Chapter XXXIII: Conclusion (2)

Distribution, affected by climate, i. 5
affected by physical features, i. 5
contrasts of, in similar climates, i. 5
similarities of, in diverse climates, i. 6
barriers as affecting, i. 6
study of, dependent on a good classification, i. 83
of animals an adjunct to geology, i. 8
of animals requires certain preliminary studies, i. 8
of animals dependent on physical geography, i. 35
of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, i. 40
of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, i. 43
of animals, as affected by organic changes, i. 44
of animals, hypothetical illustration of, i. 46
of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, i. 49
of animals, problems in, i. 51
of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, i. 42

_Distrigus_, ii. 490

_Diuca_, ii. 284

_Diucopis_, ii. 99

_Diva_, ii. 98

Divers, ii. 366

_Docimastes_, ii. 108

Dodo of Mauritius, i. 282
ii. 334

_Dodona_, ii. 475

_Dolerisca_, ii. 107

_Dolichodon_, ii. 208

_Dolichonyx_, ii. 282

_Dolichopterus_, European Miocene, i. 162

_Dolichotis_, ii. 241

_Doliophis_, ii. 383

_Dolium_, ii. 507

_Dommina_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Donacobius_, ii. 264

_Donacola_, ii. 287

_Donacospiza_, ii. 284

_Doras_, ii. 443

_Dorcatherium_, European Miocene, i. 120

_Dorcopsis_, ii. 251

_Dorcus_, ii. 493

_Doricha_, ii. 108

DORIDÆ, ii. 530

_Doritis_, ii. 479

Dormice, ii. 232

_Doryichthys_, ii. 457

_Doryphora_, ii. 107

Douroucoulis, ii. 175

_Draco_, ii. 402

_Dremotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 218

DREPANIDIDÆ, ii. 277

_Drepanis_, ii. 277

_Drepanornis_, ii. 275
ii. 276

Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, i. 193

_Drimostoma_, ii. 489

_Dromæus_, ii. 368

_Dromas_, ii. 356

_Dromatherium_, N. American Triassic, i. 134
oldest American mammal, i. 160

_Dromica_, ii. 486, 487

_Dromicia_, ii. 252

_Dromicus_, ii. 375

_Dromius_, ii. 489

_Dromococcyx_, ii. 309

_Dromolæa_, ii. 260

_Dromophis_, ii. 377

Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, i. 340
ii. 269

DRYADINÆ, ii. 375

DRYIOPHIDÆ, ii. 379

_Dryiophis_, ii. 379

_Drymocataphus_, ii. 261

_Drymodes_, ii. 259

_Drymoeca_, ii. 257

DRYMOECINÆ, ii. 257

_Drymomys_, ii. 230

_Drymornis_, ii. 103

_Dryocopus_, ii. 303

_Dryopithecus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 178

_Dryospiza_, ii. 284

_Dryotriorchis_, ii. 348

_Dubusia_, ii. 98

Ducks, ii. 363

_Dulus_, ii. 280

_Dumerilia_, ii. 408

_Dumetia_, ii. 261

_Dumeticola_, ii. 258

Duncan, Dr., on fossil corals of the Antilles, ii. 21

_D'Urbania_, ii. 477

Dwarf-ground snakes, ii. 374

_Dynastor_, ii. 472

_Dyschirus_, ii. 489

_Dysauxis_, ii. 481

_Dysithamnus_, ii. 104

_Dysopes_, ii. 184

E.

Eagles, ii. 347

Eared Seals, ii. 202

Ear-shells, ii. 511

East Africa, geographical features of, i. 258
wide range of genera and species over, i. 259
few special types in, i. 260

East African sub-region, description of, i. 258
genera and species ranging over the whole of, i. 259
mammalia of, i. 260
birds of, i. 260
reptiles of, i. 260
amphibia and fishes of, i. 260
insects of, i. 260
few peculiar types in, i. 260
illustration of zoology of, i. 261

East Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 440

East Thibet, mammalia of, i. 222

Eaton, Rev., A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, i. 211

_Eburna_, ii. 507

_Echidna_, ii. 254

ECHIDNIDÆ, ii. 254

_Echimyidæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145

ECHIMYIDÆ, ii. 238

_Echimys_, ii. 239

_Echinogale_, European Miocene, i. 118

_Echinops_, ii. 188, 189

_Echinorhinus_, ii. 461

_Echiothrix_, ii. 230

_Echis_, ii. 386

_Eclectus_, ii. 326

_Ectognathus_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Ectopistes_, ii. 332

_Edentata_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Pliocene, i. 140
of Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147

Edentata, classification of, i. 90
probable birthplace of, i. 155
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 305
range of Oriental genus of, i. 375

EDENTATA, ii. 244
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 247
summary and conclusion, ii. 543

_Ega_, ii. 490

_Egerina_, ii. 397

_Elainea_, ii. 101, 291

ELAINEINÆ, ii. 291

_Elania_, ii. 397

_Elanoides_, ii. 349

_Elanus_, ii. 349

_Elaphodus_, ii. 220

_Elaphrus_, ii. 489

ELAPIDÆ, ii. 382

_Elapochrus_, ii. 375

_Elaps_, ii. 383

_Elapsoidea_, ii. 383

_Elasmognathus_, ii. 212

_Electra_, ii. 209

ELEPHANTIDÆ, ii. 227

Elephants, fossil, of Indian Miocene, i. 123
fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, i. 130
birthplace and migrations of, i. 155
ii. 227

Elephant shrews, S. African, i. 267
ii. 186

_Elephas_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
fossil in N. China, i. 123
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 227

_Eliomys_, ii. 232

Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, i. 415
on classification of the birds of paradise, ii. 274

_Ellipesurus_, ii. 463

_Ellipsoglossa_, ii. 413

_Ellisia_, ii. 258

_Ellobius_, ii. 231

_Elminia_, ii. 271

_Elodina_, ii. 478

_Elopichthys_, ii. 453

_Elornis_, European Miocene, i. 162

_Elosia_, ii. 419

_Elotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137, 139
ii. 215, 216

_Elseya_, ii. 408

Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, i. 204
on true relations of the birds of Central India, i. 323

_Elymnias_, ii. 471

ELYMNIIDÆ, ii. 471

ELSIADÆ, ii. 530

_Embasis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Emberiza_, ii. 285

EMBERIZINÆ, ii. 285

_Emberizoides_, ii. 284

_Emblema_, ii. 287

_Embernagra_, ii. 284

EMBROTOCIDÆ, ii. 438

_Emesis_, ii. 476

Emeu, figure of, i. 441

Emeus, ii. 368

_Emminia_, ii. 390

_Empidagra_, ii. 101

_Empidias_, ii. 102, 291

_Empidochanes_, ii. 102

_Empidonax_, ii. 102, 291

_Empidonomus_, ii. 102

_Emyda_, ii. 409

_Emydida_, Indian Miocene, i. 123

_Emydocephalus_, ii. 384

_Emys_, Indian Miocene, i. 123
Miocene and Eocene, i. 165
ii. 408

_Enes_, ii. 501

_Engystoma_, ii. 416

ENGYSTOMIDÆ, ii. 416

_Enhydrina_, ii. 384

_Enhydrion_, Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 200

_Enhydris_, ii. 199

_Enicurus_, ii. 263

_Enispe_, ii. 472

_Enodes_, ii. 288

_Enophrys_, ii. 375

_Ensophleus_, ii. 420

_Entelopes_, ii. 501

_Entomiza_, ii. 276

_Entomophila_, ii. 275

_Enygrus_, ii. 381

_Eobasileus_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

Eocene period, i. 124
fauna of S. America, i. 148

_Eophona_, ii. 284

_Eopsaltria_, ii. 271

_Eos_, ii. 327

_Epalzeorhynchus_, ii. 451

_Ephemera_, from the Lias, i. 167

_Ephthianura_, ii. 260

_Epicalia_, ii. 474

_Epicrates_, ii. 381

EPIMACHINÆ, ii. 275

_Epimachus_, ii. 275

_Epiodon_, ii. 208

_Epirhixis_, ii. 419

_Epitola_, ii. 477

_Eporeodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

EQUIDÆ, ii. 211

_Equidæ_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Eocene, i. 125

_Equus_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Post-Pliocene, i. 112
Indian Miocene, i. 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
ii. 211

