The geographical lore of the time of the Crusades

Chapter 17: is on geography and voyages (2)

Text size

_PRECEPTUM CANONIS PTOLEMEI._ Manuscript in Chartres, Bibliothèque
Publique, MS. no. 214.

PRESBYTER JOHANNES. See PRESTER JOHN.

PRESTER JOHN. Letters and documents relating to Prester John or
supposedly written by him: I. _Letter of Prester John_, in:
Friedrich Zarncke, _Der Priester Johannes_, Erste Abhandlung, in:
Koeniglich-saechsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
Abhandlungen, Philologisch-historische Classe, vol. vii, Leipzig,
1879, pp. 909–924 (also numbered 83–98). For medieval German
translations, see Zarncke, _ibid._, pp. 947–1028 (also numbered
121–202); for other medieval Latin and English versions, see
Zarncke, in: Koeniglich-saechisische Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften, Berichte, vol. xxix, Leipzig, 1877, pp. 111–156;
vol. XXX, pt. I, 1878, pp. 41–46. II. _Elysaeus Account_, in:
Zarncke, _Der Priester Johannes_, Zweite Abhandlung, in:
Königlich-sächische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen,
Philologisch-historische Classe, vol. viii, Leipzig, 1876 (_sic_),
pp. 122–128. III. _Letter from Pope Alexander III to Prester
John_, in: Zarncke. _op. cit._, Erste Abhandlung, in:
Abhandlungen, vol. vii, 1879, pp. 941–944 (also numbered 115–118).

See Bruun, P.; Oppert, G.

Prior, O. H. See _IMAGE DU MONDE, L’_.

PRISCIAN. _Periegesis_, edited by C. Müller, _Geogr. graeci min._,
vol. ii, Paris, 1882, pp. 190–199.

PSELLOS, MICHAEL. See Zervos, C.

PSEUDO-ABDIAS. See ABDIAS, PSEUDO-.

_PSEUDO-CALLISTHENES._ See _ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF_, I.

_PSEUDO-METHODIUS._ See Sackur, E.

PTOLEMY, CLAUDIUS. I. Μαθεματικῆς συντάξεως βιβλία ̅ι̅γ (_Mathematical
Composition_ or _Almagest_), edited by J. L. Heiberg, _Claudii
Ptolemaei opera quae exstant omnia_, vol. i, pts. 1 and 2,
_Syntaxis mathematica_, Leipzig (Teubner), 1898–1903. French
translation: _Composition mathématique de Claude Ptolemée traduite
pour la première fois du grec en français sur les manuscrits
originaux de la Bibliothèque imperiale par M. Halma (avec le texte
grec) et suivie des notes de M. Delambre_, 2 vols., Paris,
1813–1816. German translation: Karl Manitius, _Des Claudius
Ptolemäus Handbuch der Astronomie_, Leipzig (Teubner), 1912. The
introduction of the last named gives a brief account of the
influence of the _Almagest_ in later times. See also above, p.
398, note 32. II. Γεωγραφικὴ ὑφήγησις (_Geography_). Books i-v
edited, with Latin translation, by Carolus Müllerus, _Claudii
Ptolemaei Geographia_, vol. i, pts. 1 and 2, and atlas, Paris,
1883–1901. Complete Greek text edited by C. F. A. Nobbe, _Cl.
Ptolemaei Geographia_, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1888–1913. Also numerous
fifteenth- and sixteenth-century editions.

See Dinse, _Ptolemäus-Karten_, 1913; Fischer, J.; Haskins, C. H.,
and D. P. Lockwood; Rose, V.; Schütte, G.; Tudeer, L. O. T.

Pullé, F. L. _La cartografia antica dell’ India_, pt. 2: _Il medio-evo
europeo e il primo rinascimento_, in: Studi italiani di filologia
indo-iranica, vol. v, Florence and Pisa, 1905. (Pt. 1, in vol. iv
of the Studi italiani, etc., is entitled _Disegno della
cartografia antica dell’ India_, Florence, 1901, and deals with
the period “dai principi fino ai Bizantini e agli Arabi”).

RABAN MAUR. _De universo_, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. cxi, cols.
9–614. See Bertolini, _I quattro angoli_, 1910.

Rafn, C. C., edit. _ANTIQUITATES AMERICANAE, SIVE SCRIPTORES
SEPTENTRIONALES RERUM ANTE-COLUMBIANARUM IN AMERICA_, Societas
Regia Antiquariorum Septentrionalium, Copenhagen, 1837;
Supplement, 1841.

Collection of sources of Norse voyages to America with commentary.

RAGEWIN. See OTTO OF FREISING, II.

Rahn, J. R. _Die Glasgemälde in der Rosette der Kathedrale von
Lausanne: Ein Bild der Welt aus dem XIII. Jahrhundert_, in:
Mittheilungen der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, vol. xx,
1878–1879, pp. 31(3)-58(30).

Deals with medieval geography as displayed on a stained glass
window. A facsimile of the window is given.

Rainaud, Armand. _Le continent austral: Hypothèses et découvertes_,
Paris, 1893.

History of the evolution of theories regarding the antipodes and
austral continent and of explorations to the south from early
times to the voyages of Cook.

Rand, E. K. _Johannes Scottus_ (Quellen und Forschungen zur
lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters herausgegeben von Ludwig
Traube, vol. i, pt. 2), Munich, 1906.

RAVENNA GEOGRAPHER, Anonymous. _Cosmographia_, edited by M. Pinder and
G. Parthey, _Ravennatis anonymi Cosmographia et Guidonis
Geographica_, Berlin, 1860, pp. 1–445.

RAYMOND OF MARSEILLES. _Marseilles Tables._ Unpublished. On
manuscripts see Haskins, _Studies_, 1924, pp. 96–98, and also
above, p. 399, note 41. On a geographical table accompanying the
Paris manuscript see J. K. Wright, _Knowledge of Latitudes and
Longitudes_, 1923, pp. 87–88.

Reeves, A. M. _THE FINDING OF WINELAND THE GOOD: THE HISTORY OF THE
ICELANDIC DISCOVERY OF AMERICA_, London, 1890.

Translations of the sources with critical commentary.

Reinhard, R. _Pässe und Strassen in den schweizer Alpen:
Topographisch-historische Studien_, Lucerne, 1903.

Reinaud, J. T. _Mémoire géographique, historique, et scientifique sur
l’Inde antérieurement au milieu du xi^e siècle_, etc., Paris,
1849.

Reinaud, J. T., on Moslem geography. See ABŪ-L-FIDĀ.

Renan, Ernest. _Averroès et l’Averroïsme_, 1st edit., Paris, 1852; 3rd
edit., Paris, 1866; 4th edit., Paris, 1882.

_RERUM BRITANNICARUM MEDII AEVI SCRIPTORES._ See “_ROLLS SERIES_.”

Revelli, P. _Una “rosa dei venti” del secolo ix_, in: Bollettino della
Società Geografica Italiana, vol. xlvii, Rome, 1910, pp. 269–279.

Rey, E. _Les colonies franques de Syrie aux xii^e et xiii^e siècles_,
Paris, 1883.

On society, economic conditions, and life.

Rey, E. _Géographie historique de la Syrie au temps des croisades:
Formation des noms de lieux avec index des localités occupées en
Syrie par les Francs au xii^e et xiii^e siècles_, Geneva, n. d.

Reynaud, G. See Michelant, H., and G. Reynaud.

Riese, Alexander, edit. _GEOGRAPHI LATINI MINORES_, Heilbronn, 1878.

Important collection of texts of the writings of the lesser Latin
geographers.

Robbins, F. E. _The Hexaemeral Literature: A Study of the Greek and
Latin Commentaries on Genesis_ (Doctoral Dissertation, University
of Chicago, 1912).

Includes useful material on classical and medieval theories of
cosmogony.

ROBERT DE CLARI. _La prise de Constantinople_, edited by Charles Hopf,
in his _Chroniques gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues_, Berlin,
1873, pp. 1–85.

