The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 2

Chapter XXIII: Part IV: Geographical Zoology (5)

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(1539) _Ampelis_ (3 sp.), the Palæarctic and Nearctic regions, and southward to Guatemala; (1360) _Ptilogonys_ (2 sp.), Central America; (1442) _Dulus_ (2 sp.), West Indian Islands; (1361) _Phænopepla_ (1 sp.), Mexico and the Gila Valley.

FAMILY 30.--HIRUNDINIDÆ. (9 Genera, 91 Species.)

{281}The Hirundinidæ, or Swallows, are true cosmopolites. Although they do not range quite so far north (except as stragglers) as a few of the extreme polar birds, yet they pass beyond the Arctic Circle both in America and Europe, _Cotyle riparia_ having been observed in the Parry Islands, while _Hirundo rustica_ has been seen both in Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. _Cotyle riparia_ and _Chelidon urbica_ also breed in great numbers in northern Lapland, latitude 67° to 70° north. Many of the species also, have an enormous range, the common swallow (_Hirundo rustica_) inhabiting Europe, Asia and Africa, from Lapland to the Cape of Good Hope and to the Moluccas. The genera of swallows are not well determined, a number having been established of which the value is uncertain. I admit the following, referring by numbers to the _Hand List_:--

(215-221 226-228) _Hirundo_ (40 sp.), the range of the entire family; (222 223) _Psalidoprogne_ (10 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; (224) _Phedina_ (1 sp.), Madagascar and Mascarene Islands; (225) _Petrochelidon_ (5 sp.), North and South America and Cape of Good Hope; (220-232 ?234) _Atticora_ (8 sp.), the Neotropical region and ? Australia; (235 237) _Cotyle_ (11 sp.), Europe, India, Africa, North America, Antilles and Ecuador; (236) _Stelgidopteryx_ (5 sp.), La Plata to United States; (238 and 239) _Chelidon_ (6 sp.), Palæarctic region, Nepal, Borneo; (240-242) _Progne_ (5 sp.), all North and South America.

FAMILY 31.--ICTERIDÆ. (24 Genera, 110 Species.)

The Icteridæ, or American hang-nests, range over the whole continent, from Patagonia and the Falkland Islands to the Arctic Circle. Only about 20 species inhabit the Nearctic region, while, as usual with exclusively American families, the larger proportion of the genera and species are found in the {282}tropical parts of South America. The genera adopted by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin are the following:--

_Clypeicterus_ (1 sp.), Upper Amazon; _Ocycalus_ (2 sp.), Upper Amazon to Mexico; _Ostinops_ (8 sp.), Brazil and Bolivia to Mexico; _Cassiculus_ (1 sp.), Mexico; _Cassicus_ (10 sp.), South Brazil and Bolivia to Costa Rica; _Icterus_ (34 sp.), La Plata to the Antilles and United States; _Dolichonyx_ (1 sp.), Paraguay to Canada; _Molothrus_ (8 sp.), La Plata to Northern United States; _Agelæus_ (7 sp.), La Plata and Chili to Northern United States; _Xanthocephalus_ (1 sp.), Mexico to California and Canada; _Xanthosomus_ (4 sp.), La Plata to Venezuela; _Amblyrhamphus_ (1 sp.), La Plata and Bolivia; _Gymnomystax_ (1 sp.), Amazonia and Guiana; _Pseudoleistes_ (2 sp.), La Plata and Brazil; _Leistes_ (3 sp.), La Plata to Venezuela; _Sturnella_ (5 sp.), Patagonia and Falkland Islands to Middle United States; _Curæus_ (1 sp.), Chili; _Nesopsar_ (1 sp.), Jamaica; _Scolecophgaus_ (2 sp.), Mexico to Arctic Circle; _Lampropsar_ (4 sp.), Amazonia and Ecuador to Mexico; _Quiscalus_ (10 sp.), Venezuela and Columbia to South and Central United States; _Hypopyrrhus_ (1 sp.), Columbia; _Aphobus_ (1 sp.), Brazil and Bolivia; _Cassidix_ (2 sp.), Brazil to Mexico and Cuba.

FAMILY 32.--TANAGRIDÆ. (43 Genera, 304 Species.)

The Tanagers are an extensive family of varied and beautiful fruit-eating birds, almost peculiar to the Neotropical region, only four species of a single genus (_Pyranga_) extending into the Eastern United States and Rocky Mountains. Southward they range to La Plata. They are especially abundant in the forest regions of South America east of the Andes, where no less than 40 out of the 43 genera occur; 23 of the genera are peculiar to this sub-region, while only 1 (_Phlogothraupis_) is {283}peculiar to Central America and Mexico, and 2 (_Spindalis_ and _Phænicophilus_) to the West Indian islands. The genera adopted by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin with their distribution will be found at Vol. II., p. 99, in our account of Neotropical Zoology.

FAMILY 33.--FRINGILLIDÆ. (74 Genera, 509 Species.)

The great family of the Fringillidæ, or finches, is in a very unsettled state as regards their division into genera, the most divergent views being held by ornithologists as to the constitution and affinities of many of the groups. All the Australian finch-like birds appear to belong to the Ploceidæ, so that the finches, as here constituted, are found in every region and sub-region, except the Australian region from which they are entirely absent--a peculiar distribution hardly to be found in any other family of birds.

Many European ornithologists separate the Emberizidæ, or buntings, as a distinct family, but as the American genera have not been so divided I am obliged to keep them together; but the genera usually classed as "buntings" are placed last, as a sub-family. In the following arrangement of the genera, I have done what I could to harmonize the views of the best modern writers. For convenience of reference the succession of the genera is that of the _Hand List_, and the numbers of the sub-genera are given whenever practicable:--