_Erebia_, ii. 471

_Eremias_, ii. 391

_Eremomela_, ii. 258

_Eremophilus_, ii. 444

_Ereptodon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130

_Eresia_, ii. 474

_Erethistes_, ii. 444

_Erethizon_, ii. 239

_Ereunetes_, ii. 353

_Ergaticus_, ii. 279

_Ergolis_, ii. 474

_Ericulus_, ii. 188

_Ericymba_, ii. 452

ERINACEIDÆ, ii. 187

_Erinaceus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 187

_Eriocnemis_, ii. 109

_Eriodes_, ii. 174

_Erismatura_, ii. 364

_Erithacus_, ii. 259

_Eroessa_, ii. 258

_Eronia_, ii. 478

_Erpornis_, ii. 267

ERYCIDÆ, ii. 381

ERYCINIDÆ, ii. 476

_Erynnis_, ii. 480

_Erythrinus_, ii. 445

_Erythrocercus_, ii. 270

_Erythrocnema_, ii. 347

_Erythrogonys_, ii. 356

_Erythrolampus_, ii. 375

_Erythromachus_ of Rodriguez, i. 164
ii. 352

_Erythrospiza_, ii. 285

_Erythrosterna_, ii. 270

_Erythrura_, ii. 387

_Eryx_, ii. 382

ESOCIDÆ, ii. 449

_Esox_, ii. 449

_Esthemopsis_, ii. 476

_Esthonyx_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Estrilda_, ii. 286

_Etheria_, ii. 534

Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, i. 63
defined, i. 73
subdivisions of, i. 73
general features of, i. 251
zoological characteristics of, i. 252
mammalia of, i. 253
great speciality of, i. 253
birds of, i. 253
reptiles of, i. 254
amphibia of, i. 255
fresh-water fish of, i. 255
summary of vertebrates of, i. 255
insects of, i. 255
coleoptera of, i. 256
terrestrial mollusca of, i. 257
sub-regions of, i. 258
Atlantic islands of, i. 269
the probable past history of, i. 285
tables of distribution of animals of, i. 293

_Euanemus_, ii. 443

_Eubagis_, ii. 474

_Eucephala_, ii. 109

_Euchætes_, ii. 98

_Eucometis_, ii. 99

_Euchromia_, ii. 481

_Eucichla_, ii. 298

_Euclyptosternum_, ii. 443

_Eudromias_, ii. 356

_Eudynamis_, ii. 310

_Eudyptes_, ii. 366

_Eueides_, ii. 473

_Eugenes_, ii. 107

_Eugenia_, ii. 107

_Euhyrax_, ii. 229

_Eulabeornis_, ii. 352

_Eulabes_, ii. 287

_Eulampis_, ii. 107

_Eumæus_, ii. 477

_Eumeces_, ii. 397

_Eumetopias_, ii. 203

_Eumomota_, ii. 313

_Eumys_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 231

_Eumyias_, ii. 270

_Eunectes_, ii. 381

_Eunica_, ii. 474

_Eunogyra_, ii. 475

_Eupetes_, ii. 263

_Eupetomena_, ii. 107

_Euphema_, ii. 325

_Eupherusa_, ii. 109

_Euphonia_, ii. 98

_Euphractus_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Euphryne_, ii. 401

_Euphysetes_, ii. 208

_Eupleres_, ii. 195

_Euploea_, ii. 470

EUPLOCAMINÆ, ii. 340

_Euplocamus_, ii. 340

_Eupodotis_, ii. 356

_Euprepes_, ii. 397

_Eupsychortyx_, ii. 339

_Euptilotis_, ii. 314

_Euptychia_, ii. 471

_Eurinorhynchus_, ii. 353

_Eurocephalus_, ii. 272

Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, i. 39
Miocene fauna of Central, i. 117
Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa,
i. 124

European sub-region, description of, i. 191
forests of, i. 192
mammalia of, i. 192
birds of, i. 193
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 195
fresh-water fish of, i. 196
insects of, i. 196
islands of, i. 197

_Eurostopodus_, ii. 320

_Euryades_, ii. 479

_Euryapteryx_, ii. 370

_Euryarthrium_, ii. 501

_Eurybia_, ii. 475

Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278

_Euryceros_, ii. 288

_Eurycus_, ii. 479

_Eurygona_, ii. 476

EURYGONIDÆ, ii. 476

EURYLÆMIDÆ, ii. 294

_Eurylæmus_, ii. 295

_Euryodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 246

_Euryphene_, ii. 474

_Eurypyga_, ii. 358

EURYPYGIDÆ, ii. 358

_Eurystomus_, ii. 312

_Eurytela_, ii. 474

_Eurytherium_, European Eocene, i. 126

_Eurytrichus_, ii. 490

_Euscarthmus_, ii. 101

_Euschemon_, ii. 480
ii. 481

_Eusemia_, ii. 482

_Euspiza_, ii. 285

_Eustephanus_, ii. 108

_Eustira_, ii. 453

_Eutatus_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 246

_Eutelodon_, European Eocene, i. 126

_Eutemnodus_, S. American Eocene, i. 148

_Euterpe_, ii. 285

_Euthyrhynchus_, ii. 276

_Eutoxeres_, ii. 107

_Eutriorchis_, ii. 348

_Eutropia_, ii. 209

_Eutropiichthys_, ii. 441

_Eutropius_, ii. 442

_Eutroplus_, ii. 438

_Exocetus_, ii. 449

_Exoglossum_, ii. 452

_Exostoma_, ii. 444

Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, i. 126
mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, i. 140
mammalia of the Antilles, i. 148
mammalia of the Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, i. 148
fauna of New Zealand, i. 459
Amphibia, ii. 423
Ant-eaters, ii. 247
Armadillos, ii. 246
Bovidæ, ii. 225
Bradypodidæ, ii. 245
Camelidæ, ii. 217
Camelopardalidæ, ii. 221
Canidæ, ii. 197
Castoridæ, ii. 234
Caviidæ, ii. 241
Centetidæ, ii. 189
Cercolabidæ, ii. 240
Cetacea, ii. 209
Chinchillidæ, ii. 237
Chiroptera, ii. 185
Crocodiles, ii. 407
Deer, ii. 220
Didelphyidæ, ii. 249
Dipodidæ, ii. 232
Echidnidæ, ii. 254
Echimyidæ, ii. 239
Elephants, ii. 227
Equidæ, ii. 211
Erinaceidæ, ii. 188
Felidæ, ii. 193
Hippopotami, ii. 214
Hyænas, ii. 196
Hystricidæ, ii. 240
Insectivora, ii. 192
Lacertilia, ii. 404
Lagomyidæ, ii. 242
Leporidæ, ii. 243
Macropodidæ, ii. 251
Muridæ, ii. 230
Mustelidæ, ii. 199
Myoxidæ, ii. 232
Octodontidæ, ii. 238
Ophidia, ii. 387
Orycteropodidæ, ii. 246
Otariidæ, ii. 203
Procyonidæ, ii. 201
Quadrumana, ii. 178
Rallidæ, ii. 252
Rhinocerotidæ, ii. 213
Sciuridæ, ii. 236
Seals, ii. 204
Sirenia, ii. 210
Struthionidæ, ii. 369
Suidæ, ii. 215
Talpidæ, ii. 190
Tapirs, ii. 212
Tortoises, ii. 410
Tragulidæ, ii. 218
Tupaiidæ, ii. 186
Ursidæ, ii. 202
Viverridæ, ii. 195

Extinction of large animals, causes of, i. 158

F.

_Falcinellus_, ii. 360

_Falco_, ii. 349

FALCONIDÆ, ii. 347

FALCONINÆ, ii. 349

Falcons, ii. 347

_Falculia_, ii. 228

Falkland Islands, zoology of, ii. 49

Fanged ground-snakes, ii. 380

_Farancia_, ii. 377

Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, i. 230
of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, i. 231
extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, i. 282
Malayan, probable origin of, i. 359
Moluccan, peculiarities of, i. 419
Timorese, origin of, i. 422
of Celebes, origin of, i. 436
of New Zealand, origin of, i. 460
of Galapagos, origin of, ii. 33
of Central America, origin of, ii. 57
of Antilles, origin of, ii. 78
of Neotropical region, origin of, ii. 80

FELIDÆ, ii. 192

_Felis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 193

_Felis spelæa_, i. 110

_Feniseca_, ii. 477

_Fennecus_, ii. 197

_Ferania_, ii. 376

Fernando Po, zoological features of, i. 265

_Feroculus_, ii. 191

_Fiber_, ii. 230

_Figulus_, ii. 493

Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, i. 443

Finches, ii. 283

FIROLIDÆ, ii. 531

Fishes, means of dispersal of, i. 29
classification of, i. 101
cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176
of the Palæarctic region, i. 186
of the European sub-region, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227
fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, i. 227
of the Ethiopian region, i. 255
of South Africa, i. 268
fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, i. 298
fresh-water, of the Oriental region, i. 318
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 341
fresh-water, table of Oriental families of i. 369
fresh-water, of the Australian region, i. 397
fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, i. 400
how the transmission may have taken place, i. 401
fresh-water, of New Zealand, i. 457
fresh-water, table of Neotropical families of, ii. 89
of Central N. America, ii. 131
of Eastern United States, ii. 134
of Canada, ii. 137
fresh-water, table of Nearctic families of, ii. 143
remarks on the distribution of, ii. 464
fossil, ii. 466

Fishing-hawks, ii. 349

FISSURELLIDÆ, ii. 511

FISTULARIDÆ, ii. 436

_Fitzroya_, ii. 450

Flamingoes, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 361

Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, i. 462
fossil of Australia, i. 467

