Chapter XXII: Part III: , according to the scheme drawn up in the Prologue1466, was to (1)

consist of nine treatises:

i. De potestate papae et cleri; ii. De potestate et juribus Romani Imperii; iii. De gestis Johannis XXII; iv. De gestis Domini Ludovici de Bavaria; v. De gestis Benedicti XII; vi. De gestis fratris Michaelis de Cesena; vii. De gestis et doctrina fratris Geraldi Odonis; viii. De gestis fratris Guilhelmi de Ockham; ix. De gestis aliorum Christianorum, regum, &c.

The edition of 1495, of which Goldast’s is a reprint, ends at the 23rd chapter of the 3rd book of Treatise II, with the words:

‘passibilis et mortalis. Et haec de tertia parte Dialogorum pro nunc
tibi sufficiant.’

The last sentence Goldast surmises to be an addition of the editor, Ascensius; but it occurs at the end of the Dijon MS., and both Goldast and Riezler are probably mistaken in thinking that Ascensius had the whole work before him and arbitrarily omitted Treatises III-IX[1467]. These were probably never written. The Lambeth MS. (the only MS. in England which contains Part III) and one version in the Mazarine MS. end with the words ‘passibilis et mortalis,’ like the printed editions, with the colophon (in Lambeth MS.): ‘Dyalogorum venerabilis Guillermi Okam finis.’ The five other MSS. in Paris, which contain Part III, leave out the last seven chapters of the printed edition, and the Auxerre and Toulouse MSS. likewise do not go beyond the third book of Treatise II. It is possible that the Vatican and Basel MSS. may supply the remaining treatises; but this is unlikely. About the year 1400, Peter d’Ailly, who must have had exceptionally good opportunities for getting information[1468], wrote a summary of the _Dialogus_[1469]. In this he omits Treatise I of Part III, and concludes with the 16th chapter of the third book of Treatise II (like the Parisian MSS.), adding:

‘et non plus de hoc notabili opere potui reperire’[1470].

Several of Ockham’s other works correspond in substance to the projected treatises of Part III; these will be noted in due course.

_Defensorium (de paupertate Christi) contra Johannem XXII_ (written between 1335 and 1349). _Inc._ ‘Universis Christi fidelibus.... Primus error est quod Dominus noster.’

Printed at Venice 1513, and by Edw. Brown, Fascic. Rerum expetend. II,
439-464.

_De imperatorum et pontificum potestate_; 27 chapters or paragraphs. _Inc. prol._ ‘Universis Christi fidelibus presentem tractatulum inspecturis, frater Willelmus de Okkham.’ _Inc. cap._ i. ‘Si reges et principes ecclesiarum.’

MS. Brit. Museum: Royal 10 A, xv (sec. xiv).

_Tractatus adversus errores Johannis XXII_, or _Compendium errorum papae_ (written between 1335 and 1338). _Inc._ ‘Secundum Bokkyg (?) super sacram scripturam.’

MSS. London:--Lambeth 168, fol. 289-314 (sec. xv).

Paris:--Bibl. Mazarine 3522, fol. 298-310 (sec. xiv).

Printed at Louvain 1481, Lyons 1495, and in Goldast II, 957-976.

Cf. _Dialogus_, Part III, Tract. iii.

_Opusculum adversus errores Johannis XXII._ _Inc._ ‘Non invenit locum penitencie Johannes XXII.... Ut pateat evidenter, quod retractatio quam Johannes XXII fecisse refertur, ipsum ab hereticorum numero non excludit.’

MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 3387, fol. 175-213{b} (sec. xv).

_Tractatus ostendens quod Benedictus Papa XII nonnullas Johannis XXII haereses amplexus est et defendit_; 7 books (written c. 1338). _Inc. prol._ ‘Ambulavit et ambulat insensanter non re sed nomine Benedictus XII in viis patris sui Johannis vidz. XXII.’ _Inc. lib. i_, ‘Dogmatum perversorum que Johannes XXII pertinaciter tenuit.’

MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 3387, fol. 214{b}-262{a} (sec. xv).

Cf. _Dialogus_, Pars III, Tract. v.

_Tractatus oquā_ (sic) _de potestate imperiali._ _Inc._ ‘Inferius describuntur allegaciones per plures magistros in sacra pagina approbate per quas ostenditur evidenter quod processus factus et sentencia lata in frankfort per dominum lodowicum quartum dei gracia Romanorum imperatorem.’ The decree of Louis referred to is dated Aug. 6, 1338[1471].

MS. Rome:--Bibl. Apostol. Vaticana, Codd. Palat. Latin. No. 679. Pars
I, fol. 117 (sec. xv).

Cf. Boehmer, Fontes rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 592, ‘ex libro
Nicolai Minoritae de controversia paupertatis Christi 1324-1338.’
_Inc._ ‘Subsequenter ponuntur articuli et describunter de juribus
imperii.’

_Octo questiones super potestate ac dignitate papali_, or _De potestate pontificum et imperatorum_ (written between 1339 and 1342). _Inc._ ‘Sanctum canibus nullatenus.’ _Inc. quest._ 1. ‘Primo igitur queritur utrum potestas spiritualis et laicalis suprema.’

MSS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 14603, fol. 147-216 (sec. xiv): ‘Explicit
tractatus venerabilis, theologi Guillelmi Okam de potestate
pape.’--Bibl. Mazarine, 3522, f. 104-148 (sec. xiv).

Cf. MS. Rome, Vatican, Bibl. Reg. Sueciae, 79, _De potestate Papae_;
and 375, _De potestate utriusque jurisdictionis_.

_De jurisdictione Imperatoris in causis matrimonialibus_, A. D. 1342. _Inc._ ‘Divina providentia disponente.’

Printed at Heidelberg 1598; and in Goldast I, 21. It is of doubtful
authenticity; see Riezler, 254.

_De electione Caroli IV_ (written 1347-9). _Inc._ ‘Quia sepe viri ignari.’

See Riezler, p. 271, 303, who refers to Höfler, Aus Avignon, 13.

The following treatises by Ockham are mentioned by Leland, Wadding, and others, but have not been identified.

I. _Philosophical._

_De pluralitate formae_, contra Sutton (Leland, Tanner).

_De invisibilibus_ (Leland).

_Tractatus incip._: ‘Dominus potest facere omne quod fieri vult non includit contradictionem’:--

seen by Leland in the Franciscan Library, London (Collect. III, 49):
Tanner identifies it with _Defensorium Logices_. Perhaps it is the
same as _Dialectica Nova_: _inc._ ‘Contradictio in Deo non est.’
(Bale, Pits).

_Comment. in Metaphysicam._

Tanner refers to MSS. Peterhouse 217 (where however no mention of it occurs), and Caius Coll. K. 5 (?), perhaps a mistake for H. 5 = 464, which contains Ockham’s logic.

Leland adds:

Vidi etiam tres libros Ochami, quorum primus _De privatione, de
materia prima, de forma_ quae est principium, et _De forma
artificiali_; secundus vero _De causis materiali, formali, efficiente,
finali_; tertius _De mutatione subita_ tractat.

[Cf. _Quaestiones in lib. Physic_?]

_De perfectione specierum_ (Wadding). _Inc._ ‘Quia Magister.’

II. _Political._

_De paupertate Christi et Apostolorum_ (Tritheim, Wadding).

This is probably incorporated in the Dialogus (see Wadding, Ann. Min. VIII, 81-2). Cf. MS. Florence:--Laurentiana, _ex Bibl. S. Crucis_, Plut. xxxi. Sin. Cod. iii (sec. xiv).

_De actibus hierarchicis_, lib. i (Wadding).

Wadding, _Sup._: ‘citat Joan. Picus Mirandulanus in sua Apologia quaest. 1.’

_Errorum quos affinxit papae Johanni_, lib. i (Wadding). _Inc._ ‘Locuti adversum me lingua.’