(1793 1795) _Fringilla_ (6 sp.), the whole Palæarctic region, including the Atlantic Islands; (1794) _Acanthis_ (3 sp.), Europe to Siberia, Persia, and North-West Himalayas; (1796) _Procarduelis_ (1 sp.), High Himalayas and East Thibet; (1797-1803) _Chrysomitris_ (18 sp.), Neotropical and Nearctic regions, Europe, and Siberia; (1804) _Metoponia_ (1 sp.), East Europe to North West Himalayas; (1805 and 1809) _Chlorospiza_ (9 sp.), Palæarctic region and Africa to the {284}Cape of Good Hope; (1806-1809) _Dryospiza_ (14 sp.), South Europe, Palestine, Canaries, and all Africa; (1810) _Sycalis_ (18 sp.), the whole Neotropical region; (1811-1813 1816-1819) _Pyrgita_ (34 sp.), Palæarctic and Oriental regions, and all Africa; (1814) _Montifringilla_ (4 sp.), Palæarctic region; (1815) _Fringillauda_ (2 sp.), North-West Himalayas to East Thibet; (1820-1822) _Coccothraustes_ (6 sp.), Palæarctic region and Nepal, Nearctic region to Mexico; (1823) _Eophona_ (2 sp.), China and Japan; (1824) _Mycerobas_ (2 sp.), Central Asia to Persia, High Himalayas, and East Thibet; (1825) _Chaunoproctus_ (1 sp.), Bonin Islands, south-east of Japan, (probably Palæarctic); (1826) _Geospiza_ (7 sp.), Galapagos Islands; (1827) _Camarhynchus_ (5 sp.), Galapagos Islands; (1828) _Cactornis_ (4 sp.), Galapagos Islands; (1830-1832) _Phrygilus_ (10 sp.), Columbia to Fuegia and the Falkland Islands; (1833) _Xenospingus_ (1 sp.), Peru; (1834) _Diuca_ (3 sp.), Peru to Chili and Patagonia; (1835 and 1837) _Emberizoides_ (3 sp.), Venezuela to Paraguay; (1836) _Donacospiza_ (1 sp.), South Brazil and La Plata; (1839) _Chamæospiza_ (1 sp.), Mexico; (1838 and 1840) _Embernagra_ (9 sp.), Arizona to La Plata; (1841) _Hæmophila_ (6 sp.), Mexico to Costa Rica; (1842) _Atlapetes_ (1 sp.), Mexico; (1843) _Pyrgisoma_ (5 sp.). Mexico to Costa Rica; (1844 and 1845) _Pipilo_ (12 sp.), all North America to Guatemala; (1846) _Junco_ (6 sp.), all the United States to Guatemala; (1847) _Zonotrichia_ (9 sp.), the whole Nearctic and Neotropical regions; (1848 1849) _Melospiza_ (7 sp.), Sitka and United States to Guatemala; (1850) _Spizella_ (7 sp.), Canada to Guatemala; (1851) _Passerella_ (4 sp.), the Nearctic region and Northern Asia; (1852) _Passerculus_ (6 sp.), Nearctic region and to Guatemala; (1853) _Pooecetes_ (1 sp.), all United States and Mexico; (1854) _Ammodromus_ (4 sp.), all United States to Guatemala; (1855) _Coturniculus_ (6 sp.), north and east of North America to Jamaica and Bolivia; (1856) _Peucæa_ (6 sp.), South Atlantic States and California to Mexico; (1857) _Tiaris_ (1 sp.), Brazil; (1858) _Volatinia_ (1 sp.), Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia; (1859) _Cyanospiza_ (5 sp.), Canada to Guatemala; (1860 1861) _Paroaria_ (6 sp.), Tropical South America, east of the Andes; (1862) _Coryphospingus_ (4 sp.), Tropical South America; (1863) _Haplospiza_ (2 sp.), Mexico and Brazil; (1864 1891) _Phonipara_ (8 sp.), Mexico to Columbia, the greater Antilles; (1865) _Poospiza_ {285}(13 sp.), California and South Central States to Bolivia and La Plata; (424) _Spodiornis_ (1 sp.), Andes of Quito; (1866 1867) _Pyrrhula_ (9 sp.), the whole Palæarctic region to the Azores and High Himalayas; (1868) _Crithagra_ (17 sp.), Tropical and South Africa, Mauritius, Syria; (1869) _Ligurnus_ (2 sp.), West Africa; (1870 1871) _Carpodacus_ (18 sp.), Nearctic and Palæarctic regions to Mexico and Central India; (1872-1874) _Erythrospiza_ (6 sp.), Southern parts of Palæarctic region; (1875) _Uragus_ (2 sp.), Siberia and Japan; (1876) _Cardinalis_ (2 sp.), South and Central States to Venezuela; (1877) _Pyrrhuloxia_ (1 sp.), Texas and Rio Grande; (1878 1879) _Guiraca_ (6 sp.), Southern United States to La Plata; (1880) _Amaurospiza_ (2 sp.), Costa Rica and Brazil; (1881) _Hedymeles_ (2 sp.), all United States to Columbia; (1882) _Pheucticus_ (5 sp.), Mexico to Peru and Bolivia; (1883) _Oryzoborus_ (6 sp.), Mexico to Ecuador and South Brazil; (1884) _Melopyrrha_ (1 sp.), Cuba; (1885) _Loxigilla_ (4 sp.), Antilles; (1886 1887) _Spermophila_ (44 sp.), Texas to Bolivia and Uruguay; (1888) _Catamenia_ (4 sp.), Columbia to Bolivia; (1889) _Neorhynchus_ (3 sp.), West Peru; (1892) _Catamblyrhyncus_ (1 sp.), Columbia; (1893) _Loxia_ (7 sp.), Europe to North-west India and Japan, Arctic America to Pennsylvania, Mexico; (1894) _Pinicola_ (3 sp.), Arctic America, North-east Europe to the Amoor, Camaroons Mountains West Africa; (1895) _Propyrrhula_ (1 sp.), Darjeeling in the winter,? Thibet; (1896) _Pyrrhospiza_ (1 sp.), Snowy Himalayas; (1897) _Hæmatospiza_ (1 sp.), South-east Himalayas, 5,000-10,000 feet; (1898 1899) _Linota_ (12 sp.), Europe to Central Asia, north and east of North America; (1900) _Leucosticte_ (7 sp.), Siberia and Thibet to Kamschatka, and from Alaska to Utah.

Sub-family Emberizinæ.--(1995) _Calamospiza_ (1 sp.), Arizona and Texas to Mexico; (1906) _Chondestes_ (2 sp.), Western, Central, and Southern States to Mexico and Nicaragua; (1907-1910) _Euspiza_ (9 sp.), Palæarctic region, India, Burmah, and South China, South-east United States to Columbia; (1911-1920) _Emberiza_ (28 sp.), the whole Palæarctic region (continental), to Central India in winter; (1921) _Gubernatrix_ (1 sp.), Paraguay and La Plata, (according to Messrs. Sclater and Salvin this comes next to _Pipilo_); (1922) _Fringillaria_ (8 sp.), Africa and South Europe; {286}(1923-1925) _Plectrophanes_ (6 sp.), Arctic Zone to Northern Europe and North China, Arctic America, and east side of Rocky Mountains; (1926) _Centronyx_ (1 sp.), Mouth of Yellowstone River.