Floras, cretaceous and tertiary, of North America, ii. 155

_Florisuga_, ii. 107

Flower-peckers, ii. 277

Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, i. 85
classification of carnivora, i. 87

_Fluvicola_, ii. 100

Flycatchers, ii. 270

Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, i. 337
ii. 186

Flying Lizards, ii. 401

Flying Opossum, figure of, i. 442

_Fordonia_, ii. 376

Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, i. 192
Siberian, greatest extent of, i. 216

FORMICARIIDÆ, ii. 297

FORMICARIINÆ, ii. 298

_Formicarius_, ii. 104

_Formicivora_, ii. 104

FORMICIVORINÆ, ii. 297

Formosa, zoology of, i. 332

_Fossa_, ii. 195

_Foudia_, ii. 286

_Francolinus_, ii. 338

_Fraseria_, ii. 272

_Fratercula_, ii. 367

_Fregetta_, ii. 365

_Fregilupus_, ii. 288

_Fregilus_, ii. 274

Fresh-water fishes, Neotropical, ii. 12
of S. Temperate America, ii. 42
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54
of the Antilles, ii. 73
of the Nearctic region, ii. 120
of California, ii. 128
summary and conclusion, ii. 549

Fresh-water mussels, ii. 534
shell, the most Arctic, ii. 518
snakes, ii. 376
snails, ii. 518

_Fringilla_, ii. 283

_Fringillaria_, ii. 285

_Fringillauda_, ii. 282

FRINGILLIDÆ, ii. 284

Frog-mouths, ii. 318

Frogs, ii. 420

_Fulica_, ii. 352

_Fuligula_, ii. 364

_Fulmarus_, ii. 365

_Fundulus_, ii. 450

FURNARIINÆ, ii. 295

_Furnarius_, ii. 103

_Fusus_, ii. 507

G.

GADIDÆ, ii. 439

GADOPSIDÆ, ii. 439

_Gadus_, ii. 439

_Galago_, ii. 177

Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, i. 463

Galapagos islands, ii. 29
mammalia of, ii. 29
birds of, ii. 30
reptiles of, ii. 32
insects of, ii. 33
land-shells of, ii. 33
conclusions as to the origin of their fauna, ii. 33

_Galatea_, ii. 536

_Galaxias_, ii. 448

GALAXIDÆ, ii. 448

_Galbalcyrhynchus_, ii. 311

_Galbula_, ii. 311

GALBULIDÆ, ii. 311

_Galecynus_, in European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 198

_Galeichthys_, ii. 443

GALEOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 186

_Galeoscoptes_, ii. 256

_Galeospalax_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 190

_Galeotherium_, Post-Pliocene, i. 111

_Galera_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130

_Galerella_, ii. 195

_Galerita_, ii. 289
ii. 490

_Galerix_, ii. 188

_Galethylax_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 198

_Galeus_, ii. 460

_Galictis_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 199

_Galidia_, ii. 195

_Galidictis_, ii. 195

Gallinæ, classification of, i. 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311
range of Oriental genera of, i. 384
range of Australian genera of, i. 485

GALLINÆ, ii. 337
ii. 340
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 344

_Gallinago_, ii. 353

_Gallinula_, ii. 352

_Gallus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
ii. 340

_Gallus bravardi_, European Pliocene, i. 161

_Galogale_, ii. 195

_Gambusia_, ii. 450

_Gampsonyx_, ii. 349

_Gampsorhynchus_, ii. 261

Gannets, ii. 365

GANOIDEI, ii. 458

Gape-eyed Scinks, ii. 395

Gar-fish, ii. 459

Garrod, Professor, on the Classification of Parrots, ii. 324

_Garrulax_, ii. 261

_Garrulus_, ii. 273

GASTEROPODA, ii. 507

GASTEROSTEIDÆ, ii. 424

_Gasterosteus_, ii. 424

_Gastornis_, European Eocene, i. 163

GASTROCHÆNIDÆ, ii. 537

_Gastropelecus_, ii. 445

GAVIALIDÆ, ii. 405

_Gavialis_, ii. 405

Gavials, ii. 405

_Gazella_, ii. 223

GAZELLINÆ, ii. 223

_Gazera_, ii. 481

_Gecinulus_, ii. 303

_Gecinus_, ii. 303

_Gecko_, ii. 399

GECKOTIDÆ, ii. 399

Geese, ii. 363

_Gehyra_, ii. 400

Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, i. 132

_Genetta_, ii. 195

_Genidens_, ii. 443

_Geobates_, ii. 103

_Geobiastes_, ii. 312

_Geocichla_, ii. 256

_Geococcyx_, ii. 309

_Geocolaptes_, ii. 304

GEODEPHAGA, ii. 486

_Geoffroyus_, ii. 326

Geographical zoology, introduction, ii. 167
materials for, ii. 168

Geological history of Oriental region, i. 362

Geology and Physical Geography of the Antilles, ii. 62, 79

_Geomelania_, ii. 519

_Geomys_, ii. 233

_Geopelia_, ii. 332

_Geophaps_, ii. 333

_Geophagus_, ii. 439

_Geopsittacus_, ii. 325

_Georissa_, ii. 522

_Georychus_, ii. 231

_Geositta_, ii. 103

_Geospiza_, ii. 284

_Geothlypis_, ii. 279

_Geotrochus_, ii. 523

_Geotryon_, ii. 333

_Geotrypus_, ii. 190

_Geranospiza_, ii. 347

_Gerbillus_, ii. 230
ii. 232

_Geronticus_, ii. 360

_Gerrhonotus_, ii. 392

_Gerrhosaurus_, ii. 392

GERRIDÆ, ii. 438

_Gervasia_, ii. 260

_Gerygone_, ii. 258

Giant-Clams, ii. 534

Gibbon, ii. 171

Gibraltar, cave fauna of, i. 114

Giraffes, ii. 221

_Girardinus_, ii. 450

Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, i. 40
as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones,
since Pliocene times, i. 151
probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, i. 151
causing a general subsidence of the ocean, i. 152

_Glandina_, Eocene, i. 169
ii. 515

_Glareola_, ii. 355

GLAREOLIDÆ, ii. 355

_Glaucis_, ii. 107

_Glaucidium_, ii. 350

_Glauconeza_, ii. 536

_Glaucopis_, ii. 481

_Gliciphila_, ii. 275

_Glis_, ii. 232

_Globiocephalus_, ii. 209

_Glossoptila_, ii. 278

_Glossotherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 247

_Glycimeris_, ii. 536

_Glyphidodon_, ii. 437

_Glyphoglossus_, ii. 416

_Glyphorhynchus_, ii. 103

_Glyptodon_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Glyptosternum_, ii. 443

_Gnaphodes_, ii. 471

_Gnathodon_, ii. 536

_Gnathopsis_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

Goats, Palæarctic, i. 182
ii. 221

Goat-suckers, ii. 519

GOBIESOCIDÆ, ii. 436

GOBIIDÆ, ii. 430

_Gobio_, ii. 452

_Gobius_, ii. 430

Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, i. 207

Golden Moles, S. African, i. 267

_Goliathi_, ii. 494

_Gonepteryx_, ii. 478

_Goniodactylus_, ii. 400

_Gongylophis_, ii. 382

_Gonorhynchidæ_, ii. 453

_Gonyocephalus_, ii. 402

_Gonyosoma_, ii. 379

_Gouldia_, ii. 107

_Goura_, ii. 333

_Graculavus_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164

Grallæ, arrangement of, i. 97
peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, i. 249
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, i. 31
peculiar Oriental genera of, i. 386
peculiar Australian genera of, i. 484

GRALLÆ, ii. 351
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 362

_Grallaria_, ii. 104

_Grallaricula_, ii. 104

_Grallina_, ii. 273

_Grammatophorus_, ii. 402

_Grammatoptila_, ii. 261

_Grampus_, ii. 209

_Granatellus_, ii. 279

_Grandala_, ii. 259

_Graphidurus_, ii. 232

_Graphipterus_, ii. 491

_Graucalus_, ii. 268

Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, i. 88

_Grayia_, ii. 376

Grayson, Col, on birds of Tres Marias, ii. 59

Grebes, ii. 367

Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, i. 115
summary of Miocene fauna of, i. 116

Green Bulbuls, ii. 267

Greenland, zoology of, ii. 138

Greenlets, ii. 280

Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, ii. 184

Grouse, ii. 328

GRUIDÆ, ii. 356

_Grus_, ii. 357

_Grypsicus_, ii. 421

_Grypus_, ii. 107

Guacharo, ii. 107

Guans, ii. 342

Guaraunas, ii. 357

_Gubernatrix_, ii. 285

_Guillemots_, ii. 267

_Guira_, ii. 309

_Guiraca_, ii. 285

Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, i. 446

Gulls, ii. 364

_Gulo_, ii. 199

Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, i. 98
his classification of fishes, i. 101
on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, i. 289
on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, i. 329
on identical Atlantiic and Pacific fishes, ii. 21
on fresh-water fishes of Central America, ii. 54