ROBERT GROSSETESTE. See GROSSETESTE, ROBERT.

ROBERT OF RETINES (ROBERT OF KETENE, ROBERT OF CHESTER). I.
Translation of the _Astronomy_ of Al-Battānī. No text of this is
known. See above p. 398, note 36. II. Adaptation to the meridian
of London of tables of Az-Zarqalī and Al-Battānī. Unpublished. See
Haskins, _Reception_, 1915, p. 64; the same, _Studies_, 1924, p.
122. III. Adaptation of Adelard of Bath’s translation of the
_Khorazmian Tables_ to the meridian of London. Unpublished. See
Haskins, _Reception_, 1915, pp. 64–65; the same, _Studies_, 1924,
p. 123.

ROGER OF HEREFORD. I. _Theorica planetarum._ Unpublished. II. Tables
for the meridian of Hereford based on tables for Toledo and
Marseilles. Unpublished.

On manuscripts see Haskins, _Reception_, 1915, p. 66; the same,
Studies, 1924, p. 125.

ROGER OF HOVEDEN (HOWDEN). _Chronica_, edited by William Stubbs (Rolls
Series, no. 51), 4 vols., London, 1868–1871.

Röhricht, Reinhold. _Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae_, Berlin,
1890.

“_ROLLS SERIES._” Customary designation of _RERUM BRITANNICARUM MEDII
AEVI SCRIPTORES, OR CHRONICLES AND MEMORIALS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND
IRELAND DURING THE MIDDLE AGES_, published by authority of Her
Majesty’s Treasury, under direction of the Master of the Rolls,
London, 1858–1891.

Roscher, W. H. _Omphalos_, in: Koeniglich-saechsische Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen, Philologisch-historische Klasse,
vol. xxix, Leipzig, 1913, pp. 1–140.

Roscher, W. H. _Neue Omphalosstudien_, in: Koeniglich-saechsische
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen,
Philologisch-historische Klasse, vol. xxi, Leipzig, 1915, pp.
1–90.

Rose, Valentin. _Ptolemäus und die Schule von Toledo_, in: Hermes:
Zeitschrift für classische Philologie, vol. viii, Berlin, 1874,
pp. 327–349.

Rose, Valentin, on Arnold the Saxon. See ARNOLD THE SAXON.

Rück, Karl. _Auszüge aus der Naturgeschichte des C. Plinius Secundus
in einem astronomisch-komputistischen Sammelwerke des achten
Jahrhunderts_, Programm des Ludwigsgymnasiums in München, Munich,
1888.

Rück, Karl. _Die Naturalis Historia des Plinius im Mittelalter:
Exzerpte aus der Naturalis Historia auf den Bibliotheken zu
Lucca, Paris und Leiden_, in: Koeniglich-bayerische
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, Sitzungsberichte,
Philosophisch-philologische und historische Classe, vol. ii,
Munich, 1898, pp. 203–318.

Rück, Karl. _Das Exzerpt der Naturalis Historia des Plinius
von Robert von Cricklade_, in: Koeniglich-bayerische
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, Sitzungsberichte,
Philosophisch-philologische und historische Classe, Munich, 1902,
pp. 195–285.

RUDOLF OF HOHEN-EMS. See Doberentz, O.

Ruge, Sophus, and Walther Ruge. _Die Litteratur zur Geschichte der
Erdkunde vom Mittelalter an_, in: Geographisches Jahrbuch, Gotha,
vols. xviii, 1895, pp. 1–60; xx, 1897, pp. 217–248; xxiii, 1900,
pp. 173–212; xxvi, 1903, pp. 175–218; xxx, 1907, pp. 329–380.

See above, p. 492.

RUPERT OF DEUTZ. _De sancta trinitate et operibus eius_, in: Migne,
_Pat. lat._, vol. clxvii, cols. 199–1828.

Sackur, Ernst. _Sibyllinische Texte und Forschungen_, Halle, 1898.

Data on early medieval prophecies of the end of the world,
including the _Pseudo-Methodius_.

SACROBOSCO. See JOHN OF HOLYWOOD.

SAEWULF. _De situ Hierusalem_, edited by A. d’Avezac (Recueil de
voyages et de mémoires publiées par la Société de Géographie, vol.
iv, pp. 817–854), Paris, 1839. English translation in Thomas
Wright, _Early Travels_, 1848, pp. 31–50. Also translation by
Canon Brownlow in Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, _Library_,
vol. iv, London, 1897.

_SAGAS, THE._ For editions, see Hermannsson, _Bibl. Icelandic Sagas_,
1908; the same, _Bibl. Sagas Kings_, 1910.

Sandys, Sir J. E. _A History of Classical Scholarship_, 3rd edit.,
vol. i, _From the Sixth Century B. C. to the End of the Middle
Ages_, Cambridge, 1921.

Santarem, [M. F.] Le Vicomte de. _Essai sur l’histoire de la
cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le moyen âge_, etc., 3
vols. and atlas, Paris, 1849–1852.

An elaborate study. Vol. i contains a general summary of the
development of cartography and geographic theories during the
early Middle Ages. Though largely out of date in details, this
great work is still one of the primary approaches to medieval
geography.

SAXO GRAMMATICUS. _Gesta Danorum_, edited by Alfred Holder, Strasburg,
1886. English translation: _The First Nine Books of the Danish
History of Saxo Grammaticus_, translated by Oliver Elton, with
some considerations on Saxo’s sources, historical methods, and
folk lore, by Frederick York Powell, London, 1894.

Scala, R. von. _Das Fortleben der eratosthenischen Masse_, in:
Verhandlungen des achtzehnten deutschen Geographentages zu
Innsbruck, Berlin, 1912, pp. 206–217.

Schaube, Adolf. _Handelsgeschichte der romanischen Völker des
Mittelmeergebiets bis zum Ende der Kreuzzüge_, Munich and Berlin,
1906.

Valuable from the geographic point of view for the light it throws
on the extent of travel of Mediterranean peoples during the Middle
Ages.

Scheffel, P. H. _Verkehrsgeschichte der Alpen_: vol. i, _Bis zum Ende
des Ostgotenreiches Theodorichs des Grossen_; vol. ii, _Das
Mittelalter_; Berlin, 1908, 1914.

Schmidt, W. _Über Dante’s Stellung in der Geschichte der
Kosmographie_, Graz, 1876 (not seen).

Schneid, M. _Die Lehre von der Erdrundung und Erdbewegung im
Mittelalter_, in: Historisch-politische Blätter für das
katholische Deutschland, vol. lxxx, no. 6, Munich, 1877, pp.
433–451.

Reply from Catholic point of view to a paper of same title in S.
Günther’s _Studien_, 1877–1879.

Schneider, Artur. _Die abendländische Spekulation des zwölften
Jahrhunderts in ihrem Verhältnis zur aristotelischen und
jüdisch-arabischen Philosophie_, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte der
Philosophie des Mittelalters herausgegeben von C. Baeumker, vol.
xvii, pt. 4, Münster, 1915.

Schoy, Carl. _Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Polhöhenbestimmung
bei den älteren Völkern_ (Dissertation, University of Munich,
1911).

Schoy, Carl. _Längenbestimmung und Zentralmeridian bei den älteren
Völkern_, Mitteilungen der Kaiserlich-koeniglichen Geographischen
Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. lviii, Vienna, 1915, pp. 27–62.

Schoy, Carl. _Erdmessungen bei den Arabern_, in: Zeitschrift der
Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1917, pp. 431–445.

Schoy, Carl. _Aus der astronomischen Geographie der Araber:
Originalstudien aus “Al-Qânûn al-Masʿûdî” des arabischen
Astronomen Muḥ. b. Ahmed Abû’l-Rîḥân al-Bîrûnî (973–1048)_, in:
Isis: International Review Devoted to the History of Science and
Civilization, vol. v, pt. 1, Brussels, 1923, pp. 51–74.

Schoy, Carl. _The Geography of the Moslems of the Middle Ages_, in:
Geographical Review, vol. xiv, New York, 1924, pp. 257–269.