FAMILY 34.--PLOCEIDÆ. (29 Genera, 252 species.)

The Ploceidæ, or Weaver-finches, are especially characteristic of the Ethiopian region, where most of the genera and nearly four-fifths of the species are found; the remainder being pretty equally divided between the Oriental and Australian regions. Like the true finches these have never been properly studied, and it is exceedingly difficult to ascertain what genera are natural and how far those of Australia and Africa are distinct. The following enumeration must therefore be taken as altogether tentative and provisional. When the genera adopted differ from those of the _Hand List_ they will be referred to by numbers.

_Textor_ (5 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; (1650-1654 1657) _Hyphantornis_ (32 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; (1655 1656) _Symplectes_ (8 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; _Malimbus_ (9 sp.), West Africa; (1659 1661) _Ploceus_ (6 sp.), West and East Africa, the Oriental region (excluding Philippines); (1660) _Nelicurvius_ (1 sp.), Madagascar; _Foudia_ (12 sp.), Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, Tropical Africa; (1663 1664) _Sporopipes_ (2 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; (1665-1667) _Pyromelana_ (14 sp.), Tropical and South Africa, Abyssinia to 10,500 feet; _Philetærus_ (1 sp.), South Africa; _Nigrita_ (7 sp.), West Africa to Upper Nile; _Plocepasser_ (4 sp.), East and South Africa; (1672-1674) _Vidua_ (7 sp.), Tropical and South Africa (Plate V., Vol. I., p. 264); (1675-1677) _Coliuspasser_ (9 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; _Chera_ (1 sp.), South Africa; _Spermospiza_ (2 sp.), West Africa; _Pyrenestes_ (6 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; (1682-1687 1689 1692 1693 1698) _Estrilda_ (26 sp.), Tropical and South Africa, India, Burmah, and Java to Australia; (1688 1690 1691 1695 1696) {287}_Pytelia_ (24 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; (1694) _Hypargos_ (2 sp.), Mozambique and Madagascar; (1697) _Emblema_ (1 sp.), North-west Australia (1699 1712-1717) _Amadina_ (15 sp.), Tropical and South Africa, Moluccas to Australia and the Samoa Islands; (1700 1701 1710) _Spermestes_ (8 sp.), Tropical Africa and Madagascar; (1702) _Amauresthes_ (1 sp.), East and West Africa; (1703 1707-1709 1711) _Munia_ (30 sp.), Oriental region to Timor and New Guinea; (1704) _Donacola_ (3 sp.), Australia; (1705 1706) _Poephila_ (6 sp.), Australia; (1718-1721) _Erythrura_ (7 sp.), Sumatra to Java, Moluccas, Timor, New Guinea, and Fiji Islands; (1722) _Hypochera_ (3 sp.), Tropical and South Africa.

FAMILY 35.--STURNIDÆ. (29 Genera, 124 Species.)

The Sturnidæ or Starlings, are a highly characteristic Old-World group, extending to every part of the great Eastern continent and its islands, and over the Pacific Ocean to the Samoa Islands and New Zealand, yet wholly absent from the mainland of Australia. The family appears to be tolerably well-defined, and the following genera are generally considered to belong to it: (1558 1559 1562) _Eulabes_ (13 sp.), the Oriental region to South-west China, Hainan, and Java,--and Flores, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in the Australian region; _Ampeliceps_ (1 sp.), _Tenasserim_, Burmah, and Cochin China; _Gymnops_ (1 sp.), Philippine Islands; _Basilornis_ (2 sp.), Celebes and Ceram; _Pastor_ (1 sp.), South-east Europe to India, Ceylon, and Burmah; _Acridotheres_ (7 sp.), the whole Oriental region and Celebes; (1568 1569) _Sturnia_ (12 sp.), the whole Oriental region, North China, Japan, and Siberia, Celebes; _Dilophus_ (1 sp.), South Africa; _Sturnus_ (6 sp.), Palæarctic region, to India and South China in winter; _Sturnopastor_ (4 sp.), India to Burmah and East Java; _Creadion_ (2 sp.), New Zealand; _Heterolocha_ (1 sp.), New Zealand; (1520) _Callæas_ {288}(2 sp.), New Zealand; _Buphaga_ (2 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; _Euryceros_ (1 sp.), Madagascar (see Plate VI., Vol. I., p. 278.) This genus and the last should perhaps form distinct families. (1577) _Juida_ (5 sp.), Central, West, and South Africa; (1578) _Lamprocolius_ (20 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; _Cinnyricinclus_ (2 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; _Onychognathus_ (2 sp.), West Africa; (1581) _Spreo_ (4 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; (1582-1585) _Amydrus_ (7 sp.), South and East Africa, Palestine; _Aplonis_ (9 sp.), New Caledonia to the Tonga Islands; (1587-1589) _Calornis_ (18 sp.), the whole Malay Archipelago and eastward to the Ladrone and Samoa Islands; (1590) _Enodes_ (1 sp.), Celebes; _Scissirostrum_ (1 sp.), Celebes; (1592) _Saroglossa_ (1 sp.), Himalayas; (1593) _Hartlaubius_ (1 sp), Madagascar; _Fregilupus_ (1 sp.), Bourbon, but it has recently become extinct; (363) _Falculia_ (1 sp)., Madagascar.

FAMILY 36.--ARTAMIDÆ. (1 Genus, 17 Species.)

The Artamidæ, or Swallow-shrikes, are a curious group of birds, ranging over the greater part of the Oriental and Australian regions as far east as the Fiji Islands and south to Tasmania. Only a single species inhabits India, and they are more plentiful in Australia than in any other locality. The only well-marked genus is _Artamus_.

There are a few Madagascar birds belonging to the genus _Artamia_, which some ornithologists place in this family, others with the Laniidæ, but which are here classed with the Oriolidæ.

{289}FAMILY 37.--ALAUDIDÆ. (15 Genera, 110 Species.)