_Gygis_, ii. 365

GYMNARCHIDÆ, ii. 449

_Gymnarchus_, ii. 449

GYMNETINÆ, ii. 494

_Gymnobucco_, ii. 306

_Gymnocephalus_, ii. 103

_Gymnocichla_, ii. 104

_Gymnocorvus_, ii. 274

_Gymnocypris_, ii. 452

_Gymnodactylus_, ii. 400

GYMNODERINÆ, ii. 293

_Gymnoderus_, ii. 103

GYMNODONTES, ii. 457

_Gymnoglaux_, ii. 350

_Gymnokitta_, ii. 273

_Gymnomystax_, ii. 282

_Gymnopelia_, ii. 333

_Gymnops_, ii. 287

GYMNOPHTHALMIDÆ, ii. 395

_Gymnophthalmus_, ii. 395

_Gymnopus_, ii. 199

_Gymnorhina_, ii. 273

_Gymnostomus_, ii. 451

GYMNOTIDÆ, ii. 455

_Gymnotus_, ii. 455

_Gymnura_, ii. 188

_Gypaëtus_, ii. 348

_Gypohierax_, ii. 348

_Gypoictinia_, ii. 349

_Gyps_, ii. 346

H.

Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, i. 460

Habitat, definition of, i. 4

_Habrocomus_, ii. 238

_Habroptila_, ii. 352

_Habrura_, ii. 101

_Hadrostomus_, ii. 102, 293

_Hæmatoderus_, ii. 103

_Hæmatopus_, ii. 356

_Hæmatospiza_, ii. 285

_Hæmophila_, ii. 284

_Hæmulon_, ii. 426

_Hætera_, ii. 471

_Hagria_, ii. 397

Hainan, zoology of, i. 334

_Halcyon_, ii. 316

_Halcyornis_, European Eocene, i. 103

_Halicyon_, ii. 204

_Haliæetus_, ii. 348

_Haliastur_, ii. 348

_Halichærus_, ii. 204

_Halicore_, ii. 210

HALIOTIDÆ, ii. 511

_Halitherium_, European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 119
ii. 211

_Halmaturus_, ii. 251

HALOSAURIDÆ, ii. 455

_Halys_, ii. 385

_Hamadryas_, ii. 470

Hang-nests, ii. 281

_Hapale_, ii. 176
ii. 178

_Hapalemur_, ii. 176

HAPALIDÆ, ii. 175

_Hapalotis_, ii. 230

_Hapalus_, ii. 524

_Haplocerus_, ii. 374

_Haplochilus_, ii. 450

_Haplochiton_, ii. 446

HAPLOCHITONIDÆ, ii. 446

_Haplodactylus_, ii. 427

_Haploodon_, ii. 236

HAPLOODONTIDÆ, ii. 236

_Haplospiza_, ii. 284

_Hapsidrophis_, ii. 379

_Harelda_, ii. 364

Hares, ii. 242

_Harma_, ii. 474

_Harpa_, ii. 349
ii. 507

_Harpactes_, ii. 314

_Harpagus_, ii. 349

_Harpalus_, ii. 489

_Harporhynchus_, ii. 256

_Harpyhaliæetus_, ii. 348

_Hartlaubius_, ii. 288

_Hathliodes_, ii. 502

Hatteria of New Zealand, i. 456

_Hatteria_, ii. 405

Hawks, ii. 347

Hedgehogs, ii. 187

_Hedymeles_, ii. 285

_Helarctos_, ii. 202

_Helcyra_, ii. 474

_Heleothreptus_, ii. 320

_Heliactin_, ii. 108

_Heliangelus_, ii. 108

_Helianthea_, ii. 108

_Heliastes_, ii. 437

HELICIDÆ, ii. 512

_Helicina_, ii. 522

HELICONIDÆ, ii. 473
ii. 522

_Heliconius_, ii. 473

_Helicophagus_, ii. 442

_Helicops_, ii. 377

Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, i. 331

_Helictis_, ii. 199

_Heliobletus_, ii. 103

_Heliochæra_, ii. 102

_Heliodoxa_, ii. 107

_Heliomastes_, ii. 108

_Heliopædica_, ii. 107

_Heliophobus_, ii. 231

_Helioporus_, ii. 417

_Heliornis_, ii. 352

_Heliothrix_, ii. 108

_Heliotrypha_, ii. 108

_Helix_, Eocene, i. 169
ii. 513

_Helladotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 221

_Helluomorpha_, ii. 490

_Helmintherus_, ii. 279

_Helminthophaga_, ii. 279

_Heloderma_, ii. 390

HELODERMIDÆ, ii. 390

_Helodromas_, ii. 353

_Helogale_, ii. 195

_Helogenes_, ii. 442

HELORNITHINÆ, ii. 352

_Helotarsus_, ii. 348

_Hemibos_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 225

_Hemicentetes_, ii. 188

_Hemicercus_, ii. 303

_Hemichelidon_, ii. 290

_Hemichromis_, ii. 438

_Hemicyon_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 198

_Hemidacnis_, ii. 278

_Hemidactylium_, ii. 413

_Hemidactylus_, ii. 399

_Hemierges_, ii. 397

_Hemigalea_, ii. 195

_Hemignathus_, ii. 277

_Hemimantis_, ii. 419

_Hemiodus_, ii. 445

_Hemiphractus_, ii. 420

_Hemipimelodus_, ii. 443

_Hemiprocne_, ii. 320

_Hemipus_, ii. 270

_Hemirhamphus_, ii. 450

_Hemisilurus_, ii. 442

_Hemisorubim_, ii. 442

_Hemistilbon_, ii. 109

_Hemisus_, ii. 414

_Hemitriccus_, ii. 101

_Hemixus_, ii. 267

_Henicognathus_, ii. 328

_Henicopernis_, ii. 349

_Henicophaps_, ii. 333

_Henicorhina_, ii. 264

_Henicornis_, ii. 103

_Heptapterus_, ii. 444

_Heredia_, ii. 413

Herons, ii. 359

_Heros_, ii. 438

_Herpestes_, ii. 195

_Herpetethiops_, ii. 376

_Herpetodryas_, ii. 376

_Herpeton_, ii. 376

_Herpetoreas_, ii. 375

_Herpetotheres_, ii. 348

_Herpetotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Herpsilochmus_, ii. 104

Herring, ii. 454

_Hesperia_, ii. 480

HESPERIDÆ, ii. 480

_Hesperomys_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 230, 231

_Hesperornis_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164

_Hestia_, ii. 470

_Hestima_, ii. 501

_Heterobranchus_, ii. 441

_Heterocephalus_, ii. 231

_Heterocercus_, ii. 102

_Heterochroa_, ii. 474

_Heterocnemis_, ii. 104

_Heterocorys_, ii. 289

_Heterodactylus_, ii. 393

_Heterodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 246
ii. 376

_Heterogynis_, ii. 481

_Heterolocha_, ii. 287

_Heteromorpha_, ii. 262

_Heteromys_, ii. 233

_Heteronota_, ii. 400

_Heteronympha_, ii. 471

_Heteropelma_, ii. 102, 292

_Heteropus_, ii. 397

HETEROPYGII, ii. 450

_Heterospizias_, ii. 348

_Heterotis_, ii. 454

_Heterura_, ii. 290

_Hewitsonia_, ii. 477

_Hexagonia_, ii. 491

_Hexaprotodon_, Indian Miocene, i. 122

Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, i. 158

_Hieracidea_, ii. 349

_Hierax_, ii. 349

_Hierococcyx_, ii. 310

_Hierofalco_, ii. 349

Hill-Tits, ii. 266

Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, i. 329, 333

_Himantornis_, ii. 352

_Himantopus_, ii. 353

_Hinulia_, ii. 397

_Hipistes_, ii. 376

_Hipparchia_, ii. 471

_Hipparion_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 135
ii. 211

_Hippocampus_, ii. 457

_Hippoglossoides_, ii. 441

_Hippoglossus_, ii. 441

HIPPOPOTAMIDÆ, ii. 214

_Hippopotamus_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
European Pliocene, i. 113
Indian Pliocene, i. 122
ii. 214

_Hipposyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Hippotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
Indian Miocene, i. 122

