Chapter XXXII: Conclusion (1)

The preceding remarks are all I now venture to offer, on the distinguishing features of the various groups of land-animals as regards their distribution and migrations. They are at best but indications of the various lines of research opened up to us by the study of animals from the geographical point of view, and by looking upon their range in space and time as an important portion of the earth's history. Much work has yet to be done before the materials will exist for a complete treatment of the subject in all its branches; and it is the author's hope that his volumes may lead to a more systematic collection and arrangement of the necessary facts. At present all public museums and private collections are arranged zoologically. All treatises, monographs, and catalogues, also follow, more or less completely, the zoological arrangement; and the greatest difficulty the student of geographical distribution has to contend against, is the total absence of geographical collections, and the almost total want of complete and comparable local catalogues. Till every well-marked district,--every archipelago, and every important island, has all its known species of the more important groups of animals catalogued on a uniform plan, and with a uniform nomenclature, a thoroughly satisfactory account of the Geographical Distribution of Animals will not be possible. But more than this is wanted. Many of the most curious relations between animal {553}forms and their habitats, are entirely unnoticed, owing to the productions of the same locality _never_ being associated in our museums and collections. A few such relations have been brought to light by modern scientific travellers, but many more remain to be discovered; and there is probably no fresher and more productive field still unexplored in Natural History. Most of these curious and suggestive relations are to be found in the productions of islands, as compared with each other, or with the continents of which they form appendages; but these can never be properly studied, or even discovered, unless they are visibly grouped together. When the birds, the more conspicuous families of insects, and the land-shells of islands, are kept together so as to be readily compared with similar associations from the adjacent continents or other islands, it is believed that in almost every case there will be found to be peculiarities of form or colour running through widely different groups, and strictly indicative of local or geographical influences. Some of these coincident variations have been alluded to in various parts of this work, but they have never been systematically investigated. They constitute an unworked mine of wealth for the enterprising explorer; and they may not improbably lead to the discovery of some of the hidden laws (supplementary to Natural Selection), which seem to be required, in order to account for many of the external characteristics of animals.

In concluding his task, the author ventures to suggest, that naturalists who are disposed to turn aside from the beaten track of research, may find in the line of study here suggested a new and interesting pursuit, not inferior in attractions to the lofty heights of transcendental anatomy, or the bewildering mazes of modern classification. And it is a study which will surely lead them to an increased appreciation of the beauty and the harmony of nature, and to a fuller comprehension of the complex relations and mutual interdependence, which link together every animal and vegetable form, with the ever-changing earth which supports them, into one grand organic whole.

{557}GENERAL INDEX.

All names in Italics refer, either to the genera and other groups of Extinct Animals in Part II. of the First Volume;--or to the genera whose distribution is given under Geographical Zoology (Part IV.) in the Second Volume; the Families and higher groups being in small capitals. All other references are in ordinary type.

The various matters discussed under Zoological Geography (Part III.), are indexed as much as possible by subjects and localities. None of the genera mentioned in this Part are indexed, as this would have more than doubled the extent of the Index, and would have served no useful purpose, because the general distribution of each genus is given in Part IV., and the separate details can always be found by referring to the region, sub-region, and class.

A.

Aard-vark of East Africa, figure of, i. 261

Aard-vark, ii. 246

Aard-wolf, ii. 196

_Abacetus_, ii. 491

_Abax_, ii. 489

_Abisara_, ii. 475

_Ablabes_, ii. 375

_Ablepharus_, ii. 395

_Abramis_, ii. 453

_Abronia_, ii. 392

_Abrornis_, ii. 258

_Abrostomus_, ii. 451

_Aburria_, ii. 343

_Acalyptus_, ii. 384

_Acanthias_, ii. 401

_Acanthicus_, ii. 444

_Acanthion_, ii. 240

_Acanthis_, ii. 283

_Acanthisitta_, ii. 265

_Acanthiza_, ii. 258

_Acanthobrama_, ii. 453

ACANTHOCLINIDÆ, ii. 432

_Acanthodactylus_, ii. 391

_Acanthodelphis_, ii. 209

_Acantholabrus_, ii. 437

_Acanthomys_, ii. 229

_Acanthophis_, ii. 383

_Acanthopsis_, ii. 453

ACANTHOPTERYGII, ii. 424

ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNCOGNATHI, ii. 437

_Acanthopthalmus_, ii. 453

_Acanthoptila_, ii. 261

_Acanthopyga_, ii. 390

_Acanthorhynchus_, ii. 275

_Acanthosaura_, ii. 402

_Acara_, ii. 438

Accentor, ii. 260

Accentorinæ, ii. 257

_Accipenser_, ii. 459

ACCIPENSERIDÆ, ii. 459

_Accipiter_, ii. 348

_Accipitres_, European Eocene, i. 163

Accipitres, classification of, i. 97
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 312
range of Oriental genera of, i. 385
range of Australian genera of, i. 484

ACCIPITRES, ii. 345
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 351

ACCIPITRINÆ, ii. 347

_Acerina_, ii. 425

_Aceros_, ii. 317

_Acerotherium_, ii. 214

_Acerotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
N. American Tertiary, i. 136

_Acestra_, ii. 444

_Acestura_, ii. 108

_Achalinus_, ii. 375

_Acharnes_, ii. 434

_Achatina_, ii. 515

_Achatinella_, ii. 514

_Acherontia_, ii. 483

_Achilognathus_, ii. 452

_Achænodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Acicula_, ii. 519

ACICULIDÆ, ii. 519

_Acmæodera_, ii. 497

_Acodon_, ii. 230

ACONTIADÆ, ii. 399

_Acontias_, ii. 399

_Acotherium_, European Eocene, i. 126

_Acotherium_, ii. 215

_Acræa_, ii. 473

ACRÆIDÆ, ii. 473

_Acrantus_, ii. 390

_Acredula_, ii. 266

_Acridotheres_, ii. 287

_Acris_, ii. 419

_Acrobata_, ii. 252

_Acrocephalus_, ii. 258

_Acrochilus_, ii. 452

ACROCHORDIDÆ, ii. 382

_Acrochordonichthys_, ii. 442

_Acrochordus_, ii. 382

ACRONURIDÆ, ii. 433

_Acropternis_, ii. 297

_Acryllium_, ii. 340

_Actenodes_, ii. 497

_Actinodura_, ii. 261

_Ada_, ii. 390

_Adamsiella_, ii. 521

_Adapis_, European Eocene, i. 125

_Addax_, ii. 223

_Adelomia_, ii. 108

_Adelotopus_, ii. 490

_Adenomera_, ii. 416

_Adolias_, ii. 474

_Aedon_, ii. 259

_Ægeria_, ii. 482

ÆGERIIDÆ, ii. 482

_Ægialitis_, ii. 356

_Ægithaliscus_, ii. 266

_Ægithalus_, ii. 266

_Ægocera_, ii. 482

_Ægotheles_, ii. 318

_Æluredus_, ii. 275

_Ælurichthys_, ii. 443

ÆLURIDÆ, ii. 201

_Ælurogale_, European Eocene, i. 125

_Æluropus_, ii. 201

_Ælurus_, ii. 201

_Æmona_, ii. 472

_Ænigma_, ii. 490

_Æolidæ_, ii. 530

_Æpyceros_, ii. 223

_Æpyornis_, of Madagascar, i. 164

_Æpyornis_, ii. 370

ÆPYORNITHIDÆ, ii. 370

_Æsacus_, ii. 355

_Æshna_, from the Lias, i. 167

_Æthopyga_, ii. 276

_Æthya_, ii. 364

_Agama_, ii. 402

AGAMIDÆ, ii. 401

_Agapornis_, ii. 328

_Agarista_, ii. 482

_Agaristidæ_, ii. 482

_Agelasta_, ii. 501

AGELASTINÆ, ii. 340

_Agelæus_, ii. 282

_Ageniosus_, ii. 443

_Ageronia_, ii. 474

_Aglæactis_, ii. 108

_Agnopterus_, European Eocene, i. 163

_Agoniates_, ii. 445

_Agonostoma_, ii. 435

_Agonus_, ii. 428

Agouti, ii. 241

_Agra_, ii. 490

_Agraulis_, ii. 474

_Agrilus_, ii. 497

_Agriochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Agrion_, from the Lias, i. 167

_Agriornis_, ii. 100

_Ahætulla_, ii. 379

_Ailia_, ii. 442

_Aipysurus_, ii. 384

_Aithurus_, ii. 107

_Aix_, ii. 363

_Akysis_, ii. 442

_Alæmon_, ii. 289

Alaska, birds of, ii. 136

_Alauda_, ii. 289

ALAUDIDÆ, ii. 289

Albatrosses, ii. 365

_Albulichthys_, ii. 452

_Alburnus_, ii. 453

_Alca_, ii. 367

_Alcadia_, ii. 522

ALCEDINIDÆ, ii. 315

_Alcedo_, ii. 316

ALCEPHALINÆ, ii. 224

_Alcephalus_, Indian Miocene, i. 122

_Alcephalus_, ii. 224

_Alces_, ii. 219

ALCIDÆ, ii. 367

_Alcippe_, ii. 261

_Alcurus_, ii. 267

_Alcyone_, ii. 316

Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, i. 289

_Alectorurus_, ii. 100

_Alectroenas_, ii. 332

ALEPOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 454

_Alesa_, ii. 475

_Alestes_, ii. 445

_Alethe_, ii. 262

_Aletornis_, N. American Eocene, i. 163

Aleutian Islands, birds of, ii. 137

Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, i. 111

_Algira_, ii. 391

Alleghany sub-region, ii. 130
mammalia of, ii. 132
birds of, ii. 132
reptiles of, ii. 133
amphibia of, ii. 134
fishes of, ii. 134
islands of, ii. 134

Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, i. 61
objections to his system of circumpolar zones, i. 67
objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, i. 68
on birds of N. America, ii. 133, 136

_Alligator_, ii. 406

ALLIGATORIDÆ, ii. 406

Alligators, ii. 406

_Allotinus_, ii. 477

_Alopecias_, ii. 460

_Alsæcomus_, ii. 332

_Alsecus_, ii. 259

_Alseonax_, ii. 270

_Alsodes_, ii. 417

Altai mountains, fossils in caves, i. 111

_Alytes_, ii. 417

ALYTIDÆ, ii. 417

_Amadina_, ii. 287

_Amara_, ii. 489

_Amarynthis_, ii. 476

_Amathusia_, ii. 472

_Amauresthes_, ii. 287

_Amaurospiza_, ii. 285

_Amazilia_, ii. 109

_Amblyrhiza_, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148

AMBLYCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 380

_Amblycephalus_, ii. 380

_Amblyceps_, ii. 443

_Amblychila_, ii. 487

_Amblymora_, ii. 501

_Amblyopsis_, ii. 450

_Amblyornis_, ii. 275

_Amblypharyngodon_, ii. 452

_Amblypodia_, ii. 477

_Amblyrhamphus_, ii. 282

_Amblyrhiza_, ii. 237

_Amblyrhynchichthys_, ii. 452

_Amblystoma_, ii. 413

_Ameiva_, ii. 390

America, recent separation of North and South, i. 40
extinct mammalia of, i. 129
N., Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 129

American Creepers, ii. 295

AMIIDÆ, ii. 458

_Amiurus_, ii. 442

_Ammodromus_, ii. 284

_Ammodytes_, ii. 440

_Ammomanes_, ii. 289

AMMONITIDÆ, ii. 506

_Amomys_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Ampeliceps_, ii. 287

AMPELIDÆ, ii. 280

_Ampelio_, ii. 102

_Ampelis_, ii. 280

_Amphechinus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 188

Amphibia, means of dispersal of, i. 28
classification of, i. 100
peculiar to Palæarctic region, i. 186
of Central Europe, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 226
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 237
of the Ethiopian region, i. 255
of West Africa, i. 264
S. African, i. 268
of Madagascar, i. 280
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 298
of the Oriental region, i. 317
of the Indian sub-region, i. 326
of Ceylon, i. 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 331
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 340
table of Oriental families of, i. 369
of the Australian region, i. 397
resemblances of Australian and South-American, i. 400
of New Guinea, i. 416
of New Zealand, i. 457
Neotropical, ii. 11
of South Temperate America, ii. 41
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54
of the Antilles, ii. 72
table of Neotropical families of, ii. 89
of the Nearctic region, ii. 120
of California, ii. 128
of Central North America, ii. 131
of Eastern United States, ii. 134
table of Nearctic families of, ii. 143

AMPHIBIA, ii. 411
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 422
fossil, ii. 423
summary and conclusion, ii. 548
lines of migration of, ii. 548

_Amphibola_, ii. 510

_Amphibos_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 225

_Amphicyon_, European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
ii. 198
ii. 202

_Amphiglossus_, ii 398

_Amphimericidæ_, European Miocene, i. 119

_Amphimoschus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 220

_Amphioxus_, ii. 464

_Amphipnous_, ii. 455

_Amphisbæna_, ii. 389

AMPHISBÆNIDÆ, ii. 388

_Amphisorex_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 191

_Amphitragulus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 218

_Amphiuma_, ii. 412

AMPHIUMIDÆ, ii. 412

_Amphixestus_, ii. 397

_Ampullaria_, ii. 510

_Amydrus_, ii. 288

_Amytis_, ii. 258

_Anabatoides_, ii. 103

_Anabazenops_, ii. 103

_Anableps_, ii. 450

ANACANTHINI, ii. 439

_Anacyrtus_, ii. 445

_Anadenus_, ii. 517

_Anadia_, ii. 393

ANADIADÆ, ii. 393

_Anæretes_, ii. 101, 291

_Anaides_, ii. 413

_Analcipus_, ii. 268

_Anarhynchus_, ii. 356

_Anarrhichas_, ii. 431

_Anas_, ii. 363

_Anastoma_, European Tertiary, i. 169
ii. 527

_Anastomus_, ii. 361

ANATIDÆ, ii. 363

ANATINIDÆ, ii. 536

_Anatinella_, ii. 536

_Anausorex_, ii. 191

_Anchilophus_, European Eocene, i. 125

_Anchippodus_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Anchippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135

_Anchitheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
ii. 212

_Anchitherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Tertiary, i. 135

Ancient fauna of New Zealand, i. 459

_Ancistrops_, ii. 103

_Ancylotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 121

_Ancylotherium_, ii. 246

_Ancyluris_, ii. 476

_Ancylus_, ii. 518

Andaman Islands, zoology of, i. 333
probable past history of, i. 334

_Andigena_, ii. 307

_Andrias_, European Miocene, i. 165

_Androdon_, ii. 107

_Andropadus_, ii. 267

_Aneitea_, ii. 517

_Anguilla_, ii. 456

_Anguis_, ii. 397

Angwantibo, ii. 176

Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, i. 85

Animals, development of, affecting distribution, i. 7
dispersal and migration of, i. 10
rapid multiplication of, i. 10

_Anisacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137

Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 428

_Anoa_, ii. 222

_Anodon_, ii. 534

_Anolius_, ii. 400

_Anomalurus_, ii. 235

_Anomalpus_, ii. 397

_Anoplodipsas_, ii. 381

_Anoplotheriidæ_, European Miocene, i. 119

_Anoplotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
European Eocene, i. 126
S. American Eocene, i. 1

_Anopthalmus_, ii. 489

_Anostomus_, ii. 445

_Anous_, ii. 365

_Anser_, ii. 363

_Anseranas_, ii. 363

Anseres, arrangement of, i. 98
peculiar Palæarctic genera of, i. 250
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, i. 313
peculiar Australian genera of, i. 485

ANSERES, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 367

_Antarctia_, ii. 490
ii. 492

Ant-eaters, ii. 247

_Antechinomys_, ii. 249

_Antechinus_, ii. 249

Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, i. 122
birthplace and migrations of, i. 155
Palæarctic, i. 182
ii. 221

_Antelotherium_, Indian Miocene, i. 122

_Antennarius_, ii. 431

_Anteros_, ii. 476

_Anthia_, ii. 491

_Anthipes_, ii. 270

_Anthocharis_, ii. 478

_Anthochæra_, ii. 275

_Anthornis_, ii. 275

_Anthracotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137

_Anthracotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
ii. 215

_Anthreptes_, ii. 276

Anthropoid apes, ii. 170

_Anthropoides_, ii. 357

_Anthus_, ii. 290

_Antiacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

Antillean sub-region, ii. 61
mammalia of, ii. 62
birds of, ii. 64
illustration of zoology of, ii. 67
table of distribution of resident land-birds of, ii. 68
reptiles and amphibia of, ii. 72
fresh-water fish of, ii. 73
insects of, ii. 73
land-shells of, ii. 75
past history of, ii. 78

Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, i. 148
land-shells of, ii. 526

_Antilocapra_, ii. 223

ANTILOCAPRINÆ, ii. 223

_Antilope_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 223
ii. 226

Antiquity of the genera of insects, i. 166
of the genera of land and fresh-water shells, i. 168

_Antrostomus_, ii. 319

Ant-thrushes, ii. 297

_Anumbius_, ii. 103

ANURA, ii. 414

_Anurosorex_, ii. 190

_Aonyx_, ii. 199

_Apalis_, ii. 258

_Apaloderma_, ii. 314

_Apatura_, ii. 474

_Aphanapteryx_ of Mauritius, i. 164
ii. 352

_Aphantocera_, ii. 107

_Aphelotherium_, European Eocene, i. 125

_Aphneus_, ii. 477

_Aphobus_, ii. 283

APHREDODERIDÆ, ii. 425

_Aphritis_, ii. 428
ii. 549

_Aphriza_, ii. 356

_Aphysiadæ_, ii. 530

_Aphyocypris_, ii. 452

_Aplocerus_, ii. 224

_Aplodontia_, ii. 236

_Aplonis_, ii. 288

_Aplopelia_, ii. 383

_Apodemia_, ii. 476

_Apogon_, ii. 425

_Aprasia_, ii. 396

APRASIADÆ, ii. 396

_Aprosmictus_, ii. 325

_Aptenodytes_, ii. 366

APTERYGIDÆ, ii. 369

_Apteryx_, ii. 369

_Apua_, ii. 453

_Aquila_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 348

AQUILINÆ, ii. 348

_Ara_, ii. 328

_Arachnechthra_, ii. 276

_Arachnothera_, ii. 277

ARAMIDÆ, ii. 357

_Aramides_, ii. 352

_Aramus_, ii. 357

_Arapaima_, ii. 454

_Arborophila_, ii. 338

ARCADÆ, ii. 534

_Archæomys_, ii. 238

_Archæopteryx_, Bavarian Oolite, i. 163

_Archibuteo_, ii. 348

Arctic shells, ii. 518
zone not a separate region, i. 68

_Arctitis_, ii. 195

_Arctocebus_, ii. 176

_Arctocephalus_, ii. 202

_Arctocyon_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 206

_Arctodus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 202

_Arctogale_, ii. 195

_Arctomys_, European Pliocene, i. 113
ii. 235, 236

_Arctonyx_, ii. 199

_Arctopithecus_, ii. 244

_Arctotherium_ in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146

_Ardea_, ii. 359

ARDEIDÆ, ii. 359

_Ardistomus_, ii. 490

_Argentina_, ii. 488

_Arges_, ii. 444

ARGONAUTIDÆ. ii. 505

_Argus pheasant_, figure of, i. 339
peculiarity in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's
views, i. 340

