Chapter III: Preface (3)

To express "time past," "ago," "antaux" is used, as "Antaux tri tagoj", Three days ago. "Antaux longe", A long time ago. "Antaux nelonge", Not long ago.

To express "in" a time to come "post" is used, as I will come in three days, "Mi venos post tri tagoj". "Post nelonge", In a short time.

VOCABULARY.

pregxejo : church (place of vek- : waken (someone).
prayer). bala- : sweep.
ordo : order. rauxka : hoarse.
ricxeco : wealth. avida : eager, greedy.
pasxo : step. ofte : often.
pagxo : page. publike : publicly.

Antaux ili staris pregxejo. Antaux tiuj homoj estas inde paroli. Ofte en la nokto sxi staris antaux la fenestro. Mi estas peka antaux vi. Antaux unu horo. Antaux mallonge li vekigxis tre rauxka. Antaux nelonge oni vendis la domon publike. Ne iru, antaux ol vi scias, ke cxio estas en ordo. Mi devos lasi ilin elbalai la cxambron, antaux ol ni komencos danci. Mi estis tie en la antauxa jaro. Antauxe mi neniam pensis pri ricxeco. Estis al sxi, kiel la sorcxistino antauxdiris.

Li restis post la pordo. Iom post iom. Sxi komencis avide legi pagxon post pagxo. Sxi rigardis post lin kun rideto. Post kelkaj minutoj levigxis la suno. Sxi jxetis siajn brakojn posten kaj antauxen. Ni restos kelkajn semajnojn en Parizo; poste ni vojagxos en Germanujon.

LESSON 34.

Dum. Gxis. Cxirkaux.

"Dum" means "during", as "Dum mia tuta vivo", During my whole life. It is not much used as a preposition, that is, before a noun, "en la dauxro de" being better, as "En la dauxro de mia tuta vivo", In (the duration of) my whole life; or the preposition is omitted altogether, as "La tutan tagon mi laboradis", I used to work all day long. "Dum", meaning "while, whilst", is often used at the beginning of a sentence. "Dume" means meanwhile, or, in the meantime.

"Gxis" means "till, until, up to, as far as". "Atendu gxis Sabato", Wait until Saturday. "Iru gxis la rivero", Go as far as the river.

"Cxirkaux" means "about" or "around, somewhere near" (more or less). "Ili ludis cxirkaux la arbo", They played around the tree. "Cxirkaux Majo ni foriros", About May we shall go away.

VOCABULARY.

koncerto : concert. vitro : glass (material).
flanko : side. globo : globe.
sorto : fate. kolekt- : collect.
radio : ray. prepar- : prepare.
kupolo : cupola, dome. pes- : weigh (something).
rublo : rouble. ekzist- : exist.
etagxo : story (of building). pere- : perish.
doloro : pain, ache. proksime : near to.

Dum la tuta tago (aux, la tutan tagon) li restis sola. Dum (aux, en la dauxro de) kelkaj monatoj, sxi ne eliradis el sia cxambro. Li dormis dum la tuta koncerto (aux, la tutan koncerton). Dum dauxris la preparoj, li estis gasto cxe la regxo. Dum li veturas sur la vojo al Grenada, en Santa Fe estas decidata lia sorto.

Ili laboradis gxis profunda nokto. La telero de la pesilo mallevigxis gxis la tero. Gxiaj radioj sin levadis gxis la kupolo. Pruntu al mi dek rublojn gxis morgaux. Li laboradis de frua mateno gxis malfrua nokto. Li batalos gxis la fino mem. Ni levadis nin cxiam pli kaj pli alte gxis la kvara etagxo. Gxi ekzistos gxis la mondo pereos.

La regxo venis cxirkaux tagmezo en la vilagxon Reading. Cxirkaux la mateno la ventego finigxis. Estos suficxe cxirkaux dek metroj. Cxiuj kolektigxis cxirkaux la vitra globo. Oni povas rigardi tre malproksime cxirkauxe. Cxirkauxe nagxis grandaj montoj de glacio. Li rigardis cxirkauxen sur cxiuj flankoj.

LESSON 35.

De. Da.

"De" means "of", "from", or "by"; it denotes (i.) "possession", as "La cxapelo de la patro", The father's hat; (ii.), "the agent of an action", as "La letero estis skribata de Johano", The letter was written by John; (iii.), "cause, Li mortis de febro", He died of fever; (iv.), "starting point, from, since", as "De tiu tempo neniu lin vidis", (Starting) from (since) that time nobody has seen him; "Li venis de Parizo", He came from Paris.

"Da" means "of"; it is used after words signifying quantity, when the noun following has a "general", not a "particular" sense, as "Dekduo da kuleroj", A dozen spoons; "Funto da teo", A pound of tea; "Peco da pano", A piece of bread; but if some particular tea, bread, etc., is specified, "de" must be used, as "Funto de la teo", A pound of the tea; "Peco de la pano", A piece of the bread. "La" cannot be used after "da."

VOCABULARY.

placo : place, square. peco : piece.
velo : sail. sumo : sum.
drapo : cloth. inko : ink.
ovo : egg. najbaro : neighbour.
kilometro : kilometre. mezuro : measure,
bordo : shore. sufer- : suffer.
amaso : crowd. signif- : mean, signify.
auxtuno : autumn. nigra : black.
turo : tower. plena : full.
cxevalo : horse.

La lumo de la luno. En la mezo de la placo staris domo. Li povis havi la agxon de dekses jaroj. La tempo de ilia vivo estas ankoraux pli mallonga, ol de nia. Ili sin levis de apud la tablo. Mi pensis, ke vi de tie jam ne revenos. La sxipanoj demetis la velojn. Li deiris de la cxevalo.

Glaso de vino estas glaso, en kiu antauxe sin trovis vino, aux kiun oni uzas por vino; glaso da vino estas glaso plena je vino. Alportu al mi metron da nigra drapo. (Metro de drapo signifus metron, kiu kusxis sur drapo, aux kiu estas uzata por drapo). Mi acxetis dekon da ovoj. Tiu cxi rivero havas ducent kilometrojn da longo. Sur la bordo de la maro staris amaso da homoj. Multaj birdoj flugas en la auxtuno en pli varmajn landojn. Sur la arbo sin trovis multe (aux multo) da birdoj. Kelkaj homoj sentas sin la plej felicxaj, kiam ili vidas la suferojn de siaj najbaroj. En la cxambro sidis nur kelke da homoj. "Da" post ia vorto montras, ke tiu cxi vorto havas signifon de mezuro.

Gxi estas bela peco da sxtofo. Sur la teleron li metis milojn da pecoj da argxento. La lumoj brilas kiel centoj da steloj. Knabo acxetis boteleton da inko. Ili konstruas turetojn enhavantajn multe da cxambretoj. Li donis al ili grandan sumon da mono.

LESSON 36.

Per. Kun. Sen.