Schröder, Carl. See BRANDAN, Saint.

Schulte, A. _Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Handels und Verkehrs
zwischen Westdeutschland und Italien mit Ausschluss von Venedig_,
2 vols., Leipzig, 1900.

Includes data on the Alpine passes in the Middle Ages.

Schütte, Gudmund. _Ptolemy’s Maps of Northern Europe_, Copenhagen,
1917.

SCOT, MICHAEL. See MICHAEL SCOT.

SCOTUS ERIGENA. See JOHN SCOT ERIGENA.

_SCRIPTORES RERUM GERMANICARUM IN USUM SCHOLARUM EX MONUMENTIS
GERMANIAE HISTORICIS RECUSI_, Hanover, 1840 ff. The volumes of
this series are not numbered, only dated.

Important collection of sources based on _Mon. Germ. hist._ In
some cases the texts are revisions and improvements over those of
the _Monumenta_.

_SCRIPTURE._ See _BIBLE_.

SENECA. _Quaestiones naturales_, edited by Alfred Gercke, _Naturalium
quaestionum libri VIII_, Leipzig (Teubner), 1907. English
translation: John Clarke, _Physical Science in the Time of Nero,
Being a Translation of the Quaestiones Naturales of Seneca_, with
notes by Sir Archibald Geikie, London, 1910.

Shadwell, C. L. See DANTE, V.

SIGURD THE CRUSADER. _The Saga of Sigurd the Crusader_, in Snorri
Sturluson’s _Heimskringla_. See Hermannsson, _Bibl. Sagas Kings_,
1910, pp. 19–30. English translation in Thomas Wright, _Early
Travels_, 1848, pp. 50–62.

Simar, T. _La géographie de l’Afrique centrale dans l’antiquité et au
moyen âge_, Brussels, 1912. Also published in: Revue Congolaise,
vol. iii, Brussels, 1912, pp. 1–23, 81–102, 145–169, 225–252,
289–310, 440–441.

A thorough and well-documented study of the evolution of ancient
and medieval knowledge of Central Africa.

Singer, Charles. _The Scientific Views and Visions of Saint
Hildegard_, in: Charles Singer, edit., _Studies in the History and
Method of Science_, vol. i, Oxford, 1917, pp. 1–55.

Singer, Charles. _Daniel of Morley, An English Philosopher of the
XIIth Century_, in: Isis: International Review Devoted to the
History of Science and Civilization, vol. iii, Brussels, 1920, pp.
263–269.

_SITU ORBIS, DE._ M. Manitius, edit., _Anonymi de situ orbis_,
Stuttgart, 1884.

A compilation dating from the end of the ninth century.

_SITU TERRARUM, DE._ See HUGH OF ST. VICTOR, VI.

SNORRI STURLUSON. I. _Heimskringla._ On editions see Hermannsson,
_Bibl. Sagas Kings_, 1910, pp. 19–30. English translation by
William Morris and Eirikr Magnûsson in: _The Saga Library_, vols.
iii-vi, London, 1893–1905. II. _Snorra Edda (Snorri’s Edda)._ On
editions see Hermannsson, _Bibl. Eddas_, 1920, pp. 74–79. English
translations: R. B. Anderson, _The Younger Edda, Also Called
Snorre’s Edda, or the Prose Edda: An English Version of the
Foreword; the Fooling of Gylfe; the Afterword; Brage’s Talk; the
Afterword to Brage’s Talk; and Important Passages of the Poetical
Diction (Skaldskaparmal)_, Chicago, 1880; A. G. Brodeur, _The
Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson_, New York, 1916 (not seen).

SOLINUS. _C. Iulii Solini collectanea rerum memorabilium_, edited by
Theodor Mommsen, Berlin, 1895.

See Columba, G. M.

_SPECULUM REGALE._ See _KONUNGS-SKUGGSJÁ_.

Spitta, Wilhelm. _Die Geographie des Ptolemaeus bei den
Arabern_, in: Verhandlungen des fünften internationalen
Orientalisten-Congresses, pt. 2, Abhandlungen und Vorträge,
vol. i, Berlin, 1882, pp. 19–28.

Stange, Emil. _Arnoldus Saxo, der älteste Enzyklopädist des XIII.
Jahrhunderts_ (Dissertation, University of Halle, 1885).

Stange, Emil. On _Arnold the Saxon_, in: Programm des königlichen
Gymnasiums zu Erfurt, 1905–1907 (not seen).

Steele, Robert. _Roger Bacon and the State of Science in the
Thirteenth Century_, in: Charles Singer, edit., _Studies in the
History and Method of Science_, vol. ii, Oxford, 1921, pp.
121–150.

Steele, Robert. See BARTHOLOMEW ANGLICUS.

Stegmann, Otto. _Die Anschauungen des Mittelalters über die endogenen
Erscheinungen der Erde_ (Dissertation, University of Tübingen,
1913). Also in: Archiv für die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften
und der Technik, vol. iv, Leipzig, 1913, pp. 243–269.

Steinschneider, Moritz. _Études sur Zarkali, astronome arabe du xi^e
siècle, et ses ouvrages_, in: Bollettino di bibliografia e di
storia della scienze matematiche e fisiche pubblicato da B.
Boncompagni, Rome, vols. xiv, 1881, pp. 171–182; xvi, 1883, pp.
493–527; xvii, 1884, pp. 765–794; xviii, 1885, pp. 343–360; xx,
1887, pp. 1–36, 575–604.

Steinschneider, Moritz. _Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des
Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher: Ein Beitrag zur
Literaturgeschichte des Mittelalters_, 2 vols., Berlin, 1893.

Steinschneider, Moritz. _Die europäischen Übersetzungen aus
dem Arabischen bis Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts_, in:
Kaiserlich-koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien,
Sitzungsberichte, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Vienna, vol.
cxlix, 1905, pp. 1–84; vol. cli, 1906, pp. 1–108.

This and the preceding are arranged alphabetically by authors’ or
translators’ names and by titles.

Storm, Gustav, edit. _MONUMENTA HISTORICA NORVEGIAE: LATINSKE
KILDESKRIFTER TIL NORGES HISTORIE I MIDDELALDEREN_, Christiania,
1880.

Collection of texts of several medieval histories of Norway,
including _Historia Norwegiae_ and Theodricus Monachus, _Historia
de antiquitate regum norwagensium_.

Stubbs, William. See BENEDICT OF PETERBOROUGH; GERVASE OF CANTERBURY;
ROGER OF HOVEDEN.

STURLUSON, SNORRI. See SNORRI STURLUSON.

Suchier, H. See BRANDAN, Saint.

SULPICIUS SEVERUS. _Dialogus_, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. xx, cols.
183–222.

Suter, Heinrich. _Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre
Werke_, in: Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der mathematischen
Wissenschaften, etc., vol. x and vol. xiv, pp. 155–185, Leipzig,
1900, 1902.

Suter, Heinrich, on the Kharazmian Tables. See KHWĀRIZMĪ, Al-, II.

SYLVESTER, BERNARD. See BERNARD SYLVESTER.

SYLVESTER II (Pope). See GERBERT.

_TABULA PEUTINGERIANA._ See Miller, _Weltkarte des Castorius_, 1888;
the same, _Itin. Romana_, 1916.

Thalamas, A. _Étude bibliographique de la géographie d’Ératosthène_,
Versailles, 1921.

Thalamas, A. _La géographie d’Ératosthène_, Versailles, 1921.

THEODERIC (Pilgrim). _Libellus de locis sanctis_, edited by T. Tobler,
St. Gall and Paris, 1865. English translation by Aubrey Stewart,
_Theoderich’s Description of the Holy Places (circa 1172 A. D.)_,
London, 1891 (in: Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, _Library_,
vol. v, London, 1897).

THEODORIC OF CHARTRES. _De sex dierum operibus_, edited by B. Hauréau,
in his _Notices et extraits de quelques manuscrits latins de la
Bibliothèque Nationale_, vol. i, Paris, 1890, pp. 52–68.