_Argusianus_, ii. 340

_Argutor_, ii. 489

_Argynnis_, ii. 474

_Aricoris_, ii. 476

_Ariella_, ii. 195

_Arinia_, ii. 520

_Arion_, ii. 517

_Aristobia_, ii. 501

_Arius_, ii. 443

Armadillos, ii. 245

_Arnoglossus_, ii. 441

_Aromochelys_, ii. 408

_Arremon_, ii. 99

_Arrhenotus_, ii. 501

_Artamia_, ii. 268
ii. 271
ii. 288

ARTAMIDÆ, ii. 288

_Artamides_, ii. 269

_Artamus_, ii. 288

_Arthroleptis_, ii. 421

_Artiodactyla_, European Eocene, i. 126
N. American Tertiary, i. 137
S. American Pliocene, i. 146

_Artomyias_, ii. 270

_Arundinicola_, ii. 100

_Arvicola_, European Pliocene, i. 113
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
S. American Eocene, i. 148

_Arvicola_, ii. 230, 231

_Asio_, ii. 350

_Aspergillum_, ii. 537

_Aspidoparia_, ii. 452

_Aspidorhinus_, ii. 391

_Aspidura_, ii. 374

_Aspius_, ii. 453

_Aspredo_, ii. 444

_Aspro_, ii. 425

_Astarte_, ii. 535

_Astathes_, ii. 501

_Asterophys_, ii. 421

_Asterophysus_, ii. 443

_Asthenodipsas_, ii. 381

_Astrapia_, ii. 274

_Astroblepus_, ii. 444

_Astur_, ii. 348

_Asturina_, ii. 348

_Asturinula_, ii. 348

ATELEOPODIDÆ, ii. 440

_Ateles_, ii. 174

_Atelopus_, ii. 416

_Atelornis_, ii. 312

_Aterica_, ii. 474

_Athene_, ii. 350

_Atherina_, ii. 434

_Atherinichthys_, ii. 434

ATHERINIDÆ, ii. 434

_Atheris_, ii. 386

_Atherura_, ii. 240

_Athylax_, ii. 195

_Athyma_, ii. 474

ATLANTIDÆ, ii. 531

_Atlapetes_, ii. 284

ATRACTASPIDIDÆ, ii. 383

_Atractaspis_, ii. 383

_Atretium_, ii. 375

_Atrichia_, ii. 299

ATRICHIIDÆ, ii. 299

_Atropos_, ii. 385

_Attagis_, ii. 354

ATTALINÆ, ii. 293

_Atthis_, ii. 108

_Atticora_, ii. 281

_Attila_, ii. 102

_Auchenaspis_, ii. 443

_Auchenia_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 217

_Auchenipterus_, ii. 443

Auckland Islands, birds of, i. 455

_Augastes_, ii. 108

_Auks_, ii. 367

_Aulia_, ii. 102

_Aulacodes_, ii. 239

_Aulacodon_, ii. 239

_Aulacorhamphus_, ii. 307

_Aulopoma_, ii. 520

_Aulopyge_, ii. 452

_Auricula_, ii. 519, 527

AURICULIDÆ, ii. 518

_Auriparus_, ii. 266

Australia, physical features of, i. 387

Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, i. 398

Australian region, description of, i. 387
zoological characteristics of, i. 390
mammalia of, i. 390
birds of, i. 391
reptiles of, i. 396
amphibia of, i. 397
fresh-water fish of, i. 397
summary of vertebrata of, i. 397
supposed land-connection of with S. America, i. 398
insects of, i. 403
lepidoptera of, i. 404
coleoptera of, i. 405
land-shells of, i. 407
sub-regions of, i. 408
early history of, i. 465

Australian sub-region, mammalia of, i. 438
illustration of mammalia of, i. 439
birds of, i. 440
illustration of fauna of, i. 441

Australian hedgehog, ii. 254

Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, i. 388
zoology of, i. 409

_Automolus_, ii. 103

AVICULIDÆ, ii. 533

_Avocettula_, ii. 107

_Avocettinus_, ii. 108

Aye-aye, figure of, i. 278
ii. 177

_Axiocerces_, ii. 477

Azores, visited by European birds, i. 17
birds of, i. 207
butterflies of, i. 207
beetles of, i. 207, 209
peculiarly modified birds of, i. 207
stragglers to, i. 208
how stocked with animal life, i. 208

B.

Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 428

_Babirusa_, ii. 215

Badger, figure of, i. 195

_Badis_, ii. 433

_Bæotis_, ii. 475

_Bagarius_, ii. 443

_Bagrichthys_, ii. 442

_Bagroides_, ii. 442

_Bagrus_, ii. 442

Baird, Professor, on fauna of Cape St. Lucas ii. 130
on representative birds of United States, ii. 180

_Balæna_, European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 207

_Balæniceps_, ii. 360

BALÆNIDÆ, ii. 207

_Balænodon_, European Pliocene, i. 112

_Balænoptera_, ii. 207

_Balænopteridæ_, ii. 207

_Balea_, ii. 516

_Balearica_, ii. 357

Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, i. 230

Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution, i.
356

Band-fish, ii. 435

Bandicoots, ii. 250

_Barangia_, ii. 199

_Barbatula_, ii. 306

Barbets, ii. 305

_Barbichthys_, ii. 452

_Barbus_, ii. 451

_Barilius_, ii. 452

_Barissia_, ii. 392

Barriers, as affecting distribution, i. 6
permanence of, as affecting distribution, i. 7
to the dispersal of birds, i. 17

_Baryphthengus_, ii. 313

_Barypus_, ii. 492

_Basileuterus_, ii. 279

_Basilornis_, ii. 287

_Bassaris_, ii. 200

_Batara_, ii. 104

Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, i. 228
on Longicorns of Japan, i. 230

_Bathmodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

_Bathrodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Bathyerges_, ii. 231

BATOIDEI, ii. 462

BATRACHIDÆ, ii. 431

_Batrachocephalus_, ii. 443

_Batrachoseps_, ii. 413

_Batrachostomus_, ii. 318

Bats, powers of flight of, i. 15
classification of, i. 87
of New Zealand, i. 450

_Baucis_, ii. 108

_Baza_, ii. 349

_Bdeogale_, ii. 195

Bearded Reedling, ii. 262

Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, i. 291
ii. 201

Beaver, N. American Tertiary, i. 140

Beavers, ii. 234

Bee-eaters, ii. 312

Beetles, families selected for study, i. 103
from the Lias, i. 167
of Azores, i. 207
of Japan, i. 228
of S. Temperate America, ii. 44

BELEMNITIDÆ, ii. 506

_Belemnoziphius_, European Pliocene, i. 112

_Belideus_, ii. 252

_Belionota_, ii. 497

_Belodontichthys_, ii. 441

_Belone_, ii. 450

_Belonesox_, ii. 450

Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch,
i. 218; ii. 206
on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, i.
466