(Probably identical with one of the extant treatises.)

_Defensorium_ (against the pope); mentioned by Leland, Bale, &c. _Inc._ ‘Omni quippe regno desiderabilis.’

This is the _Defensor pacis_ of Marsilius of Padua.

NOTE.--In his catalogue of Vatican MSS., Montfaucon mentions, among _Praecipui codices MSS. Bibliothecae Vaticanae_, ‘947, ad 956 Guill. Occhami opera.’ See Montfaucon, _Bibl. Bibliothecarum MSS._ p. 100.

=Henry de Costesey or Cossey= (Norfolk) is reckoned among the Oxford Franciscans by Bale and others, but without evidence. He was forty-sixth Master of the Minorites at Cambridge (c. 1336)[1472], and is said to have died at Babwell[1473].

_Commentarius super Apocalypsim._ _Inc._ ‘Apocalypsis Jhesu Christi quam.... Dividitur enim iste liber sicut alii libri in prohemium et tractatum.’

MSS. Bodl.: 2004 = *NE*. B. 3. 18, now Bodley 57. Laud. Misc. 85, fol.
67 b (sec. xiv).

Cambridge:--Pembroke Coll. 175.

_Comment. super Psalterium._ _Inc._ ‘Aperiam in psalterio.’

MS. formerly in the Franciscan library, London[1474]: quoted in MS.
Bodl. Laud. Misc. 213, f. 192 (sec. xv).

=John de Hentham= was a Minorite in the Oxford Convent in 1340, when he acted as attorney for the warden[1475].

=Hugh de Willoughby= or =Wylluby=, S.T.P., was the Chancellor of the University in 1334. He held the prebend of Barnby, in the diocese of York, in 1338. It is not known when he became a Franciscan; but it was no doubt in his declining years[1476].

=Peter de Gaieta= was elected in the General Chapter at Assisi, c. 1340, to take the degree of B.D. and lecture on the _Sentences_ at Oxford. When the appointment of a friar to read the _Sentences_ at Paris was discussed in the General Chapter at Marseilles in 1343, Peter obtained many votes. In the same year the degree of Master in the University of Naples was conferred on him by the command of Pope Clement VI. He had previously lectured on the _Sentences_ there, and been Minister of the Provinces of Apulia and Terra Laboris[1477].

=John Lathbury= (Bucks), said to have been a native of the Reading friary[1478], was D.D. of Oxford and flourished about the middle of the fourteenth century[1479]. The evidence for the date is found in his own most famous work[1480]; the passage may be quoted as an authentic specimen of a subject of conversation between two Oxford Franciscans:

‘Item anno domini 1343 in capitulo provinciali Londoniis celebrato, et
in Oxonia plurimis vicibus prius et post in studio secum commoranti,
frater Hermanus de Colonia fratri Johanni de Latthebury retulit viva
voce, quod in patria sua est quedam villa que vulgariter dicatur
Enger, de qua Anglia vocaliter derivatur, et prope illam villam ad
distanciam unius miliarii est quedam quercus, arbor ingens et antiqua,
ad quam ipse cum esset puerulus ex more patrie cum reliquis
concurrebat. Nam omni nocte nativitatis Christi, quasi nocte media,
quercus illa glandes grandes et perfectas subita apparicione ex se
profert et producit copiose. Unde et incole illius patrie annuatim
illa nocte ad illum locum turmatim ex consuetudine concurrunt, et ibi
cum luminibus et lanternis vigilantes, horam solitam expectant et
explorant, bibentes, edentes, ludentes et noctem insompnem ducentes,
habentes secum lapides, baculos et saculos pro fructu arboris
excuciendo et asportando.’

There appear to have been two contemporary Minorites of the same name and family. Bale, after mentioning the commentaries of John Ridevaus on the letter of Valerius to Rufinus and the mythologies of Fulgentius, adds[1481]:

‘Hos libros cum multis aliis Joannes Lathbury senior contulit juniori
Joanni Lathbury A. D. 1348. Ex cenobio Minorum Radinge.’