The Alaudidæ, or Larks, may be considered as exclusively belonging to the great Eastern continent, since the Nearctic, Neotropical, and Australian regions have each only a single species. They abound most in the open plains and deserts of Africa and Asia, and are especially numerous in South Africa. The genera, including those recently established by Mr. Sharpe, are as follows:--

_Otocorys_ (8 sp.); the Palæarctic region, North America and south to the Andes of Columbia, North India; (1928 1929) _Alauda_ (17 sp.), Palæarctic region, all Africa, the Peninsula of India, and Ceylon; (1931) _Galerita_ (10 sp.), Central Europe to Senegal and Abyssinia, Persia, India and North China; (1932) _Calendula_ (2 sp.), Abyssinia and South Africa; (1933 1934) _Calandrella_ (6 sp.), Europe, North Africa, India, Burmah, North China, and Mongolia; (1935-1937) _Melanocorypha_ (7 sp.), South Europe to Tartary, Abyssinia, and North-west India; _Pallasia_ (sp. 7781), East Asia; (1938) _Certhilauda_ (4 sp.), South Europe, South Africa; _Heterocorys_ (sp. 7792) South Africa; (1939) _Alæmon_ (3 sp.), South-east Europe to Western India, and South Africa; (1940) _Mirafra_ (25 sp.), the Oriental and Ethiopian regions to Australia; (1941) _Ammomanes_ (10 sp.), South Europe to Palestine and Central India, and to Cape Verd Islands and South Africa; (1942 1943) _Megalophonus_ (6 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; _Tephrocorys_ (1 sp.), South Africa; _Pyrrhulauda_ (9 sp.), all Africa, Canary Islands, India and Ceylon.

{290}FAMILY 38.--MOTACILLIDÆ. (9 Genera, 80 Species.)

The Motacillidæ, or Wagtails and Pipits, are universally distributed, but are most abundant in the Palæarctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions, to which the true wagtails are almost confined. The following genera are usually adopted, but some of them are not very well defined:--

_Motacilla_ (15 sp.), ranges over the greater part of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and to Alaska in North-west America; _Budytes_ (10 sp.), Europe, Africa, Asia to Philippines, Moluccas, Timor, and North Australia; _Calobates_ (3 sp.), South Palæarctic and Oriental regions to Java; _Nemoricola_ (1 sp.), Oriental region; _Anthus_ (30 sp.), all the great continents; _Neocorys_ (1 sp.), Central North America; _Corydalla_ (14 sp.), South Europe to India, China, the Malay Islands, Australia, New Zealand and the Auckland Islands: _Macronyx_ (5 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; _Heterura_ (1 sp.), Himalayas.

FAMILY 39.--TYRANNIDÆ. (71 Genera, 329 Species.)

The Tyrannidæ, or Tyrant Shrikes, form one of the most extensive and truly characteristic American families of birds; as they extend over the whole continent from Patagonia to the Arctic regions, and are found also in all the chief American islands--the Antilles, the Galapagos, the Falkland Islands, and {291}Juan Fernandez. As the genera are all enumerated in the table, at p. 101 of this volume, I shall here confine myself to the distribution of the sub-families, only referring to such genera as are of special geographical interest.

Sub-family I. CONOPHAGINÆ (2 genera, 13 species). Confined to tropical South America, from Brazil and Bolivia to Guiana and Columbia.

Sub-family II. TÆNIOPTERINÆ (19 genera, 76 species). This group ranges from Patagonia and the Falkland Islands to the northern United States; yet it is almost wholly South American, only 2 genera and 4 species passing north of Panama, and none inhabiting the West Indian islands. _Empidias_ has 3 species in North America, while _Tænioptera_, _Cnipolegus_, _Muscisaxicola_, and _Centrites_, range south to Patagonia.

Sub-family III. PLATYRHYNICHINÆ (16 genera, 60 species). This sub-family is wholly Neotropical and mostly South American, only 7 of the genera passing Panama and but 3 reaching Mexico, while there are none in the West Indian islands. Only 3 genera extend south to the temperate sub-region, and one of these, _Anæretes_, has a species in Juan Fernandez.

Sub-family IV. ELAINEINÆ (17 genera, 91 species). This sub-family is more exclusively tropical, only two genera extending south as far as Chili and La Plata, while none enter the Nearctic region. No less than 10 of the genera pass north of Panama, and one of these, _Elainea_, which ranges from Chili to Costa Rica has several species in the West Indian islands. About one fourth of the species of this sub-family are found north of Panama.

Sub-family V. TYRANNINÆ (17 genera, 89 species). This sub-family is that which is best represented in the Nearctic region, where 6 genera and 24 species occur. _Milvulus_ reaches Texas; _Tyrannus_ and _Myiarchus_ range over all the United States; _Sayornis_, the Eastern States and California; _Contopus_ extends to Canada; _Empidonax_ ranges all over North America; and _Pyrocephalus_ reaches the Gila Valley as well as the Galapagos Islands. No less than 5 genera of this sub-family occur in the West Indian islands.

{292}FAMILY 39_a_.--OXYRHAMPHIDÆ. (1 Genus, 2 Species.)

The genus _Oxyrhamphus_ (2 sp.) which ranges from Brazil to Costa Rica, has usually been placed in the Dendrocolaptidæ; but Messrs Sclater and Salvin consider it to be the type of a distinct family group, most allied to the Tyrannidæ.

FAMILY 40.--PIPRIDÆ. (15 Genera, 60 Species.)

The Pipridæ, or Manakins, have generally been associated with the next family, and they have a very similar distribution. The great majority of the genera and species are found in the equatorial regions of South America, only 9 species belonging to 5 genera ranging north of Panama, while 2 or 3 species extend to the southern limit of the tropical forests in Paraguay and Brazil. The genera which go north of Panama are _Piprites_, _Pipra_, _Chiroxiphia_, _Chiromachæris_, and _Hetoropelma_. _Pipra_ is the largest genus, containing 19 species, and having representatives throughout the whole range of the family. As in all the more extensive families peculiar to the Neotropical region, the distribution of the genera will be found in the tables appended to the chapter on the Neotropical region in the Third Part of this work. (Vol. II. p. 103).

{293}FAMILY 41.--COTINGIDÆ. (28 Genera, 93 Species.)