THEODRICUS MONACHUS. _Historia de antiquitate regum norwagiensium_,
edited by G. Storm, in his _Mon. hist. Norveg._, 1880, pp. 1–68.

THIERRY DE CHARTRES. See THEODORIC OF CHARTRES.

THOMAS, Saint (The Apostle). See ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, APOCRYPHAL;
Dahlmann, J.; Philipps, W. R.

Thorndike, Lynn. _A History of Magic and Experimental Science During
the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era_, 2 vols., New York, 1923.

Fundamental work on the subject. Contains many valuable
bibliographical indications. The researches whose results are
embodied in these volumes were largely made in manuscript sources.

Thoroddsen, Thorvaldur. _Geschichte der isländischen Geographie._
Translated into German by A. Gebhart. Vol. i, _Die isländische
Geographie bis zum Schlusse des 16. Jahrhunderts_, Leipzig, 1897.

The outstanding work on the historical geography of Iceland.
Contains section (pp. 53–92) on the oldest descriptions of Iceland
and on Iceland on medieval maps.

Tiander, K. _Poyezdki Skandinavov v Byeloe More (The Voyages
of the Scandinavians to the White Sea)_, in: Zapiski
Istoriko-Filologicheskago Fakulteta Imperatorskago
S. Peterburgskago Universiteta (Journal of the
Historical-Philological Faculty of the Imperial University of St.
Petersburg), vol. lxxix, 1906.

Tillinghast, W. H. _The Geographical Knowledge of the Ancients
Considered in Relation to the Discovery of America_, in: Justin
Winsor, edit., _Narrative and Critical History of America_, vol.
i, Boston and New York, 1889, ch. i.

Particularly valuable for its bibliographical references.

Tobler, Titus, edit. _DESCRIPTIONES TERRAE SANCTAE EX SAECULO VIII,
IX, XII, ET XV_, Leipzig, 1874.

See also POLO, MARCO.

Zarncke, Friedrich. See PRESTER JOHN.

ZARQALĪ, Az-. _Canons on the Toledo Tables._ Unpublished. On
manuscripts, see Steinschneider, _Études sur Zarkali_, in:
Bollettino, vol. xx, 1887, pp. 1–36, 575–604.

See GERARD OF CREMONA, II.

Zervos, Charles. _Un philosophe néoplatonicien du XI^e siècle, Michel
Psellos: Sa vie, son oeuvre, ses luttes philosophiques, son
influence_, Paris, 1919.

Zeuss, Kaspar. _Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme_, Munich, 1837.
Many quotations from chronicles and medieval historians. Useful in
determining changes in the names of tribes.

Zimmer, Heinrich. _Über die frühesten Berührungen der Iren mit den
Nordgermanen_, in: Koeniglich Preussiche Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, Berlin, 1891, pp. 279–317.

Zöckler, _O. Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie
und Naturwissenschaft mit besondrer Rücksicht auf
Schöpfungsgeschichte_, 2 vols., Gütersloh, 1877–1879: vol. i, _Von
den Anfängen der christlichen Kirche bis auf Newton und Leibniz_;
vol. ii, _Von Newton und Leibniz bis zur Gegenwart_.

A thorough study of the development of natural science in its
relation to theology. The author attempts to show that medieval
theology was not adverse to the growth of natural science.
Analyses given of theories of the Creation.

Zunz, ——. _Essay on the Geographical Literature of the Jews from the
Remotest Times to the Year 1841_, in: _The Itinerary of Rabbi
Benjamin of Tudela_, edited by A. Asher, vol. ii, London and
Berlin, 1841, pp. 230–317.

INDEX

_Matter in the Notes (pp. 365–487) that can readily be found from
references in the text is omitted in the index._

_Titles in the Bibliography (pp. 503–543), as such, are also omitted
in the index._

Abbreviations, medieval, 493

Abelard, Peter, 31, 89, 151;
on the congregation of the waters, 184, 186;
on Nile flood, 206;
on the rivers of Paradise, 264;
on the water above the firmament, 182, 184

Abu-l-Ḥasan, 485

Abū Maʿshar, 82, 83, 86, 193;
on the tides, 84

Abyss, 59

Abyssinia, 283, 286, 292

Accuracy, gradations of, in knowledge, 256;
in relation to medieval maps, 247, 248

Acheron, 282

Acre, 294, 308

Adam and Eve, 254, 261

Adam of Bremen, 48, 51, 111, 223;
geography, 481;
on northern Europe, 327, 329;
on northern ocean, 348, 350

Ad-Dir, 87

Adelard of Bath, 92, 135, 158, 170, 171, 188, 189, 200, 260;
Aristotelian influence upon, 401;
on authority, 135;
on boundaries, 128;
on earthquakes, 227;
on the saltness of the sea, 189;
on subdivision of land areas, 210;
on the support of the earth, 154;
on the tides, 192, 439–440;
translations, 95;
on winds, 172.
_See also_ Khorazmian Tables

Aden, 292, 299

Aden, Gulf of, 281

Adrastias, 368

Aegean Sea, 25, 26, 37

Aethicus of Istria, 44, 49

Africa, 19, 39, 41, 55, 71, 258, 298;
limits, 74;
west of Egypt, 300

Africa, Central, traditional view, 306

Africa, North, 257

Agareni, 287

Agathodaemon’s map, 242, 453, 456

Agisymba, 41

Agobard, 57

Agriculture and soils, 232

Agrippa, 36

Akaba, 294, 295

Alan of Lille, 128, 136

Alani, 290

Albania (Scotia), 336

Alberic of Besançon, 113

Albertus Magnus, 22, 101, 106;
writings, 406

Alemannia, name, 325

Alexander Neckam. _See_ Neckam, Alexander

Alexander of Bernai, 113

Alexander the Great, 26, 38;
Gog and Magog and, 287;
Paradise and, 262;
Romance of, 49, 50, 73, 113, 205, 214, 275;
his view from a mountain summit, 216;
visit to India, 275;
visit to the sea floor, 199

Alexander III, Pope, 286

Alexandreis, 113

Alexandria, 38, 299

Alfraganus. _See_ Farghānī, Al-

Alfred of Sareshel, 402;
on origin of mountains, 213

Alfred the Great, 49, 75

Algeria, 302

Allegory, 89, 90, 135, 136, 153, 236

Almagest, 78, 98

Almohads, 301, 302

Alpetragius, 77.
_See also_ Biṭrūjī, Al-

Alphonsi, Peter (Petrus Anfusi), 95, 96, 121, 162, 168, 169, 185, 380

Alps, 217, 219;
knowledge of, 323;
“Pyrenean,” 319, 323;
routes across, 324

Alsace, 332

Altitudes, 32, 214

Altmann of Passau, 216

Amazons, 285, 329

Ambroise, 296;
on the Assassins, 298;
on Sicily, 311;
on summer heat of Palestine, 176

Ambrose, 59, 61

America, Icelandic discovery, 391;
Norsemen in, 76

Amor reorum, Mount, 260

Amphitrite, 159, 428

Anaxagoras, 31

Ancient geography, 9–42;
works on, 497

Andamans, 280

Anglesey, 344, 345

Anglia, 336

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 74

Animals, 143

Anselm of Canterbury, 217

Antichthones, 160

Antioch, 239, 295

Antipodal regions, 157;
belief that they were inhabited, 159

Antipodeans, 158, 257

Antipodes, 19, 28, 55, 160, 385, 386, 429

Antiquarian interests, 321

Antiquity, geographical lore of, 9–42;
works on, 496

Antoikoi, 160

Apennines, 315, 319, 323

Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, 379

Apokatastasis, 367

Apostles, Apocryphal Acts of, 379;
the twelve, 123 (ill.), 278

Apulia, 319, 320

Aquinas, Thomas, 91

Arabia, Benjamin of Tudela on, 291

Arabic, translations from, 95

Arabic geography, 77–87

Arabic literature, 87

Arabs, 109

Arachosia, 288

Ararat, Mount, 270

Araxes, 282

Arbela, battle of, 35

Archeology, 321

Arculf, 259

Arethusa, 311

Argare, 280

Argentina (Strasburg), 333

Argyre, 280

Ari Frodhi, 111, 346, 349

Arin (Arim), 82, 86, 95, 96, 162

Aristippus, Henricus, 398, 402

Aristotelianism, 100;
effects, 138;
introduced through Arabic works, 98;
opponents, 101