_Beluga_, ii. 209

_Bembecidium_, ii. 489

_Berardius_, ii. 208

_Berenicornis_, ii. 317

Bermudas, zoology of, ii. 134

_Bernicla_, ii. 363

_Bernieria_, ii. 258

BERYCIDÆ, ii. 424

_Bessonornis_, ii. 256

_Bettongia_, ii. 251

_Bhringa_, ii. 269

_Bhutanitis_, ii. 479

_Bias_, ii. 270

_Biatas_, ii. 104

_Bibos_, ii. 222

_Bison_, ii. 222, 225

Binney, Mr., on Air-breathing Molluscs of N. America, ii. 528

Birds, means of dispersal of, i. 15
dispersal of by winds, i. 16
American, found in Europe, i. 16
reaching the Azores, i. 17
barriers to dispersal of, i. 17
limited by forests, i. 17
classification of, i. 93
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
extinct, i. 160
fossil of Palæarctic region, i. 161
European of Miocene period, i. 161
Eocene of Europe, i. 162
relations of, i. 162
extinct of North America, i. 163
recently extinct in New Zealand, i. 164
Cretaceous of N. America, i. 164
remains of in Brazilian caves, i. 164
recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, i. 164
cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176
numerous Palæarctic genera, i. 183
of the European sub-region, i. 193
northern range of in Europe, i. 193
of the zone of pine forests, i. 194
of Iceland, i. 198
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 203
of Malta, i. 206 (_note_)
of the Azores, i. 207
of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 219
Oriental found in Siberia, i. 219
extreme northern Asiatic, i. 219
of northern Asiatic forests, i. 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 223
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian
sub-region, i. 224
Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian
sub-region, i. 224
characteristic of N.W. China and Mongolia, i. 226
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 235
of West Africa, i. 243
list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 243
of the Ethiopian region, i. 253
of the East African sub-region, i. 260
S. African, i. 267
genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, i. 275
common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, i. 276
species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, i. 277
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 295
table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 306
of the Oriental region, i. 316
of the Indian sub-region, i. 323
Oriental genera of in Central India, i. 324
Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, i. 325
of Ceylon, i. 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub region, i. 330
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 337
illustration of peculiar Malayan, i. 339
of the Philippine Islands, i. 346
table of Oriental families of, i. 366
table of Oriental genera of, i. 375
of Australian region, i. 391
specially organized Australian families of, i. 392
of the Papuan Islands, i. 410
peculiarities of, i. 413
brilliant colours of, i. 413
remarkable forms of, i. 414
of the Moluccas, i. 418
peculiarities of, i. 421
of the Timor group, i. 423
of Celebes, i. 428
of Australia, i. 440
of New Zealand, i. 451
peculiar to New Zealand, i. 452
of Norfolk Island, i. 453
of Lord Howe's Island, i. 453
of the Chatham Islands, i. 454
of the Auckland Islands, i. 455
table of families of Australian, i. 471
table of genera of Australian, i. 478
of the Neotropical region, ii. 6
distinctive characters of Neotropical, ii. 7
of the Mexican sub region, ii. 52
of the Antilles, ii. 64
table of distribution of, ii. 68
table of families of Neotropical, ii. 86
table of genera of Neotropical, ii. 86
of the Nearctic region, ii. 116
list of typical genera of, ii. 118
of California, ii. 127
of Central N. America, ii. 130
of Eastern United States, ii. 132
of Canada, ii. 136
table of Nearctic families of, ii. 141
table of Nearctic genera of, ii. 148
and Mammals, parallelism of distribution of, ii. 545
lines of migration of, ii. 545
peculiar development of, in islands, ii. 546
contrast of distribution in tropical and
temperate oceanic islands, ii. 546

_Biziura_ , ii. 364

_Blacicus_, ii. 102

Black ape of Celebes, i. 427

Bland, Mr. Thomas, on Antillean land-shells, ii. 19
ii. 526

Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, i. 60
on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, i. 321

_Blapsidium_, Oolitic insect, i. 167

_Blarina_, ii. 191

_Blauneria_, ii. 519

BLENNIDÆ, ii. 431

_Blenniops_, ii. 431

_Blennius_, ii. 431

_Blethisa_, ii. 489

Blind burrowing snakes, ii. 372

Blunt-heads, ii. 380

Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, i. 60
on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, i. 321

_Boa_, ii. 381

_Boædon_, ii. 380

Boas, ii. 381

_Bola_, ii. 452

_Bolborhynchus_, ii. 328

_Boleosoma_, ii. 425

BOMBINATORIDÆ, ii. 416

_Bombinator_, ii. 417

_Bonasa_, ii. 339

Bonnet-limpets, ii. 511

Bony Pikes, ii. 459

_Bootherium_, ii. 225

Borneo, probable recent changes in, i. 357

_Bos_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 222, 225

_Botaurus_, ii. 359

_Bothriodon_, ii. 215

_Botia_, ii. 453

Bourbon, zoology of, i. 280
reptiles of, i. 281

_Bourcieria_, ii. 108
ii. 521

_Bovidæ_, European Miocene, i. 120

BOVIDÆ, ii. 221

BOVINÆ, ii. 222

_Brachinus_, ii. 489

BRACHIOPODA, ii. 532

_Brachiurophis_, ii. 383

_Brachiurus_, ii. 175

_Brachyalestes_, ii. 445

_Brachycephalus_, ii. 414

_Brachygalba_, ii. 311

_Brachylophus_, ii. 401

_Brachymeles_, ii. 397

_Brachymerus_, ii. 416

_Brachymys_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 232
ii. 236

_Brachymystax_, ii. 447

_Brachypteryx_, ii. 256

_Brachypternus_, ii. 303

_Brachytarsomys_, ii. 230

_Brachypteracias_, ii. 312

_Brachyrhamphus_, ii. 367

_Bradybates_, ii. 413

_Bradycellus_, ii. 489

_Bradyornis_, ii. 271

BRADYPODIDÆ, ii. 244

_Bradyptetus_, ii. 258

_Bradypus_, ii. 244

_Bradytus_, ii. 489

_Brama_, ii. 429

_Bramatherium_, Miocene of Perim Island, i. 122
ii. 226

_Branchiosteus_, ii. 442

_Branta_, ii. 364

BRASSOLIDÆ, ii. 472

_Brassolis_, ii. 472

Brazilian cave-fauna, i. 143
remarks on, i. 145

Brazilian sub-region, description of, ii. 21
mammalia of, ii. 23
birds of, ii. 24
illustration of mammalia of, ii. 23
illustration of birds of, ii. 28
islands of, ii. 29

_Breviceps_, ii. 416

_Breyeria borinensis_, Carboniferous insect, i. 168

Britain, peculiar species in, i. 197

British Isles, zoology of, i. 197

Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, i. 340

Broad-bills, ii. 294

_Bronchocela_, ii. 402

_Brontes_, ii. 444

_Brontotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137

_Brontotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137

_Brotogerys_, ii. 328

Brush-turkeys, ii. 341

_Brycon_, ii. 445

_Bryconops_, ii. 445

_Bryttus_, ii. 425

_Buarremon_, ii. 99

_Bubalus_, ii. 222

_Bubo_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 350

BUCCINIDÆ, ii. 507

_Buccinum_, ii. 507

_Bucco_, ii. 310

BUCCONIIDÆ, ii. 310

_Bucephala_, ii. 364

_Bucephalus_, ii. 379

_Buceros_, ii. 317

BUCEROTIDÆ, ii. 316

_Bucorvus_, ii. 317

_Budorcas_, ii. 224

BUDORCINÆ, ii. 224

_Budytes_, ii. 290

Buffaloes, ii. 221

_Bufo_, ii. 415

BUFONIDÆ, ii. 415

_Bulbuls_, ii. 267

BULLIDÆ, ii. 530

_Buliminus_, ii. 514

_Bulimulus_, ii. 514

_Bulimus_, Eocene, i. 169
ii. 514, 523

_Bunælurus_, N American Tertiary, i. 134

_Bungarus_, ii. 383

_Bungia_, ii. 452

_Bunocephalichthys_, ii. 444

_Bunocephalus_, ii. 444

_Buphaga_, ii. 288

BUPRESTIDÆ, ii. 495

_Buprestidium_, Oolitic insect, i. 167

_Busarellus_, ii. 348

Bush-shrikes, ii. 297

Bustards, ii. 356

_Butalis_, ii. 270

_Butastur_, ii. 348

_Buteo_, ii. 348

_Buteogallus_, ii. 348

BUTEONINÆ, ii. 348

_Buteola_, ii. 348

_Buthraupis_, ii. 98

Butterflies, arrangement of, i. 103
Palæarctic, i. 187
of Central Europe, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of Azores, i. 207
peculiar to Siberian sub-region, i. 220
of Japan and North China, i. 227
of the Ethiopian region, i. 255
number of Ethiopian species, i. 256
of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 342
of the Australian region, i. 404
of the Austro-Malay sub-region, i. 404
of the Moluccas, i. 419
of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 434
of New Zealand, i. 457
ii. 470
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 483
fossil, ii. 486
of S. Temperate America, ii. 43

_Bycanistes_, ii. 317

C.

_Cabalus_, ii. 352

_Cabrita_, ii. 391

_Cacatua_, ii. 325

CACATUIDÆ, ii. 324

_Caccabis_, ii. 339

_Cachius_, ii. 453

_Cacomantis_, ii. 309

_Cacophis_, ii. 383

_Cacopitta_, ii. 261

_Cacopus_, ii. 416

_Cacotus_, ii. 417

_Cactornis_, ii. 284

_Cadurcotherium_, European Eocene, i. 125

_Cæcilia_, ii. 411

CÆCILIADÆ, ii. 411

_Cæcum_, ii. 509

_Cælodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145

_Cælogenys_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 241

_Cænopithecus_, European Eocene, i. 124
ii. 178

_Cæntropus_, ii. 445

_Cainotherium_, European Miocene, i. 120
European Eocene, i. 126

_Cairina_, ii. 364

_Caica_, ii. 328

_Calamanthus_, ii. 258

_Calamaria_, ii. 374

CALAMARIIDÆ, ii. 374

_Calamodon_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Calamodus_, ii. 258

CALAMOHERPINÆ, ii. 287

_Calamoichthys_, ii. 458

_Calamospiza_, ii. 285

_Calandrella_, ii. 289

_Calao_, ii. 317

_Calathus_, ii. 489

_Caledonica_, ii. 487

_Calendula_, ii. 289

_Calicalicus_, ii. 271

_Calictis_, ii. 195

_Calidris_, ii. 353

_Caliecthrus_, ii. 309

California, illustration of zoology of, ii. 128

Californian sub-region, ii. 127
mammalia of, ii. 127
birds of, ii. 127
reptiles of, ii. 128
amphibia of, ii. 128
fresh-water fishes of, ii. 128