"Per" and "kun" represent different uses of our word "with," so care must be taken to use the correct word.

"Per" signifies "by means of"; it denotes the "instrument" by means of which something is done, as "Per hakilo ni hakas", By means of an axe we chop.

"Kun" means "in company with, accompanying". "Li iros kun mi", He will go with me.

"Sen" means "without" as "Teo sen sukero", Tea without sugar. It is used as a prefix to denote absence of something, as "sen-utila", without use, useless (compare with "mal", which denotes the exact opposite; "malutila" means "harmful, noxious").

VOCABULARY.

envio : envy. folio : leaf.
sxauxmo : foam, froth. fadeno : thread.
fisxo : fish. lud- : play.
vosto : tail. pentr- : paint.
pentrajxo : painting. flar- : smell (something).
regxido : prince (king's son). pel- : drive.
princo : prince. kovr- : cover.
ondo : wave. cxes- : cease.
membro : member. mov- : move (something).
tataro : Tartar. kune : together.

Mi mangxas per la busxo, kaj flaras per la nazo. Sxi surpasxis per piedo sur la serpenton. Gxi enkovris la belegan lilion per blanka sxauxmo. La korpo finigxis per fisxa vosto. Cxiuj muroj estas ornamitaj per grandaj pentrajxoj. Per tie cxi, kaj ne per alia vojo, la sxtelisto forkuris. Per kia maniero oni povas veni en la landon de oro? Per tia maniero. Per unu vorto. La stelo Venus ekbrulis per envio.

Sxi volis ludi kun ili, sed kun teruro ili forkuris. Kun kia atento sxi auxskultis tiujn cxi rakontojn! La plej bela el ili estis la juna regxido kun la grandaj nigraj okuloj. Tien cxi alnagxis la virineto de maro kun la bela princo. Kun plezuro. Kun cxiu jaro la nombro de la membroj rapide kreskis.

La tataro restis sen bona cxevalo kaj sen mangxo. Li preskaux sen vivo estis pelata de la ondoj. Ili teksis per cxiuj fortoj, sed sen fadenoj. Li senvorte obeis. La folioj sin movis (or "movigxis") sencxese. Li kreis sennombrajn birdojn.

LESSON 37.

Por. Pro.

"Por" means "for, in order to, for the purpose of, for the benefit of", as "Li acxetis inkon por skribi", He bought ink in order to write. Por is one of the three prepositions used before verbs in the Infinitive.

"Pro" means "for, because of, on account of, for the sake of" (cause), as "Li demandis sxin, pro kio sxi ploras", He asked her, for what (reason or cause) she weeps.

"Por" looks "forward" to the aim or purpose of the action, to that which comes after the action, while "pro" looks "back" to what came before the action and caused it to be done, as "Mi mangxas" pro "malsato" por "vivi", I eat because of hunger in order to live.

VOCABULARY.

ofico : office. vend- : sell.
mastro : master. konvink- : convince.
kafo : coffee. kontenta : content, pleased.
bieno : property. sata : satiated.
kauxzo : cause.

Li sin kuracis por resanigxi. Sxi havis multege por rakonti. Li iris en la pregxejon, por fari la konfeson. Por iel pasigi la tempon. Neniu pli bone tauxgas por sia ofico, ol li. Li uzis cxiajn siajn fortojn por kontentigi sian mastron. Por mi estas tute egale, kie ajn mi logxas. Prenu (la pagon) por la kafo.

Li mortis pro (aux, de) malsato. Mi havis tre bonan bienon, kiu estis vendita pro sxuldoj. Pro la cxielo, ne faru tion cxi. Li estis konvinkita, ke li pro si ne devas timi. Pro tio cxi Venus lumas pli forte, ol multaj aliaj steloj. Cxu pro tio, aux cxu pro ia alia kauxzo, mi ne scias.

LESSON 38.

Pri. Laux.

"Pri" means "concerning, in regard to, about", as "Ni parolis pri nia amiko", We spoke about or concerning our friend.

"Pripensi", to think about, to consider. "Priparoli", to speak about. "Priskribi", to describe.

"Laux" means "according to, in accordance with", as "Laux mia opinio", According to (or, in) my opinion.

"Lauxlonge", lengthways.

VOCABULARY.

konko : shell afero : affair, matter.
komando : command. honesteco : honesty.
eksterajxo : exterior. konvena : suitable, proper,
portreto : portrait. respectable.
boneco : goodness. songx- : dream.
fojo : time. sxajn- : seem, appear.

Sxi volis kredi, ke la hebreo parolas pri iu alia. Nun la virino havas cxion, sxi pri nenio povas peti. Pri tio cxi ne pensu. Tion oni vere ne povas diri pri vi. Estis ankoraux multaj aferoj, pri kiuj ili volis scii. Li ne povis ecx songxi pri sxi. Sxi demandadis pri tio la maljunan avinon.

Mi restas tie cxi laux la ordono de mia estro. Li ekiris laux tiu cxi rivero. Ili havis la permeson supreniri cxiufoje laux sia volo. Sxi povis laux sia placxo fosi kaj planti. La konkoj sin fermas kaj malfermas laux la fluo de la akvo. Laux sia eksterajxo li sxajnis konvena homo. Laux la komando "tri" vi ekpafos sur la arbon. La pli juna filino estis la plena portreto de sia patro laux sia boneco kaj honesteco.

LESSON 39.

Kontraux. Anstataux. Krom.

"Kontraux" means "against, opposite", or "in opposition to" as "Li kuragxe batalis kune kun ni kontraux niaj malamikoj", He courageously fought with us against our enemies. It is also used in the sense of "overlooking", as "La fenestro kontraux la strato", The window overlooking the street; and of "facing", as "Vizagxo kontraux vizagxo", Face to face. "Kontrauxdiri", to contradict.

"Anstataux" means "instead of, in the place" of, as "Mi iris Londonon anstataux Parizon", I went to London instead of to Paris. "Mi iris hieraux anstataux morgaux", I went yesterday instead of to-morrow. "Anstataux piediri, li veturis", Instead of going on foot, he drove. "Anstatauxi", to take (or, be in) the place of; "anstatauxigi", to put in the place of, to replace (by).

"Krom" means "not including, in addition to, besides", as "En la cxambro estis neniu krom li", In the room there was nobody except him. "La knabo estas granda, kaj krom tio, li estas bona". The boy is tall, and besides that, he is good.

VOCABULARY.

rimedo : a means, remedy. sukero : sugar.
kutimo : custom. kremo : cream.
profesoro : professor, prepozicio : preposition.
reflektoro : reflector. vokalo : vowel.
fiancxo : betrothed. abomeno : disgust.
flanko : side. ordinara : ordinary.
teo : tea.