Aristotle, 9, 24, 30;
on circumference of the earth, 16;
on cosmic cycles, 13;
on depth of the seas, 25;
on earthquakes and volcanoes, 32;
on the elements, 12, 20;
on exhalations and vapors, 22;
on extent of the oikoumene, 19;
on height of mountains, 32;
on immobility of the earth, 370;
influence, 98;
influence among the Moslems, 77;
on interior of the earth, 29;
on shape of the earth, 368;
Western knowledge of, 99, 400, 401

Ark, 234

Arklow, 195, 196, 206

Arles, 334

Armenia, 270, 288, 289

Armenia, Little, 296

Armorica, 336

Arnold of Chartres, 145

Arnold of Lübeck, 117, 317

Arnold the Saxon, 100, 408

Arthur, King, 311

Arts, medieval, 127

Asceticism, 64

Asia, 19, 39, 70, 71, 258;
early relations of eastern and western, 266;
European knowledge of, 265;
great mountain system, 270;
opening of, in the thirteenth century, 266

Asia, Central, 282

Asia, Western, 257, 288;
as described by the Crusaders, 296

Asia Minor, 270, 295

Assassins, 298

Assyria, 288

Astrology, 13, 51, 52, 85, 244, 246;
geography and, 128

Astronomical geography, of the known world, 241–246;
Moslem contribution, 82;
works on, 501

Astronomical observations, 243

Astronomy, in map making, 242, 244, 246, 457 (with map)

Atlantic Ocean, 19, 25;
fabulous islands, 350;
legends of islands, 75.
_See also_ Western Ocean

Atlantis, 351

Atlas, Mount, 301;
Nile and, 304, 305

Atmosphere, 21, 166;
circulation, 24, 172;
composition, 166;
upper levels, 167

Augustine (Saint), 47, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 66, 144–145;
on Paradise, 262

Augustine (seventh century), 61

Aurea Chersonesus, 280

Aurea gemma, 104

Auster, 173, 174

Austral continent, 157, 257

Australia, 281

Authority, 135, 358

Avalanches, 218

Avars, 315

Averroës (Ibn Rushd), 77, 85, 100, 420, 437

Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), 77, 213, 446

Azores, 334

Azov, Sea of, 314

Babylon, 289, 298

Babylonian astrology and geography, 391

Bacchus, 275

Bacon, Roger, 102, 106, 163, 164, 188, 258, 372, 420;
on the height of mountains, 447;
Opus majus, 269, 409;
works, 408

Bactria, 270

Baghdad, 86, 117, 118, 176, 282, 297;
Benjamin of Tudela on, 289

Baldach, 289

Baleares, 310

Balkan Peninsula, 316

Baltic, term, 482

Baltic Sea, 40, 75, 112, 327;
regions, 327

Bang, W., 478

Barbaric Sea, 281

Barbaro, Monte, 221

Bardo, Mount, 319, 323

Bartholomew Anglicus, 106, 177, 227;
on origin of mountains, 213

Basil, 61

Batiffol, Pierre, 379

Battānī, Al-, 78, 87, 96, 97, 162, 245;
on the Indian Ocean, 280;
on the Mediterranean, 307

Bavaria, 325

Beatus maps, 68, 69 (ill.), 122, 123 (ill.), 157, 249, 251, 252

Beauty, 63, 64;
of mountains, 215

Beazley, C. R., xix, 269, 498

Bede, the Venerable, 48, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 143;
on Nile flood, 206

Bedouins, 297

Beginning of the world, 140

Benedict, Saint, 236

Benedict of Peterborough, 109, 308, 433

Bengal, Bay of, 281

Benjamin of Tudela, 117;
on Alexandria, 299;
on Arabia, 291;
on Baghdad, 289;
on Central Asia, 282;
on China, 272;
on climates, 176;
on Constantinople, 318;
on India, 274;
on Islam, 297;
on Italy, 478;
on the Nile flood, 300;
on the Sahara, 474;
on Slavic Europe, 314

Bergsson, Nikulás. _See_ Nikulás Bergsson

Bernard of Chartres, 91, 93

Bernard of Clairvaux, on nature, 235, 238;
on the sea as the source of waters, 200

Bernard Sylvester of Tours, 92, 93, 134, 135, 148, 158, 199, 265;
on tripartite division of the oikoumene, 258;
on interrelations of the parts of the universe, 231;
on orographic systems, 215;
theory of Creation, 139, 145;
on the tides, 190;
on zones, 156

Betten, F. S., 384

Biarma, 75, 313, 348

Bible, 3, 43, 134;
interpretation, 46, 380;
position, 45

Bibliographical Note, 491

Bibliographie géographique, 492

Bibliographies, description, 491

Bibliography, 503

Bibliotheca Geographica, 492

Bingen, 327

Birds, 204, 217, 230, 281, 326

Birka, 329

Biṭrūjī, Al-, 77, 83, 85

Black Sea, 312, 313.
_See also_ Euxine

Blake, R. P., xx, 389

Blood vessels, 148, 185

Blue sky, 436

Boëthius, 57

Bohemia, 87

Boniface, Saint, 57

Borchardt, Paul, 414, 474

Boreas, 173, 174

Borneo, 42

Borysthenes, 242

Bothnia, Gulf of, 328

Boundaries, 128

Brahmins, 74, 273, 285

Brandan, Saint, 50, 75, 178, 220, 263;
on antipodes, 159;
islands of, 230, 351;
legend, 115;
visits to volcanic isles, 224, 225;
wanderings, 197

Brecknock, Lake, 208, 340

Bremen, 111, 112

Brenner Pass, 324

Bretschneider, E., 464

Bristol, 195

Britain, 24, 39;
dimensions, 336;
maps, 126;
maps of Matthew Paris, 342, 343 (ill.)

Britannic Sea, 335, 336

British Isles, 335, 337;
cities, 335, 336;
coast tides, 194;
rivers, 336, 344

Brittany, 336, 341

Brooks, A. A., xxi

Brothers of Piety and Sincerity, 83, 394

Brunetto Latino. _See_ Latino, Brunetto

Burkhard, 476

Byzantine literature, 44, 378

Byzantium, 278

Cadiz, 301

Cahun, Léon, 464

Cairo, 289, 297, 298, 300

Calabria, 319, 322

Caliphs, 289, 290, 297

Callisthenes, 49

Camargue, 333

Cambria, 336

Camels, 296

Canary Islands, 37, 39, 86, 334

Canigou, Mount, 209, 214, 449

Cannibalism, 330

Cape Verde Islands, 334

Capella, Martianus, 9, 11, 16, 18, 44, 48, 71;
on antipodeans, 160;
De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, 54, 127, 366;
on sphericity of the earth, 15, 54

Capelle, Wilhelm, 365

Cappadocia, 270

Cappelli, A., 493

Captivity, Head of the, 290, 291

Carolingian Renaissance, 44, 54, 65

Carthage, 300

Cartography, 35, 247;
ancient, 376, 377;
development, 254;
works on, 501.
_See also_ Maps

