Chapter VII: , together with such facts as the occurrence of a considerable (2)

The only large island of whose geology we have any detailed {79}account, is Jamaica; and taking this as a type of what will probably be found in Cuba and Hayti, we must place the continental period as having occurred after the close of the Miocene, or during some part of the Pliocene epoch, since a large portion of the surface of the former island consists of beds of marine limestone from 2,000 to 3,000 thick, believed to be of Pliocene age. After some time, the land between Hayti and South America subsided, and still later that between Central America and Cuba with Jamaica; but a large tract of land remained insulated, and no doubt supported a very much richer and more varied fauna than now. We have evidence of this in extinct Mammalia of large size, belonging to the peculiar South American family of the chinchillas, which have been found in caves in the small islands of Anguilla, and which, from the character of the land-shells associated with them, are believed to be of Pliocene or Post-pliocene age. This discovery is most interesting, and gives promise of very valuable results from the exploration of the numerous caverns that undoubtedly exist in the abundant limestone strata of the larger islands. This extensive Antillean land, after long continuing undivided, was at length broken up by subsidence into several islands; but as this alone would not account for the almost complete annihilation of the mammalian fauna, it seems probable that the subsidence was continued much farther, so as greatly to reduce the size and increase the number of the islands. This is indicated, by the extensive alluvial plains in Cuba and Hayti, and to a less extent in Jamaica; and by elevated beds of Post-pliocene marls in the latter island.

The series of changes now suggested, will account for all the main features of the Antillean fauna in its relations to that of the American continent. There remains the affinity with Madagascar, indicated by _Solenodon_, and a few cases of African and Asiatic affinity in insects and land-shells; but these are far too scanty to call for any attempt at special explanation. Such cases of remote affinity and discontinuous distribution, occur in all the regions, and in almost every group of animals; and we look upon them almost all, as cases of survival, under favourable {80}conditions, of once wide-spread groups. If no wild species of the genus _Equus_ were now to be found, except in South Africa (where they are still most abundant), and in South Temperate America, where their fossil remains show us they did exist not very long ago, what a strong fact it would have appeared for the advocates of continental extensions! Yet it would have been due to no former union of the great southern continents, but to the former extensive range of the family or the genus to which the two isolated remnants belonged. And if such an explanation will apply to the higher vertebrata, it is still more likely to be applicable to similar cases occurring among insects or mollusca, the genera of which we have every reason to believe to be usually much older than those of vertebrates. It is in these classes that examples of widely scattered allied species most frequently occur; and the facility with which they are diffused under favourable conditions, renders any other explanation than that here given altogether superfluous.

The _Solenodon_ is a member of an order of Mammalia of low type (Insectivora) once very extensive and wide-spread, but which has begun to die out, and which has left a number of curious and isolated forms thinly scattered over three-fourths of the globe. The occurrence, therefore, of an isolated remnant of this order in the Antilles is not in itself remarkable; and the fact that the remainder of the family to which the Antillean species belong has found a refuge in Madagascar, where it has developed into several distinct types, does not afford the least shred of argument on which to found a supposed independent land connection between these two sets of islands.

_Summary of the Past History of the Neotropical Region._

We have already discussed this subject, both in our account of extinct animals, and in various parts of the present chapter. It is therefore only necessary here, briefly to review and summarise the conclusions we have arrived at.

The whole character of Neotropical zoology, whether as regards its deficiencies or its specialities, points to a long continuance of isolation from the rest of the world, with a few very distant {81}periods of union with the northern continent. The latest important separation took place by the submergence of parts of Nicaragua and Honduras, and this separation probably continued throughout much of the Miocene and Pliocene periods; but some time previous to the coming on of the glacial epoch, the union between the two continents took place which has continued to our day. Earlier submergences of the isthmus of Panama probably occurred, isolating Costa Rica and Veragua, which then may have had a greater extension, and have thus been able to develope their rich and peculiar fauna.

The isthmus of Tehuantepec, at the south of Mexico, may, probably, also have been submerged; thus isolating Guatemala and Yucatan, and leading to the specialization of some of the peculiar forms that now characterise those countries and Mexico.