_Caligo_, ii. 472

_Calinaga_, ii. 479

_Calisto_, ii. 471

_Callæas_, ii. 287

_Callia_, ii. 521

_Callichroma_, ii. 501

_Callichrous_, ii. 442

_Callichthys_, ii. 444

_Callida_, ii. 490

_Callidryas_, ii. 478

_Callionymus_, ii. 430

_Calliope_, ii. 259

_Callipepla_, ii. 339

_Calliperidia_, ii. 108

_Calliphlox_, ii. 198

_Callirhynus_, ii. 375

_Callisaurus_, ii. 401

_Calliste_, ii. 98

_Callisthenus_, ii. 489

_Callithea_, ii. 474

_Callithrix_, in Brazilian caves, i. 184
ii. 175
ii. 178

_Callocephalus_, ii. 204

_Callochen_, ii. 363

_Callomystax_, ii. 443

_Callophis_, ii. 383

_Callophysus_, ii. 443

_Callopistes_, ii. 390

_Callorhinus_, ii. 202

_Calloselasma_, ii. 385

_Callosune_, ii. 478

_Callula_, ii. 416

_Calobates_, ii. 290

_Calocitta_, ii. 273

_Calodromas_, ii. 344

_Caloenas_, ii. 333

_Caloperdix_, ii. 339

_Calophena_, ii. 490

_Calopsitta_, ii. 325

_Caloragia_, ii. 375

_Calorhamphus_, ii. 306

_Calornis_, ii. 288

_Calosoma_, ii. 489

_Calostethus_, ii. 419

_Calotes_, ii. 402

_Calothorax_, ii. 108

_Calydna_, ii. 476

_Calypte_, ii. 108

_Calyptocephalus_, ii. 421

_Calyptomena_, ii. 295

_Calyptorhynchus_, ii. 325

CALYPTRÆIDÆ, ii. 511

_Calyptura_, ii. 102

_Camarhynchus_, ii. 284

_Camaroptera_, ii. 258

Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, i. 122
birth-place and migrations of, i. 155
Palæarctic, i. 182

_Camelidæ_, essentially extra-tropical, i. 112
N. American Tertiary, i. 138

CAMELIDÆ, ii. 216

CAMELOPARDALIDÆ, ii. 221

_Camelopardalis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 221

_Camelotherium_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 217

Camels, ii. 216

_Camelus_, ii. 216

_Camena_, ii. 477

_Campephaga_, ii. 269

CAMPEPHAGIDÆ, ii. 268

_Campephilus_, ii. 303

_Campsiempis_, ii. 101

_Camptolaimus_, ii. 364

_Campylopterus_, ii. 107

_Campylorhynchus_, ii. 264

Canadian sub-region, mammalia of, ii. 135
birds of, ii. 136
reptiles and fishes of, ii. 137
insects of, ii. 137

Canaries, birds of, i. 208
beetles of, i. 209

_Cancroma_, ii. 359

_Canidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
remarkable S. African, i. 267

CANIDÆ, ii. 197

_Canis_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Post-Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
N. American Tertiary, i. 134, 135
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
ii. 197

_Cantharus_, ii. 427

_Cantoria_, ii. 376

Cape Ant-eater, ii. 246

Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and fauna of, i. 266

Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, i. 214

Cape-hare, S. African, i. 267

_Capito_, ii. 306

CAPITONINÆ, ii. 306

_Capoeta_, ii. 451

_Capra_, ii. 224, 225

_Capreolus_, ii. 219

CAPRIMULGIDÆ, ii. 319

_Caprimulgus_, ii. 319

CAPRINÆ, ii. 224

_Capromys_, ii. 238

_Capys_, ii. 477

CARABIDÆ, ii. 488

_Carabus_, ii. 488
ii. 489

CARANGIDÆ, ii. 429

_Carassius_, ii. 451

CARCHARIIDÆ, ii. 460

_Carcineutes_, ii. 316

_Cardellina_, ii. 279

CARDIADÆ, ii. 535

_Cardinalis_, ii. 285

_Cardiodus_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Cardiopthalmus_, ii. 492

_Cardita_, ii. 535

_Carenum_, ii. 490

_Cariama_, Brazilian caves, i. 164
ii. 357

CARIAMIDÆ, ii. 357

_Caridonax_, ii. 316

_Carlia_, ii. 397

_Carnivora_ of European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
of Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146

Carnivora, classification of, i. 88
antiquity of, i. 153
of the Palæarctic region, i. 182
list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 240
list of Ethiopian genera of, i. 302
range of Oriental genera of, i. 373
list of Australian genera of, i. 476

CARNIVORA, ii. 192
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 204
range of, in time, ii. 206
summary and conclusion, ii. 541

Caroline Islands, birds of, i. 444

Carpenter, Dr. Philip, on Panama shells, ii. 20

_Carpiodes_, ii. 451

_Carpococcyx_, ii. 309

_Carpodacus_, ii. 285

_Carpodectes_, ii. 102, 294

_Carpophaga_, ii. 332

_Carterodon_ in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239

Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, i. 85
Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, i. 88

_Carychium_, ii. 519

_Casarca_, ii. 363

_Cascelius_, ii. 492

_Casiornis_, ii. 102, 293

_Casoryx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 225

_Casnonia_, ii. 489

_Cassiculus_, ii. 282

_Cassicus_, ii. 282

_Cassidaria_, ii. 507

_Cassidix_, ii. 283

_Cassinia_, ii. 270

Cassowaries, ii. 368

_Castalia_, ii. 534

_Castnia_, ii. 481

CASTNIIDÆ, ii. 481

_Castor_, European Pliocene, i. 113
European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 234

CASTORIDÆ, ii. 234

_Castoroides_, ii. 234

_Casuarius_, ii. 369

CASUARIIDÆ, ii. 368

_Catadromus_, ii. 490

_Catagramma_, ii. 474

_Catamblyrhynchus_, ii. 285

_Catamenia_, ii. 285

_Catascopus_, ii. 489
ii. 491

_Cataulus_, ii. 520

_Catharistes_, ii. 346

_Cathartes_, Brazilian caves, i. 124
ii. 346

_Catharus_, ii. 256

_Catherpes_, ii. 264

_Catla_, ii. 451

_Catoblepas_, ii. 224

_Catodon_, ii. 208

_Catodontidæ_, ii. 207

_Catopra_, ii. 433

_Catoprion_, ii. 446

_Catostomus_, ii. 451

_Catoxantha_, ii. 496

_Catriscus_, ii. 258

Cats, ii. 192

Cave-fauna of Brazil, i. 143

_Cavia_, European Miocene, i. 121
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 241

Cavies, ii. 241

CAVIIDÆ, ii. 241

CEBIDÆ, ii. 174

_Cebochoerus_, European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 215

_Cebus_ in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 174
ii. 178

_Cecina_, ii. 521

Celebes, physical features of, i. 389
mammalia of, i. 426
birds of, i. 428
insects of, i. 434
origin of fauna of, i. 436

_Celestus_, ii. 327

_Celeus_, ii. 303

_Celia_, ii. 489

_Cenchris_, ii. 385

_Centetes_, ii. 188

_Centetidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118

CENTETIDÆ, ii. 188

_Centrarchus_, ii. 425

CENTRISCIDÆ, ii. 436

_Centriscus_, ii. 436

_Centrites_, ii. 101, 291

_Centrocercus_, ii. 339

_Centrolabrus_, ii. 437

_Centrolophus_, ii. 429

_Centromochlus_, ii. 443

_Centronotus_, ii. 431

_Centropus_, ii. 309

_Centronyx_, ii. 286

_Centropyx_, ii. 390

_Centurus_, ii. 303

_Cephalepis_, ii. 108

_Cephalopeltis_, ii. 389

CEPHALOPHINÆ, ii. 224

_Cephalophus_, ii. 224

CEPHALOPODA, ii. 505

_Cephalopterus_, ii. 103, 294

_Cephalopyrus_, ii. 266

_Cepola_, ii. 435

CEPOLIDÆ, ii. 435

CERAMBYCIDÆ, ii. 493

_Ceratichthys_, ii. 452

_Ceratina_, ii. 470

Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, i. 397

_Ceratodus_, ii. 458

_Ceratohyla_, ii. 418

_Ceratophora_, ii. 402

_Ceratophorus_, ii. 501

_Ceratophrys_, ii. 420

_Ceratoptera_, ii. 463

_Ceratorhina_, ii. 367

_Ceratorhinus_, ii. 213

_Ceratotherium_, ii. 213

_Cerberus_, ii. 376

_Cercaspis_, ii. 380

_Cerchneis_, ii. 349

_Cercocebus_, ii. 173

_Cercolabes_ in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 240

CERCOLABIDÆ, ii. 239

_Cercoleptes_, ii. 200

_Cercomacra_, ii. 104

_Cercomela_, ii. 260

_Cercomys_, ii. 239

_Cercopithecus_ in European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 173

_Cercosaura_, ii. 394

CERCOSAURIDÆ, ii. 394

_Cereopsis_, ii. 363

_Ceriornis_, ii. 340

CERITHIADÆ, ii. 509

_Certhia_, ii. 264

_Certhidea_, ii. 278

CERTHIADÆ, ii. 264

_Certhilauda_, ii. 289

_Certhiola_, ii. 278

_Certhiparus_, ii. 266

_Cervicapra_, ii. 224

CERVICAPRINÆ, ii. 224

_Cervidæ_, European Miocene, i. 120
birth-place and migrations of, i. 155

CERVIDÆ, ii. 218

_Cervulus_, ii. 219

_Cervus_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Indian Pliocene and Miocene, i. 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 219