Casentino, 217

Caspian Sea, 37, 38, 282, 288

Castile, 322

Castorius, 381

Casule, Mons (Hekla), 223

Cathay, 266, 271

Caucasus Mountains, 270, 281, 282

Cavagum (Canigou), Mount, 209, 214, 449

Caverns, 27, 28, 59, 172

Cecco d’ Ascoli, 57

Celestial influences, 12, 51

Cenis, Mont, 324

Center of the world, 259;
position, 260.
_See also_ Arin

Cephalonia, 309

Ceraunes, Montes, 462

Ceylon, 38, 39, 280, 281

Chalcidius, 9, 47

Chaldea, 289

Changes, geographical, 83

Channing, Edward, 372, 460

Chaos, 140, 141, 147

Charcot, J. B., 487

Charinus, Lucius, 379

Charlemagne, 44, 65

Chartres, school of, 91, 94, 134

Chevalier, Ulysse, 491

China, 39, 40, 41, 87, 266;
word first used, 271

China Sea, 281

Chrisa, 280

Christian kingdom in Asia, 269, 275, 278, 283

Christian names in Asia, 284

Christianity, 43

Chronicon novaliciense, 448

Chryse, 40, 41, 280

Church Fathers, 44, 46;
interpretation of the Bible, 46

Circumference of the earth, 16

Cisalpine, term, 324

Cities, descriptions of, 289, 299, 318, 321, 331, 341;
exaggeration of plans on maps, 249

Civilization, westward flow, 233, 235

Classical influences, 47

Clement of Alexandria, 51

Cleomedes, 15, 16

Climata, 242;
parallels of latitude and (with diagr.), 453–456

Climates, 23;
distribution, 177;
divisions of the ancient geographers, 242;
East and West, differences, 177;
hot and cold, 176;
influence on man, 180;
topographic influences on, 177

Climatology, 23, 166, 175

Climax, Mount, 303

Clotted sea, 442

Cloud breezes, 172

Clouds, 168

Cold, 23, 57, 176

Comestor, Peter, 91, 138, 151, 170, 184, 185, 213, 214;
on the atmosphere, 168;
on the Creation, 140, 143, 144;
on river Pison, 273

Cones of celestial light, 163, 191

Congregation of the waters, 184, 188

Conrad of Querfurt, 116, 221, 311, 321

Constantinople, 43, 110, 295, 317;
city and people, 318;
Italian colonies in, 318

Continental hypothesis, 19

Continents, 71;
fourth continent, 157

Conway, River, 206

Coördinates, geographical, 243;
map constructed from points of Paris MS. of Marseilles Tables, 245

Corbianus, 239

Corfu, 309, 310

Cornwall, 335, 336, 341, 344

Corsica, 310

Corus, 434

Cosmas Indicopleustes, 152, 378, 380

Cosmic cycles, 13, 83

Cosmogony, 12, 133;
works on, 499

Cosmography, 127, 133

Cosmology, 51, 133;
character, 134;
works on, 499

Countrysides, 235, 237;
practical interest in, 238

Crates of Mallos, 18;
theory of the arrangement of the world, 158

Cratesian theory, 19, 158

Creation, 2, 45, 52, 133, 135;
Bernard Sylvester’s account, 145;
commencement versus, 382;
function of light, 143;
Icelandic account, 146;
problems, 139;
processes, 141;
Theodoric of Chartres’ theory, 141;
Theodoric’s work on, 92;
William of Conches’ theory, 142.
_See also_ Works of the Six Days

Crebonensus, 196

Crete, 310

Crimea, 313

Crusaders’ routes, 307, 317

Crusades, historians and histories, 109;
geographical knowledge enlarged by, 292;
regional knowledge and, 293;
time of, 1

Ctesias, 37, 467

Cumont, Franz, 29

Cyclades, 310

Cycles, cosmic, 13, 83

Cyclopes, 224, 329, 348

Cynocephali, 274, 276 (ill.), 304, 468

Cyprus, 310

Cyrenaica, 300

Cyrus, 38

Damascus, 239

Damietta, 299

Daniel of Morley, 97, 151, 418

Dante, 106;
on excentric spheres of land and water, 437;
linguistic geography in, 484

Danube, 24, 325, 327

Dara, 305, 306

Dead, world of the, 27, 28

Dead Sea, 208, 288, 292;
legends, 472

Dee, 206, 336, 346

Degree, measurement, 55, 85

Deluge, 170, 184, 261

Denmark, 112, 327, 329

Deserts, 228

Devils, 224

Devision, La, de la terre de oultremer et des choses qui i sont, 110

Dew, 184

Dicaearchus, 33

Dictionaries, 493

Dicuil, 48, 61, 62, 75

Dieterici, Friedrich, 394

Dionysius Periegetes, 49

Dir, Ad-, 87

Doegr, 486

Dominicus Gondisalvi (Gondissalinus), 99, 128

Dreesbach, E., 296

Dublin, 195

Du Cange, C. D., 493

Duhem, Pierre, 99, 401, 418, 499

Dwarfs, 329

Eadmer, 448

Earth, 2, 21;
center, 16;
as center of the universe (with diagr.), 422, 426;
circumference, 16;
established above the waters, 186;
flatness, 53;
immobility, 15, 153, 370;
interior, 27, 28, 29, 443;
mountain in the north, 152;
navel, 260, 461;
oval shape, 153;
shape, 152, 368;
shape and size, 53;
shape, movements, and size, 150;
situation, 150;
size, 54, 155;
sphericity, 15, 54, 383, 384, 425;
upon the waters, 60

Earthquakes, 21, 23, 137, 227;
causes, 31

East, place on maps, 251.
_See also_ Orient

Ecbatana, 284

Eclipses, 34, 246

Eddas, 110;
account of Creation, 146

Eden, Garden of, 71, 170, 251;
Augustine on its location, 262;
meaning, 261

Edessa, 278, 283, 294

Edrisi, 80

Egypt, 30, 206, 239, 270;
as part of Asia, 298;
descriptions, 298, 299

Ehstland, 328

Einhard, 328

Elbe, 327

Elements, the four, 20, 28, 29;
magical control, 203;
transformation, 29

Elysian Fields, 28

Encyclopedias, 47, 102;
thirteenth-century productions, 106, 408

End of the ages, 234

Endres, J. A., 403, 481

England, 119, 336, 344;
earthquakes, 228

Englishmen at Prester John’s court, 286

Environment, influences on man, 232;
influences on plant and animal life, 231

Eolian (Lipari) Islands, 32, 222

Eolus, 221

Equatorial region, Grosseteste on, 163;
habitability, 162

Equatorial zone, 157

Equilibrium of forces, 155

Eratosthenes, 10, 38, 155;
on the circumference of the earth, 16, 17;
on currents, 26;
on extent of the oikoumene, 39, 377;
measurements of the earth, 55;
on mountain heights, 33;
on zones, 18

Eric the Red, 349

Eridanus, 319

Erigena. _See_ John Scot Erigena

Erosion, 446

Esdras, Second Book of, 188

Esthetic feeling for nature, 237

Esthonia, 328

Eternity of the universe, 145

Etesian winds, 24, 30, 31, 373

Ethiopia, 24, 31, 283;
application of the name, 303;
India and, 303

Ethiopians, 24, 41

Etna, Mount, 32, 220, 221, 311;
Michael Scot on, 222

Etymology, example of free, 445

Euphrates, 72, 265, 288

Euripus, 26

Europe, 71, 74, 258;
northeastern regions, 312;
regional knowledge of, 257;
relative position of certain points as shown in medieval
astronomical tables, 457 (with map);
Slavic, 314