Vi havas rimedojn kontraux cxiuj malsanoj. Kion povas fari li sola kontraux cent homoj? Kontraux sia kutimo, la profesoro nenion diris. Gxi flugis kontraux la reflektoron. Kontraux sia propra volo sxi tion cxi konfesis. Li eksentis ian abomenon kontraux si. La kontrauxa flanko. Ili sidigxis unu kontraux la alia. Sxi estis maljusta kontraux li. Kontraux la ordinaro, la nombro de la dancantoj estis granda.

Anstataux li, oni sendis lian fraton. Anstataux eliri, li restis en la domo. Okulo anstataux okulo, kaj dento anstataux dento. Anstataux kafo li donis al mi teon kun sukero sed sen kremo. Anstataux "la" oni povas ankaux diri "l'" (sed nur post prepozicio, kiu finigxas per vokalo).

En la salono staris neniu krom li kaj lia fiancxino. Krom la malplena teksilo nenio estis. Krom ni mem, ni havis tre malmulte por enporti. Sxi volis havi, krom la rugxaj floroj, nur unu belan statuon. Cxiuj dormis, krom la direktilisto apud sia direktilo. Krom la membroj alveturas multe da gastoj.

LESSON 40.

Malgraux. Spite. Po. Je.

"Malgraux" means "in spite of", "notwithstanding", as "Li sukcesis malgraux cxio", He succeeded in spite of everything.

"Spite" is a stronger expression than "malgraux"; it means in defiance of all opposition, despite, as "Li faris tion, spite la malpermeso", He did that, in spite of being forbidden.

"Po" means "at the rate of", as "Mi acxetis dekduon da ovoj po unu penco", I bought a dozen eggs at (the rate of) a penny (each). "Poduone", by halves. "Po grande", wholesale; "po malgrande", retail.

As already said (see Lesson 26), "je" is the only preposition which has no meaning of its own. It is used when a preposition is needed, and none of the others properly expresses the idea, as "La krucxo estas plena je" (or, "de") "akvo", The jug is full of water. "Mi enuas je la hejmo", I am tired of home.

VOCABULARY.

mastrumajxo : household affairs. honoro : honour.
fungo : mushroom. libereco : freedom, liberty.
senco : sense, meaning. kulpo : fault.
regulo : rule. simila : similar, like.
klareco : clearness. komuna : common to.
akuzativo : accusative. kri- : cry.
nobeleco : nobility (of birth). sopir- : sigh for, long for.
ekzemple : for example.

Li multe laboris, sed malgraux cxio, li ne sukcesis. Estis ankoraux suficxe varme, malgraux ke la suno staris malalte. Ili estos severe punataj, se ili, malgraux la malpermeso, pekos kontraux la libereco de la vojo. Spite cxiuj miaj penoj por malhelpi lin, li foriris.

Por miaj kvar infanoj mi acxetis dek du pomojn, kaj al cxiu el la infanoj mi donis po tri pomoj. Ili povas kosti po tri gxis kvin sxilingoj. Tiu cxi libro havas sesdek pagxojn; tial se mi legos en cxiu tago po dekkvin pagxoj, mi finos la tutan libron en kvar tagoj. Mi acxetis kvar librojn po ses pencoj.

Ni estis nur okupitaj je kelkaj mastrumajxoj. La konstruo estas simila je fungo. Ili forkuris, kiam la virino ekkriis je ili. Je la vespero la cxielo kovrigxis je nuboj. El timo je Karagara mi forkuris. Sxi estis tre fiera je sia nobeleco. La hundo sincere malgxojis je li. Neniu el ili estis tiel plena je deziroj, kiel la plej juna knabino. Je vorto de honoro.

40A.

Se ni bezonas uzi prepozicion, kaj la senco ne montras al ni, kian prepozicion uzi, tiam ni povas uzi la komunan prepozicion "je." Sed estas bone uzadi la vorton "je" kiel eble pli malofte. Anstataux la vorto "je" ni povas ankaux uzi akuzativon sen prepozicio.--Mi ridas je lia naiveco (aux, mi ridas pro lia naiveco; aux mi ridas lian naivecon).--Je la lasta fojo mi vidas lin cxe vi (aux, la lastan fojon).--Mi veturis du tagojn kaj unu nokton.--Mi sopiras je mia perdita felicxo (aux, mian perditan felicxon).--El la dirita regulo sekvas, ke se ni pri ia verbo ne scias, cxu gxi postulas post si la akuzativon (t.e.=tio estas, cxu gxi estas aktiva) aux ne, ni povas cxiam uzi la akuzativon. Ekzemple, ni povas diri "obei al la patro" kaj "obei la patron" (anstataux, "obei je la patro"). Sed ni ne uzas la akuzativon tiam, kiam la klareco de la senco tion cxi malpermesas; ekzemple: ni povas diri "pardoni al la malamiko" kaj "pardoni la malamikon," sed ni devas diri cxiam "pardoni al la malamiko lian kulpon."

LESSON 41.

Suffixes -ajx-, -ec-.

"-ajx-" denotes a "thing" (i.) "made from" or "of" the substance named, or (ii.) having the "quality" or "character" named, or (iii.) "resulting from" the action expressed by the word to which it is added, as "Ovo", an egg, "ovajxo", something made of eggs, an omelette; "Mirinda", wonderful, "mirindajxo", a wonderful thing, a wonder; "Trovi", to find, "trovajxo" (or, "trovitajxo"), a thing found.

"-ec-" denotes "quality"; it forms the name of a quality; as, "Bona", good; "boneco", goodness. "Ricxa", rich; "ricxeco", richness. "Akurata", accurate, prompt; "akurateco", accuracy. "Mola", soft; "molajxo", a soft thing; "moleco", softness. "Amiko", a friend; "amikajxo", a friendly act; "amikeco", friendliness, friendship. "Eco", quality.

VOCABULARY.

kuko : cake. lago : lake.
ligno : wood (substance). objekto : object, thing.
alkoholo : alcohol. tren- : drag.
araneo : spider. fotograf- : photograph.
ceremonio : ceremony. konfit- : preserve with sugar.
heroo : hero. pak- : pack.
frandajxo : a dainty. la ceteraj : the rest, remainder.
acido : acid. mirinda : wonderful.
vinagro : vinegar. peza : heavy.
sulfuro : sulphur. oportuna : convenient.
azotacido : nitric acid.

La fotografisto fotografis min, kaj mi sendis mian fotografajxon al mia patro. Vi parolas sensencajxon, mia amiko. Mi trinkis teon kun kuko kaj konfitajxo. Akvo estas fluidajxo. Mi ne volis trinki la vinon, cxar gxi enhavis en si ian malklarajxon. Sur la tablo staris diversaj sukerajxoj. Mi mangxis bongustan ovajxon. Kiam mi ien veturas, mi neniam prenas kun mi multon da pakajxo. Glaciajxo estas dolcxa glaciigita frandajxo. La tuta suprajxo de la lago estis kovrita per nagxantaj folioj kaj diversaj aliaj kreskajxoj. La lignisto vendas lignon, kaj la lignajxisto faras tablojn, segxojn kaj aliajn lignajn objektojn. Mi uzas nenian alkoholajxon. Lia maljuna patrino kondukis la mastrajxon de la domo. "Malbonan eksterajxon li havis," respondis la hebreo. Sxi pripensis la faritajxojn de la tago pasinta. Gxi estas tiel malpeza, kiel araneajxo. La trenajxo de la vesto estis longa. Ili sin movas, kiel vivaj estajxoj.