The West Indian Islands have been long isolated and have varied much in extent. Originally, they probably formed part of Central America, and may have been united with Yucatan and Honduras in one extensive tropical land. But their separation from the continent took place at a remote period, and they have since been broken up into numerous islands, which have probably undergone much submergence in recent times. This has led to that poverty of the higher forms of life, combined with the remarkable speciality, which now characterises them; while their fauna still preserves a sufficient resemblance to that of Central America to indicate its origin.

The great continent of South America, as far as we can judge from the remarkable characteristics of its fauna and the vast depths of the oceans east and west of it, has not during Tertiary, and probably not even during Secondary times, been united with any other continent, except through the intervention of North America. During some part of the Secondary epoch it probably received the ancestral forms of its Edentates and Rodents, at a time when these were among the highest types of Mammalia on the globe. It appears to have remained long isolated, and to have already greatly developed these groups of animals, before it received, in early Tertiary times, the ancestors of its marmosets and monkeys, and, perhaps also, some of its peculiar forms of {82}Carnivora. Later, it received its Camelidæ, peccaries, mastodons, and large Carnivora; and later still, just before the Glacial epoch, its deer, tapir, opossums, antelopes, and horses, the two latter having since become extinct. All this time its surface was undergoing important physical changes. What its earlier condition was we cannot conjecture, but there are clear indications that it has been broken up into at least three large masses, and probably a number of smaller ones; and these have no doubt undergone successive elevations and subsidences, so as at one time to reduce their area and separate them still more widely from each other, and at another period to unite them into continental masses. The richness and varied development of the old fauna of South America, as still existing, proves, however, that the country has always maintained an extensive area; and there is reason to believe that the last great change has been a long continued and steady increase of its surface, resulting in the formation of the vast alluvial plains of the Amazon, Orinoko, and La Plata, and thus greatly favouring the production of that wealth of specific forms, which distinguishes South America above all other parts of our globe.

The southern temperate portion of the continent, has probably had a considerable southward extension in late Tertiary times; and this, as well as the comparatively recent elevation of the Andes, has given rise to some degree of intermixture of two distinct faunas, with that proper to South Temperate America itself. The most important of these, is the considerable Australian element that appears in the insects, and even in the reptiles and fresh-water fishes, of South Temperate America. These may be traced to several causes. Icebergs and icefloes, and even solid fields of ice, may, during the Glacial epoch, have afforded many opportunities for the passage of the more cold-enduring groups; while the greater extension of southern lands and islands during the warm periods--which there is reason to believe prevailed in the southern as well as in the northern regions in Miocene times--would afford facilities for the passage of the reptiles and insects of more temperate zones. That no actual land-connection occurred, is proved by the total absence {83}of interchange of the mammals or land-birds of the two countries, no less than by the very fragmentary nature of the resemblances that do exist. The northern element consists almost wholly of insects; and is evidently due to the migration of arctic and north temperate forms along the ridges and plateaus of the Andes; and most likely occurred when these organisms were driven southward at successive cold or Glacial periods.

A curious parallel exists between the past history and actual zoological condition of South America and Africa. In both we see a very ancient land-area extending into the South Temperate zone, isolated at a very early period, and developing only a low grade of Mammalian life; chiefly Edentates and Rodents on the one, Lemurs and Insectivora in the other. Later we find an irruption into both of higher forms, including Quadrumana, which soon acquired a large and special development in the tropical portions of each country. Still later we have an irruption into both of northern forms, which spread widely over the two regions, and having become extinct in the land from whence they came, have been long held to be the original denizens of their adopted country. Such are the various forms of antelopes, the giraffe, the elephant, rhinoceros, and lion in Africa; while in America we have deer and peccaries, the tapir, opossums, and the puma.

On the whole, we cannot but consider that the broad outlines of the zoological history of the Neotropical region can be traced with some degree of certainty; but, owing to the absence of information as to the most important of the geological periods--the Miocene and Eocene--we have no clue to the character of its early fauna, or to the land connections with other countries, which may possibly have occurred in early Tertiary times.

{84}TABLES OF DISTRIBUTION.

In drawing up these tables, showing the distribution of the various classes of animals in the Neotropical region, the following sources of information have been relied on, in addition to the general treatises, monographs, and catalogues used in the compilation of the Fourth Part of this work.