HIPPOTRAGINÆ, ii. 223

_Hippotragus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 223

HIPPURITIDÆ, ii. 534

_Hirundinea_, ii. 101

HIRUNDINIDÆ, ii. 280

_Hirundo_, ii. 281

_Hoazin_, ii. 345

_Holocanthus_, ii. 427

_Holbrookia_, ii. 401

_Holochilus_, ii. 230

_Hologerrhum_, ii. 379

HOLOSTEI, ii. 458

_Holurophis_, ii. 380

_Homalodontotherium_, S. American Pliocene, i. 146

_Homalophis_, ii. 376

_Homalophus_, European Miocene, i. 161

HOMALOPSIDÆ, ii. 376

_Homalopsis_, ii. 376

_Homaloptera_, ii. 453

_Homalosoma_, ii. 490

_Hombronia_, ii. 397

_Homocamelus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 217

_Homorus_, ii. 103
ii. 524

Honey-guides, ii. 304

Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, i. 392
ii. 275

Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, i. 464

Hoopoes, ii. 317

_Hopladelus_, ii. 442

HOPLEGNATHIDÆ, ii. 433

_Hoplobatrachus_, ii. 421

HOPLOCEPHALA, ii. 460

_Hoplocephalus_, ii. 383

_Hoplocetus_, European Pliocene, i. 112

_Hoplophoneus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Hoplophorus_, ii. 246

_Hoplopterus_, ii. 356

_Horites_, ii. 258

Hornbills, ii. 316

Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, i. 121
perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, i. 136
probable birthplace of, i. 154
ii. 211

Horse-shoe bats, ii. 182

_Hortulia_, ii. 381

Howling monkeys, ii. 175

Hudson, Mr., on land-birds of Patagonia, ii. 39

Humming-birds, ii. 321

_Huro_, ii. 425

Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, i. 461

Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, i. 59
division of animal kingdom by, i. 85

_Hyades_, ii. 472

_Hyæna_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
fossil in N. China, i. 123
ii. 196

_Hyænarctos_ in European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
S. American Pliocene, i. 146

_Hyænictis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 196

_Hyænidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118

HYÆNIDÆ, ii. 196

_Hyænodon_, European Miocene, i. 118
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Hyænodontidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118

HYALEIDÆ, ii. 531

_Hyalimax_, ii. 517

_Hyalina_, ii. 515

_Hyalosaurus_, ii. 392

_Hyantis_, ii. 472

_Hybocystis_, ii. 520

_Hyborhynchus_, ii. 452

_Hydrocena_, ii. 521

_Hydrochelidon_, ii. 364

_Hydrochoerus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130

_Hydrochoerus_, ii. 241

_Hydrocissa_, ii. 317

_Hydrocyon_, ii. 445

_Hydrogale_, ii. 199

_Hydromedusa_, ii. 408

_Hydromys_, ii. 230

_Hydrophasianus_, ii. 355

HYDROPHIDÆ, ii. 384

_Hydrophis_, ii. 384

_Hydropotes_, ii. 219

_Hydropsalis_, ii. 319

_Hydrornis_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 298

_Hydrosaurus_, ii. 389

_Hyetornis_, ii. 309

_Hygrogonus_, ii. 439

_Hyla_, ii. 418

_Hylactes_, ii. 297

_Hylambates_, ii. 419

_Hylaplesia_, ii. 415

HYLAPLESIDÆ, ii. 414

_Hylarana_, ii. 419

_Hylatomus_, ii. 303

_Hylella_, ii. 418

HYLIDÆ, ii. 418

_Hyliota_, ii. 270

_Hylobates_, ii. 171

_Hylocharis_, ii. 109
ii. 271

_Hylodes_, ii. 419

_Hylomanes_, ii. 313

_Hylomys_, ii. 186

_Hylophilus_, ii. 280

_Hylorhina_, ii. 420

_Hylotrupes_, ii. 502

_Hyloxalus_, ii. 419

_Hymenolaimus_, ii. 364

HYODONTIDÆ, ii. 453

_Hyohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135

_Hyomoschus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 218

_Hyopicus_, ii. 303

_Hyopotamus_, European Miocene, i. 119
N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 216

_Hyopsodus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Hyotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
ii. 215

_Hypargos_, ii. 287

_Hyperantha_, ii. 496

_Hypergerus_, ii. 261

_Hypermnestra_, ii. 479

_Hyperodapedon_, ii. 405

_Hyperolius_, ii. 417

_Hyperoodon_, ii. 208

HYPEROODONTIDÆ, ii. 208

_Hyperopsius_, ii. 448

_Hypertragulus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Hyphantornis_, ii. 286

_Hypherpes_, ii. 265

_Hypisodus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Hypna_, ii. 474

_Hypnale_, ii. 385

_Hypochera_, ii. 287

_Hypochrysops_, ii. 477

_Hypocista_, ii. 471

_Hypocnemis_, ii. 104

_Hypocolius_, ii. 272

_Hypodes_, ii. 272

_Hypogeomys_, ii. 230

_Hypolais_, ii. 258

_Hypolithus_, ii. 491

_Hypolycæna_, ii. 477

_Hypomesus_, ii. 477

_Hypopachus_, ii. 416

_Hypophthalmichthys_, ii. 453

_Hypophthalmus_, ii. 442

_Hypopyrrhus_, ii. 282

_Hyporissus_, ii. 190

_Hypothymis_, ii. 271

_Hypoxanthus_, ii. 304

_Hypsipetes_, ii. 267

_Hypsiprymnus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251

_Hypsirhina_, ii. 376

_Hypsirhynchus_, ii. 375

_Hyrachyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

HYRACIDÆ, ii. 228

_Hyracodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
ii. 214
ii. 248

_Hyracoidea_, classification of, i. 90
Palæarctic, i. 242
Ethiopian, i. 304

HYRACOIDEA, ii. 228

_Hyracotherium_, supposed, in European Eocene, i. 125
European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 216
ii. 229

_Hyrax_, ii. 228

HYSTRICIDÆ, ii. 240

_Hystricodon_, ii. 445

_Hystrix_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 240

I.

_Ialmenus_, ii. 477

_Ianthoenas_, ii. 332

_Ianthina_, ii. 511

_Ibidipodia_, European Miocene, i. 162

_Ibidorhynchus_, ii. 353

Ibidorhynchus, figure of, i. 331

_Ibis_, ii. 360

Ibises, ii. 360

_Ibycter_, ii. 347

Iceland, zoology of, i. 198

_Ichneumia_, ii. 195

_Ichthyoborus_, ii. 445

_Ichthyopsis_, ii. 411

_Icteria_, ii. 279

ICTERIDÆ, ii. 281

_Icterus_, ii. 282

_Icthyornis_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164

_Icticyon_ in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 197

_Ictinia_, ii. 349

_Ictitherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 195
ii. 197

_Ictonyx_, ii. 199

_Ictops_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Ideopsis_, ii. 470

_Idmais_, ii. 478

_Iguana_, ii. 401

Iguanas, ii. 400

IGUANIDÆ, ii. 400

_Ilerda_, ii. 477

_Ilicura_, ii. 102

India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, i. 123
geological features of, i. 328

Indian sub-region, description of, i. 321
supposed relation to Ethiopian region, i. 321
mammalia of, i. 322
birds of, i. 323
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 326

_Indicator_, ii. 304

INDICATORIDÆ, ii. 304

Indo-Chinese sub-region, description of, i. 329
zoological characteristics of, i. 330
illustration of, i. 331
reptiles of, i. 331
amphibia of, i. 331
insects of, i. 332
islands belonging to, i. 333

Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, i. 334
mammalia of, i. 336
illustrations of, i. 336, 339
birds of, i. 337
remote geographical relations of, i. 339
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 340
fishes of, i. 341
insects of, i. 341
coleoptera of, i. 342
terrestrial mollusca of, i. 343
zoological relations of islands of, i. 345
recent geographical changes in, i. 357
probable origin of fauna of, i. 359

_Inia_, ii. 209

_Insectivora_, European Miocene, i. 117
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
N. American Tertiary, i. 133

Insectivora, classification of, i. 87
of the Palæarctic region, i. 181
of N. China and E. Thibet, i. 222
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239
of Madagascar, i. 273
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 301
of the Oriental region, i. 315
range of Oriental genera of, i. 372
range of Australian genera of, i. 476

INSECTIVORA, ii. 186
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 191
summary and conclusion, ii. 541

Insects, means of dispersal of, i. 32
tenacity of life of, i. 33
adapted to special conditions, i. 33
groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, i.
102
antiquity of the genera of, i. 166
fossil of European Miocene, i. 166
European Cretaceous, i. 167
European Wealden, i. 167
Palæozoic, i. 168
Palæarctic, i. 187
of Central Europe, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227
of the Ethiopian region, i. 255
of the E. African sub-region, i. 260
of W. African, i. 265
S. African, i. 268
of Madagascar, i. 282
general remarks on, i. 284
of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, i.
291
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 332
of the Oriental region, i. 318
of Ceylon, i. 327
of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 341
statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay
Archipelago, i. 343
of the Australian region, i. 403
of New Guinea, i. 417
of the Moluccas, i. 420
of the Timor group, i. 426
of Celebes, i. 454
of New Zealand, i. 458
scarcity of, in New Zealand, i. 462
influence of, on the flora, i. 463
of the Neotropical region, ii. 13
of S. Temperate America, ii. 42
of S. Temperate America, Palæarctic affinity of, ii. 45
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 55
of the Antilles, ii. 73
of the Nearctic region, ii. 122
of Canada, ii. 137
distribution of, ii. 468
range of, in time, ii. 469
summary and conclusion, ii. 550
lines of migration of, ii. 551