Li amas tiun cxi knabinon pro sxia beleco kaj boneco. Lia heroeco tre placxis al mi. Mi vivas kun ili en granda amikeco. Ni estas ja en la proksimeco de la rivero. Tio cxi estas la plej grava eco. Kortega ceremonio postulas maloportunecon. La ricxeco de tiu cxi homo estas granda, sed lia malsagxeco estas ankoraux pli granda.

En tiuj cxi boteletoj sin trovas (trovigxas) diversaj acidoj, vinagro, sulfuracido, azotacido kaj aliaj. La acideco de tiu cxi vinagro estas tre malforta. Via vino estas nur ia abomena acidajxo. Tiu cxi granda altajxo ne estas natura monto. La alteco de tiu monto ne, estas tre granda.

LESSON 42.

Suffixes -ej-, -uj-, -ing-.

The suffix "-ej-" denotes a "place specially used" for a certain purpose, as "Tombo", a tomb; "tombejo", a cemetery. "Cxevalo", a horse; "cxevalejo", a stable. "Mallibera," captive "malliberejo", a prison.

"-uj-" denotes that which "contains" or "produces", or "bears" (as countries, fruit-trees, receptacles, etc.), as "Anglo", an Englishman: "Anglujo", England. "Hispano", a Spaniard; "Hispanujo" Spain ("lando" is also used, as "Skotlando"). "Pomo", an apple; "pomujo", an apple tree ("arbo" is also used, as "pomarbo"). "Abelo", a bee; "abelujo", a beehive. "Sukerujo", a sugar-basin; "Ujo", a receptacle.

"-ing-" signifies a "holder, case", or "sheath" for one thing, as "Fingro", a finger; "fingringo", a thimble. "Piedo", a foot; "piedingo", a stirrup. "Glavo", a sword; "glavingo", a sword-sheath. "Ingo", a sheath.

VOCABULARY.

skatolo : box. objekto : object, thing.
hufo : hoof. glavo : sword,
pantalono : trousers. konsil- : counsel, advise.
cigaro : cigar. sxvit- : sweat, perspire.
tubo : tube. sorb- : absorb.
monahxo : monk. ban- : bathe (oneself or another).
magazeno : magazine, warehouse.

La domo, en kiu oni lernas, estas lernejo, kaj la domo, en kiu oni pregxas, estas pregxejo. La kuiristo sidas en la kuirejo. La kuracisto konsilas al mi iri en sxvitbanejon. La cxevalo metis unu hufon sur serpentejon. La virino promenadis tra belegaj arbaroj kaj herbejoj. Li venis en sian logxejon. Li haltis apud la pordego de la monahxejo.

La rusoj logxas en Rusujo, kaj la germanoj en Germanujo. Mia skribilaro konsistas el inkujo, sablujo, kelke da plumoj, krajono, kaj inksorbilo. En la posxo de mia pantalono mi portas monujon, kaj en la posxo de mia surtuto mi portas paperujon; pli grandan paperujon mi portas sub la brako. Metu sur la tablon la sukerujon, la teujon, kaj la tekrucxon.

Magazeno, en kiu oni vendas cigarojn, aux cxambro, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, estas cigarejo; skatoleto aux alia objekto, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, estas cigarujo; tubeto, en kiun oni metas cigaron, kiam oni gxin fumas, estas cigaringo. Skatoleto, en kiu oni tenas plumojn, estas plumujo, kaj bastoneto, sur kiu oni tenas plumon por skribadi, estas plumingo. En la kandelingo sidis brulanta kandelo.

LESSON 43.

Ge-, bo-, -id-, pra-, -cxj-, -nj-.

The prefix "ge-" signifies "both sexes taken together", as "gepatroj", parents. "Gefratoj", brothers and sisters. "Geregxoj", king and queen (the word formed is, of course, always plural).

The prefix "bo-" denotes "relationship by marriage", as "bopatro", father-in-law; "bofilo", son-in-law.

The suffix "-id-" signifies the "offspring" or "descendant", as "Regxo" a king; "regxido", a king's son, a prince. "Kato", a cat; "katido", a kitten. "Sxafo", a sheep; "sxafido", a lamb.

The prefix "pra-" means "of generations ago, great-, grand-", as, "avo", grandfather; "pra-avo", great-grand-father. It is also used for descendants, as "pra-nepo", great-grandson. "Praa", primitive or primeval.

The suffix "-cxj-" is added to men's names and "-nj-" to women's names to form "pet names", part of the name being left out, as "Petro", Peter ; "Pecxjo", Pete. "Klaro", Clara; "Klanjo", Clarrie. "Pacxjo" (from "patro"), papa; "panjo", mamma.

VOCABULARY.

altaro : altar. gratul- : congratulate.
parenco : relation. deven- : originate, descend from.
doktoro : doctor (law, etc.). adres- : address (a letter).
stato : state, condition. telegraf- : telegraph.
koko : cock.

Patro kaj patrino kune estas nomataj gepatroj. Petro, Anno, kaj Elizabeto estas miaj gefratoj. Gesinjoroj N. hodiaux vespere venos al ni. La gefiancxoj staris apud la altaro. Mi gratulis telegrafe la junajn geedzojn. La geregxoj forveturis Kordovon. Sxi edzinigxis kun sia kuzo, kvankam sxiaj gepatroj volis sxin edzinigi kun alia persono.

La patro de mia edzino estas mia bopatro, mi estas lia bofilo, kaj mia patro estas la bopatro de mia edzino. Cxiuj parencoj de mia edzino estas miaj boparencoj, sekve sxia frato estas mia bofrato, sxia fratino estas mia bofratino; mia frato kaj fratino (gefratoj) estas la bogefratoj de mia edzino. La edzino de mia nevo, kaj la nevino de mia edzino estas miaj bonevinoj. Virino, kiu kuracas, estas kuracistino; edzino de kuracisto estas kuracistedzino. La doktoredzino A. vizitis hodiaux la gedoktorojn P. Li ne estas lavisto, li estas lavistinedzo.

La filoj, nepoj kaj pranepoj de regxo estas regxidoj. La hebreoj estas Izraelidoj, cxar ili devenas de Izraelo. Cxevalido estas nematura cxevalo, kokido nematura koko, bovido nematura bovo, birdido nematura birdo. Tiu bela tero trovis sin en tre praa stato.

