Chapter XXXI: Part I: , The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, London, 1911, vol

i, pp. 244–331. See also above, pp. 203–204 and 209.

A characteristic story of this sort is related in the _Gesta regis
Ricardi_, falsely ascribed to Benedict of Peterborough. Here we are
told that a huge black dragon raises waterspouts in the Gulf of
Satalia on the south coast of Asia Minor. The author adds, however:
“Quidem autem dicunt quod hoc non est draco sed sol qui attrahit aquas
maris ad se, quod plus verum videtur” (_Gesta regis Ricardi_, vol. ii,
p. 197). The author is also skeptical towards a fantastic story of how
storms are produced in the same gulf by the rising to the surface of
the head of an abortive child that had been thrown into its waters
(_ibid._, p. 196).

Footnote 761:

_De imag. mundi_, I, 54.

Footnote 762:

“Ventus ... est ... aer commotus et agitatus” (_Otia imper._, vol. i,
p. 889).

Footnote 763:

“Est igitur ventus aer densus usque ad offensionem (quidem) motus.
Esse enim venti genus aerem estimo” (_Quaest. nat._, 59 (60)). On
references to the _Quaestiones naturales_, see the Bibliography under
Adelard of Bath.

Footnote 764:

“Ventus igitur est aer in unam partem flans” (_Dragmaticon
philosophiae_, in: Hellmann, _Denkmäler_, 1904, p. 42).

Footnote 765:

_Liber div. op._, pars I, visio II, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol.
cxcvii, col. 762; Thorndike, _Magic_, 1923, vol. ii, p. 132.

Footnote 766:

_Causae et curae_, I, Kaiser’s edit., p. 4.

Footnote 767:

_ibid._, p. 5.

Footnote 768:

_De phil. mundi_, III, 15.

Footnote 769:

_Quaest. nat._, 59 (60); quotation is from Gollancz’s translation, p.
145.

Footnote 770:

_Otia imper._, vol. i, p. 922.

Footnote 771:

_De phil. mundi_, III, 15.

Footnote 772:

See above, pp. 192–193.

Footnote 773:

_De phil. mundi_, III, 15.

Footnote 774:

Gilbert, _Meteorol. Theorien_, 1907, pp. 539–557.

Footnote 775:

_Quaest. nat._, V, 17.

Footnote 776:

On the names of the winds in medieval French literature, see Frahm,
_Das Meer_, 1914, pp. 78–82.

Footnote 777:

_Liber floridus_, Ghent MS., fol. 24, as cited in Migne, _Pat. lat._,
vol. clxiii, col. 1009.

Footnote 778:

Einhard, the Frankish scholar, contemporary and biographer of
Charlemagne, in his _Vita Caroli magni_ so designates the winds (_Mon.
Germ. hist._, Scriptores, vol. ii, p. 459).

Footnote 779:

Bertolini, _L’orologio_, 1916, p. 977.

Footnote 780:

Cusa, _Denom. dei venti_, 1884, pp. 375–415.

Footnote 781:

Alexander Neckam makes Boreas a bringer of hail and Auster a rainy
wind (_De laud. div. sap._, II, 85–92).

Bernard Sylvester writes:

“Obriguit Boreas, maduit Notus, Auster et Eurus:
Hic tempestates, ille serena facit.”
—_De mundi univ._, p. 19.

Classical tradition, however, was apparently uniform in conceiving of
Notus and Auster as the same. See table in Gilbert, _op. cit._, pp.
550–551. William of Conches describes Boreas as a dry, as well as
cold, wind “because it drives the clouds before it toward the mid
region of the earth.” But also, because of the very fact that it does
so drive the clouds before it, it is a producer of rain along the
borders of the torrid zone. “Siccus vero, quia nubes de hoc angulo
terrae ad medium fugat, estque pluviosus juxta fines torridae zonae”
(_De phil. mundi_, III, 15).

Footnote 782:

_loc. cit._

Footnote 783:

“Arthous, Boreas, Boreae contrarius Auster,
Sol oriens Eurum, vespera dat Zephyrum.
Constringit Boreas, pluvius fert humidus Auster,
Clara dies Euro, flos alitur Zephyro.
Auctumno Boreas, aestati convenit Eurus;
Auster hyemsque madent; ver Zephyrusque tepent.”
—_Symbolum electorum_, II, 1.

