 152.

_Senary_, in sixes.

_Sepal_, a leaf or division of the calyx, 14, 79.

_Sepaloid_, sepal-like. _Sepaline_, relating to the sepals.

_Separated Flowers_, those having stamens or pistils only, 85.

_Septate_, divided by partitions.

_Septenate_, with parts in sevens.

_Septicidal_, where dehiscence is through the partitions, 123.

_Septiferous_, bearing the partition.

_Septifragal_, where the valves in dehiscence break away from the partitions, 123.

_Septum_ (plural _septa_), a partition or dissepiment.

_Serial_, or _Seriate_, in rows; as _biserial_, in two rows, &c.

_Sericeous_, silky; clothed with satiny pubescence.

_Serotinous_, late in the season.

_Serrate_, the margin cut into teeth (_Serratures_) pointing forwards, 55.

_Serrulate_, same as the last, but with fine teeth.

_Sessile_, sitting; without any stalk.

_Sesqui-_, Latin for one and a half; so _Sesquipedalis_, a foot and a half long.

_Seta_, a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle.

_Setaceous_, bristle-like. _Setiform_, bristle-shaped.

_Setigerous_, bearing bristles. _Setose_, beset with bristles or bristly hairs.

_Setula_, a diminutive bristle. _Setulose_, provided with such.

_Sex_, six. _Sexangular_, six-angled. _Sexfarious_, six-faced.

_Sheath_, the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are

_Sheathing_, wrapped round the stem.

_Shield-shaped_, same as _scutate_, or as _peltate_, 53.

_Shrub_, _Shrubby_, 39.

_Sieve-cells_, 140.

_Sigmoid_, curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek _sigma_.

_Silicle_, a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family, 123.

_Siliculose_, bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it.

_Silique_, capsule of the Cress Family, 123.

_Siliquose_, bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques.

_Silky_, glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs.

_Silver-grain_, the medullary rays of wood, 139.

_Silvery_, shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silky pubescence.

_Simple_, of one piece; opposed to _compound_.

_Sinistrorse_, turned to the left.

_Sinuate_, with margin alternately bowed inwards and outwards, 55.

_Sinus_, a recess or bay; the re-entering angle between two lobes or projections.

_Sleep of Plants_ (so called), 151.

_Smooth_, properly speaking not rough, but often used for glabrous, i. e. not pubescent.

_Soboliferous_, bearing shoots (_Soboles_) from near the ground.

_Solitary_, single; not associated with others.

_Sordid_, dull or dirty in hue.

_Sorediate_, bearing patches on the surface.

_Sorosis_, name of a multiple fruit, like a pine-apple.

_Sorus_, a fruit-dot of Ferns, 159.

_Spadiceous_, chestnut-colored. Also spadix-bearing.

_Spadix_, a fleshy spike of flowers, 75.

_Span_, the distance between the tip of the thumb and of little finger outstretched, six or seven inches.

_Spathaceous_, resembling or furnished with a

_Spathe_, a bract which inwraps an inflorescence, 75.

_Spatulate_, or _Spathulate_, shaped like a spatula, 52.

_Species_, 175.

_Specific Names_, 179.

_Specimens_, 184.

_Spermaphore_, or _Spermophore_, one of the names of the placenta.

_Spermum_, Latin form of Greek word for seed; much used in composition.

_Spica_, Latin for spike; hence _Spicate_, in a spike, _Spiciform_, in shape resembling a spike.

_Spike_, an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile, 74.

_Spikelet_, a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses.

_Spine_, 41, 64.

_Spindle-shaped_, tapering to each end, like a radish, 36.

_Spinescent_, tipped by or degenerating into a thorn.

_Spinose_, or _Spiniferous_, thorny.

_Spiral Vessels_ or _ducts_, 135.

_Spithameous_, span-high.

_Spora_, Greek name for seed, used in compound words.

_Sporadic_, widely dispersed.

_Sporangium_, a spore-case in Ferns, &c., 158.

_Spore_, a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them the analogue of a seed.

_Spore-case_ (_Sporangium_), 158.

_Sporocarp_, 162.

_Sport_, a newly appeared variation, 176.

_Sporule_, same as a spore, or a small spore.

_Spumescent_, appearing like froth.

_Spur_, any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur but hollow, as that of Larkspur, fig. 239.