Johanon, Nikolaon, Erneston, Vilhelmon, Marion, Klaron kaj Sofion iliaj gepatroj nomas Johancxjo (aux Jocxjo), Nikolcxjo (aux Nikocxjo, aux Nicxjo), Ernecxjo (aux Ercxjo), Vilhelcxjo (aux Vilhecxjo, aux Vilcxjo, aux Vicxjo), Manjo (aux Marinjo), Klanjo kaj Sonjo (aux Sofinjo).

LESSON 44.

Suffixes -ebl-, -ind-, -em-.

These three suffixes are used to form adjectives.

"-ebl-" means "possible to be" what the word to which it is added signifies, as "Vidi", to see; "videbla", able to be seen; "Auxdi", to hear; "auxdebla", able to be heard, audible; "Movi", to move; "movebla", movable; "Ebla", possible; "eble", possibly.

"-ind-" means "worthy of" what the word denotes, as "Honoro", honour; "honorinda", honourable, worthy of honour; "Honti", to be ashamed; "hontinda", shameful; "Indo", worth; "inda", worthy of.

"-em-" means having an "inclination towards" or "propensity" for, or "being disposed towards" something as "Forgesi", to forget; "forgesema", forgetful; "Servi" to serve; "servema", willing to serve, obliging. "Ema" fond of.

The difference between the three suffixes is shown by the following words:--

"Kredebla", possible of belief; "kredinda", worthy of belief; "kredema", having a tendency to believe readily, credulous.

"Legebla", able to be read; "leginda", worthy of being read; "legema", fond of reading, inclined to read.

VOCABULARY.

sxtalo : steel. memor- : remember.
spirito : spirit, ekscit- : excite.
bagatelo : trifle. vengx- : revenge.
fleks- : bend. kredeble : probably.
lauxd- : praise. kompreneble : of course.
renvers- : turn over.

Sxtalo estas fleksebla, sed fero ne estas fleksebla. Ne cxiu kreskajxo estas mangxebla. Vitro estas rompebla kaj travidebla. Via parolo estas tute nekomprenebla, kaj viaj leteroj estas cxiam skribitaj tute nelegeble. La mallumo estas netrapenetrebla. Li rakontis al mi historion tute nekredeblan. Eble mi povos helpi al vi. Cxu vi amas vian patron? Kia demando! kompreneble, ke mi lin amas. Mi kredeble ne povos veni al vi hodiaux, cxar mi pensas, ke mi mem havos hodiaux gastojn. La tablo staras malrekte kaj kredeble baldaux renversigxos. Li faris sian eblon.

Li estas homo ne kredinda. Via ago estas tre lauxdinda. Tiu cxi grava tago restos por mi cxiam memorinda. Gxi estas vesto de granda indo. Gxi ne estas inda je danko. La sxipanaro montrigxas ne inda je sia estro.

Lia edzino estas tre laborema kaj sxparema, sed sxi estas ankaux tre babilema kaj kriema. Li estas tre ekkolerema, kaj ekscitigxas ofte cxe la plej malgranda bagatelo, tamen li estas tre pardonema, li ne portas longe la koleron, kaj li tute ne estas vengxema. Li estas tre kredema, ecx la plej nekredeblajn aferojn, kiujn rakontas al li la plej nekredindaj homoj, li tuj kredas. Li estas tre purema, kaj ecx unu polveron vi ne trovos sur lia vesto. Li estas bonega knabo, sed tre ema kredi spiritojn.

LESSON 45.

Dis-, -um-.

The prefix "dis-" denotes separation or scattering, as "Jxeti", to throw; "disjxeti", to scatter. "Sxiri", to tear; "dissxiri", to tear into bits. "Doni", to give; "disdoni", to distribute.

The suffix "-um-" has no definite meaning. It is used in only a few words, of which the most important are:--

aerumi (from "aero", air), to expose to the air.
ventumi ( " "vento", wind), to fan.
kolumo ( " "kolo", neck), collar.
manumo ( " "mano", hand), cuff.
butonumi ( " "butono", button), to button.
gustumi ( " "gusto", taste), to taste (something).
komunumo ( " "komuna", common), a community.
krucumi ( " "kruco", cross), crucify.
malvarmumi ( " "malvarma", cold), take cold.
mastrumi ( " "mastro", master), keep house.
plenumi ( " "plena", full), fulfil.
brulumo ( " "bruli", burn), inflammation.
kalkanumo ( " "kalkano", heel), heel of boot.

VOCABULARY.

rezultato : result. sxir- : tear.
angulo : angle, corner. kvankam : although.
tolo : linen. simila : similar.
cxemizo : shirt. grava : important.
ating- : attain, reach to.

Ni cxiuj kunvenis por priparoli tre gravan aferon; sed ni ne povis atingi ian rezultaton, kaj ni disiris. Malfelicxo ofte kunigas la homojn, kaj felicxo ofte disigas ilin. Mi dissxiris la leteron, kaj disjxetis gxiajn pecetojn en cxiujn angulojn de la cxambro. Post tio cxi oni disiris hejmen. La vojo disiris en kelkaj direktoj.

Mi volonte plenumis lian deziron. En malbona vetero oni povas facile malvarmumi. Li disbutonumis la superveston. Sxi ludis kun sia ventumilo. Cxemizojn, kolumojn, manumojn, kaj ceterajn similajn objektojn oni nomas tolajxo, kvankam ili ne cxiam estas faritaj el tolo.

The suffixes "-on-, -obi-, -op-," have already been explained in Lesson 9.

-Acx-

A new suffix "-acx-" has gradually come into use during the past few years. Its meaning is well shown in the following examples:--"Domo", house; "domacxo", hovel. "Virino", woman; "virinacxo", hag. "Ridi", to laugh; "ridacxi", to grin (maliciously). "Cxevalo", horse; "cxevalacxo", a sorry nag, a screw. "Obstina", persistent, stubborn; "obstinacxa", pig-headed. "Popolo", a people; "popolacxo", populace. "Morti", to die; "mortacxi", to die the death. "Lingvo", language; "lingvacxo", a jargon.

This suffix should only be used sparingly.

JOINING WORDS. CONJUNCTIONS.

Certain words are used merely to join words or sentences. Those already learned are:--

kaj : and. cxu : whether.
sed : but. ke : that.
cxar : because, for. kvazaux : as if.
ankaux : also. kvankam : although.
ol : than. almenaux : at least.
se : if. tamen : however.
aux : or. do : then, therefore.

The following are also useful:--

kaj ... kaj : both ... and. nek ... nek : neither ... nor.
aux ... aux : either ... or. ecx se : even if.
cxu ... aux : whether ... or. same kiel : the same as.
cxu ... cxu : whether ... whether.

EXCLAMATIONS. INTERJECTIONS.