See also Giraldus Cambrensis, _Top. Hiber._, I, 3, on Zephyr and
Eurus, and I, 6, on Corus, the violent northwester which uproots or
bends over trees in the west of Ireland. Corus was the favoring wind
for voyagers from England to France, according to Willibald, an eighth
century ecclesiastic, associate of Boniface, in his _Vita Bonifatii_,
5 (Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. lxxxix, col. 613). Alexander Neckam (_loc.
cit._) and Bernard Sylvester (_loc. cit._) make Eurus a stormy wind.
Neckam says that it disturbs the waters and is unwelcome to travelers;
Zephyr, on the other hand, spreads the fields with flowers.

Footnote 784:

_Otia imper._, vol. i, p. 922.

Footnote 785:

_ibid._, p. 972.

Footnote 786:

Liebrecht, _Gervasius von Tilbury_, 1856, p. 112.

Footnote 787:

_Historia_, XIX, 16 (in medieval French transl., edited by Paulin
Paris, vol. ii, 1880, p. 275; see also Dreesbach, _Der Orient_, 1901,
p. 29). Walter of Châtillon describes vividly the drought, whirlwinds,
and sand storms of the Libyan desert (_Alexandreis_, III, 374). See
Ganzenmüller, _Naturgefühl_, 1914, p. 201.

Footnote 788:

_De imag. mundi_, I, 31.

Footnote 789:

_Collectanea_, Mommsen’s edit., p. 236, translated in: Nansen,
_Northern Mists_, 1911, vol. i, p. 193.

Footnote 790:

_Top. Hiber._, I, 3.

Footnote 791:

Dreesbach, _op. cit._, pp. 19–24.

Footnote 792:

Ambroise, _Estoire de la guerre sainte_, verses 10610–10612, in:
Gaston Paris’ edit., col. 284; see also the same, verses 6303–6306
(Paris’ edit., col. 168), and Dreesbach, _op. cit._, p. 20. The last
four words may be translated by “as is its wont.”

Footnote 793:

Benjamin of Tudela, _Itinerary_, Adler’s transl., p. 81.

Footnote 794:

_ibid._, p. 64.

Footnote 795:

_ibid._, p. 38.

Footnote 796:

_De phil. mundi_, IV, 3.

Footnote 797:

_De prop. rerum_, XI, 3.

Footnote 798:

_Top. Hiber._, I, 33–40.

Footnote 799:

_ibid._, I, 35.

Footnote 800:

Schröder, _Sanct Brandan_, 1871 (under Brandan in the Bibliography),
p. 22.

Footnote 801:

_Top. Hiber._, I, 3, 6, etc.

Footnote 802:

_ibid._, I, 33.

Footnote 803:

See above, p. 167.

Footnote 804:

_De phil. mundi_, IV, 6.

Footnote 805:

_Ligurinus_, II, 61–66, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. ccxii, cols.
350–351.

Footnote 806:

_Top. Hiber._, I, 4.

Footnote 807:

_Itin. Kamb._, I, 2.

Footnote 808:

_ibid._, I, 3.

Footnote 809:

_De natura locorum_, Baur’s edit., pp. 68–69. See above, p. 165.

Footnote 810:

_De natura locorum_, Baur’s edit., pp. 68–69.

Footnote 811:

_Otia imper._, vol. i, p. 912.

Footnote 812:

_ibid._, p. 922.

Footnote 813:

_Gesta Frid._, II, 13.

Footnote 814:

_Top. Hiber._, I, 35–37.

Footnote 815:

_Gesta Frid._, II, 34.

Footnote 816:

_Ligurinus_, IV, 179–220, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. ccxii, cols.
381–382.

Footnote 817:

Referring to Capua, Benjamin of Tudela wrote: “It is a fine city, but
its water is bad and the country is fever-stricken” (Benjamin of
Tudela, _Itinerary_, Adler’s transl., p. 7).

NOTES