_Squamate_, _Squamose_, or _Squamaceous_, furnished with scales (_squamae_).

_Squamellate_, or _Squamulose_, furnished with little scales (_Squamellae_, or _Squamulae_).

_Squamiform_, shaped like a scale.

_Squarrose_, where scales, leaves, or any appendages spread widely from the axis on which they are thickly set.

_Squarrulose_, diminutive of _squarrose_; slightly squarrose.

_Stachys_, Greek for spike.

_Stalk_, the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be.

_Stamen_, 14, 80, 98.

_Staminate_, furnished with stamens, 86. _Stamineal_, relating to the stamens.

_Staminodium_, an abortive stamen, or other body in place of a stamem.

_Standard_, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla, 92.

_Starch_, 136, 163.

_Station_, the particular kind of situation in which a plant naturally occurs.

_Stellate_, _Stellular_, starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out from a common centre, like a star.

_Stem_, 39. _Stemlet_, diminutive stem.

_Stemless_, destitute or apparently destitute of stem.

_Stenos_, Greek for narrow; hence _Stenophyllous_, narrow-leaved, &c.

_Sterile_, barren or imperfect.

_Stigma_, the part of the pistil which receives the pollen, 14, 80, 105.

_Stigmatic_, or _Stigmatose_, belonging to the stigma.

_Stipe_ (Latin _Stipes_), the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any, 112; also of a Fern, 158, and of a Mushroom, 172.

_Stipel_, a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c.

_Stipellate_, furnished with stipels, as in the Bean tribe.

_Stipitate_, furnished with a stipe.

_Stipulaceous_, belonging to stipules. _Stipulate_, furnished with stipules.

_Stipules_, the appendages on each side of the base of certain leaves, 66.

_Stirps_ (plural, _stirpes_), Latin for race.

_Stock_, used for race or source. Also for any root-like base from which the herb grows up.

_Stole_, or _Stolon_, a trailing or reclined and rooting shoot, 40.

_Stoloniferous_, producing stolons.

_Stomate_ (Latin _Stoma_, plural _Stomata_), the breathing-pores of leaves, 144.

_Stone-fruit_, 119.

_Storage-leaves_, 62.

_Stramineous_, straw-like, or straw-colored.

_Strap-shaped_, long, flat, and narrow.

_Striate_, or _Striated_, marked with slender longitudinal grooves or stripes.

_Strict_, close and narrow; straight and narrow.

_Strigillose_, _Strigose_, beset with stout and appressed, stiff or rigid bristles.

_Strobilaceous_, relating to or resembling a

_Strobile_, a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, 124.

_Strombuliform_, twisted, like a spiral shell.

_Strophiole_, same as _caruncle_, 126. _Strophiolate_, furnished with a strophiole.

_Struma_, a wen; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.

_Strumose_, bearing a struma.

_Stupose_, like tow.

_Style_, a stalk between ovary and stigma, 14, 80, 105.

_Styliferous_, _Stylose_, bearing styles or conspicuous ones.

_Stylopodium_, an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style.

_Sub-_, as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat; as _Subcordate_, slightly cordate; _Subserrate_, slightly serrate; _Subaxillary_, just beneath the axil, &c.

_Subclass_, _Suborder_, _Subtribe_, 178.

_Suberose_, corky or cork-like in texture.

_Subulate_, awl-shaped; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp point.

_Succise_, as if cut off at lower end.

_Succubous_, when crowded leaves are each covered by base of next above.

_Suckers_, shoots from subterranean branches, 39.

_Suffrutescent_, slightly shrubby or woody at the base only, 39.

_Suffruticose_, rather more than suffrutescent, 37, 39.

_Sulcate_, grooved longitudinally with deep furrows.

_Superior_, above, 96; sometimes equivalent to posterior, 96.

_Supernumerary Buds_, 30, 31.

_Supervolute_, plaited and convolute in bud, 97.

_Supine_, lying flat, with face upward.

_Supra-axillary_, borne above the axil, as some buds, 31.

_Supra-decompound_, many times compounded or divided.

_Surculose_, producing suckers (_Surculi_) or shoots resembling them.

_Suspended_, hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very summit of the cell which contains them.

_Sutural_, belonging or relating to a suture.

_Suture_, the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together, 106.