_Iodopleura_, ii. 102

_Iolæma_, ii. 107

_Iolaus_, ii. 477

_Iole_, ii. 267

_Iora_, ii. 267

_Iphias_, ii. 478
ii. 394

IPHISADÆ, ii. 394

_Irena_, ii. 269

_Iridina_, ii. 534

_Iridornis_, ii. 98

_Irrisor_, ii. 318

IRRISORIDÆ, ii. 318

_Isacis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Ischcognathus_, ii. 375

_Ischyromys_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 236

Islands, N. European, zoology of, i. 197
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 206
of the W. African sub-region, i. 265
of the Ethiopian region, i. 269
Mascarene, i. 280
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 333
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 345
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, i. 443
Society and Marquesas, i. 444
New Caledonia and New Hebrides, i. 445
Sandwich, i. 446
of New Zealand sub-region, i. 453
Norfolk, i. 453
Lord Howe's, i. 454
Chatham, i. 454
Auckland, i. 455
of Tropical S. America, ii. 29
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 59
of Eastern United States, ii. 134
peculiar colours of pigeons in, ii. 336
abundance of land-shells in, ii. 525

_Isodactylium_, ii. 413

_Ispidina_, ii. 316

_Issiodromys_, European Pliocene, i. 113
ii. 232

_Ithaginis_, ii. 340

_Ithomia_, ii. 470

_Ithycyphus_, ii. 379

_Ixalus_, ii. 419

_Ixonotus_, ii. 267

_Ixulus_, ii. 266

J.

_Jacamaralcyon_, ii. 311

Jacamars, ii. 311

_Jacamerops_, ii. 311

Jacanas, ii. 255

_Jacchus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144

_Jaculus_, ii. 232

_Jaltris_, ii. 375

_Jamaicia_, ii. 521

_Janella_, ii. 517

_Janthocincla_, ii. 261

_Japalura_, ii. 402

Japan and North China, physical features of, i. 221
southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, i. 226

Japan, general character of the fauna of, i. 230
former land-connexions of, i. 231

Java, mammalia of, i. 349
productions of, well known, i. 350
birds of, i. 351
representative species of birds in, i. 352
origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, i. 352
Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological
peculiarities explained, i. 357

Jays, ii. 273

_Jenynsia_, ii. 450

Jerboas, ii. 231

Juan Fernandez, Carabidæ of, ii. 44
birds of, ii. 49
beetles and land-shells of, ii. 51

_Juida_, ii. 288

_Juliamyia_, ii. 109

_Junco_, ii. 284

_Junonia_, European Miocene, i. 167
ii. 474

K.

Kagu, ii. 359

Kakapoe, of New Zealand, i. 455

_Kalophrynus_, ii. 415

Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, i. 157
ii. 251

_Keneuxia_, ii. 397

Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, i. 211 (_note_)

_Kerodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 241

_Ketingus_, ii. 443

_Ketupa_, ii. 350

King-fisher, racquet-tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, i. 415

King-fishers, ii. 315

_Kittacincla_, ii. 259

Kiwi of New Zealand, i. 455

_Kneria_, ii. 453

_Kobus_, ii. 224

Koodoo antelope, figure of, i. 261

_Kricogonia_, ii. 478

_Krynickia_, ii. 517

L.

_Labeo_, ii. 451

_Labrax_, ii. 425

LABRIDÆ, ii. 437

_Labrus_, ii. 437

LABYRINTHICI, ii. 434

_Lacerta_, ii. 391

LACERTIDÆ, ii. 390

Lacertilia, classification of, i. 99

LACERTILIA, ii. 388
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 403
fossil, ii. 404

_Lacuna_, ii. 510

Ladrone Islands, birds of, i. 444

_Læmargus_, ii. 461

_Læmosthenes_, ii. 489

_Læosopis_, ii. 477

_Lafresnaya_, ii. 107

_Lagenocetus_, ii. 208

_Lagenorhynchus_, ii. 209

_Lagidium_, ii. 237

LAGOMYIDÆ, ii. 242

_Lagomys_, European Pliocene, i. 113
European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 242

_Lagopus_, ii. 339

_Lagorchestes_, ii. 251

_Lagostomus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 237

_Lagothrix_, ii. 174

_Lais_, ii. 442

Lake Baikal, seals of, i. 218
ii. 206

_Lalage_, ii. 269

_Laletes_, ii. 280

LAMIIDÆ, ii. 498

_Lamna_, ii. 460

LAMNIDÆ, ii. 460

_Lampornis_, ii. 107

Lampreys, ii. 463

_Lamprima_, ii. 493

_Lampris_, ii. 429

_Lamprocolius_, ii. 288

_Lamprolæma_, ii. 107

_Lamrophis_, ii. 380

_Lampropsar_, ii. 282

_Lampropygia_, ii. 108

_Lamprospilus_, ii. 477

_Lamprospiza_, ii. 99

_Lamprotes_, ii. 98

Lancelet, ii. 464

Land-lizards, ii. 391

Land and water, proportions of, i. 35

Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, i. 168

Land-shells, Palæozoic, i. 169
Palæarctic, i. 190
of Madeira, i. 209
of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
of the Ethiopian region, i. 257
of W. Africa, i. 265
of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, i. 285
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 344
of the Australian region, i. 407
of the Sandwich Islands, i. 466
of New Zealand, i. 459
of the Neotropical region, ii. 19
of the Antilles, ii. 75
conditions favouring development of, ii. 75
of N. America, ii. 124
general observations on the distribution of, ii. 522
richness of islands in, ii. 525
their mode of diffusion, ii. 525, 528
comparative distribution of Operculate and In-operculate, ii. 526
estimated numbers of, ii. 526

Land-snakes, ii. 382

_Langaha_, ii. 379

_Laniarius_, ii. 272

_Lanicterus_, ii. 268

_Laniellus_, ii. 272

LANIIDÆ, ii. 272

_Lanio_, ii. 99

_Lanius_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 272

_Laopithecus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Laornis_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164

_Laprissa_, ii. 421

LARIDÆ, ii. 364

_Larimus_, ii. 428

Larks, ii. 289

_Larus_, ii. 364

_Larvivora_, ii. 259

_Lasiomys_, ii. 229

_Lasiuromys_, ii. 239

_Latax_, ii. 199

_Lates_, ii. 425

_Lathria_, ii. 102

_Latonia_, ii. 421

_Latrunculus_, ii. 430

_Layardia_, ii. 261

Lea, Dr. Isaac, on N. American Unionidæ, ii. 125

_Lebia_, ii. 489

_Lebiasina_, ii. 445

_Legatus_, ii. 101

_Leiocephalus_, ii. 401

_Leiolæmus_, ii. 401

_Leistes_, ii. 282

_Leistus_, ii. 489

_Leiuperus_, ii. 420

_Leiyla_, ii. 419

_Lemonias_, ii. 476

_Lemur_, ii. 176

Lemur, fossil, ii. 178

_Lemuravidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Lemuravus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

Lemuria, a hypothetical land, i. 76

_Lemuridæ_, European Eocene, i. 124

LEMURIDÆ, ii. 176

Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300
range of Oriental genera of, i. 371

LEMUROIDEA, ii. 176

Lemurs, ii. 176

_Leonia_, ii. 521

_Lepadogaster_, ii. 436

_Lepictis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Lepidocepalichthys_, ii. 453

_Lepidocephalus_, ii. 453

_Lepidogrammas_, ii. 309

_Lepidolarynx_, ii. 108

Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, i. 177
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 238
S. African, i. 268
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 299
of the Oriental region, i. 318
table of Oriental families of, i. 369
of the Australian region, i. 404
table of Australian families of, i. 472
of the Neotropical region, ii. 13
of the Antilles, ii. 73
table of Neotropical families of, ii. 90
of the Nearctic region, ii. 122
Nearctic families of, ii. 143

LEPIDOPTERA, ii. 470

_Lepidosiren_, ii. 458

LEPIDOSTEIDÆ, ii. 459

_Lepidosteus_, ii. 459

LEPIDOSTERNIDÆ, ii. 389

_Lepidosternon_, ii. 389

_Lepilemur_, ii. 176

_Lepistes_, ii. 450

LEPORIDÆ, ii. 242

_Leporinus_, ii. 445

_Lepricornis_, ii. 476

_Leprodera_, ii. 501

_Leptalis_, ii. 478

_Leptarchus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
ii. 202

_Leptasthenura_, ii. 103

_Leptauchenia_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Leptobarbina_, ii. 452