The elder died at Reading at an advanced age in 1362, the younger at Northampton in 1375[1482]. It is not clear which of the two was the author.

The best known work of John Lathbury is his _Commentary on Lamentations_, or _Liber moralium in Threnos Hieremiae_, or _Lectura super librum Threnorum._ _Inc._ ‘Juxta mores modernorum.’

MSS. Oxford:--Merton Coll. 189--Exeter Coll. 27, &c.

Printed at Oxford in 1482, being one of the first books issued by the
Oxford press.

_Distinctionum liber theologicarum_, or _Alphabetum morale._ _Inc._ ‘Abstinendum est a carnalibus delitiis.’

MSS. Brit. Mus.: Royal 11 A xiii (sec. xv).

Oxford:--Exeter Coll. 26 (sec. xv), with the note ‘Johannes Latbury,
doctor de ordine fratrum minorum, qui fecit lecturam super librum
Trenorum, compilavit istum tractatum.’

Cambridge:--Peterhouse 96.

_De luxuria clericorum._

Extracts from this treatise of Lathbury’s are in MS. Bodl. James 19
(Cf. Bernard’s Catal. I, 260 b), from MSS. in Exeter College: the
treatise itself seems to be extracted from the _Distinctiones_.

_De timore et amore Domini_, &c., _secundum Johannem Lathbury, Thomam de Alquino ... aliosque_.

MS. Oxford:--Magd. Coll. 93 (A. D. 1438); perhaps merely excerpts from
some other work.

_Super Acta Apostolorum._ _Inc._ ‘Superedificati estis supra fundamentum apostolorum.’

Mentioned by Bale (MS. Seld. sup. 64, fol. 89) ‘ex musaeo Rob.
Talbot.’

=Hermann of Cologne= was a contemporary and friend of John Lathbury at Oxford, c. 1343[1483]. It is impossible to identify him with any of the other Hermanns who belonged to the Minorite Order at this time: e.g. Hermann of Saxony, the lawyer (fl. 1337), or Hermann Gygas, the historian[1484].

=Robert= (or =John=?) =Lamborne=,

‘the son of a baron, and the last heir of that barony, entered the
Order in London[1485].’

He became confessor to Queen Isabella in 1327[1486], and he still occupied this office, ‘though he was so attenuated that he was almost or quite blind,’ in 1343, when Clement VI granted him certain privileges[1487]. It is however very doubtful whether he was ever at Oxford. The name occurs in the Old Catalogue of Fellows of Merton College, under the reign of Edward III. If the two are identical, Lamborne ought to be placed in the Catalogue under Edward II, as he was clearly a friar in 1327; but there is no good reason for assuming their identity: Robert Lamborn of Merton may be a mistake for Reginald Lamborn[1488]. Friar John (?) Lamborne, confessor to Queen Isabella, was buried in the choir of the Grey Friars Church, London[1489].

=Reginald Lambourne= was B.D. of Merton College (c. 1350-1360), where he was a pupil of the famous mathematicians, William Rede and John Ashendon[1490]. He then entered the Benedictine Order, was at Eynsham Abbey in 1363/4 and 1367, and incepted D.D. as a monk[1491]. He afterwards took the Franciscan habit at Oxford, and died at Northampton[1492].

_Epistola a Reginaldo Lambourne, monacho simplici Eynshamensi, ad quendam Johannem London, de significatione eclipsium lunae ‘hoc anno instante, 1363.’_

_Epistola a Reginaldo Lambourne monacho Eynshamensi_ [ad. Gul. Rede ut videtur] _a{o} 1367, de conjunctionibus Saturni Jovis et Martis cum prognosticatione malorum inde in annis 1368-1374 probabiliter occurrentium._

MS. Bodl.:--Digby 176, fol. 50, and 40 (sec. xiv).