Eurus, 173, 174

Eustace of Kent, 114

Euxine, 25, 26, 37, 312

Evaporation, 27

Ewyas, valley of, 340

Exeter, 336

Exploration, Moslem, 87;
northern Europe, 75

Fabianus, 25

Fabulous tales, 37, 38

Fallon, G. R., xxi

Falones, 315

Fārābī, Al-, 416

Farghānī, Al-, 78, 85, 151, 152, 243, 287

Faroe Islands, 346, 352

Felix, Marcus Minutius, 24

Fetellus (Fretellus), 116

Fimbultyr, 147

Finns, 329

Fires, 32;
at the center of the universe, 369

Firmament, 58;
waters above and below, 58, 182

Fitzstephen, William, on London, 341

Flatey Book, 349

Flatness of the earth, 53, 152

Flood, Great, 59.
_See also_ Deluge

Floods, 170

Fog, 432

Fons humoris, 185

Forests, Ireland, 338;
representation on maps, 253

Fortunate Islands, 86

Fossils on mountains, 432

Fountain of Youth, 204, 285

Four elements, 20, 28, 29.
_See also_ Elements

Four land masses, 18

France, 331;
Hungary and, 316;
southern, 333

Francis, Saint, of Assisi, 217

Frazer, J. G., 203, 387

Frederick II, Emperor, 99, 100, 138, 200, 222, 345

Frisia Minor, 327

Frodhi, Ari. _See_ Ari Frodhi

Gades (Cadiz), 301

Gallandia, 346

Ganges, 273, 280

Ganzenmüller, W., 65

Garamantes, 41, 42

Garden. _See_ Eden

Gasquet, A., 379

Gaul, 331

Genesis, Book of, 45, 53

Genoa, 479;
trade with Africa, 301

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 50

Geoffrey of St. Victor, 127, 159

Geographical bibliographies, 492

Geographical changes, 83

Geographical lore, character of, summary, 358–361;
origins, 3;
outstanding elements of, summary, 353–358;
works on, 496

Geographical lore of the time of the Crusades, term, 1

Geographisches Jahrbuch, 492

Geography, 127;
astrology and, 128;
history of, works on, 497;
history of, in particular periods, works on, 497;
history of particular aspects, works on, 499;
place in medieval knowledge, 127.
_See also_ Ancient Geography; Astronomical geography; Babylonian
astrology and geography; Mathematical geography; Medieval
geography; Physical geography; Regional geography

Geometry, 127

Geomorphology, 62, 210, 213

Gerald of Barry. _See_ Giraldus Cambrensis

Gerard of Cremona, 79, 96, 97, 99, 246

Gerard of Sabbionetta, 400

Gerbert, 47, 48, 55, 65

Gerizim, Mount, 460, 461

Germany, description, 325

Gervase of Canterbury, 119

Gervase of Tilbury, 50, 104, 138, 151, 157, 170, 176, 189, 196, 213,
214, 215, 241, 270, 280, 298, 322;
on bottom of the sea, 198;
on Britain, 336;
on center of the earth, 259, 260;
on climatic influence on man, 180;
on the Dead Sea, 208;
on Ethiopia, 303;
on Etna, 311;
on France (southern), 333;
on India, 272;
on the Mediterranean, 307;
on mouths of Hell, 209, 225;
on mysterious cave, 161;
on the Nile, 305;
his Otia imperialia on regional geography, 256;
on qualities of land areas, 211, 230;
on rivers of Paradise, 211;
on sea above the atmosphere, 183;
on the Seres, 271;
on shape of the earth, 152;
on Sinai, 214;
on springs and wells, 185, 203;
on the terrestrial Paradise, 261, 262;
on volcanic features of Naples, 221;
on volcanoes, 226;
on winds, 171, 172, 175

Gesta Hammenburgensis, 112

Gesta regis Henrici Secundi, 228

Gesta regis Ricardi, 109, 433;
instructions for navigation in Mediterranean 308.
_See also_ Benedict of Peterborough

Geysers, 203, 204

Gihon, 72, 290, 304

Gilson, J. P., 461

Ginungagap, 147, 486

Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Barry), 50, 119, 137, 159, 214, 241;
on climate of Ireland, 178, 180;
comparison of East and West, 174, 177, 211;
on course of rivers, 205, 206;
eye for local topography, 240;
on Iceland, Thule, Orkneys, Shetlands, 345;
on Ireland and Wales, 215, 216, 232, 233, 337;
on islands, 211, 229, 230;
on lakes, 207;
on marine phenomena, 196;
on precipitation, 170;
tidal studies, 194;
on volcanoes of Iceland, 222;
on wells and springs, 203

Glaciers, 219

Globe, 15

God, 53, 134, 135, 136

Godard, Léon, 474

Godefroy, F. E., 493

Godfrey of Viterbo, 119;
on Alsace, 332;
on Gog and Magog, 288, 471;
on the golden ball of empire, 159;
on Lombardy, 320;
on Paradise, 263;
on Sicily, 311.

Gog and Magog, 46, 50, 282;
Bible accounts, 72;
stories about, 287

Gold, 265, 275, 280, 281, 285, 316

Golden ball of empire, 159

Gollanda, 485, 487

Gondisalvi, Dominicus. _See_ Dominicus Gondisalvi

Gossouin of Metz, 105, 405

Grabmann, M., 401

Great Summer, 14

Great Winter, 14, 27

Great Years, 13, 52, 82;
duration, 14, 367;
theory, 14

Greece, 317, 318

Greek Fathers, 54

Greek geographers, 3, 4

Greek language, 44, 95;
translations from, 95, 398

Greek regional knowledge, 37

Green Sea, 281

Greenland, 76, 111, 257;
description, 347;
Norse settlements and voyages on the coast of, 486

Greenland Annals, 111

Gregory, Master, 321

Gregory of Nyssa, 30, 58, 60

Griffons, 272, 274, 280, 281

Grosseteste, Robert, 101, 147, 159, 262;
on the congregation of the waters, 187;
on the habitable parts of the earth, 163–165;
on mountains in polar regions, 179;
on oceans, 159;
on temperature of the air, 167;
theory of Creation, 144;
on the tides, 190

Ground water, 199

Grousset, René, 464

Guido’s encyclopedia, 49, 103, 104, 124, 125

Gundophorus, 275, 278, 286

Günther, Siegmund, 497

Gunther of Pairis, 108, 233;
on climatic influence of mountains, 178;
on Germany, 326;
on Italy, 180, 320;
on mountains, 217;
on northern Europe, 330

Gurganim, 290

Guy of Bazoches, 116, 311;
on Etna, 221;
on the Mediterranean, 310;
on nature, 237;
on Paris, 331

Gymnosophists, 274

Habitable regions, 17

Hades, 28

Ḥamd-Allāh Mustaufī, 446

Hardy, T. D., 382

Haskins, C. H., xx, 495

Hearth of the universe, 369

Heat, 23, 57

Heavens, blueness, 436

Hebrides, 344, 351

Hecataeus, 37

Hedin, Sven, 464

Heimskringla, 111, 448, 486

Hekla, 223, 225

Hell, 29, 62, 153, 209, 227;
cold hell, 225;
volcanoes as gates of, 225

Helluland, 76

Helmold, 328

Henry of Mayence, 124;
outline map, 245 (ill.), 251, 252

Heraclius, 287

Hercules, 275

Hercules, Pillars of, 26, 301

Hercynian Forest, 326

Hereford map, sections showing marvels of India, 276 (ill.), 277
(ill.)

Hermann of Reichenau, 55

Hermann the Dalmatian, 82, 83, 92, 95, 97, 168, 262

Hermits, 64

Herodotus, 30, 37

Herrad of Landsperg, 104

Herrmann, Albert, 464

Hesiod, 18

Hesperides, 350

Hibernia, 335

Hildegard of Bingen, 90, 148, 171, 396;
macrocosm, microcosm, and winds, 148, 149 (ill.);
microcosm, 436;
position of the earth, 151;
on the rivers of her country, 326;
on the shape of the earth, 152;
on soil and agriculture, 232;
theories on the structure of the earth, 423;
on the tides, 439;
on the waters above the firmament, 183;
on the waters of the lands, 201, 202;
on winds, 171

Himalayas, 273

Hindu religion, 82

Hindustan, 272

Hipparchus, 10, 15, 35, 38

Hippo, 300

Hirth, Friedrich, 464

Historia Norwegiae, 112, 223;
on Iceland, 346;
on polar seas, 348;
on use of skis, 329;
on volcanic upheaval off Iceland, 137

Historians of the Crusades, 109

Historical bibliographies, 491

Historical narratives, 107

History of geography, xix;
works on, 497

Hoffman, Rudolf, 379

Holy Ghost, 141

Holy Land, 51, 70, 176, 257;
guidebooks, 115;
histories, 109;
travel to, 293, 294