_Ceryle_, ii. 316

CESTRACIONTIDÆ, ii. 461

_Cetacea_, European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 140

Cetacea, classification of, i. 89
range of Oriental genus, i. 374

CETACEA, ii. 207

_Cethosia_, ii. 474

CETONIIDÆ, ii. 494

_Cetopsis_, ii. 443

_Cettia_, ii. 258

_Ceuthmochares_, ii. 309

_Ceycopsis_, ii. 316

Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, i. 327

Ceylonese sub-region, i. 326
mammalia of, i. 327
birds of, i. 327
reptiles of, i. 327
amphibia of, i. 327
insects of, i. 327
past history of, as indicated by its fauna. i. 328

_Ceyx_, ii. 316

_Chaca_, ii. 441

_Chæmarrhornis_, ii. 259

_Chæmepelia_, ii. 333

_Chærocampa_, ii. 482

_Chætobranchus_, ii. 439

_Chætocercus_, ii. 108
ii. 249

_Chætodon_, ii. 427

_Chætomys_, ii. 240

_Chætops_, ii. 256

_Chætoptila_, ii. 276

_Chætorhynchus_, ii. 269

_Chætostomus_, ii. 444

_Chætura_, ii. 320

_Chætusia_, ii. 356

_Chalceus_, ii. 445

CHALCIDÆ, ii. 393

_Chalcinopsis_, ii. 445

_Chalcinus_, ii. 445

_Chalcis_, ii. 393

_Chalcochloris_, ii. 189

_Chalcopelia_, ii. 333

_Chalcophaps_, ii. 333

_Chalcostetha_, ii. 276

_Chalicomys_, European Pliocene, i. 113

_Chalicotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
Indian Miocene, i. 122
fossil in N. China, i. 123

_Chamæleo_, N. American Eocene, i. 165

_Chalybura_, ii. 107

_Chamæa_, ii. 264

CHAMÆIDÆ, ii. 264

CHAMÆLEONIDÆ, ii. 402

Chamæleons, ii. 402

_Chamæpetes_, ii. 343

_Chamæospiza_, ii. 284

_Chamæsaura_, ii. 394

CHAMÆSAURIDÆ, ii. 394

_Chamæza_, ii. 104

CHAMIDÆ, ii. 534

Chamois, figure of, i. 195
ii. 224

_Chamostrea_, ii. 536

_Chanodichthys_, ii. 453

CHARACINIDÆ, ii. 444

_Characodon_, ii. 450

CHARADRIIDÆ, ii. 355

_Charadrius_, ii. 356

_Charina_, ii. 373

_Charis_, ii. 476

_Charitornis_, ii. 274

_Charmosyna_, ii. 327

_Chasiempis_, ii. 271

_Chasmodes_, ii. 431

_Chasmorhynchus_, ii. 103, 294

_Chatarrhæa_, ii. 261

Chatham Islands, birds of, i. 454

Chatterers, ii. 293

_Chaulelasmus_, ii. 364

_Chauna_, ii. 361

_Chaunonotus_, ii. 272

_Chaunoproctus_, ii. 284

_Chela_, ii. 453

_Chelemys_, ii. 408

_Chelidon_, ii. 281

_Chelidoptera_, ii. 311

_Chelidorynx_, ii. 271

_Chelodina_, ii. 408

_Chelomeles_ ii. 397

_Chelone_, ii. 409

Chelonia, classification of, i. 100

CHELONIA, ii. 407
remarks on the distribution of, ii. 410
fossil, ii. 410

CHELONIIDÆ, ii. 409

CHELYDIDÆ, ii. 408

_Chelydobatrachus_, ii. 416

_Chelydra_, European Pliocene, i. 165
ii. 408

_Chelys_, ii. 408

_Chenalopex_, ii. 363

_Chera_, ii. 286

_Chersina_, ii. 408

_Chersydrus_, ii. 382

Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, i. 336

Chevrotains, ii. 218

_Chiamela_, ii. 397

_Chiasognathus_, ii. 493

_Chibia_, ii. 269

_Chilabothrus_, ii. 381

Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, i. 63

Chili and Temperate S. America, distribution of Carabidæ in, ii. 492

Chilian Andes, illustration of zoology of, ii. 40

Chilian sub-region, ii. 36
mammalia of, ii. 36
birds of, ii. 37
illustration of zoology of, ii. 40
reptiles and amphibia of, ii. 40
fresh-water fishes of, ii. 42
insects of, ii. 42
origin and migrations of insects of, ii. 47

Chili, islands of, ii. 49

_Chilinia_, ii. 518

_Chilobranchus_, ii. 456

_Chilomeniscus_, ii. 375

_Chimæra_, ii. 460

CHIMÆRIDÆ, ii. 460

China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European
Miocene, i. 362
North, mammalia of, i. 222

_Chinchilla_, ii. 237

_Chinchillidæ_ in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148

CHINCHILLIDÆ, ii. 237

_Chioglossa_, ii. 413

_Chionabas_, ii. 471

CHIONIDIDÆ, ii. 354

_Chionis_, ii. 354

CHIROCENTRIDÆ, ii. 454

CHIROCOLIDÆ, ii. 393

_Chirodon_, ii. 445

_Chirodryas_, ii. 418

_Chirogaleus_, ii. 176

_Chiroleptes_, ii. 421

_Chiromachæris_, ii. 102, 292

_Chiromantis_, ii. 419

CHIROMYIDÆ, ii. 177

_Chironectes_, ii. 248

Chiroptera, classification of, i. 87
list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239
list of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300
range of Oriental genera of, i. 371
list of Australian genera of, i. 475

_Chiroptera_, European Eocene, i. 125
in Brazilian caves, i. 144

CHIROPTERA, ii. 181
remarks on the distribution of, ii. 185
fossil, ii. 185
summary and conclusion, ii. 441

_Chirotes_, ii. 388

CHIROTIDÆ, ii. 388

_Chiroxiphia_, ii. 102, 292

CHITONIDÆ, ii. 512

_Chittya_, ii. 519

_Chlænius_, ii. 489

_Chlamydodera_, ii. 275

_Chlamydophorus_, ii. 246

_Chlamydotherium_, ii. 246
in Brazilian caves, i. 145

_Chlenasicus_, ii. 262

_Chloëphaga_, ii. 363

_Chlorochrysa_, ii. 98
ii. 99

_Chloronerpes_, ii. 303

_Chlorophanes_, ii. 278

_Chlorophonia_, ii. 98
ii. 99

_Chloropipo_, ii. 102

_Chlorospiza_, ii. 283

_Chlorospingus_, ii. 99
ii. 100

_Chlorostilbon_, ii. 109

_Choanomphalus_, ii. 518

_Choanopoma_, ii. 521

_Choeromorus_, European Miocene, i. 119

_Choeropotamus_, European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 215

_Choeropus_, ii. 250

_Choerotherium_, Indian Miocene, i. 122

_Cholæpus_, ii. 244

_Chologastes_, ii. 450

_Cholornis_, ii. 262

_Chondestes_, ii. 285

_Chondropoma_, ii. 521

CHONDROPTERYGII, ii. 46

CHONDROSTEI, ii. 459

_Chondrostoma_, ii. 452

_Choneziphius_, European Pliocene, i. 112

_Chordeiles_, ii. 320

Chough, Alpine, figure of, i. 195

Choughs, ii. 274

CHROMIDÆ, ii. 438

_Chromis_, ii. 438

_Chrysichthys_, ii. 442

_Chrysobronchus_, ii. 108

_Chrysococcyx_, ii. 310

CHRYSOCHLORIDÆ, ii. 189

_Chrysochloris_, ii. 189

_Chrysocolaptes_, ii. 303

_Chrysocyon_, ii. 197

_Chrysolampis_, ii. 108

_Chrysomitris_, ii. 283

_Chrysopelea_, ii. 379

_Chrysophrys_, ii. 427

_Chrysoptilus_, ii. 303

_Chrysothrix_, ii. 175

_Chrysotis_, ii. 328

_Chrysuronia_, ii. 109

_Chthonicola_, ii. 258

_Ciccaba_, ii. 350

_Cichla_, ii. 439

_Cichladusa_, ii. 261

_Cichlopsis_, ii. 260

_Cicigna_, ii. 392

_Cicindela_, ii. 486

CICINDELIDÆ, ii. 486

_Cicinnurus_, ii. 275

_Ciconia_, ii. 360

_Ciconiidæ_, ii. 360

CINCLIDÆ, ii. 262

_Cinclocerthia_, ii. 256

_Cinclodes_, ii. 103

_Cinclorhamphus_, ii. 260

_Cinclosoma,_ ii. 261

_Cinclus_, ii. 263

_Cinnicerthia_, ii. 264

_Cinnyricinclus_, ii. 276
ii. 288

_Cinosternon_, ii. 408

_Cinyxis_, ii. 408

_Cionella_, ii. 515

_Circaëtus_, ii. 348

_Circe_, ii. 109

Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, i. 67

_Circus_, ii. 347

_Cirrhina_, ii. 451

CIRRHITIDÆ, ii. 427

_Cirrhochroa_, ii. 474

CIRRHOSTOMI, ii. 464

_Cissa_, ii. 273

_Cissopis_, ii. 99

_Cisticola_, ii. 257

_Cistothorus_, ii. 263

_Cistula_, ii. 521

_Cithara_, ii. 508

_Citharinus_, ii. 445

_Cittura_, ii. 316

_Cladognathus_, ii. 493

_Clais_, ii. 108

Clam-shells, ii. 535

_Clarias_, ii. 441

_Clarotes_, ii. 442

Classification as affecting the study of distribution, i. 83

_Claudius_, ii. 408

_Clausilia_, Eocene, i. 169
ii. 514

_Clerome_, ii. 472

_Clibanornis_, ii. 103

_Climacteris_, ii. 265

Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, i. 11
gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, i. 41