=Robert Eliphat= flourished in the middle of the fourteenth century; he is placed among the Masters of the English Province by Bartholomew of Pisa[1493]. Pits states that he was famous at Oxford and Paris[1494]. There can be little doubt that he is identical with =Robert Alifax= or =Halifax=, the fifty-sixth Master of the Franciscans at Cambridge[1495].

_Robertus Haliphax de sententiarum libris I et II._

MS. Assisi 161 (sec. xiv).

_Primus Eliphat super sententias._

MSS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 14514 (sec. xiv).

Vienna:--Bibl. Palat. 1511, f. 110-120 (sec. xiv).

_Quaestiones Rob. Eliphat._

MSS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 14576 (xiv), 15561, f. 243 (xv), 15880 (xiv),
15888, f. 181, (xiv)[1496].

=Gilbert Peckham=, fellow of Merton in 1324 and 1339, may be identical with the fifty-ninth Master of the Minorites at Cambridge[1497].

=William Tithemersch= (co. Northampton), ‘of the custody of Oxford,’ was sixty-first Master of the Minorites at Cambridge, and twenty-first Provincial, about 1350; he was succeeded by Roger Conway, and was buried at Bedford[1498].

=William Scharshille= (co. Stafford),

‘formerly a justiciary under Edward III, gave away all his temporal
goods and entered the Order, with great honour, at Oxford[1499].’

The date is not specified. A William de Shareshull, who is no doubt the same person, was ordered to attend a parliament in Scotland for the confirmation of a treaty between Edward III and Edward Balliol, in 1333; he is mentioned as a justice of assize in 1337, and he was appointed one of the examiners of some ecclesiastical petitions to Parliament in 1351[1500]. In 1356 ‘Dominus Willhelmus de Scharshull’ appears among the witnesses to an indenture between the University of Oxford and Richard d’Amory[1501].

=Richard Lymynster= and =Giuliortus de Limosano= are mentioned in a University decree as ‘wax-doctors’ of the Mendicant Orders at Oxford in 1358. It is uncertain to which Order the former belonged. The latter was a Minorite from Sicily, who tried to obtain the degree of B.D. by means of letters from the king of England[1502].

=Jerome of St. Mark= is said to have been a Minorite and Bachelor of Oxford, and author of a treatise on logic. His date--or even the century in which he lived--is unknown[1503].

=John of Nottingham= was a member of the Oxford Convent in the middle of the fourteenth century: he was one of the witnesses to the will of Robert de Trenge, Warden of Merton, and perhaps his confessor; the will was executed 1351, and proved 1357[1504].

=Roger Conway=, of the convent of Worcester and D.D. of Oxford, in 1355 obtained papal license to live in the Franciscan Convent of London

‘for the spiritual recreation of himself and of the nobles of
England,’

who were said to flock in great numbers to this friary; Roger was to be subject to the rules of the house like any other friar[1505]. In 1357 he came forward as the champion of the Mendicant Orders against the Archbishop of Armagh, and wrote and preached in London ‘on the poverty of Christ’ and the right of the friars to hear confessions[1506]. According to one account

‘he strenuously defended his Order in the Curia against
Armachanus[1507].’

In 1359 Innocent VI issued a bull confirming the decree _Vas electionis_ of John XXII,

‘at the instance of Roger Coneway of the Order of Friars Minors, who
asserts that he needs these letters on behalf of the said
Order[1508].’

He was twenty-second Provincial Minister of England[1509], and perhaps held the office at the time of the controversy with Richard Fitzralph[1510]. Bale and Pits state that he died in 1360; it is not improbable that he lived several years longer. He was buried in the choir of the Grey Friars Church, London[1511].

A book formerly belonging to Roger Conway is preserved among the MSS. of Gray’s Inn; Codex 1, formerly 17 (= 1584 in Bernard)--

‘_Joannes Cassianus de Institutis Egyptiorum Coenobiorum._ Cui haec
notula apponitur: “Iste est liber Fratris Rogeri de Coneway[1512]”.’