The following are simply exclamations of joy grief, surprise, etc.:--

ah! : aha! ah! kia! : what!
ha! : ah! bone! : good! all right!
he! : halloo! hey! brave! : bravo!
hm! : hm! humph! hura! : hurrah!
ho! : oh! vere! : truly!
oho! : ho! efektive! : really!
ho ve! : alas! adiaux! : goodbye!
for! : away! bonvenu! : welcome!
fi! : for shame! kompreneble! : of course!
nu! : well (now)! vivu! : long live!
nu do! : well (now) then! antauxen! : forward!
ja! : indeed! cxu vere? : is it true?
jen! : there! look! behold! cxu ne? : is it not?
bis! : again! encore!

COMPOUND WORDS.

It is often convenient to form compound words, as "posxtkarto", "forpeli", "cxiuminute", "stacidomo", "senmove", "telertuketo". When this is done, the word expressing the principal idea is placed last.

Generally it is sufficient to use the "root" of the qualifying word, but if the sound or sense requires it, the whole word is taken, as "unutaga" means "of one day"; "unuataga", "of the first day."

* * * * *

ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS IN THE SENTENCE.

In English the sense often depends entirely on the order of the words, e.g., the sentence "John saw George" would mean something quite different if reversed--"George saw John." But in Esperanto, thanks to the accusative "n", the endings "a" and "e" for participles, and the pronoun "si", the order of words may be varied without altering the sense. "Georgon vidis Johano" means exactly the same as "Johano vidis Georgon."

But though the meaning can in most cases be understood whatever the order of the words, it is best to adopt the simplest arrangement, and to follow the natural course of thought, which is, first, that about which we think, then that which we think about it. English students may frame their sentences exactly as they would in their own language. In Esperanto, as in English, the arrangement is sometimes altered, either for emphasis, as "Lauxdata estu Dio!" Praised be God!; or to please the ear, as "Oni min admiras", instead of "Oni admiras min", People admire me.

"Note".--Care must be taken in placing the word "ne." Its usual place is before the verb, when it negatives the whole sentence. Study the effect of placing "ne" in different positions in the sentence "Mi deziras vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton", I wish to see John and his brother:--

(i.). "Mi ne deziras vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton", I do not wish to see John and his brother.

(ii.). "Mi deziras ne vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton", I wish not to see John and his brother, "i.e.", I wish to avoid seeing them.

(iii.). "Mi deziras vidi ne Johanon, sed lian fraton", I wish to see not John, but his brother.

(iv.). "Mi deziras vidi Johanon kaj ne lian fraton", I wish to see John and not his brother.

"Ne tute" means "not quite," while "tute ne" means "not at all."

"Jam ne" means "no longer." "Not yet" is "ankoraux ne".

Words which are already international, such as "microscope, telephone, automobile", etc., are adopted unchanged, except as to the spelling and termination, as "mikroskopo, telefono, auxtomobilo."

WORDS USED WITH THE OBJECT.

As already said, when an adjective or participle (or a noun) is added to the object simply as a describing word, it takes "n" like the object, as "Li perdis sian novan libron "("aux", sian libron novan), He lost his new book. "Sxi trankviligis la kriegantan infanon "(aux, "la infanon kriegantan"), She pacified the screaming child. "Li vizitis sian fraton Johanon", He visited his brother John. ("John" shows "which" brother).

But if the adjective, participle, or noun is used not merely to describe, but indirectly to tell something about the object, it does not take "n". A comparison of the following sentences will make this clear:--

1. Li trovis la pomojn maturajn. He found the ripe apples.
Li trovis la pomojn maturaj. He found (that) the apples (were) ripe.

2. Li trovis la krucxon rompitan. He found the broken jug.
Li trovis la krucxon rompita. He found (that) the jug (was) broken.

3. Li kolorigis la drapon rugxan. He dyed the red cloth.
Li kolorigis la drapon rugxa. He dyed the cloth red.

4. Li trancxis (aux faris) la veston tro mallongan.
He cut (or made) the too-short coat (the coat that was too short).
Li trancxis la veston tro mallonga.
He cut the coat (so that it was) too short.

5. Li nomis la knabon mensogisto. He called the boy a liar.

Compare this use of words with the following:--

He made his father angry (or, be angered). "Li kolerigis sian patron", or, "li igis sian patron kolera".

The loss drove him mad. "La perdo frenezigis lin", or, "igis lin freneza".

It rendered the gun useless. "Gxi senutiligis la pafilon", or, "igis la pafilon senutila".

COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO.
By Dr. Zamenhof.

A.--Alphabet.

Aa, Bb, Cc, Cxcx, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Gxgx, Hh, Hxhx, Ii, Jj, Jxjx, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Sxsx, Tt, Uu, Uxux, Vv, Zz [Footnote: Names of the letters: a, bo, co, cxo, do, e, fo, go, gxo, ho, hxo, i, jo, jxo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, sxo, to, u, uxo, vo, zo.]

Remark.--Presses which do not possess the accented letters can use instead of them ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, u.

B.--Rules.

(1) There is no indefinite ARTICLE; there is only a definite article ("la"), alike for all sexes, cases, and numbers.

Remark.--The use of the article is the same as in the other languages. People who find a difficulty in the use of the article need not at first use it at all.

(2) SUBSTANTIVES have the termination "o". To form the plural the termination "j" is added. There are only two cases: nominative and accusative; the latter is obtained from the nominative by the addition of the termination "n". Other cases are expressed by the aid of prepositions (the genitive by "de", the dative by "al", the ablative by "per", or other prepositions according to sense).

(3) The ADJECTIVE ends in "a". Case and number as with the substantive. The Comparative is made by means of the word "pli", the Superlative by "plej"; with the Comparative the conjunction "ol" is used.

(4) The fundamental NUMERALS (they are not declined) are: "unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naux, dek, cent, mil." The tens and hundreds are formed by simple junction of the numerals. To mark the ordinal numerals the termination of the adjective is added; for the multiple--the suffix "obl", for the fractional--"on", for the collective--"op", for the distributive--the word "po". Substantival and adverbial numerals can also be used.

(5) Personal PRONOUNS: "mi, vi, li, sxi, gxi" (referring to thing or animal), "si, ni, vi, ili, oni"; the possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the adjectival termination. Declension is as with the substantives.

(6) The VERB undergoes no change with regard to person or number. Forms of the verb; time "being" (Present) takes the termination "-as;" time "been" (Past) "-is"; time "about to be" (Future) "-os"; the Conditional mood "-us;" the Ordering mood "-u;" the Indefinite "-i." Participles (with an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present "-ant;" active past "-int;" active future "-ont;" passive present "-at;" passive past "-it;" passive future "-ot." All forms of the passive are formed by the aid of a corresponding form of the verb "esti" and a passive participle of the required verb; the preposition with the passive is "de."

(7) ADVERBS end in "e;" degrees of comparison as with the adjectives.

(8) ALL the PREPOSITIONS require the nominative.

(9) EVERY word is read as it is written.

(10) The ACCENT is ALWAYS on the penultimate syllable.