_Clinteria_, ii. 494

CLIONIDÆ, ii. 531

_Clostophis_, ii. 520

_Clupea_, ii. 454

CLUPEIDÆ, ii. 454

_Clymenia_, ii. 209

_Clypeicterus_, ii. 282

_Clytoctantes_, ii. 104

_Clytolæna_, ii. 108

_Clytus_, ii. 501

_Cnidoglanis_, ii. 441

_Cnipodectes_, ii. 101

_Cnipolegus_, ii. 101, 291

_Cobitis_, ii. 453

Cobras, ii. 382

_Coccothraustes_, ii. 284

_Coccygus_, ii. 309

_Coccystes_, ii. 310

_Cochlognathus_, ii. 452

_Cochlostyla_, ii. 514

_Cochlothraustes_, ii. 309

_Cochoa_, ii. 269

Cockatoos, ii. 324

Cockles, ii. 535

Cocos Islands, bird of, ii. 60

_Cocytia_, ii. 481

_Coeligena_, ii. 107

_Coelodon_, ii. 245

_Coelonotus_, ii. 457

_Coelopeltis_, ii. 377

_Coelosterna_, ii. 501

_Coenonympha_, ii. 471

_Coereba_, ii. 278

COEREBIDÆ, ii. 278

_Cogia_, ii. 208

_Colaptes_, ii. 304

Coleoptera, families selected for study, i. 103
Palæarctic, i. 188
number of Palæarctic species, i. 189
of Central Europe, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
of the Ethiopian region, i. 256
S. African, i. 268
of Madagascar, i. 282, 283
of the Oriental region, i. 319
of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 342
of the Australian region, i. 405
affinity of Australian and South American, i. 406, 407
of Celebes, i. 435
of New Zealand, i. 457
of the Neotropical region, ii. 15
of S. Temperate America, ii. 44
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 56
of the Antilles, ii. 74
of the Nearctic region, ii. 123

COLEOPTERA, ii. 486
general observations on the distribution of, ii. 502 (_see also_
Beetles)

_Colias_, ii. 478

Colies, ii. 307

COLIIDÆ, ii. 307

_Colius_, ii. 307

_Coliuspasser_, ii. 286

_Collocalia_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 320

_Colluricincla_, ii. 272

_Collyris_, ii. 486, 487

_Colobus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 172

_Colænis_, ii. 474

_Colonoceras_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

_Colopterus_, ii. 101

_Colossochelys_ of Indian Miocene, i. 123, 165

_Colpodes_, ii. 489

_Coluber_, ii. 375

COLUBRIDÆ, ii. 375

COLUBRINÆ, ii. 375

Columbæ, classification of, i. 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311
range of Oriental genera of, i. 384
range of Australian genera of, i. 485

_Columba_, ii. 332

COLUMBÆ, ii. 331
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 335

COLUMBIDÆ, ii. 331

_Columbula_, ii. 333

_Columna_, ii. 516

COLYMBIDÆ, ii. 366

_Colymbus_, ii. 366

COMEPHORIDÆ, ii. 432

_Comephorus_, ii. 549

Comoro islands, zoology of, i. 281

_Compsosoma_, ii. 98, 375

CONCHIFERA, ii. 533

_Condylura_, ii. 190

Cones, ii. 508

_Conger_, ii. 456

CONIDÆ, ii. 508

_Conirostrum_, ii. 278

_Conognatha_, ii. 496

_Conophaga_, ii. 100

CONOPHAGINÆ, ii. 291

_Conophis_, ii. 375

_Conopias_, ii. 101

_Conorhynchus_, ii. 443

_Conostoma_, ii. 262

Continents, distribution of, i. 37
recent changes of, i. 38

Continental extension in Mesozoic times, i. 156

_Contopus_, ii. 102, 291

CONURIDÆ, ii. 327

_Conurus_, ii. 328

_Conus_, ii. 508

_Copea_, ii. 416

_Cophoscincus_, ii. 397

_Copidoglanis_, ii. 441

_Coptodera_, ii. 489, 492

_Copurus_, ii. 101

_Copsychus_, ii. 259

_Coracias_, ii. 311

CORACIIDÆ, ii. 311

_Coracopsis_, ii. 328

_Corades_, ii. 471

_Corallus_, ii. 381

_Corbis_, ii. 535

_Cordylosaurus_, ii. 392

_Cordylus_, ii. 392

_Coregonus_, ii. 447

_Coriphilus_, ii. 327

_Coris_, ii. 437

_Coronella_, ii. 375

CORONELLINÆ, ii. 375

_Coronis_, ii. 481

_Cornufer_, ii. 419

CORVIDÆ, ii. 272

_Corvina_, ii. 428

_Corvinella_, ii. 272

_Corvultur_, ii. 274

_Corvus_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 274

_Corydalla_, ii. 290

_Corydon_, ii. 295

_Corynopoma_, ii. 445

_Coryphistera_, ii. 103

_Coryphodon_, European Eocene, i. 126

_Coryphospingus_, ii. 284

_Corythaix_, ii. 307

_Corythopis_, ii. 100

_Corythornis_, ii. 316

_Cosmeteira_, ii. 277

_Cosmetornis_, ii. 320

Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, i. 175

_Cossypha_, ii. 256

_Cotinga_, ii. 102, 294

COTINGIDÆ, ii. 293

_Cottus_, ii. 428

_Coturniculus_, ii. 284

_Coturnix_, ii. 338

_Cotyle_, ii. 281

_Coua_, ii. 309

_Couchia_, ii. 439

Coues, Dr., on the blue crow of the Rocky Mountains, ii. 128

Coursers, ii. 355

Cowries, ii. 508

Coypu, ii. 238

CRACIDÆ, ii. 342

CRACINÆ, ii. 343

_Cracticus_, ii. 273

Cranes, ii. 357

CRANIADÆ, ii. 532

_Cranorrhinus_, ii. 317

_Craspedocephalus_, ii. 385

_Craspedopoma_, ii. 521

_Crateropus_, ii. 261

_Crax_, ii. 343

_Creadion_, ii. 287

_Creagrus_, ii. 364

_Creagrutus_, ii. 445

Creepers, ii. 264

_Cremna_, ii. 475

_Crenicichla_, ii. 439

_Crenilabrus_, ii. 437

_Crenuchus_, ii. 445

_Creurgops_, ii. 99

_Cricetodon_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 230

_Cricetomys_, ii. 230

_Cricetulus_, ii. 230

_Cricetus_, European Pliocene, i. 113
ii. 230

_Cricosoma_, ii. 476

_Crinia_, ii. 420

_Criniger_, ii. 267

_Crithagra_, ii. 285

_Crocidura_, ii. 191

Crocodiles, Eocene, i. 165
ii. 406
lines of migration of, ii. 548

Crocodilia, classification of, i. 100

CROCODILIA, ii. 405
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 406
fossil, ii. 407