_Defensio Religionis Mendicantium_, against Armachanus, or _De confessionibus per regulares audiendis contra informationes Armachani_; known also by the opening words of the treatise (preface): ‘Confessio et pulchritudo.’

MSS. Oxford:--Bodl. sup. A I, art. 95; also Corpus Christi Coll. 182,
fol. 37 (sec. xv).

Cambridge:--Public Library Ii. iv. 5. fol. 15 (sec. xv); also Corpus
Christi Coll. 333 (sec. xv).

Paris:--Bibl. Nationale 3221, fol. 206-46 (see. xv); and 3222, fol.
117, under the title: ‘Quedam informacio contra intentionem domini
Ricardi Archiepiscopi Armachani super decretali _Vas electionis_,
edita a ffratre Rogero Conewey magistro in Theologia de ordine fratrum
minorum.’

Vienna:--Bibl. Palat. 4127, f. 221 (sec. xv).

Printed at Lyons 1496; Paris 1511 (among the works of Armachanus); and
in Goldast, _Monarchia_ II, p. 1410, (under the name ‘Chonoe’).

_Intellectus fratrum de constitutione Vas electionis quo ad Negativam ibidem definitam._ _Inc._ ‘Verumptamen quia iste dominus Reverendus dicit quod intellectus fratrum est erroneus.’

MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 3222, fol. 133{b}-158{b}: it is anonymous in
this MS., but is attributed to Roger Conway by Bale, MS. Seld. sup.
64, fol. 157{b}, and Tanner, Bibl. 197. The same MS. contains the
_Replicationes_ of Armachanus against this work, ff. 159 sqq.

_Quaestiones tres de Christi paupertate et dominio temporali._ _Inc._ ‘Questio est hic de mendicitate;’ or ‘Utrum Christus hominum perfectissimus.’

MS. Vienna:--Bibl. Palat. 4127, f. 249-269 (sec. xv).

Wadding (_Script._ p. 212) gives the second _incipit_ and says: ‘Habeo
MSS.’ These may be now in some Italian library; perhaps in the
Franciscan Convent at Rome, or MS. Vatican 3740, ‘Tractatus diversorum
super quaestione de paupertate Christi et Apostolorum’ (Montfaucon, p.
110).

=Simon Tunstede=, =de Tunstude=, or =Donstede=, is said by Bale to have entered the Order at Norwich, where, according to Blomefield, he afterwards became Warden of the Franciscan Convent[1513]. He was Regent Master of the Friars Minors at Oxford in 1351[1514], and according to contemporary evidence was ‘skilled in music and in the seven liberal arts[1515].’ He wrote on the Meteorics of Aristotle[1516], and made some alterations in the horologe called _Albion_, invented in 1326 by Richard of Wallingford, Abbat of St. Albans, and in the book which the Abbat wrote about his invention[1517]. He became twenty-third Provincial Minister in succession to Roger Conway about 1360[1518]. He was buried among the Poor Clares of Brusyard in Suffolk[1519]; Bale and Pits mention 1369 as the year of his death.

A work on music, _Quatuor principalia musicae_, or _De musica continua et discreta, cum Diagrammatibus_, has been erroneously ascribed to Tunstede[1520]; it was composed by a Minorite during Tunstede’s regency at Oxford, and perhaps under his supervision.

MSS. London:--Brit. Mus. Addit. 8866 (sec. xiv).

Oxford:--Bodleian; Digby 90 (sec. xiv); Bodley 515 (= 2185) (sec. xv).

Printed in E. de Coussemaker’s _Auctores de Musica_, &c. Paris 1876.

=Robert de Wysete=, =Wyshed=, or =de Wycett=, D.D. of Oxford, succeeded Tunstede as twenty-fourth Provincial (c. 1370?)[1521]. He was buried in the choir of the Grey Friars’ Church in London[1522].

MS. Worcester Cathed. Library, fol. No. 35: ‘Wyneshed de motu de
locali et aliis Physicis’ (?); but the name here is probably an error
for _Swynshed_; see MS. Cambridge, Caius Coll. 499.