The Cotingidæ, or Chatterers, comprise some of the most beautiful and some of the most remarkable of American birds, for such we must consider the azure and purple Cotingas, the wine-coloured white-winged Pompadour, the snowy carunculated Bell-birds, the orange-coloured Cocks-of-the-Rock, and the marvellously-plumed Umbrella-birds, (Plate XV. Vol. II. p. 28). The Cotingidæ are also one of the most pre-eminently Neotropical of all the Neotropical families, the great mass of the genera and species being concentrated in and around the vast equatorial forest region of the Amazon. Only 13 species extend north of Panama, one to the Antilles, and not more than 20 are found to the south of the Amazon Valley. Messrs. Sclater and Salvin divide the family into six sub-families, the distribution of which will be briefly indicated.

Sub-family I. TITYRINÆ (3 genera, 22 species). Ranges from Brazil to Mexico, one species of _Hadrostomus_ inhabiting Jamaica.

Sub-family II. LIPAUGINÆ (4 genera, 14 species) also ranges from Brazil to Mexico; one genus (_Ptilochloris_) is confined to Brazil.

Sub-family III. ATTALINÆ (2 genera, 10 species). Ranges from Paraguay to Costa Rica; one genus (_Casiornis_) is confined to South Brazil and Paraguay.

Sub-family IV. RUPICOLINÆ (2 genera, 5 species). This sub-family is restricted to the Amazonian region and Guiana, with one species extending along the Andean valleys to Bolivia. The genera are _Rupicola_ (3 species) and _Phænicocercus_ (2 species).

Sub-family V. COTINGINÆ (10 genera, 28 species). Ranges from Southern Brazil and Bolivia to Nicaragua; only two species {294}(belonging to the genera _Carpodectes_ and _Cotinga_) are found north of Panama, and there are none in the West Indian islands. The great majority of these, the true Chatterers, are from the regions about the Equator.

Sub-family VI. GYMNODERINÆ (7 genera, 14 species). Ranges from Brazil to Costa Rica; two species, of the genera _Chasmorhynchus_ and _Cephalopterus_, are found north of Panama, while there are none in the West Indian islands. Only 2 species are found south of the Amazon valley.

FAMILY 42.--PHYTOTOMIDÆ. (1 Genus, 3 Species.)

The Phytotomidæ, or Plant-cutters, are singular thick-billed birds, strictly confined to the temperate regions of South America. The single genus, _Phytotoma_, is found in Chili, La Plata, and Bolivia. Their affinities are uncertain, but they are believed to be allied to the series of families with which they are here associated. (Plate XVI. Vol. II. p. 128).

FAMILY 43.--EURYLÆMIDÆ. (6 Genera, 9 Species.)

The Eurylæmidæ, or Broad-bills, form a very small family of birds, often adorned with striking colours, and which have their nearest allies in the South American Cotingidæ. They have a very limited distribution, from the lower slopes of the Himalayas through Burmah and Siam, to Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. They are evidently the remains of a once extensive group, and from the small number of specific forms remaining, seem to be on {295}the road to extinction. Thus we may understand their isolated geographical position. The following are the names and distribution of the genera:--

_Eurylæmus_ (2 species), Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; _Corydon_ (1 species), Malacca, Sumatra and Borneo (Plate IX. Vol. I. p. 339); _Psarisomus_ (1 species), Himalayas to Burmah, up to 6,000 feet; _Serilophus_ (2 species), Nepal to Tenasserim; _Cymbirhynchus_ (2 species), Siam to Sumatra and Borneo; _Calyptomena_ (1 species), Penang to Sumatra and Borneo.

FAMILY 44.--DENDROCOLAPTIDÆ. (43 Genera, 217 Species.)

The Dendrocolaptidæ, or American Creepers, are curious brown-coloured birds with more or less rigid tail feathers, strictly confined to the continental Neotropical region, and very numerous in its south-temperate extremity. They are divided by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin into five sub-families, to which I shall confine my remarks on their distribution. The details of the numerous genera, being only interesting to specialists, will be given in the table of genera of the Neotropical region. No less than 13 of the genera are confined to South-Temperate America and the High Andes; 14 are restricted to Tropical South America, while not one is peculiar to Tropical North America, and only 15 of the 43 genera extend into that sub-region, showing that this is one of the pre-eminently South American groups.

Sub-family I. FURNARIINÆ (8 genera, 30 species). Ranges over all South America, 4 genera and 18 species being restricted to the temperate sub-region; one species is found in the Falkland Islands.

Sub-family II. SCLERURINÆ (1 genus, 6 species). Brazil to Guiana, Columbia, and north to Mexico.

Sub-family III. SYNALLAXINÆ (12 genera, 78 species). Ranges from Patagonia to Mexico; 7 genera and 28 species are confined {296}to the temperate sub-region; species occur in the islands of Mas-a-fuera, Trinidad, and Tobago.

Sub-family IV. PHILYDORINÆ (6 genera, 35 species). Confined to Tropical America from Brazil to Mexico; 4 genera and 8 species occur in Tropical North America.

Sub-family V. DENDROCOLAPTINÆ (14 genera, 59 species). Ranges from Chili and La Plata to Mexico; only 3 species occur in the South Temperate sub-region, while 9 of the genera extend into Tropical North America. Two of the continental species occur in the island of Tobago, which, together with Trinidad, forms part of the South American rather than of the true Antillean sub-region.

FAMILY 45.--FORMICARIIDÆ. (32 Genera, 211 Species.)

The Formicariidæ, comprising the Bush-Shrikes and Ant-thrushes, form one of the most exclusively Neotropical families; and the numerous species are rigidly confined to the warm and wooded districts, only a single species extending to La Plata, and none to the Antilles or to the Nearctic region. Less than 30 species are found north of Panama. Messrs. Sclater and Salvin divide the group into three sub-families, whose distribution may be conveniently treated, as in the Dendrocolaptidæ, without enumerating the genera.

Sub-family I. THAMNOPHILINÆ.--(10 genera, 70 species.) One species of _Thamnophilus_ inhabits La Plata; only 3 genera and 12 species are found north of Panama, the species of this sub-family being especially abundant in the Equatorial forest districts.

Sub-family II. FORMICIVORINÆ.--(14 genera, 95 species.) Only 8 species occur north of Panama, and less than one-third of the species belong to the districts south of the Equator.