(11) COMPOUND WORDS are formed by simple junction of the words (the chief word stands at the end); the grammatical terminations are also regarded as independent words.

(12) When another NEGATIVE word is present the word "ne" is left out.

(13) In order to show DIRECTION words take the termination of the accusative.

(14) Each PREPOSITION has a definite and constant meaning; but if we have to use some preposition and the direct sense does not indicate to us what special preposition we are to take, then we use the preposition "je" which has no meaning of its own. Instead of the preposition "je" we can also use the accusative without a preposition.

(15) The so-called FOREIGN WORDS, that is, those which the majority of languages have taken from one source, are used in the Esperanto language without change, merely obtaining the spelling of the latter; but with different words from one root it is better to use unchanged only the fundamental word and to form the rest from this latter in accordance with the rules of the Esperanto language.

(16) The FINAL VOWEL of the substantive and of the article can be dropped and replaced by an apostrophe.

* * * * *

COMMON USEFUL EXPRESSIONS.

tio estas, i.e. that is.
kaj cetere, k.c. etcetera.
kaj tiel plu, k.t.p. and so on.
kiel ekzemple, k.ekz. as for example.
kiel elbe plej (baldaux) as (soon) as possible.
kio ajn okazos whatever happens (shall happen).
kondicxe, ke on the condition that.
kun la kondicxo, ke on the condition that.

Bonan tagon, sinjoro. Good day, sir.
Kiel vi fartas? How do you do?
Tre bone, mi dankas. Very well, I thank you.
Mi dankas vin. I thank you.
Dankon. Thanks.
Multe da dankoj. Many thanks.
Vi estas tre gxentila (afabla). You are very kind.
Vi estas tre kompleza. You are very obliging.
Mi malsatas. I am hungry.
Mi soifas. I am thirsty.
Al mi estas varme (malvarme). I am warm (cold).
Kiu estas tie? Estas mi. Who is there? It is I.
Sidigxu, mi petas. Be seated, I beg (you).
Kun plezuro. With pleasure.
Kion vi bezonas? What do you want?
Cu vi min komprenas? Do you understand me?
Vi estas prava (malprava). You are right (wrong).
Tio estas vera. That is true.
Estas vera, ke... It is true that...
Je kioma horo vi foriros? At what time are you going?
Kioma horo estas? What time is it?
Kiom kostas tio cxi? How much does this cost?
Gxi kostas tri sxilingojn. It costs three shillings.
Kie vi estas? Where are you?
Kien vi iras? Where are you going?
Kian agxon li havas? How old is he?
Antaux unu semajno. A week ago.
Post du tagoj. In two days.
Li venos jxauxdon. He will come on Thursday.
Pasigu al mi la panon, Pass me the bread,
mi petas vin. I beg you (please).
Estas li mem! It is himself!
Tiom pli bone So much the better!
Oni diras, ke... They say, that...
Neniu tion diras. Nobody says that.
Kio okazis? What has happened?
Cxu vi konas Sinjoron A.? Do you know Mr. A.?
Mi scias, kiu li estas, I know who he is,
sed mi ne konas lin. but I do not know him.
Cxu estas leteroj por mi? Are there letters for me?
Rapidu. Be quick.
Ne diru tion. Do not say that.
Ne faru tion. Do not do that.
Kia estas la vetero? What kind of weather is it?
Kian veteron ni havas? What kind of weather is it?
Pluvas; negxas. It rains; it snows.
Pluvis la tutan nokton. It rained all night long.
Estas beld, varmege. It is fine, hot.
Cxu mi tion faru? Shall I do that?

LETTERS.

(a). Beginnings.

Kara : dear. Patro, amiko, etc. :
Mia kara : my dear. father, friend, etc.
Estimata : esteemed. Samideano : fellow-thinker.
Estiminda : estimable. Kunlaboranto : fellow-worker.
Respektinda :respect-worthy. Sinjoro : Sir.
Honorinda honourable. Sinjoroj : Gentlemen, Sirs.
Sinjorino : Madame, Mrs.
Frauxlino : Miss.

(b). Endings.

Kun (koraj, amikaj) salutoj, With (hearty, friendly) greetings.
Kun (alta, granda) estimo, With (high, great) esteem.
Kun (miaj, cxiuj) bondeziroj, With (my, all) good wishes.
Kun (multe da) amo, With (much) love.
Via, La via, Yours.
Via, (tre) vin amanta, Your (very) loving.
Via, tre sincere, fidele, Yours very sincerely, faithfully.
Cxiam via, Yours always.
Tre sincere via, Very sincerely yours.

KEY TO EXERCISES.

1.

A father and a brother. A lion is an animal. A rose is a flower and a pigeon is a bird. The rose belongs to Theodore. The sun shines. The father is a tailor. Where are the book and the pencil? Here is an apple. On the ground lies a stone. On the window lie a pencil and a pen. The son stands by the father. Here lies the hat of the father (the father's hat). The father is in the room. Before the house is (stands) a tree.

What is a lion? What is a rose? What shines? What is the father? Where is the father? What is on the window? Where is the pen?

Is a lion an animal? Yes, a lion is an animal. Is a rose a bird? No, a rose is not a bird, a rose is a flower.

2.

The father is well. A child is not a mature man. The sky is blue. A lion is strong. The father is good. The hand of John (John's hand) is clean. ("Some", or, "a") paper is white. White paper lies on the table. Here is the young lady's exercise book. In the sky stands (is) the beautiful sun. The paper is very white, but the snow is more white (whiter). Milk is more nutritious than wine. The bread is fresh. The uncle is richer than the brother. Here lies (is) a red rose. The dog is very faithful. The book is new.

3.

(The) birds fly. The song of (the) birds is pleasant. Where are the boys? The fathers are well. Children are not mature men. Lions are strong. John's hands are clean. Here are the young ladies' exercise books. The uncles are richer than the brothers. The dogs are very faithful. White papers lie on the table. In the room are new hats. Where are the sharp knives? Good children are diligent. Here lie (are) pure white delicate lilies. The teeth of lions (lions' teeth) are sharp.

4.

I read. You write. He is a boy, and she is a girl. We are men. You are children. They are Russians. Where are the boys? They are in the garden. Where are the girls? They also are in the garden. Where are the knives ? They are (lie) on the table. The child cries, because it wants to eat. Sir, you are impolite. Gentlemen, you are impolite. Tkey say that (the) truth always conquers. The house belongs to him. I come from (the) grandfather, and I go now to (the) uncle. I am as strong as you. Now I read, you read, and he reads, we all read. You write and the children write, they (you) all sit silent and write.

My dog, you are very faithful. He is my uncle, for my father is his brother. Of all my children, Ernest is the youngest. His father and his brothers are in the garden. Her uncle is in the house. Where are your books ? Our books are (lie) on the table; their pencils and their paper also are (lie) on the table.