=John Mardeslay= or =Mardisle=[1523], probably a Yorkshireman, incepted as D.D. at Oxford before 1355. Early in this year he disputed with the Dominican, William Jordan, in the Chapter-house and Chancellor’s schools at York, _de conceptione B. Mariae Virginis_, upholding the Immaculate Conception[1524]. His manner of disputation gave offence, and the Chapter of York issued letters testifying to his good conduct (April 10, 1355)[1525]:

‘in putting forward his opinion he behaved amicably, modestly and
courteously, without introducing any abuse or improprieties
whatsoever.’

He was certainly an able debater. In 1374 he was summoned with three other Doctors of Divinity to a council at Westminster, over which the Black Prince and the Archbishop of Canterbury presided[1526]. The subject of discussion was the right of England to refuse the papal tribute. The Archbishop and bishops said: ‘The pope is lord of all, we cannot refuse him this tribute.’ A monk of Durham brought forward the old argument about the two swords. Mardeslay at once replied with the text ‘Put up again thy sword into his place,’

‘showing that the two swords did not mean temporal and spiritual
power, and that Christ had not temporal diminion; which he proved by
the scriptures and gospels, by quotations from the doctors, by the
example of the religious who leave worldly goods, and by the
decretals; and he related how Boniface VIII claimed to be lord of all
kingdoms, and how he was repulsed in France and England.’

At the end of the day’s sitting, the Archbishop said, ‘There were good counsels in England without the friars.’ The prince answered, ‘We have had to call them because of your fatuity; your counsel would have lost us our kingdom.’ The next day the papal party yielded. Between this date and 1380 Mardeslay was twenty-fifth Provincial Minister[1527]. The date of his death is uncertain; he was buried at York[1528].

=Thomas of Portugal= studied at Oxford and Paris, c. 1360, and lectured at Lisbon and Salamanca. He was elected in the General Chapter to lecture on the _Sentences_ at Cambridge, and was promoted to the degree of D.D. in the University of Toulouse by Pope Gregory XI in 1371[1529].

=Philip Zoriton= (?), according to Wadding ‘professor in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge,’ received the insignia of the _magisterium_ at the hands of Friar Francis de Cardaillac S.T.P. in 1364[1530]. Zoriton appears to be a mistake for =Torinton= or =Torrington=. Philip Torrington S.T.P. was made Archbishop of Cashel in 1373[1531]. He was sent by Richard II as ambassador to Urban VI, and, on his return in 1379, urged the English king to invade France in support of the Pope, against the Antipope Clement VII. Philip died in 1380[1532].

=Dalmacus de Raxach= and =Franciscus de Graynoylles= of the kingdom of Aragon, friars Minors residing at Oxford for the purposes of study, obtained royal letters of protection on Feb. 22nd, 1378[1533].

=Francis de S. Simone de Pisis=, called ‘of Empoli,’ is mentioned by Bartholomew of Pisa as having studied at Oxford[1534], where he perhaps became D.D. He flourished in the fourteenth century; according to Wadding, 1376.

_Determinatio Magistri Francisci de Empoli de materia montis_ (?)

MS. Florence:--Laurentiana, _ex Bibl. S. Crucis_, Plut. xxxi, Dext.
Cod. xi (sec. xiv _or_ xv).

=John Hilton=, D.D. of Oxford, ‘determined’ in the schools against Ughtred Bolton monk of Durham, in defence of his Order. Bale and Pits state that he died at Norwich, 1376[1535].

_Determinationes de paupertate fratrum, et de statu Minorum_, lib. ii. _Inc._ ‘Articulus pertractandus sit.’

Mentioned by Bale, ‘Ex bibliotheca Nordovicensi’[1536].

_Quaestiones._

One or both of these works may be the _Opera Joannis Hilton_ in _Bibl.
Eccles. Cathed. Sarisbur._ MS. 94 (Bernard).