_Leptobrachium_, ii. 421

LEPTOCARDII, ii. 464

_Leptocera_, ii. 502

_Leptochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 215

_Leptocircus_, ii. 479

_Leptodeira_, ii. 379

_Leptodon_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
ii. 214
ii. 349

_Leptognathus_, ii. 381

_Leptomantis_, ii. 419

_Leptomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 220

_Lepton_, ii. 535

_Leptoneura_, ii. 471

_Leptonyx_, ii. 204

_Leptopogon_, ii. 101

_Leptoma_, ii. 520

_Leptoptila_, ii. 333

_Leptoptilus_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 361

_Leptorhytaon_, ii. 380

_Leptornis_, ii. 276

LEPTOSOMIDÆ, ii. 310

_Leptosomus_, allied form in European Eocene,
i. 168
ii. 310

Leptosomus of Madagascar, i. 278
figure of, i. 279

_Leptotherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 226

_Leptotriccus_, ii. 101

_Leptura_, ii. 502

_Lepus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Lerista_, ii. 395

_Lerwa_, ii. 339

_Lesbia_, ii. 108

_Lestodon_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Leucippus_, ii. 109

_Leuciscus_, ii. 452

_Leucochroa_, ii. 516

_Leucocyon_, ii. 197

_Leucomelæna_, ii. 332

_Leuconerpes_, ii. 304

_Leucophantes_, ii. 270

_Leucophasia_, ii. 478

_Leucopleurus_, ii. 209

_Leucosarcia_, ii. 333

_Leucosomus_, ii. 452

_Leucosticte_, ii. 285

Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, i. 228

LIALIDÆ, ii. 396

_Lialis_, ii. 396

_Liasis_, ii. 381

_Libellula_, from the Lias, i. 167

_Libythea_, ii. 475

LIBYTHEIDÆ, ii. 475

_Lichanotus_, ii. 381

_Lichenops_, ii. 101

_Licina_, ii. 521

_Licmetis_, ii. 325

Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, i. 90

LIMACIDÆ, ii. 517

LIMACINIDÆ, ii. 531

_Limax_, ii. 517

_Limenitis_, ii. 474

_Limnæa_, Eocene, i. 169
European Secondary, i. 169
ii. 518

LIMNÆIDÆ, ii. 518

_Limnatornis_, European Miocene, i. 161

_Limnocharis_, ii. 420

_Limnocyon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Limnodynastes_, ii. 420

_Limnohyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

_Limnophis_, ii. 376

_Limnornis_, ii. 103

_Limnotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Limnotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Limnurgus_, ii. 450

_Limosa_, ii. 353

Limpets, ii. 511

_Lingula_, ii. 538

LINGULIDÆ, ii. 532

_Linota_, ii. 285

_Linsang_, ii. 195

_Liocassis_, ii. 442

_Liopelma_, ii. 417

_Liopis_, ii. 375

_Lioptilus_, ii. 267

_Lioscelis_, ii. 297

LIOTRICHIDÆ, ii. 266

_Liothrix_, ii. 266

_Lipaugus_, ii. 102

_Liparis_, ii. 430

_Liphyra_, ii. 477

_Lipinia_, ii. 397

_Lipoa_, ii. 342

_Liposarcus_, ii. 444

_Liptala_, ii. 477

_Lissolepis_, ii. 397

_Listriodon_, European Miocene, i. 119

_Lithiodon_, ii. 521

_Lithomys_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 236

_Lithornis_, European Eocene, i. 163

_Litoria_, ii. 418

_Littorina_, ii. 510

LITTORINIDÆ, ii. 510

Lizards, classification of, i. 90
Tertiary, i. 165
wide range of a species in Polynesia, i. 448
distribution and lines of migration of, ii. 547

_Lobodon_, ii. 204

_Lochmias_, ii. 103

_Locustella_, ii. 258

_Loddigesia_, ii. 108

_Loncheres_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239

_Lonchophorus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239

LONGICORNIA, ii. 498

Longicornia, Palæarctic, i. 188
Ethiopian, i. 257
Oriental, i. 320
Australian, i. 407
Neotropical, ii. 17
of Chili, ii. 46
Nearctic, ii. 123

_Lontra_, ii. 199

_Lophiodon_, European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Tertiary, i. 136
ii. 212

_Lophiomeryx_, ii. 218

_Lophiotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

_Lophius_, ii. 431

_Lophoaëtus_, ii. 348

LOPHOBRANCHII, ii. 456

_Lophocitta_, ii. 273

_Lophogyps_, ii. 346

_Lophoictinia_, ii. 349

_Lopholaimus_, ii. 362

_Lophiomys_, ii. 230

_Lophophaps_, ii. 333

_Lophophanes_, ii. 266

LOPHOPHORINÆ, ii. 340

_Lophophorus_, ii. 340

_Lophorhina_, ii. 274

_Lophornis_, ii. 107

_Lophortix_, ii. 339

_Lophostrix_, ii. 350

LOPHOTIDÆ, ii. 432

Lophotragus, ii. 220

_Lophotriorchis_, ii. 348

_Lophura_, ii. 402

Lord Howe's Island, birds of, i. 453

_Loricaria_, ii. 444

_Loriculus_, ii. 326

_Loris_, ii. 176

_Lorius_, ii. 327

_Lota_, ii. 439

_Loxia_, ii. 285

_Loxigilla_, ii. 285

_Loxomylus_, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148
ii. 237

_Loxops_, ii. 277

_Lucania_, ii. 450

LUCANIDÆ, ii. 492

_Lucanus_, ii. 493

_Lucia_, ii. 477

_Lucidella_, ii. 522

_Lucifuga_, ii. 440

LUCINIDÆ, ii. 535

_Lucinopsis_, ii. 536

LUCIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 434

_Lucioperca_, ii. 425

_Luciotrutta_, ii. 447

_Lucisoma_, ii. 452

Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, i. 143

_Lupus_, ii. 197

_Lurocalis_, ii. 320

_Luscinia_, ii. 259

_Lusciniola_, ii. 258

_Lutra_, European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 199

_Lutronectes_, ii. 199

_Lycæna_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
ii. 196

LYCÆNIDÆ, ii. 477

_Lycalopex_, i. 197

LYCODIDÆ, ii. 439

_Lycodon_, ii. 380

LYCODONTIDÆ, ii. 380

_Lycophidion_, ii. 380

_Lycorea_, ii. 470

_Lygosoma_, ii. 397

_Lygosomella_, ii. 397

_Lymanopoda_, ii. 471

_Lymnas_, ii. 476

_Lyncornis_, ii. 320

_Lyncus_, ii. 193

_Lytorhynchus_, ii. 376

Lyre-bird, figure of, i. 441
ii. 298

M.

_Mabouya_, ii. 397

_Macacus_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
Indian Miocene, i. 121
supposed in European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 173
ii. 178

Macaws, ii. 327

_Machairodus_, i. 110, 111
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
ii. 193

_Machetornis_, ii. 101

_Machærhamphus_, ii. 349

_Machærirhynchus_, ii. 271

_Machæropterus_, ii. 102

_Machetes_, ii. 353

_Macrauchenia_, S. American Pliocene, i. 146

_Macrocalamus_, ii. 374

_Macroceramus_, ii. 516

_Macrochilus_, ii. 491

_Macrocyclis_, ii. 516

_Macrodipteryx_, ii. 320

_Macrodon_, ii. 445

_Macroglossa_, ii. 482

_Macrones_, ii. 442

_Macronus_, ii. 261

_Macronyx_, ii. 290

MACROPODIDÆ, ii. 250

_Macropus_, ii. 251

_Macropygia_, ii. 332

_Macrorhamphus_, ii. 353

MACROSCELIDIDÆ, ii. 186

_Macroscelides_, ii. 186

_Macrosila_, ii. 482

_Macrotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 121
ii. 246

_Macrotus californicus_, ii. 182

MACROURIDÆ, ii. 440

MACTRIDÆ, ii. 443

Madagascar, extinct birds of, i. 164
description of, i. 272
mammalia of, i. 272
birds of, i. 274
reptiles of, i. 279
amphibia of, i. 280
extinct fauna of, i. 282
general remarks on insect fauna of, i. 284

Madeira, birds of, i. 208
land-shells of, i. 208
beetles of, i. 210
wingless insects numerous in, i. 211
how stocked with animals, i. 213

MALACANTHIDÆ, ii. 433

Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, i. 353
comparison of mammalia, i. 354
of birds, i. 355

_Malacocircus_, ii. 261

_Malacopteron_, ii. 261

_Malacoptila_, ii. 310

_Malacorhynchus_, ii. 364

_Malacothrix_, ii. 230

Malagasy sub-region, description of, i. 272
mammalia of, i. 272
birds of, i. 274
illustration of zoology of, i. 278
reptiles of, i. 279
amphibia of, i. 280
extinct fauna of, i. 282, 289
insects of, i. 282
early history of, i. 286

_Malapterurus_, ii. 443

Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, i. 345 (_note_)

Malaya, meaning of term, ii. 261

Malay Archipelago, distribution of butterflies in, ii. 484
distribution of Cicindelidæ in, ii. 487
distribution of Longicorns in, ii. 500

Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, i. 263
fauna, probable origin of, i. 359
resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, i. 361

_Malimbus_, ii. 286

_Mallodon_, ii. 501

_Mallotus_, ii. 447

Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 114
formerly joined to Africa, i. 201
fossil elephants of, i. 201
birds of, i. 206 (_note_)

_Malurus_, ii. 258

Mammal, the most ancient American, i. 134

Mammalia, means of dispersal of, i. 10
as limited by climate, i. 11
as limited by rivers, i. 12
how far limited by the sea, i. 13
dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, i. 14
means of dispersal of aquatic, i. 15
of most importance in determining zoological regions, i. 57
classification of, i. 85
birthplace and migrations of some families of, i. 142, 153
cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176
of the Palæarctic region, i. 181
of the European sub-region, i. 192
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 202
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 217
characteristic of Western Tartary, i. 218
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222
Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, i. 223
peculiar to Japan, i. 223
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, i. 226
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 234
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239
of the Ethiopian region, i. 253
absence of certain important groups, i. 253
of the E. African sub-region, i. 260
of W. Africa, i. 262
of S. Africa, i. 267
of Madagascar, i. 272
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 294
table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300
of the Oriental region, i. 315
range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, i. 322
of Ceylon, i. 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 330
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 336
illustration of characteristic Malayan, i. 336
of the Philippine Islands, i. 345
table of Oriental families of, i. 365
table of Oriental genera of, i. 371
of Australian region, i. 390
of the Papuan Islands, i. 410
of the Moluccas, i. 417
of the Timor group, i. 422
of Celebes, i. 427
of Australia, i. 439
illustration of, i. 439
of New Zealand, i. 450
table of families of Australian, i. 470
table of genera of Australian, i. 475
destinctive characters of Neotropical, ii. 6
of S. Temperate America, ii. 36
of Straits of Magellan, ii. 37
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 52
of the Antilles, ii. 62
table of Neotropical families of, ii. 85
table of Neotropical genera of, ii. 91
of the Nearctic region, ii. 115
of California, ii. 127
of N. American central plains, ii. 129
of E. United States, ii. 132
of Canada, ii. 135
table of Nearctic families of, ii. 140
table of Nearctic genera of, ii. 145

_Mammalia_, extinct, of Old World, i. 107
extinct, of historic period, i. 110
extinct, comparative age of in Europe, i. 127
extinct, of the New World, i. 129
extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, i. 141
original birthplace of some families and genera, i. 142, 153
of the secondary period, i. 160

MAMMALIA, summary and conclusion, ii. 540
lines of migration of, ii. 544

Manakins, ii. 102

MANATIDÆ, ii. 210

_Manatus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 210

Manchurian sub-region, description of, i. 220
mammalia of, i. 222
birds of, i. 223
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 227
fresh-water fish of, i. 227
insects of, i. 227
coleoptera of, i. 228

MANIDIDÆ, ii. 245

_Manis_, ii. 245

_Manorhina_, ii. 276

_Manticora_, ii. 487

_Manucodia_, ii. 274

_Mareca_, ii. 363

_Margaroperdix_, ii. 338

_Margarops_, ii. 256

_Margarornis_, ii. 103

_Marginella_, ii. 508

Marine Mollusca, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 537

Marine shells of the Neotropical region, ii. 20

Marmosets, ii. 175

Marquesas Islands, birds of, i. 443

Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, i. 200
on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, i. 200

MARSUPIALIA, ii. 248
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 253

Marsupials, classification of, i. 91
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
European Miocene, i. 121
first migration to America, i. 155
diversified forms of, i. 391
of America prove no connection with Australia, i. 399
list of Australian genera of, i. 476

MARSUPIALIA and MONOTREMATA, summary and conclusion, ii. 543

_Martes_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
ii. 198

Mascarene Islands, zoology of, i. 280
extinct fauna of, i. 282
gigantic land-tortoises of, i. 289

_Masius_, ii. 102

MASTACEMBELIDÆ, ii. 437

_Mastodon_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Indian Miocene, i. 123
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 227, 228

Mauritius, zoology of, i. 280
reptiles of, i. 281

McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, i. 466

_Mechanitis_, ii. 470

_Meda_, ii. 452

Mediterranean, recent changes in, i. 39
sub-region, description of, i. 199
mammalia of, i. 202
birds of, i. 203
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 204
fresh-water fish of, i. 205
insects of, i. 205
islands of, i. 206
sea not separating distinct faunas, i. 201

_Megabias_, ii. 270

_Megablabes_, ii. 376

_Magacephala_, ii. 478

_Megacephalon_, ii. 342

_Megacerops_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137

_Megaderma_, ii. 182

_Megærophis_, ii. 383

_Megalæma_, ii. 306

MEGALÆMIDÆ, ii. 305

MEGALÆMINÆ, ii. 306

_Megalixalus_, ii. 419

_Megalocnus_, fossil in Cuba, i. 148

_Megalomastoma_, ii. 521

_Megalomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Megalomma_, ii. 487

_Megalonyx_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Megalophrys_, ii. 421

_Megalostoma_, Eocene, i. 169

_Megalurus_, ii. 258

_Megalophonus_, ii. 289

_Megamys_, S. American Eocene, i. 148
ii. 238

_Meganostoma_, ii. 478

MEGAPODIIDÆ, ii. 341

_Megapodius_, ii. 342

_Megaptera_, ii. 207

_Megarhynchus_, ii. 101

_Megaspira_, European Tertiary, i. 169
ii. 527

_Megatheridæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145

_Megatherium_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 245

_Meiornis_, ii. 369

_Melampitta_, ii. 298

_Melampus_, ii. 519

_Melanerpes_, ii. 303

_Melania_, European Secondary, i. 169

MELANIADÆ, ii. 509

_Melanitis_, ii. 471

_Melanochlora_, ii. 266

_Melanocorypha_, ii. 289

_Melanophidium_, ii. 374

_Melanoptila_, ii. 256

_Melanotis_, ii. 256

MELEAGRINÆ, ii. 340

_Meleagris_, N. American Miocene, i. 163
ii. 340

_Meles_, ii. 199

_Melidectes_, ii. 276

_Melidora_, ii. 316

_Melierax_, ii. 348

_Melinæa_, ii. 470

_Meliornis_, ii. 275

_Meliphaga_, ii. 275

MELIPHAGIDÆ, ii. 275

_Melipotes_, ii. 276

_Melirrhophetes_, ii. 276

_Melitæa_, ii. 474

_Melithreptus_, ii. 276

_Melittophagus_, ii. 312

_Melizophilus_, ii. 259

_Mellisuga_, ii. 108

_Mellivora_, Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 199

_Melolonthidium_, Oolitic insect, i. 167

_Melopelia_, ii. 333

_Melopsittacus_, ii. 325

_Melopyrrha_, ii. 285

_Melospiza_, ii. 284

_Melursus_, ii. 202

_Menetia_, ii. 395

_Meniceros_, ii. 317

_Meniscotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Menobranchus_, ii. 412

_Menopoma_, ii. 412

MENOPOMIDÆ, ii. 412

_Menotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Menura_, ii. 298

MENURIDÆ, ii. 298

_Mephitis_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 199

_Merganetta_, ii. 364

_Mergulus_, ii. 367

_Mergus_, ii. 364

_Meriones_, ii. 232
ii. 230

_Meristes_, ii. 272

_Merluccius_, ii. 439

_Meroe_, ii. 536

MEROPIDÆ, ii. 312

_Meropiscus_, ii. 312

_Meropogon_, ii. 312

_Merops_, ii. 312

_Merulaxis_, ii. 297

_Merychus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Merychippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135

_Merychochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Merycodus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 220

_Merycopotamus_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 214

_Merycotherium_, of Siberian drift, i. 112
ii. 217

_Mesacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Mesapia_, ii. 479

_Mesites_, ii. 263

_Mesohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135

_Mesomys_, ii. 239

_Mesonauta_, ii. 438

_Mesonyx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Mesopithecus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
ii. 178

_Mesoprion_, ii. 425

_Mesops_, ii. 439

_Mesosemia_, ii. 475

_Messalina_, ii. 391

_Messaras_, ii. 474

_Metallura_, ii. 108

_Metapheles_, ii. 476

_Methonella_, ii. 476

_Metius_, ii. 492

_Metopia_, ii. 102

_Metopiana_, ii. 364

_Metoponia_, ii. 283

_Metopothrix_, ii. 102

_Metriopelia_, ii. 333

Mexican sub-region, ii. 51
mammalia of, ii. 52
birds of, ii. 52
reptiles of, ii. 54
amphibia of, ii. 54
fresh-water fish of, ii. 54
insects of, ii. 55
land-shells of, ii. 57
its relations to the N. and S. American continents, ii. 57
islands of, ii. 59

Meyer, Dr. A.B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, i. 415¨

_Micræca_, ii. 270

_Micracantha_, ii. 501