Who is in the room ? Who are in the room ? The gentle- man who is reading is my friend. The gentleman to whom you are writing is a tailor. What is lying on the table ?

5.

I see a lion (lions). I read (am reading) a book (books). I love (the) father. I know John. (The) father is not reading a book, but he is writing a letter. I do not like obstinate people. I wish you good-day, sir. Good morning! A joyous festival (a pleasant holiday) (I wish you). What a joyful festival (it is to-day) ! In the day we see the bright sun, and at night we see the pale moon and the beautiful stars. We have newer bread than you. No, you are wrong, sir, your bread is less new (staler) than mine. We call the boy, and he comes. In (the) winter they heat the stoves. When one is rich one has many friends. He loves me, but I do not love him. Mr. P. and his wife love my children very much; I also love theirs very much. I do not know the gentleman who is reading.

6.

Why do you not answer me? Are you deaf or dumb? What are you doing?

The boy drove away the birds. From (the) father I received a book, and from (the) brother I received a pen. (The) father gave me a sweet apple. Here is the apple which I found. Yesterday I met your son, and he politely greeted me. Three days ago (before three days) I visited your cousin, and my visit gave (made) to him pleasure. When I came to him he was sleeping, but I woke him.

I will relate to you a story. Will you tell me the truth? To day is Saturday, and to-morrow will be Sunday. Yesterday was Friday, and the day after to-morrow will be Monday. [Footnote: Notice that in these two sentences "ankoraux" and "iam" express different meanings of the English word "yet."] Have you yet found your watch? I have not yet looked for it; when I have finished (shall finish) my work I will look for my watch, but I fear that I shall not find it again. If you (shall) conquer us, the people will say that only women you conquered. When you (shall) attain the age of fifteen years you will receive the permission.

7.

I love myself, you love yourself, he loves himself, and every man loves himself. I take care of her (so) as I take care of myself, but she takes no care at all of herself, and does not look after herself at all. My brothers had guests to-day; after supper our brothers went with the guests out of their (our brothers') house and accompanied them as far as their (the guests') house. I washed myself in my room, and she washed herself in her room. The child was looking for its doll; I showed the child where its doll lay. She related to him her adventure. She returned to her father's palace. Her flowers she tended not. My brother said to Stephen, that he loved him more than himself.

8.

Two men can do more than one. I have only one mouth, but I have two ears. He walks out with three dogs. He did everything with the ten fingers of his hands. Of her many children some are good and others bad. Five and seven make twelve. Ten and ten make twenty. Four and eighteen make twenty-two. Thirty and forty-five make seventy-five. One thousand eight hundred and ninety-three. He has eleven children. Sixty minutes make one hour, and one minute consists of sixty seconds.

8a.

January is the first month of the year, April is the fourth, November is the eleventh, and December is the twelfth. The twentieth day of February is the fifty-first day of the year. The seventh day of the week God chose to be (that it should be) more holy than the six first days. What did God create on the sixth day? What (which) date is it (have we) to-day? To-day is the twenty-seventh (day) of March. Christmas Day is the 25th of December, New Year's Day is the 1st of January, One does not easily forget one's first love.

9.

I have a hundred apples. I have a hundred (of) apples. This town has a million of inhabitants. I bought a dozen (of) spoons, and two dozen (of) forks. One thousand years (or, a thousand of years) make a millennium.

Firstly, I return to you the money which you lent to me; secondly, I thank you for the loan; thirdly, I beg you also afterwards (on a future occasion) to lend to me when I (shall) require money.

9a.

Three is half of six, eight is four-fifths of ten. Four metres of this stuff cost nine francs, therefore two metres cost four and a-half francs. One day is a three hundred and sixty-fifth or a three hundred and sixty-sixth of a year.

Five times seven are thirty-five. For each day I receive five francs, but for to-day I have received double pay, that is, ten francs.

These two friends walk out always (two) together. Five together they threw themselves upon me, but I overcame all five assailants.

10.

Give (to) the birds water, for they want to drink. Alexander will not learn, and therefore I beat Alexander. Who has courage (dares) to ride on a lion? I was going to beat him, but he ran away from me.

Do not give your hand to a lion. Relate (tell) to my young friend a beautiful story. Tell father that I am diligent. Tell me your name. Do not write to me such long letters. Show me your new coat. Child, do not touch the looking-glass. Dear children, always be honest. Do not listen to him.

He says that I am attentive. He begs me to be attentive. Tell him not to chatter. Ask him to send me a candle. The cottage is worth your buying (worthy that you should buy it). She strongly desired that he (should) remain alive.

Let him come, and I will forgive him. Let us be gay, let us use life well, for life is not long. Let him not come alone, but come with his best friend. I already have my hat; now look for yours.

11.

If the pupil knew his lesson well, the teacher would not punish him. If you knew who he is, you would esteem him more. They raised one hand upwards as if they were holding something. If I really were beautiful, others would try to imitate me. Oh! if I were (had) already the age of fifteen years!

12.

To remain with a lion is dangerous. The knife cuts well, for it is sharp. Go more quickly. He shut the door angrily. His speech flows softly and pleasantly. We made the contract not in writing, but by word of mouth. An honest man acts honestly. The pastor who died a short time ago lived long in our city. Did you not get it back? He is sick unto death. The iron rod which was in the stove (fire) is burning; hot. Paris is very gay. Early in the morning she drove to the station.

Forgive me that I stayed so long. His anger lasted long. He is to-day in an angry temper. The king soon sent again another good-hearted official. This evening we shall have a ball. Where are you? Away from here! (Get away!).

Where did he drive away to? She ran home. We went forward like furies. Everything was right (good), and we went on further. The lady glanced back. The sailors demanded to go back (required that one should go back). I hung it here, for it saved my life. I never sent here.

13.

My brother is not big, but he is not little, he is of medium growth. A hair is very thin. The night is so dark that we can see nothing even before our nose. This stale bread is hard as stone. Naughty children love to torment animals. He felt (himself) so miserable that he cursed the day on which he was born. We greatly despise this base man. The window was long unclosed; I closed it, but my brother immediately opened it again. A straight road is shorter than a curved. Do not be ungrateful.

The wife of my father is my mother, and the grandmother of my children. My sister is a very beautiful girl. My aunt is a very good woman. I saw your grandmother with her four granddaughters, and with my niece. I have an ox and a cow. The young widow became again a fiancee.

14.

He gave me money, but I immediately returned it to him. I am going away, but wait for me, for I shall soon return. The sun is reflected in the clear water of the river. He returned to his country. She threw herself again upon the seat.

In the course of a few minutes I heard two shots. The firing continued for a very long time. His speech of yesterday was very fine, but too much speaking tires him. He is singing a very beautiful song. Singing is an agreeable occupation. With my hand I kept on briskly rubbing him. The rain kept on falling in rivers. Every minute she kept looking out through the window and cursing the slow motion of the train.