_Sword-shaped_, applied to narrow leaves, with acute parallel edges, tapering above.

_Syconium_, the fig-fruit, 124.

_Sylvestrine_, growing in woods.

_Symmetrical Flower_, similar in the number of parts of each set, 82.

_Sympetalous_, same as gamopetalous.

_Sympode_, _Sympodium_, a stem composed of a series of superposed branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis, as in Grape-vine.

_Synantherous_ or _Syngenesious_, where stamens are united by their anthers, 100.

_Syncarpous_ (fruit or pistil), composed of several carpels consolidated into one.

_Synonym_, an equivalent superseded name.

_Synsepalous_, same as gamosepalous.

_System_ (artificial and natural), 182, 183.

_Systematic Botany_, the study of plants after their kinds, 9.

_Tabescent_, wasting or shrivelling.

_Tail_, any long and slender prolongation of an organ.

_Taper-pointed_, same as acuminate, 54.

_Tap-root_, a root with a stout tapering body, 32-35.

_Tawny_, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.

_Taxonomy_, the part of botany which treats of classification.

_Tegmen_, a name for the inner seed-coat.

_Tendril_, a thread-shaped organ used for climbing, 40.

_Terete_, long and round; same as _cylindrical_, only it may taper.

_Terminal_, borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit.

_Terminology_ treats of technical terms; same as _Glossology_, 181.

_Ternate_, _Ternately_, in threes.

_Tessellate_, in checker-work.

_Testa_, the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed, 125.

_Testaceous_, the color of unglazed pottery.

_Tetra-_ (in words of Greek composition), four; as, _Tetracoccous_, of four cocci.

_Tetradynamous_, where a flower has six stamens, two shorter than the four, 101.

_Tetragonal_, four-angled. _Tetragynous_, with four pistils or styles. _Tetramerous_, with its parts or sets in fours. _Tetrandrous_, with four stamens, 100.

_Tetraspore_, a quadruple spore, 169.

_Thalamaflorous_, with petals and stamens inserted on the torus or _Thalamus_.

_Thallophyta_, _Thallophytes_, 165.

_Thallus_, a stratum, in place of stem and leaves, 165.

_Theca_, a case; the cells or lobes of the anther.

_Thecaphore_, the stipe of a carpel, 113.

_Thorn_, an indurated pointed branch, 41, 42.

_Thread-shaped_, slender and round or roundish, like a thread.

_Throat_, the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the border and the tube join, and a little below, 89.

_Thyrse_ or _Thyrsus_, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cymes or cymules, 79.

_Tomentose_, clothed with matted woolly hairs (_tomentum_).

_Tongue-shaped_, long and flat, but thickish and blunt.

_Toothed_, furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin; used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not point forwards, 55.

_Top-shaped_, shaped like a top, or a cone with apex downwards.

_Torose_, _Torulose_, knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals.

_Torus_, the receptacle of the flower, 81, 112.

_Trachea_, a spiral duct.

_Trachys_, Greek for rough; used in compounds, as, _Trachyspermous_, rough-seeded.

_Transverse_, across, standing right and left instead of fore and aft.

_Tri-_ (in composition), three; as,

_Triadelphous_, stamens united by their filaments into three bundles, 99.

_Triandrous_, where the flower has three stamens, 112.

_Tribe_, 178.

_Trichome_, of the nature of hair or pubescence.

_Trichotomous_, three-forked.

_Tricoccous_, of three cocci or roundish carpels.

_Tricolor_, having three colors.

_Tricostate_, having three ribs.

_Tricuspidate_, three-pointed.

_Tridentate_, three-toothed.

_Triennial_, lasting for three years.

_Trifarious_, in three vertical rows; looking three ways.

_Trifid_, three-cleft, 56.

_Trifoliate_, three-leaved. _Trifoliolate_, of three leaflets.

_Trifurcate_, three-forked.

_Trigonous_, three-angled, or triangular.

_Trigynous_, with three pistils or styles, 116.

_Trijugate_, in three pairs (_jugi_).

_Trilobed_ or _Trilobate_, three-lobed, 55.

_Trilocular_, three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 328-330.

_Trimerous_, with its parts in threes.

_Trimorphism_, 117. _Trimorphic_ or _Trimorphous_, in three forms.

_Trinervate_, three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.