_Mammalia._--D'Orbigny, and Burmeister, for Brazil and La Plata; Darwin, and Cunningham, for Temperate S. America; Tschudi, for Peru; Frazer, for Ecuador; Salvin, for Guatemala; Frantzius, for Costa Rica; Sclater, for Quadrumana N. of Panama; Gundlach, for Cuba; and papers by Dr. J. E. Gray, and Mr. Tomes.

_Birds._--Sclater and Salvin's Nomenclator; Notes by Darwin, and Cunningham; Gundlach, March, Bryant, Baird, Elliot, Newton, Semper, and Sundevall, for various islands of the Antilles; and papers by Hudson, Lawrence, Grayson, Abbott, Sclater, and Salvin.

{85}TABLE I.

_FAMILIES OF ANIMALS INHABITING THE NEOTROPICAL REGION._

EXPLANATION.

Names in _italics_ show the families which are peculiar to the region.

Names enclosed thus (......) indicate families which barely enter the
region, and are not considered properly to belong to it.

Numbers correspond with those of the series of families in Part IV.

---------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------
| Sub-regions |
| 1=Chili. |
Order and Family | 2=Brazil. | Range beyond the Region.
| 3=Mexico. |
| 4=Antilles. |
---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------
| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. |
---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------
| | | | |
MAMMALIA. | | | | |
PRIMATES. | | | | |
4. _Cebidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
5. _Hapalidæ_ | | -- | (?)| |
| | | | |
CHIROPTERA. | | | | |
10. _Phyllostomidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- | California
12. Vespertilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
13. Noctilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All tropical regions
| | | | |
INSECTIVORA. | | | | |
18. Centetidæ | | | | -- | Madagascar
| | | | |
CARNIVORA. | | | | |
23. Felidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian
28. Canidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian
29. Mustelidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian
30. Procyonidæ | -- | -- | -- | | N. America
32. Ursidæ | -- | | | | All regions but Ethiopian and
| | | | | Australian
33. Otariidæ | -- | | | | S. temperate zone
35. Phocidæ | -- | | | (?)| N. and S. temperate zones
| | | | |
CETACEA. | | | | |
36 to 41 | -- | | | | Oceanic
| | | | |
SIRENIA. | | | | |
42. Manatidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Tropical shores
| | | | |
UNGULATA. | | | | |
44. Tapiridæ | | -- | -- | | Indo-Malaya
47. Suidæ | | -- | -- | | Cosmopolite, excl. Australia
48. Camelidæ | -- | | | | Palæarctic
50. Cervidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Ethiopian and
| | | | | Australian
| | | | |
RODENTIA. | | | | |
55. Muridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
59. Saccomyidæ | | | -- | | Nearctic
61. Sciuridæ | | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian
63. _Chinchillidæ_ | -- | | | |
64. Octodontidæ | -- | -- | | -- | Africa
65. Echimyidæ | -- | -- | | | Ethiopian
66. Cercolabidæ | | -- | -- | | Nearctic
68. _Caviidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- |
70. Leporidæ | | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian
| | | | |
EDENTATA. | | | | |
71. _Bradypodidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
73. _Dasypodidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | |
75. _Myrmecophagidæ_| | -- | -- | |
| | | | |
MARSUPIALIA. | | | | |
76. Didelphyidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Temperate N. America
| | | | |
BIRDS. | | | | |
PASSERES. | | | | |
1. Turdidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite
2. Sylviidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite
5. Cinclidæ | | -- | -- | | Nearctic, Palæarctic, Oriental
6. Troglodytidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic, Palæarctic, Oriental
8. Certhiidæ | | | -- | | Nearctic, Palæarctic, Oriental
9. Sittidæ | | | -- | | All regions, excl. Africa
10. Paridæ | | | -- | | Nearctic, Palæarctic, Oriental
20. Corvidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
26. _Coerebidæ_ | | -- | -- | -- |
27. Mniotiltidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic
28. Vireonidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic
29. Ampelidæ | | | -- | -- | Nearctic, Palæarctic
30. Hirundinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
31. Icteridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic
32. Tanagridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic
33. Fringillidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian
38. Motacillidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
38a. _Oxyrhamphidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
39. Tyrannidæ | -- | -- | -- |-- | Nearctic
40. _Pipridæ_ | | -- | -- | |