{297}Sub-family III. FORMICARIINÆ.--(8 genera, 46 species.) About 12 species occur north of Panama, and only 5 south of the Equatorial district.

It appears, therefore, that this extensive family is especially characteristic of that part of South America from the Amazon valley northwards.

FAMILY 46.--PTEROPTOCHIDÆ. (8 Genera, 19 Species.)

The Pteroptochidæ are a group of curious Wren-like birds, almost confined to the temperate regions of South America, extending along the Andes beyond the Equator, and with a few species in South-east Brazil, and one in the valley of the Madeira. The genera are as follows:--

_Scytalopus_ (8 sp.), Chili and West Patagonia to the Andes of Columbia; _Merulaxis_ (1 sp.), South-east Brazil; _Rhinocrypta_ (2 sp.), Northern Patagonia and La Plata; _Lioscelis_ (1 sp.), Madeira valley; _Pteroptochus_ (2 sp.), Chili; _Hylactes_ (3 sp.), Western Patagonia and Chili; _Acropternis_ (1 sp.), Andes of Ecuador and Columbia; _Triptorhinus_ (1 sp.), Chili.

FAMILY 47.--PITTIDÆ. (4 Genera, 40 Species.)

The Pittas comprise a number of beautifully-coloured Thrush-like birds, which, although confined to the Old World, are more nearly allied to the South American Pteroptochidæ than to any other family. They are most abundant in the Malay Archipelago, {298}between the Oriental and Australian divisions of which they are pretty equally divided. They seem, however, to attain their maximum of beauty and variety in the large islands of Borneo and Sumatra; from whence they diminish in numbers in every direction till we find single species only in North China, West Africa, and Australia, The genera here adopted are the following:--

(1087 1088 1090 1092 1093) _Pitta_ (33 sp.), has the range of the family; (1089) _Hydrornis_ (3 sp.), Himalayas and Malaya; _Eucichla_ (3 sp.), Malaya; _Melampitta_ (1 sp.), recently discovered in New Guinea.

FAMILY 48.--PAICTIDÆ. (1 Genus, 2 Species.)

This family was established by Professor Sundevall, for an anomalous bird of Madagascar, which he believes to have some affinity for the American Formicariidæ, but which perhaps comes best near the Pittas. The only genus is _Philepitta_, containing two species.

FAMILY 49.--MENURIDÆ. (1 Genus, 2 Species.)

The Menuridæ, or Lyre Birds, remarkable for the extreme elegance of the lyre-shaped tail in the species first discovered, are birds of a very anomalous structure, and have no near affinity to any other family. Two species of _Menura_ are known, confined to South and East Australia (Plate XII. Vol. I. p. 441).

{299}FAMILY 50.--ATRICHIIDÆ. (1 Genus, 2 Species.)

The genus _Atrichia_, or Scrub-birds of Australia, have been formed into a separate family by Professor Newton, on account of peculiarities in the skeleton which separate them from all other Passeres. Only two species are known, inhabiting East and West Australia respectively. They are very noisy, brown-coloured birds, and have been usually classed with the warblers, near _Amytis_ and other Australian species.

_General remarks on the distribution of the Passeres._

The order Passeres, is the most extensive among birds, comprehending about 5,700 species grouped in 870 genera, and 51 families. The distribution of the genera, and of the families considered individually, has been already sufficiently given, and we now have to consider the peculiarities of distribution of the families collectively, and in their relations to each other, as representing well-marked types of bird-structure. The first thing to be noted is, how very few of these families are truly cosmopolitan; for although there are seven which are found in each of the great regions, yet few of these are widely distributed throughout all the regions, and we can only find three that inhabit every sub-region, and are distributed with tolerable uniformity; these are the Hirundinidæ, or swallows, the Motacillidæ or wagtails and pipits, and the Corvidæ or crows,--but the latter is a family of so heterogeneous a nature, that it possibly contains the materials of several natural families, and if so divided, the parts would probably all cease to be cosmopolitan. The Sylviidæ, the {300}Turdidæ, and the Paridæ, are the only other families that approach universality of distribution, and all these are wanting in one or more sub-regions. If, now, we divide the globe into the New and the Old World, the former including the whole American continent, the latter all the rest of the earth, we find that the Old World possesses exclusively 23 families, the New World exclusively 14, of which 5 are common to North and South America. But if we take the division proposed by Professor Huxley--a northern world, comprising our first four regions (from Nearctic to Oriental), and a southern world comprising our last two regions (the Australian and Neotropical)--we find that the northern division possesses only 5 families exclusively, and the southern division 13 exclusively, of which not one is common to Australia and South America. This plainly indicates that, as far as the Passeres are concerned, the latter bipartite division is not so natural as the former. Again, if we compare temperate with tropical families (not too rigidly, but as regards their general character), we find in the northern hemisphere only two families that have the character of being typically temperate--the Cinclidæ, and in a less degree the Ampelidæ--both of small extent. In the southern hemisphere we have also two, the Phytotomidæ, and in a less degree, the Pteroptochidæ; making two wholly and two mainly temperate families. Of exclusively tropical families on the other hand, we have about 12, and several others that are mainly tropical.

The several regions do not differ greatly in the number of families found in each. The Nearctic has 19, the Palæarctic 21, the Ethiopian 23, the Oriental 28, the Australian 29, and the Neotropical 23. But many of these families are only represented by a few species, or in limited districts; and if we count only those families which are tolerably well represented, and help to form the ornithological character of the region, the richness of the several tropical regions will appear to be (as it really is) comparatively much greater. The families that are confined to single regions are not very numerous, except in the case of the Neotropical region, which has 5. The Australian has only {301}3, the Oriental 1, the Ethiopian 1, and the other regions have no peculiar families.

The distribution of the Passeres may be advantageously considered as divided into the five series of Turdoid, Tanagroid, Sturnoid, Formicarioid, and Anomalous Passeres. The Turdoid Passeres, consisting of the first 23 families, are especially characteristic of the Old World, none being found exclusively in America, and only two or three being at all abundant there. The Tanagroid Passeres (Families 24-33) are very characteristic of the New World, five being confined to it, and three others being quite as abundant there as in the Old World; while there is not a single exclusively Old World family in the series, except the Drepanididæ confined to the Sandwich Islands. The Sturnoid Passeres (Families 34-38) are all exclusively Old World, except that two larks inhabit parts of North America, and a few pipits South America. The Formicarioid Passeres (Families 39-48) are strikingly characteristic of the New World, to which seven of the families exclusively belong; the two Old World groups being small, and with a very restricted distribution. The Anomalous Passeres (Families 49-50) are confined to Australia.