CROCODILIDÆ, ii. 406

_Crocodilurus_ ii. 390

_Crocodilus_, ii. 406

Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, i. 456

_Crossarchus_, ii. 195

_Crossochilus_, ii. 451

_Crossodactylus_, ii. 419

_Crossoptilon_, ii. 340

_Crossopus_, ii. 191

CROTALIDÆ, ii. 384

_Crotalophorus_, ii. 385

_Crotalus_, ii. 385

Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, i. 209

_Crotophaga_, ii. 309

Crowned-pigeon, figure of, i. 415

Crows, ii. 273

_Crypsirhina_, ii. 273

_Cryptoblepharus_, ii. 395

_Cryptodacus_, ii. 375

_Cryptoprocta_, ii. 194

CRYPTOPROCTIDÆ, ii. 194

_Cryptopterus_, ii. 441

_Cryptornis_, European Eocene, i. 163

_Cryptotis_, ii. 421

_Crypturus_, ii. 344

_Ctenodactyla_, ii. 490

_Ctenodactylus_, ii. 238

_Ctenolabrus_, ii. 437

_Ctenomys_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 238

_Ctenopharyngodon_, ii. 452

_Ctenopoma_, ii. 521

_Ctenostoma_, ii. 486

Cuba, extinct mammalia of, i. 148

_Curculionidium_, Oolitic insect, i. 167

_Cubina_, ii. 400

CUCULIDÆ, ii. 308

_Cuculus_, ii. 309

Cuckoo-shrikes, ii. 268

Cuckoos, ii. 308

_Culter_, ii. 453

Cunningham, Professor, lizard discovered by, in Tierra-del-Fuego, ii. 41

_Cuniculus_, ii. 230

_Cuphopterus_, ii. 272

_Cupidonia_, ii. 339

Curassows, ii. 342

_Curæus_, ii. 282

_Curetis_, ii. 477

_Curimatus_, ii. 445

_Curruca_, ii. 259

_Cursoria_, ii. 382

_Cursorius_, ii. 355

_Cuscus_, ii. 252

_Custa_, ii. 390

_Cutia_, ii. 266

Cuttle fish, ii. 505

_Cyanecula_, ii. 259

_Cyanocorax_, ii. 273

_Cyanomyia_, ii. 109

_Cyanopica_, ii. 273

_Cyanoptila_, ii. 270

_Cyanorhamphus_, ii. 325

_Cyanospiza_, ii. 284

_Cyanotis_, ii. 101

_Cyanurus_, ii. 273

_Cybernetes_, ii. 101

_Cychloris_, ii. 280

_Cychrus_, ii. 489

CYCLADIDÆ, ii. 535

_Cyclas_, ii. 535

_Cyclocorus_, ii. 380

_Cycloderma_, ii. 409

_Cyclodina_, ii. 397

_Cyclodus_, ii. 397

_Cyclophis_, ii. 376

_Cyclophorus_, ii. 520

_Cyclopterus_, ii. 430

_Cyclopsitta_, ii. 326

_Cyclorhamphus_, ii. 420

_Cyclostoma_, Eocene, i. 169

CYCLOSTOMATA, ii. 463

CYCLOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 520

_Cyclostomus_, ii. 521

_Cyclothorus_, ii. 247

_Cyclotopsis_, ii. 521

_Cyclotus_, ii. 521

_Cyclusa_, ii. 401

_Cygnus_, ii. 363

_Cylindrella_, ii. 515

_Cylindrophis_, ii. 373

_Cyllo sepulta_, European Cretaceous, i. 167

_Cymba_, ii. 508

_Cymbilanius_, ii. 104

_Cymbirhynchus_, ii. 295

_Cymindis_, ii. 489

_Cynælurus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 193

_Cynanthus_, ii. 108

_Cynictis_, ii. 195

_Cynocephalus_, ii. 173

_Cynodictis_, ii. 198

_Cynodon_, ii. 445

_Cynogale_, ii. 195

CYNOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 172

Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, i. 427

_Cynopithecus_, ii. 173

_Cynomys_, ii. 235

_Cyornis_, ii. 270

_Cyotherium_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 198

_Cyphogastra_, ii. 496

_Cyphorhinus_, ii. 264

CYPRÆIDÆ, ii. 508

_Cyprina_, ii. 535

CYPRINIDÆ, ii. 451
ii. 535

_Cyprinus_, ii. 451

_Cyprinion_, ii. 452

_Cyprinodon_, ii. 450

CYPRINODONTIDÆ, ii. 450

CYPSELIDÆ, ii. 320

_Cypseloides_, ii. 320

_Cypselus_, ii. 320

_Cypsnagra_, ii. 99

_Cyrena_, ii. 535

_Cyrestis_, ii. 474

_Cyrtonotus_, ii. 489

_Cyrtonyx_, ii. 339

_Cyrtophis_, ii. 383

_Cystignathus_, ii. 420

_Cystophora_, ii. 204

D.

_Dacelo_, ii. 316

_Dacnis_, ii. 278

_Dactylethra_, ii. 422

DACTYLETHRIDÆ, ii. 422

_Dactylomys_, ii. 239

_Dactylopsila_, ii. 249

_Dactylozodes_, ii. 496

_Dafila_, ii. 363

_Dama_, ii. 219

_Damias_, ii. 481

_Damophila_, ii. 109

DANAIDÆ, ii. 470

_Danais_, ii. 470

_Dangila_, ii. 451

_Danio_, ii. 452

_Daptophilus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

Darters, ii. 365

Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous
insects in Madeira, i. 211
on the relation of flowers and insects, i. 463
amphibia collected by, in S. Temperate America, ii. 41
mice collected by, in S. Temperate America, ii. 37
on physical geography of the Galapagos, ii. 33

_Dasia_, ii. 397

_Dasylophus_, ii. 309

_Dasyopthalma_, ii. 472

_Dasypeltis_, ii. 377

DASYPODIDÆ, ii. 245

_Dasyprocta_, European Miocene, i. 121
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 241

_Dasyptilus_, ii. 329

_Dasypus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 246

DASYURIDÆ, ii. 249

_Dasyurus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 249

_Daudebardia_, ii. 516

David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, i. 221, 222
on birds of N. China, i. 226

_Debis_, ii. 471

Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, i. 138
Palæarctic, i. 182
probable cause of absence from tropical Africa, i. 291
ii. 218

_Deilephila_, ii. 482

_Deltatria_, ii. 107

_Delma_, ii. 395

_Deloneura_, ii. 477

_Delphinapterus_, ii. 209

DELPHINIDÆ, ii. 208

_Delphinus_, European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 209

DENDRASPIDIDÆ, ii. 383

_Dendraspis_, ii. 383

_Dendrexetastes_, ii. 104

_Dendrochelidon_, ii. 320

_Dendrocitta_, ii. 273

_Dendrocolaptes_, ii. 103

DENDROCOLAPTIDÆ, ii. 295

DENDROCOLAPTINÆ, ii. 295

_Dendrocincla_, ii. 103

_Dendrocygna_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 363

_Dendroeca_, ii. 279

_Dendrohyrax_, ii. 229

_Dendrolagus_, ii. 251

_Dendromus_, ii. 303

_Dendromys_, ii. 230

_Dendrophila_, ii. 265

DENDROPHIDÆ, ii. 378

_Dendrophis_, ii. 378

_Dendropicus_, ii. 303

_Dendroplex_, ii. 103

_Dendrornis_, ii. 103

_Dendrortyx_, ii. 339

_Denisonia_, ii. 383

DENTALIADÆ, ii. 512

_Dentalium_, ii. 512
ii. 539

_Dentex_, ii. 426

_Dercas_, ii. 478

_Dermatemys_, ii. 408

_Dermatocera_, ii. 520

_Dermatochelys_, ii. 409

_Deroptyus_, ii. 328

_Dermognathus_, ii. 413

Desert-snakes, ii. 377

Desman of S. Russia, figure of, i. 219

_Desmodus_, ii. 182

_Deudorix_, ii. 477

_Diadema_, ii. 474

_Diagramma_, ii. 426

_Dibamus_, ii. 372

DIBRANCHIATA, ii. 505

DICÆIDÆ, ii. 277

_Dicælus_, ii. 490

_Dicæum_, ii. 277

_Dicallaneura_, ii. 475

_Dicamptodon_, ii. 413

_Diceratherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137

_Dicerca_, ii. 496

_Dicerobatis_, ii. 463

_Dichobune_, European Eocene, i. 126

_Dicotyles_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 137
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
birthplace and migrations of, i. 155
ii. 215

_Dicotylinæ_, ii. 214

_Dicrocerus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 220

_Dicrodon_, ii. 390

_Dicroglossus_, ii. 421

_Dicrorrhagia_, ii. 474

DICRURIDÆ, ii. 269

_Dicrurus_, ii. 269

DIDELPHYIDÆ, ii. 248

_Didelphys_, European Eocene, i. 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 248

_Dididæ_, i. 164

DIDIDÆ, ii. 334

_Didocus_, ii. 417

DIDUNCULIDÆ, ii. 333

_Didunculus_, ii. 334

_Didus_, ii. 334

_Dieba_, ii. 197

_Diemenia_, ii. 383

_Diglossa_, ii. 278

_Diglossopis_, ii. 278

_Dilophus_, ii. 287

_Dilophyrus_, ii. 402

_Dimodes_, ii. 377

_Dimylus_, ii. 190

_Dinictis_, ii. 194

_Dinoceras_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Dinocerata_, N. American Tertiary, i. 139

_Dinornis_, allied form in European Eocene, i. 163
of New Zealand and Australia, i. 164
ii. 369

_Dinornithidæ_ of New Zealand, i. 164

DINORNITHIDÆ, ii. 269

_Dinotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
Miocene of Perim Island, i. 123

_Dinyctis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Dinylus_, European Miocene, i. 117

_Diomedia_, ii. 365

_Dioplodon_, ii. 208

_Diorhina_, ii. 476

_Diphlogæna_, ii. 108

_Diphylla_, ii. 182

_Diphyllodes_, ii. 274

_Diplacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

_Diplodactylus_, ii. 399

_Diploglossus_, ii. 397

_Diplolæmus_, ii. 401

_Diplomesodon_, ii. 191

DIPLOMMATINIDÆ, ii. 519

_Diplommatina_, ii. 520

_Diplomystax_, ii. 443

_Diplopelma_, ii. 416

_Diplopoma_, ii. 521

_Diplopterus_, ii. 309

DIPNOI, ii. 458

DIPODIDÆ, ii. 231

_Dipodomys_, ii. 233

Dippers, ii. 263

_Diprotodon_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251

DIPSADIDÆ, ii. 379

_Dipsadoboa_, ii. 379

_Dipsas_, ii. 379

_Diptychus_, ii. 452

_Dipus_, ii. 232

_Dircenna_, ii. 470

_Discina_, ii. 539

DISCINIDÆ, ii. 532

_Discoboli_, ii. 430

DISCOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 421

_Discoglossus_, ii. 421

_Discognathus_, ii. 451

_Discophora_, ii. 472

_Discura_, ii. 107

Dispersal of animals, i. 10
of mammalia, i. 10
of reptiles and amphibia, i. 28

_Disteira_, ii. 384

_Distichodus_, ii. 445