41. _Cotingidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- |
42. _Phytotomidæ_ | -- | | | |
44._Dendrocolaptidæ_| -- | -- | -- | |
45. _Formicariidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
46. _Pteroptochidæ_ | -- | -- | | |
| | | | |
PICARIÆ. | | | | |
51. Picidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian
54. Megalæmidæ | | -- | -- | | Ethiopian, Oriental
55. _Rhamphastidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
58. Cuculidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
60. _Bucconidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
61. _Galbulidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
64. _Todidæ_ | | | | -- |
65. _Momotidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
66. Trogonidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian, Oriental
67. Alcedinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
72. _Steatornithidæ_| | -- | | |
73. Caprimulgidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
74. Cypselidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite
75. Trochilidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic
| | | | |
PSITTACI. | | | | |
80. Conuridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | S. United States
81. Psittacidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian
| | | | |
COLUMBÆ. | | | | |
84. Columbidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
| | | | |
GALLINÆ. | | | | |
87. Tetraonidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite
88. Phasianidæ | | | -- | | All regions but Australian
91. _Cracidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
92. _Tinamidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | |
| | | | |
OPISTHOCOMI. | | | | |
93. _Opisthocomidæ_ | | -- | | |
| | | | |
ACCIPITRES. | | | | |
94. Vulturidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian
96. Falconidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
97. Pandionidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
98. Strigidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
| | | | |
GRALLÆ. | | | | |
99. Rallidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
100. Scolopacidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
101. _Chionididæ_ | -- | | | |
102. _Thinocoridæ_ | -- | | | |
103. Parridæ | | -- | -- | | Tropical regions
105. Charadriidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
108. _Cariamidæ_ | -- | -- | | |
109. _Aramidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
110. _Psophiidæ_ | | -- | | |
111. _Eurypygidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
113. Ardeidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
114. Plataleidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite
115. Ciconiidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Nearly cosmopolite
116. _Palamedeidæ_ | -- | -- | | |
117. Phoenicopteridæ | -- | -- | -- | | Ethiopian, Indian
| | | | |
ANSERES. | | | | |
118. Anatidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
119. Laridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
120. Procellariidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
121. Pelecanidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
122. Spheniscidæ | -- | | | | S. temperate zone
124. Podicipidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
| | | | |
STRUTHIONES. | | | | |
126. Struthionidæ | -- | | | | Ethiopian
| | | | |
REPTILIA. | | | | |
OPHIDIA. | | | | |
1. Typhlopidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Tropical regions and
| | | | | S. Palæarctic
2. Tortricidæ | | -- | | | Oriental, N.-W. America
5. Calamariidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All warm countries
6. Oligodontidæ | | -- | | | Oriental, Japan
7. Colubridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite
8. Homalopsidæ | -- | | | -- | All the regions
11. Dendrophidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All tropical regions
12. Dryiophidæ | | -- | -- | | Oriental, Ethiopian
13. Dipsadidæ | | -- | -- | | All tropical regions
14. Scytalidæ | | -- | -- | | Philippine Islands
16. Amblycephalidæ | | -- | -- | | Oriental
17. Pythonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All tropical regions,
| | | | | California
20. Elapidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Tropical regions, Japan,
| | | | | S. Carolina
23. Hydrophidæ | | | -- | | Oriental, Australian,
| | | | | Madagascar
24. Crotalidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic, Palæarctic, Oriental
| | | | |
LACERTILIA. | | | | |
27. Chirotidæ | | | -- | | Missouri
28. Amphisbænidæ | -- | -- | | -- | Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic
29. Lepidosternidæ | -- | -- | | | Ethiopian