Homer, 18, 37

Honorius Inclusus, 103, 403

Honorius of Autun, 103, 403

Hornelen, 448

Horses, Arabian, 296

Hospitallers, 316

Hugh of Amiens, 418

Hugh of St. Victor, 90, 143, 144, 153, 184, 234

Hulna, 279

Human sacrifice, 329, 482

Humboldt, Alexander von, 497

Hungarians, 315

Hungary, 267, 268, 313;
description, 314;
France and, 316

Huns, 315

Hyde, W. W., 501

Hydrography on maps, 253

Hyères, Îles de, 333

Hyle, 140

Hyperboreans, 71, 179, 312

Hyrcania, 270, 281, 188

Ibn Ḥauqal, 77

Ibn Rushd (Averroës), 77, 85, 100, 420, 437

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), 77, 213, 446

Ibn Yūnūs, 395

Icebergs, 198

Iceland, 76, 111, 176, 345;
glaciers, 219;
in Icelandic literature, 346;
springs and wells, 203, 204;
volcanoes, 222

Icelandic Annals, 111, 349

Icelandic discovery of America, 391

Iconium, 296

Idrīsī, Al-. _See_ Edrisi

Image du monde, L’, 105, 151, 159, 189, 227, 241, 256;
on Mongibel, 220

Imagine mundi, De, 103, 151, 155, 157, 159, 171, 185, 188, 189, 227,
241, 307;
on Africa, 300;
on Asiatic mountains, 270;
on British Isles, 325;
on division of the earth, 259;
on Egypt, 298;
on fabulous isles of the Atlantic, 350;
on Germany, 325;
on Gog and Magog, 287;
on regional geography, 256;
on rivers of Paradise, 264;
on Saba in Ethiopia, 303;
on size of the earth, 155;
on size of mountains, 214;
on springs, 202;
on subdivisions of land areas, 211;
on tides, 441

Immobility of the earth, 15, 153

India, 24, 37, 42, 176, 263, 270;
broad meaning, 272;
Christians in, 114;
facts known about, 273;
legends of saints in, 74;
marvels, 274, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.);
subdivisions, 272

Indian Ocean, 19, 37, 40, 279;
Al-Battānī on, 280;
islands, 280

Intellectual life, medieval, works on, 495

Interpretation of the Bible, 46;
symbolic, 206

Iran, 281

Ireland, 50, 119, 176, 178, 180, 335;
coast tides, 194;
Giraldus Cambrensis on, 337;
healthfulness, 212;
lakes, 207, 208;
properties of the soil, 212, 445;
rivers, 205, 336, 339;
topography, 240

Ireland the Great, 76

Irish, 338, 339

Isidore of Seville, 11, 48, 54, 56, 59, 60, 62, 241, 259, 305

Islandia, 346

Islands, fabulous, 350;
Indian Ocean, 280;
Mediterranean, 309;
miraculous, 230, 231;
origins, 229;
representation on maps, 335;
St. Brandan’s visits to, 230;
volcanic, 224;
of Western Ocean, 334

Islands of the Blessed, 28

Íslendingabók, 111, 346

Istakhrī, Al-, 77

Ister, 24

Italian traders, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299

Italians in Constantinople, 318

Italy, 180;
city states, 320;
description, 319, 478;
dialectic regions, 484;
northern, 319;
regional divisions, 479

Iter ad Paradisum, 113, 262

Ithaca, 309

Itineraries, 33

Jacques de Vitry, 105

Java, 42

Jenghiz Khan, 266, 284

Jerome, 58, 64, 73, 125

Jerusalem, 68, 110, 249;
as center of the oikoumene, 259;
Kingdom of, 294;
pilgrimages to, 117;
plans, 126, 250 (ill.)

Jews, 282;
in Arabia, 291;
in Baghdad, 290;
in Constantinople, 319;
travelers, 117

Joerg, W. L. G., xvi

John of Bremble, on mountains, 218

John of Holywood (Sacrobosco), 96, 97, 98, 241;
on the earth as the center of the universe, 151, 422 (diagr.);
on immobility of the earth, 154;
on shape of the earth, 152;
on size of the earth, 155, 426

John of India, Patriarch, 114, 272, 278

John of Pian de Carpine, 269

John of Salisbury, 136

John of Seville (Johannes Hispanensis, John of Luna), 96;
on climates, 243

John of Würzburg, 115

John Scot Erigena, 47, 48, 55

Jordanus of Severac, 373

Jornandes, 49

Josephus, 58

Jourdain, C. B., 496, 497

Judas, 225

Julius Valerius, 50

Jumna, 328

Jupiter Ammon, Temple of, 302

Kålund, K., 405

Karentet, 309

Karst, 27

Kelly, Matthew, 484

Keraits, 284

Kheibar, 291

Khorazmian Tables, 82, 95.
_See also_ Adelard of Bath

Khulam, 274

Khwārizmī, Al-, 78, 82, 86, 96, 244, 392, 394, 456

Kiev, 314, 477

King’s Mirror, 105, 347;
on volcanoes in Iceland, 223, 225

Kitāb ṣūrat-al-arḍ, 78

Knowledge, classification, 127, 129;
modern compared with medieval, 256

Known world. _See_ Oikoumene

Komans, 313, 314, 315

Konungs-Skuggsjá. _See_ King’s Mirror

Koran, 53, 73

Krachkovskii, ——, 389

Kretschmer, Konrad, xix, 500

Kufar-al-Turak, 282, 284

Kurland, 328

Lactantius Firmianus, 47, 54, 56

Lakes, 207;
in Ireland, 338

Lambert li Tors, 113

Lambert of St. Omer, 103, 155;
map, 124, 125, 158;
on sphericity of universe, 150;
on winds, 174;
on tides, 192

Lamprecht, 113

Land surface, representation on maps, 253

Landnámabók, 76, 111, 346, 486

Landogna, F., 479

Lands, 31, 62, 210;
classification of areas, 210;
deathless, 211;
distribution of waters and, 187;
effect on waters which spring from the land, 202;
qualitative and quantitative subdivisions, 210, 211;
theory of four masses, 18;
veins, cavities, and tunnels in, 27

Landscape, 63, 210

Langka, 86

Languages, 348;
kinship, 484

Laodicea, 295

Lapps, 329

La Roncière, C., xx, 81

Latin, medieval, 493

Latin writers, 11

Latino, Brunetto, 106, 186, 187

Latitude, 34, 85, 242, 244;
methods of finding, 244;
parallels of latitude and climata (with diagr.), 453–456;
phenomena resulting from differences in, 241

La Verna, 217

Legends, 49, 113

Leif Ericsson, 349

Lemannus, 325

Lentulus, 312

Leo Archipresbyter, 381, 412

Le Strange, Guy, 446

Letters of travel, 116

Levant, 177;
Occidental population in, 294;
trade, 293;
traders, 378

Level of the sea, 188

Liber de proprietatibus elementorum, 82, 83

Liber floridus, 103

Libya, 258, 292, 300

Light, function in the Creation, 143

Ligurinus, 108

Linguistic geography, 340, 484

Lipari Islands. _See_ Eolian Islands

Literal interpretation of the Bible, 46, 380

Liver Sea, 442

Llanthoni Abbey, 216

Location, 34, 85

Loegria, 336

Lombard, Peter, 91, 137, 140, 142, 143;
on Paradise, 261, 462

Lombards, 180, 232, 312, 320

Lombardy, 320, 332

London, 335, 336;
Fitzstephen’s account, 341

Longitude, 34, 85, 244;
methods of finding, 246;
prime meridian, 86

Lost Island, 351

Lost tribes, 282, 285, 288

Lot’s wife, 472

Lucidaire, 404

Lucidarius, 104

Lucius, Gratianus, 483

Lucydary, 404

Lynch, John, 483

Macarius, Saint, 263

McCartney, E. S., 367, 432

McGiffert, A. C., 383, 499

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The geographical lore of the time of the CrusadesChapter 17: is on geography and voyages (2)

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