_Trioecious_, where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different individuals, as in Red Maple. A form of Polygamous.

_Tripartible_, separable into three pieces. _Tripartite_, three-parted, 55.

_Tripetalous_, having three petals.

_Triphyllous_, three-leaved; composed of three pieces.

_Tripinnate_, thrice pinnate, 59. _Tripinnatifid_, thrice pinnately cleft, 57.

_Triple-ribbed_, _Triple-nerved_, &c., where a midrib branches into three, near the base of the leaf.

_Triquetrous_, sharply three-angled; and especially with the sides concave, like a bayonet.

_Triserial_, or _Triseriate_, in three rows, under each other.

_Tristichous_, in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.

_Tristigmatic_, or _Tristigmatose_, having three stigmas.

_Trisulcate_, three-grooved.

_Triternate_, three times ternate, 59.

_Trivial Name_, the specific name.

_Trochlear_, pulley-shaped.

_Trumpet-shaped_, tubular; enlarged at or towards the summit.

_Truncate_, as if cut off at the top.

_Trunk_, the main stem or general body of a stem or tree.

_Tube_ (of corolla, &c.), 89.

_Tuber_, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eyes (buds) on the sides, 44.

_Tubercle_, a small excrescence.

_Tubercled_, or _Tuberculate_, bearing excrescences or pimples.

_Tubaeform_, trumpet-shaped.

_Tuberous_, resembling a tuber. _Tuberiferous_, bearing tubers.

_Tubular_, hollow and of an elongated form; hollowed like a pipe, 91.

_Tubuliflorous_, bearing only tubular flowers.

_Tunicate_, coated; invested with layers, as an onion, 46.

_Turbinate_, top-shaped.

_Turio_ (plural _turiones_), strong young shoots or suckers springing out of the ground; as Asparagus-shoots.

_Turnip-shaped_, broader than high, abruptly narrowed below, 35.

_Twining_, ascending by coiling round a support, 39.

_Type_, the ideal pattern, 10.

_Typical_, well exemplifying the characteristics of a species, genus, &c.

_Uliginose_, growing in swamps.

_Umbel_, the umbrella-like form of inflorescence, 74.

_Umbellate_, in umbels. _Umbelliferous_, bearing umbels.

_Umbellet_ (_umbellula_), a secondary or partial umbel, 76.

_Umbilicate_, depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple; with a navel.

_Umbonate_, bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (_umbo_).

_Umbraculiform_, umbrella-shaped.

_Unarmed_, destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.

_Uncial_, an inch (_uncia_) in length.

_Uncinate_, or _Uncate_, hook-shaped; hooked over at the end.

_Under-shrub_, partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.

_Undulate_ or _Undate_, wavy, or wavy-margined, 55.

_Unequally pinnate_, pinnate with an odd number of leaflets, 65.

_Unguiculate_, furnished with a claw (_unguis_), 91.

_Uni-_, in compound words, one; as _Unicellular_, one-celled.

_Uniflorous_, one-flowered.

_Unifoliate_, one-leaved. _Unifoliolate_, of one leaflet, 59.

_Unijugate_, of one pair.

_Unilabiate_, one-lipped.

_Unilateral_, one-sided.

_Unilocular_, one-celled.

_Uniovulate_, having only one ovule.

_Uniserial_, in one horizontal row.

_Unisexual_, having stamens or pistils only, 85.

_Univalved_, a pod of only one piece after dehiscence.

_Unsymmetrical Flowers_, 86.

_Urceolate_, urn-shaped.

_Utricle_, a small thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot, 121.

_Utricular_, like a small bladder.

_Vaginate_, sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (_vagina_).

_Valve_, one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any similar body, splits, 122, 123.

_Valvate_, _Valvular_, opening by valves. _Valvate_, in aestivation, 97.

_Variety_, 176.

_Vascular_, containing vessels, or consisting of vessels or ducts, 134.

_Vascular Cryptogams_, 156.

_Vaulted_, arched; same as _fornicate_.

_Vegetable Life_, &c., 128. _Vegetable anatomy_, 129.

_Veins_, the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c., 49, 50.

_Veined_, _Veiny_, furnished with evident veins. _Veinless_, destitute of veins.

_Veinlets_, the smaller ramifications of veins, 50.

_Velate_, furnished with a veil.

_Velutinous_, velvety to the touch.