31. _Helodermidæ_ | | | -- | |
32. Teidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic
34. Zonuridæ | | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic, Ethiopian,
| | | | | S. Europe, and N. India
35. _Chalcidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | | Nearctic
36. _Anadiadæ_ | | -- | | |
37. _Chirocolidæ_ | | -- | | |
38. _Iphisadæ_ | | -- | | |
39. _Cercosauridæ_ | | -- | | |
41. Gymnopthalmidæ | | -- | | -- | Australian, Ethiopian,
| | | | | Palæarctic
45. Scincidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite
49. Geckotidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite
50. Iguanidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic
| | | | |
CROCODILIA. | | | | |
55. Crocodilidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian, Oriental,
| | | | | N. Australian
56. Alligatoridæ | | -- | -- | | Nearctic
| | | | |
CHELONIA. | | | | |
57. Testudinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All continents but Australian
58. Chelydidæ | | -- | | | Ethiopian, Australian
60. Cheloniidæ | | | | | Marine
| | | | |
AMPHIBIA. | | | | |
PSEUDOPHIDIA. | | | | |
1. Ceciliadæ | | -- | -- | | Oriental, Ethiopian
| | | | |
URODELA. | | | | |
6. (Salamandridæ) | | -- | -- | | Nearctic, Palæarctic
| | | | |
ANOURA. | | | | |
7. _Rhinophrynidæ_ | | | -- | |
8. Phryniscidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Ethiopian, Australian, Java
9. _Hylaplesidæ_ | -- | -- | | -- |
10. Bufonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All continents but Australia
12. Engystomidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Palæarctic
13. Bombinatoridæ | -- | -- | | | Palæarctic, New Zealand
14. _Plectromantidæ_| -- | | | |
15. Alytidæ | | -- | | | All regions but Oriental
16. Pelodryadæ | -- | -- | | | Australia
17. Hylidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Ethiopian
18. Polypedatidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All the regions
19. Ranidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite
20. Discoglossidæ | -- | -- | | | All regions but Nearctic
21. _Pipidæ_ | | -- | | |
| | | | |
FISHES. | | | | |
(FRESHWATER). | | | | |
ACANTHOPTERYGII. | | | | |
3. Percidæ | -- | -- | | -- | All regions but Australian
11. (Trachinidæ) | -- | | | | Australia
12. Scienidæ | (?)| -- | -- | (?)| All regions but Australian
33. Nandidæ | | -- | | | Oriental
34. _Polycentridæ_ | | -- | -- | |
38. Mugillidæ | | (?)| -- | -- | Australian, Ethiopian
52. Chromidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian, Oriental
| | | | |
PHYSOSTOMI. | | | | |
59. Siluridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All warm regions
60. Characinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian
61. Haplochitonidæ | -- | | | | S. Australia
67. Galaxidæ | -- | | | | Tasmania and New Zealand
73. Cyprinodontidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Absent from Australia
78. Osteoglossidæ | | -- | | | All tropical regions
84. _Gymnotidæ_ | | -- | | |
85. Symbranchidæ | | -- | | | Oriental, Australian,
| | | | | (? marine)
| | | | |
DIPNOI. | | | | |
92. Sirenoidei | | -- | | | Ethiopian, Australian
| | | | |
PLAGIOSTOMATA. | | | | |
112. _Trygonidæ_ | | -- | | |
| | | | |
INSECTS. | | | | |
LEPIDOPTERA (PART). | | | | |
DIURNI (BUTTERFLIES).| | | | |
1. Danaidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All warm regions, and to
| | | | | Canada
2. Satyridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
4. Morphidæ | | -- | -- | | Australian, Oriental
5. _Brassolidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
6. Acræidæ | | -- | -- | | All tropical regions
7. _Heliconiidæ_ | | -- | -- | -- |
8. Nymphalidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
9. Libytheidæ | | -- | | -- | Absent from Australia
10. Nemeobiidæ | | -- | -- | | Not in Australia or Nearctic
| | | | | regions
11. _Eurygonidæ_ | | -- | -- | |
12. Erycinidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic
13. Lycænidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
14. Pieridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
15. Papilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
16. Hesperidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
| | | | |
SPHINGIDEA. | | | | |
17. Zygænidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
18. Castniidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Australian
20. Uraniidæ | | -- | -- | -- | All tropical regions
21. Stygiidæ | | -- | | | Palæarctic
22. Ægeriidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Not in Australia
23. Sphingidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite
---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------