The most remarkable feature in the geographical distribution of the Passeres is the richness of the American continent, and the large development of characteristic types that occurs there. The fact that America possesses 14 altogether peculiar families, while no less than 23 Old-World families are entirely absent from it, plainly indicates, that, if this division does not represent the most ancient and radical separation of the land surface of the globe, it must still be one of very great antiquity, and have modified in a very marked way the distribution of all living things. Not less remarkable is the richness in specific forms of the 13 peculiar American families. These contain no less than 1,570 species, leaving only about 500 American species in the 13 other Passerine families represented in the New World. If we make a deduction for those Nearctic species which occur only north of Panama, we may estimate the truly Neotropical species of Passerine birds at 1,900, which is almost exactly {302}_one-third_ of the total number of Passeres; a wonderful illustration of the Ornithological riches of South America.

_Order II.--PICARIÆ._

FAMILY 51.--PICIDÆ. (36 Genera, 320 Species.)

The Woodpeckers are very widely distributed, being only absent from the Australian region beyond Celebes and Flores. They are most abundant in the Neotropical and Oriental regions, both of which possess a number of peculiar genera; while the other regions possess few or no peculiar forms, even the Ethiopian region having only three genera not found elsewhere. The soft-tailed Picumninæ inhabit the tropical regions only, _Picumnus_ being Neotropical, _Vivia_ and _Sasia_ Oriental, and _Verreauxia_ Ethiopian. _Picoides_, or _Apternus_, is an Arctic form peculiar to the Nearctic and Palæarctic regions. _Celeus_, _Chrysoptilus_, _Chloronerpes_, and some smaller genera, are Neotropical exclusively, and there are two peculiar forms in Cuba. _Yungipicus_, _Chrysocolaptes_, _Hemicercus_, _Mulleripicus_, _Brachypternus_, _Tiga_, and _Micropternus_, are the most important of the peculiar Oriental genera. _Dendropicus_ and _Geocolaptes_ are Ethiopian; but there are no woodpeckers in Madagascar. The Palæarctic woodpeckers belong to the genera _Picus_--which is widely distributed, _Gecinus_--which is an Oriental form, and _Dryocopus_--which is South American. Except _Picoides_, the Nearctic woodpeckers are mostly of Neotropical genera; but _Sphyrapicus_ and _Hylatomus_ are peculiar. The geological record is, as yet, almost silent as to this family; but remains doubtfully referred to it have been found in the Miocene of Europe and the Eocene of the United States. Yet the group is evidently one of very high antiquity, as is shown by {303}its extreme isolation, its great specialization of structure, its abundant generic forms, and its wide distribution. It originated, probably, in Central Asia, and passed through, the Nearctic region to South America, in whose rich and varied forests it found the conditions for rapid development, and for the specialization of the many generic forms now found there.

A large number of genera have been established by various authors, but their limitations and affinities are not very well made out. Those which seem best established are the following:--

(2107-2112) _Picumnus_ (22 sp.). Tropical South America to Honduras; (2113) _Vivia_ (1 sp.), Himalayas to East Thibet; (2114) _Sasia_ (2 sp.), Nepal to Java; (2115) _Verreauxia_ (1 sp.), West Africa; _Picoides_ (5 sp.), northern parts of Nearctic and Palæarctic regions, and Mountains of East Thibet; _Picus_ (42 sp.), the whole Palæarctic, Oriental, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions; (2123) _Hyopicus_ (2 sp.), Himalayas and North China; (2124) _Yungipicus_ (16 sp.), Oriental region, and to Flores, Celebes, North China, and Japan; (2127-2129) _Sphyrapicus_ (7 sp.), Nearctic region, Mexico, and Bolivia; (2130-2133 2139) _Campephilus_ (14 sp.), Neotropical and Nearctic regions; _Hylatomus_ (1 sp.), Nearctic region; (2137 2140) _Dryocopus_ (5 sp.), Mexico to South Brazil, Central and Northern Europe; (2134) _Reinwardtipicus_ (1 sp.), Penang to Borneo; (2135 2136) _Venilia_ (2 sp.), Nepal to Borneo; _Chrysocolaptes_ (8 sp.), India and Indo-Malaya; _Dendropicus_ (16 sp.), Tropical and South Africa; _Hemicercus_ (5 sp.), Malabar and Pegu to Malaya; _Gecinus_ (18 sp.), Palæarctic and Oriental regions to Java; (2151-2156) _Dendromus_ (15 sp.), West and South Africa, Zanzibar, and Abyssinia; (2157-2159) _Mulleripicus_ (6 sp.), Malabar, Pegu, Indo-Malaya, and Celebes; _Celeus_ (17 sp.), Paraguay to Mexico; _Nesoceleus_ (sp. 8833) Cuba; (2162) _Chrysoptilus_ (9 sp.), Chili and South Brazil to Mexico; _Brachypternus_ (5 sp.), India, Ceylon, and China; (2165 2166) _Tiga_ (5 sp.), all India to Malaya; (2167) _Gecinulus_ (2 sp.), South-east Himalayas to Burmah; _Centurus_ (13 sp.), Nearctic Region to Antilles and Venezuela; _Chloronerpes_ (35 sp.), Tropical America, Hayti; (2171) _Xiphidiopicus_ (1 sp.), Cuba; _Melanerpes_ (11 sp.), Brazil to {304}Canada, Porto Rico; _Leuconerpes_ (1 sp.), Bolivia to North Brazil; _Colaptes_ (9 sp.), La Plata and Bolivia to Arctic America, Greater Antilles; _Hypoxanthus_ (1 sp.), Venezuela and Ecuador; (2187) _Geocolaptes_ (1 sp.), South Africa; _Miglyptes_ (3 sp.), Malaya; _Micropternus_ (8 sp.), India and Ceylon to South China, Sumatra and Borneo.

FAMILY 52.--YUNGIDÆ. (1 Genus, 5 Species.)

