Chapter IV: Section XVI: Vegetable Life and Work 128

Sec. 1. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH 129

Nature of Growth, Protoplasm 129
Cells and Cell-walls. Cellular Structure or Tissue 130
Strengthening Cells. Wood, Wood-cells, Vessels or Ducts 132

Sec. 2. CELL-CONTENTS 136

Sap, Chlorophyll, Starch 136
Crystals, Rhaphides 137

Sec. 3. ANATOMY OF ROOTS AND STEMS 138

Endogenous and Exogenous Stems 139
Particular structure of the latter 140
Wood, Sapwood and Heart-wood. The living parts of a Tree 141

Sec. 4. ANATOMY OF LEAVES 142

Epidermis, Stomata or Breathing pores 143

Sec. 5. PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION 144

Sec. 6. PLANT WORK AND MOVEMENT 149

Movements in Cells or Cyclosis 149
Transference from Cell to Cell 150
Movements of Organs, Twining Stems, Leaf-movements 150
Movements of Tendrils, Sensitiveness 152
Movements in Flowers 153
Movements for capture of Insects 154
Work costs, using up Material and Energy 155

SECTION XVII. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS 156

Vascular Cryptogams, Pteridophytes 156
Horsetails (Equisetaceae), Ferns 157
Club-Mosses (Lycopodium), &c. 161
Quillworts (Isoetes), Pillworts (Marsilia) 161
Azolla. Cellular Cryptogams 162
Bryophytes. Mosses (Musci) 163
Liverworts (Hepaticae) 164
Thallophytes 165
Characeae 167
Algae, Seaweeds, &c. 168
Lichenes or Lichens 171
Fungi 172

SECTION XVIII. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 175

Sec. 1. KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP 175

Species, Varieties, Individuals 176
Genera, Orders, Classes, &c. 177

Sec. 2. NAMES, TERMS AND CHARACTERS 178

Nomenclature of Genera, Species, and Varieties 179
Nomenclature of Orders, Classes, &c. Terminology 180

Sec. 3. SYSTEM 181

Artificial and Natural 182
Synopsis of Series, Classes, &c. 183

SECTION XIX. BOTANICAL WORK 184

Sec. 1. COLLECTION OR HERBORIZATION 184

Sec. 2. HERBARIUM 186

Sec. 3. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OF PLANTS 187

Sec. 4. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS 188

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS 190

GLOSSARY COMBINED WITH INDEX 193

ELEMENTS OF BOTANY.