{91}TABLE II.

_GENERA OF TERRESTRIAL MAMMALIA AND BIRDS INHABITING THE NEOTROPICAL REGION._

EXPLANATION.

Names in _italics_ show the genera peculiar to the region.

Names enclosed thus (......) indicate genera which barely enter the
region, and are not considered properly to belong to it.

Genera undoubtedly belonging to the region are numbered consecutively.

_MAMMALIA._

-------------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------
Order, Family, and | No. of| Range within | Range beyond
Genus. |Species| the Region. | the Region.
-------------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------
| | |
PRIMATES. | | |
CEBIDÆ. | | |
1. _Cebus_ | 18 | Costa Rica to |
| | Paraguay |
2. _Lagothrix_ | 5 | Upper Amazon and |
| | E. Andes |
3. _Eriodes_ | 3 | East Brazil, S. of |
| | Equator |
4. _Ateles_ | 14 | Almost all tropical |
| | America |
5. _Mycetes_ | 10 | E. Guatemala to |
| | Paraguay |
6. _Pithecia_ | 7 | Equatorial Forests |
7. _Brachiurus_ | 5 | Equatorial Forests |
8. _Nyctipithecus_ | 5 | Nicaragua to Amazonia|
9. _Saimiris_ | 3 | Costa Rica to Brazil |
| | and Bolivia |
10. _Callithrix_ | 11 | Panama to Paraguay |
| | |
HAPALIDÆ. | | |
11. _Hapale_ | 9 | Brazil and Upper |
| | Amazon |
12. _Midas_ | 24 | Equatorial America |
| | to Panama |
| | |
CHIROPTERA. | | |
PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ. | | |
13. _Lonchorina_ | 1 | West Indian Islands |
14. _Macrophyllum_ | 1 | Brazil |
15. _Vampyrus_ }| | |
16. _Lophostoma_ }| 25 | Tropical America and |
}| | Chili |
17. _Phyllostoma_ }| | |
18. Macrotus | 1 | Antilles and Mexico | California
19. _Schizostoma_ | 5 | South America |
20. _Brachyphylla_ | 1 | Antilles |
21. _Glossophaga_ | 8 | Tropical America |
22._Phyllonycteris_| 2 | Cuba |
23. _Artibeus_ | 4 |S. America & Antilles,|
| | Costa Rica |
24. _Stenoderma_ | 7 | The whole region |
25. _Sturnira_ | 3 | Chili to Guatemala |
26. _Desmodus_ | 3 | Chili to Mexico |
27. _Saccopteryx_ | 1 | Ecuador |
28. _Diphylla_ | 1 | Brazil |
29. _Centurio_ | 3 | Brazil to Mexico |
| | |
VESPERTILIONIDÆ. | | |
30. Lasiurus | 2 | Tropical America | Nearctic
31. Scotophilus | 7 | Antilles, Mexico to | Nearc., Austral.,
| | S. America | Orien.
32. Vespertilio | 12 | The whole region | Cosmopolite
33. Nycticejus | 3 | S. Temperate America | Nearctic, India,
| | | Tropical Africa
34. _Natalus_ | 1 | S. America and |
| | Antilles |
35. _Furipterus_ | 2 | S. America |
36. _Thyroptera_ | 2 | S. America |
37. _Nycticellus_ | 1 | Cuba |
38. Taphozous | 5 | S. America | Ethiopian, Oriental,
| | | Austro-Malayan
39. _Diclidurus_ | 1 | Brazil |
| | |
NOCTILIONIDÆ. | | |
40. _Noctilio_ | 2 | Paraguay to W. Indies|
41. _Mormops_ | 1 | Antilles and Mexico |
42. _Phyllodia_ | 1 | Jamaica |
43. _Chilonycteris_| 5 | Brazil and West |
| | Indies |
44. _Pteronotus_ | 1 | Trinidad |