The Wrynecks (_Yunx_), which constitute this family, are small tree-creeping birds characteristic of the Palæarctic region, but extending into North and East Africa, over the greater part of the peninsula of India (but not to Ceylon), and just reaching the lower ranges of the Himalayas. There is also one species isolated in South Africa.

FAMILY 53.--INDICATORIDÆ. (1 Genus, 12 Species.)

The Honey-guides (_Indicator_) constitute a small family of doubtful affinities; perhaps most nearly allied to the woodpeckers and barbets. They catch bees and sometimes kill small birds; and some of the species are parasitical like the cuckoo. Their distribution is very interesting, as they are found in every part of the Ethiopian region, except Madagascar, and in the Oriental region only in Sikhim and Borneo, being absent from the peninsula of India which is nearest, both geographically and zoologically, to Africa.

{305}FAMILY 54.--MEGALÆMIDÆ. (13 Genera, 81 Species.)

The Megalæmidæ, or Barbets, consist of rather small, fruit-eating birds, of heavy ungraceful shape, but adorned with the most gaudy colours, especially about the head and neck. They form a very isolated family; their nearest allies being, perhaps, the still more isolated Toucans of South America. Barbets are found in all the tropics except Australia, but are especially characteristic of the great Equatorial forest-zone; all the most remarkable forms being confined to Equatorial America, West Africa, and the Indo-Malay Islands. They are most abundant in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions, and in the latter are universally distributed.

In the beautiful monograph of this family by the Messrs. Marshall, the barbets are divided into three sub-families, as follows:--

Pogonorhynchinæ (3 genera, 15 sp.), which are Ethiopian except the 2 species of _Tetragonops_, which are Neotropical; Megalæminæ (6 genera, 45 sp.), which are Oriental and Ethiopian; and Capitoninæ (4 genera, 18 sp.), common to the three regions.

The genera are each confined to a single region. Africa possesses the largest number of peculiar forms, while the Oriental region is richest in species.

This is probably a very ancient group, and its existing distribution may be due to its former range over the Miocene South Palæarctic land, which we know possessed Trogons, Parrots, Apes, and Tapirs, groups which are now equally abundant in Equatorial countries.

{306}The following is a tabular view of the genera with their distribution:--

FAMILY 55.--RHAMPHASTIDÆ. (5 Genera, 51 Species.)

The Toucans form one of the most remarkable and characteristic families of the Neotropical region, to which they are strictly confined. They differ from all other birds by their long feathered tongues, their huge yet elegant bills, and the peculiar texture and coloration of their plumage. Being fruit-eaters, and strictly adapted for an arboreal life, they are not found beyond the forest regions; but they nevertheless range from Mexico to Paraguay, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. One genus, {307}_Andigena_, is confined to the forest slopes of the South American Andes. The genera are:--

_Rhamphastos_ (12 sp.), Mexico to South Brazil; _Pteroglossus_ (16 sp.), Nicaragua to South Brazil (Plate XV. Vol. II. p. 28); _Selenidera_ (7 sp.), Veragua to Brazil, east of the Andes; _Andigena_ (6 sp.), the Andes, from Columbia to Bolivia, and West Brazil; _Aulacorhamphus_ (10 sp.), Mexico to Peru and Bolivia.

FAMILY 56.--MUSOPHAGIDÆ. (2 Genera, 18 Species.)

The Musophagidæ, or Plantain-eaters and Turacos, are handsome birds, somewhat intermediate between Toucans and Cuckoos. They are confined to the Ethiopian region and are most abundant in West Africa. The Plantain eaters (_Musophaga_, 2 sp.), are confined to West Africa; the Turacos (_Turacus_, 16 sp., including the sub-genera _Corythaix_ and _Schizorhis_) range over all Africa from Abyssinia to the Cape (Plate V. Vol. I. p. 264).

FAMILY 57.--COLIIDÆ. (1 Genus, 7 Species.)

The Colies, consisting of the single genus _Colius_, are an anomalous group of small finch-like birds, occuping a position between the Picariæ and Passeres, but of very doubtful affinities. Their range is nearly identical with that of the Musophagidæ, but they are most abundant in South and East Africa.

{308}FAMILY 58.--CUCULIDÆ. (35 Genera, 180 Species.)

The Cuculidæ, of which our well-known Cuckoo is one of the most widely distributed types, are essentially a tropical group of weak insectivorous birds, abounding in varied forms in all the warmer parts of the globe, but very scarce or only appearing as migrants in the temperate and colder zones. Many of the smaller Eastern species are adorned with the most intense golden or violet metallic lustre, while some of the larger forms have gaily-coloured bills or bare patches of bright red on the cheeks. Many of the cuckoos of the Eastern Hemisphere are parasitic, laying their eggs in other birds' nests; and they are also remarkable for the manner in which they resemble other birds, as hawks, pheasants, or drongo-shrikes. The distribution of the Cuckoo family is rather remarkable. They abound most in the Oriental region, which produces no less than 18 genera, of which 11 are peculiar; the Australian has 8, most of which are also Oriental, but 3 are peculiar, one of these being confined to Celebes and closely allied to an Oriental group; the Ethiopian region has only 7 genera, all of which are Oriental but three, 2 of these being peculiar to Madagascar, and the other common to Madagascar and Africa. America has 11 genera, all quite distinct from those of the Eastern Hemisphere, and only three enter the Nearctic region, one species extending to Canada.

Remembering our conclusions as to the early history of the several regions, these facts enable us to indicate, with considerable probability, the origin and mode of dispersal of the cuckoos. They were almost certainly developed in the Oriental and Palæarctic regions, but reached the Neotropical at a very early date, where they have since been completely isolated. Africa must have long remained without cuckoos, the earliest immigration {309}being to Madagascar at the time of the approximation of that sub-region to Ceylon and Malaya. A later infusion of Oriental forms took place probably by way of Arabia and Persia, when those countries were more fertile and perhaps more extensive. Australia has also received its cuckoos at a somewhat late date, a few having reached the Austro-Malay Islands somewhat earlier.

The classification of the family is somewhat unsettled. For the American genera I follow Messrs. Sclater and Salvin; and, for those of the Old World, Mr. Sharpe's suggestive paper in the _Proceedings of the Zoological Society_, 1873, p. 600. The following is the distribution of the various genera:--

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The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 2Chapter XXIII: Part IV: Geographical Zoology (5)

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