45. Nyctinomus | 2 | La Plata to Antilles | S. Nearc., Orien.,
| | & Costa Rica | Madag.
46. Molossus | 16 | Paraguay and Chili | Ethiopian, S.
| | to Antilles | Palæarc., Australian
| | |
INSECTIVORA. | | |
CENTETIDÆ. | | |
47. _Solenodon_ | 2 | Cuba and Hayti |
| | |
SORICIDÆ. | | |
(Sorex | 1 | Guatemala and Costa | All other reg. but
| | Rica) | Austrl.
| | |
CARNIVORA. | | |
FELIDÆ. | | |
48. Felis | 13 | The whole region, | All regions but
| | excl. Antilles | Austral.
| | |
CANIDÆ. | | |
49. _Icticyon_ | 1 | Brazil |
50. _Chrysocyon_ | 1 | S. America |
(Lupus | 2 | Mexico to Costa Rica)| Northern genus
51. _Lycalopex_ | 2 | S. America |
52. _Pseudalopex_ | 5 | S. America, Falkland |
| | Islands, & Tierra |
| | del Fuego |
53. _Thous_ | 2 | S. America to Chili |
| | |
MUSTELIDÆ. | | |
54. Mustela | 2 | Andes of Peru | All other reg. but
| | | Austrl.
55. _Galictis_ | 2 | S. America to Chili |
| | & Patagonia |
56. _Lontra_ | 3 |Central and S. America|
| | to Chonos Archipelago|
57. Nutria | 1 | W. coast of America | W. coast of N.
| | to Chiloe | America
58. _Pteronura_ | 1 | Surinam and Brazil |
59. Mephitis | 3 | Mexico to Sts. of | Nearctic to Canada
| | Magellan |
| | |
PROCYONIDÆ. | | |
60. Procyon | 1 | Tropical America | Nearctic to Canada
61. _Nasua_ | 5 | Mexico to Paraguay & |
| | La Plata |
62. _Cercoleptes_ | 1 | Mexico to Peru and |
| | N. Brazil |
63. Bassaris | 2 | Mexico and Guatemala | California and Texas
| | |
URSIDÆ. | | |
64. _Tremarctos_ | 1 | Andes of Peru and |
| | Chili |
| | |
OTARIIDÆ. | | |
65. _Otaria_ | 1 | Chili, La Plata, and |
| | Patagonia |
66. Arctocephalus | 1 | Falkland Islands & | New Zealand
| | Cape Horn |
| | |
PHOCIDÆ. | | |
67. Stenorhynchus | 1 | Falkland Islands | New Zealand
68. Lobodon | 1 | Antarctic shores |
69. Leptonyx | 1 | Antarctic shores, | S. Australia
| | E. Patagonia |
70. Ommatophoca | 1 | Antarctic shores |
71. Morunga | 1 | Falkland Islands | California, S. temp.
| | | zone
72. Cystophora | 1 | Antilles | N. Atlantic
| | |
CETACEA. | | |
DELPHINIDÆ. | | |
73. _Inia_ | 1 | Upper Amazon |
| | |
SIRENIA. | | |
MANATIDÆ. | | |
74. Manatus | 1 | Gulf of Mexico to N. | W. Africa
| | Brazil, Amazon R. |
| | |
UNGULATA. | | |
TAPIRIDÆ. | | |
75. Tapirus | 2 | Equatorial S. America| Indo-Malaya
76. _Elasmognathus_| 1 | Panama to Guatemala |
| | |
SUIDÆ. | | |
77. _Dicotyles_ | 2 | Mexico to Paraguay | Texas
| | |
CAMELIDÆ. | | |
78. _Auchenia_ | 4 | Temp. S. America, |
| | from Cape Horn to |
| | Andes of Peru |
| | |
CERVIDÆ. | | |
79. Cervus | 12 | Mexico to Patagonia | All regions but
| | and Tierra del Fuego| Ethiopian and
| | | Australian
| | |
RODENTIA. | | |
MURIDÆ. | | |
80. Reithrodon | 4 | South Temp. America | United States
| | to Tierra del Fuego|
81. _Acodon_ | 1 | Peru, 14,000 ft. |
| | elevation |
82. _Myxomys_ | 1 | Guatemala |
83. Hesperomys | 76 | The whole region | Nearctic
84. _Holochilus_ | 4 | S. America |
85. _Oxymycterus_ | 3 | Brazil and La Plata |
86. _Drymomys_ | 1 | Peru |
87. _Neotomys_ | 2 | S. America |
(Fiber | 1 | Mexico) | Nearctic genus
| | |
SACCOMYIDÆ. | | |
88. _Heteromys_ | 6 | Mexico, Honduras, |
| | Costa Rica & Trinidad|
| | |
| | |
SCIURIDÆ. | | |
89. Sciurus | 30 | Mexico to Paraguay | All reg. but
| | | Australian
| | |
CHINCHILLIDÆ. | | |
90. _Chinchilla_ | 2 | Andes of Chili and |
| | Peru |
91. _Lagidium_ | 3 | Chili to Ecuador |
| | (11,000 to |
| | 16,000 ft.) |
92. _Lagostomus_ | 1 | Uruguay to Rio Negro |
| | of Patagonia |
| | |
OCTODONTIDÆ. | | |
93. _Habrocomus_ | 2 | Chili |
94. _Capromys_ | 3 | Cuba and Jamaica |
95. _Plagiodontia_ | 1 | Hayti |
96. _Spalacopus_ | 2 | Chili and E. of Andes|
97. _Octodon_ | 3 | Chili, Peru, and |
| | Bolivia |
98. _Ctenomys_ | 6 | S. Brazil to Tierra |
| | del Fuego |
| | |
ECHIMYIDÆ. | | |
99. _Dactylomys_ | 2 | Guiana and Brazil |
100. _Cercomys_ | 1 | Central Brazil |
101. _Lasiuromys_ | 1 | St. Paulo, Brazil |
102. _Myopotamus_ | 1 | S. half of tropical |
| | S. America |
103. _Carterodon_ | 1 | Central Brazil |
104. _Mesomys_ | 1 | Upper Amazon |
105. _Echimys_ | 11 | Equatorial America |
| | to Paraguay |
106. _Loncheres_ | 10 | New Granada to Brazil|
| | |
CERCOLABIDÆ. | | |
107. _Cercolabes_ | 12 | Mexico to Paraguay |
108. _Chætomys_ | 1 | N. Brazil |
| | |
CAVIIDÆ. | | |
109. _Dasyprocta_ | 9 | Paraguay to Mexico |
| | and Lesser Antilles|
110. _Coelogenys_ | 2 | Guatemala to Paraguay|
111. _Hydrochoerus_| 1 | Guiana to La Plata |
112. _Cavia_ | 9 | Brazil and Peru to |
| | Magellan Sts. |
113. _Kerodon_ | 6 | Brazil and Peru to |
| | Magellan Sts. |
114. _Dolichotis_ | 1 | The Pampas and |
| | Patagonia |
| | |
LEPORIDÆ. | | |
115. Lepus | 1 | Central Brazil and | All regions but
| | Andes, Costa Rica | Austral.
| | to Mexico |
| | |
EDENTATA. | | |
BRADYPODIDÆ. | | |
116. _Choloepus_ | 2 | Costa Rica to Brazil |
117. _Bradypus_ | 2 | Amazon to Rio de |
| | Janeiro |
118._Arctopithecus_| 8 | Costa Rica to Brazil |
| | and Bolivia |
| | |
DASYPODIDÆ. | | |
119. _Tatusia_ | 5 | Rio Grande, Texas, |
| | to Patagonia |
120. _Prionodontes_| 1 | Surinam to Paraguay |
121. _Dasypus_ | 4 | Brazil to Chili and |
| | La Plata, Costa Rica?|
122. _Xenurus_ | 3 | Guiana to Paraguay, |
| | Costa Rica? |
123. _Tolypeutes_ | 2 | Bolivia and La Plata |
124._Chlamydophorus_ 2 | La Plata and Bolivia |
| | |
MYRMECOPHAGIDÆ. | | |
125. _Myrmecophaga_| 1 | Costa Rica?, & |
| | N. Braz., to Parag.|
126. _Tamandua_ | 2 | Guatemala to Paraguay|
127. _Cyclothurus_ | 2 | Honduras and Costa |
| | Rica to Paraguay |
| | |
MARSUPIALIA. | | |
DIDELPHYIDÆ. | | |
128. Didelphys | 20 | Mexico to Uruguay | Temperate N. America
| | and S. Chili |
129. _Chironectes_ | 1 | Guiana and Brazil, |
| | Costa Rica |
130. _Hyracodon_ | 1 | Ecuador |

_BIRDS._