=Hubert of Halvesnahen= (?) Bachelor of Paris, Oxford and Cambridge, and ‘_destinatus Lector Oxoniae_,’ received the degree of Master in 1376 by papal commission at the hands of Friar Philip (Torrington), Archbishop of Cashel, who was then staying at Avignon[1537].

=William de Prato=, of the Order of Minorites, a native of Paris, was in 1363 raised to the degree of Master in the University of Paris by the Pope. In the papal letter[1538] to the ‘Chancellor of the Church of Paris,’ it is stated that he had

‘studied many years at Oxford and lectured in the theological faculty,
and obtained the license of teaching in the said faculty and the
honour of Master; he desired to lecture in the same faculty at Paris,
and to give to his country what he had acquired elsewhere by studious
labours.’

The Pope bids the chancellor admit him freely on the papal authority

‘ad legendum determinandum disputandum et ceteros actus Magistrales
exercendum,’

just as though he were D.D. of Paris. The letter is dated XV Kal. Dec. A{o} II. In 1370 he was sent to the Tartars by the pope, as bishop of Pekin and head of the Franciscan mission in Asia[1539]. The papal letter[1540] constituted him ruler of the Friars Minors in the lands

‘Saracenorum, Alanorum, Gazarorum, Gothorum, Schytarum, Ruthenorum,
Jacobitarum, Nubianorum, Nestorianorum, Georgianorum, Armenorum,
Indorum, Mochitarum.’

_De eruditione Principum_, by William de Prato, _ordinis Praedicatorum_ (?)[1541].

MS. Vatican, Bibl. Reginae Sueciae, cod. 1960 (Montfaucon).

=John Somer=, of the Convent of Bridgwater[1542], was at Oxford in 1380[1543]. It does not appear whether he was a doctor either at this time or afterwards. He enjoyed a great reputation as an astronomer, and is said to have made use of the astronomical researches of Roger Bacon[1544]. Chaucer refers to him in his treatise on the Astrolabe[1545].

Somer is often coupled with the contemporary astronomer Nicholas of Lynn[1546], and it is possible that the following passage in Mercator’s _Atlas_, which is supposed by Hakluyt and others to refer to Nicholas, relates to John Somer[1547].

‘That which you see described in this table of those foure Iles is
taken from the journal of James Knox of Bolduc or the Busse[1548], who
reporteth[1549] that a certaine English Friar, minorite of Oxford, a
Mathematician, hath seene and composed the lands lying about the Pole,
and measured them with an astrolabe, and described them by a
Geometrical instrument.’

To this account John Dee[1550] adds the date 1360, and calls the friar a ‘Franciscan of Lynn’; Hakluyt (among other details) gives the name as ‘Nicholas de Lynna a Franciscan Friar.’ Nicholas of Lynn was a Carmelite[1551]. On the other hand, supposing that the story has a good foundation, it is more likely that the adventurous Friar was a native of some seaport on the East coast than of a Western town like Bridgwater.

_Tertium opusculum Kalendarii_ (A. D. 1387-1462), composed

‘ad instantiam nobilissime Domine, Domine Johanne Principisse Wallie,
... ac matris ... Ricardi secundi ..., ad meridiem tamen Universitatis
Oxonie, ex precepto reverendi Patris, fratris Thome Kyngesburi,
Ministri Anglie, ... a fratre Johanne Somur (_or_ Semour) ordinis
minorum, A. D. 1380.’

MSS. Brit. Mus.: Royal 2 B viii. (sec. xiv). Cotton Faustina A II, f.
1-12; and Cotton Vesp. E VII. f. 4-22.

Bodl.: Digby 5, f. 73 (sec. xiv).

_Cronica quaedam brevis fratris Johannis Somour ordinis sancti Francisci de conventu ville Briggewater._

MS. British Museum; Cott. Domit. A II, f. 1-6{b}.

The framework of the annals may be by John Somer: the entries are
short and scattered--some being later than the middle of the 15{th}
century--and in different hands. Several refer to Bridgwater, e. g.
_ad annos_ 1241, 1411. _Ad. an._ 1433 is the entry: ‘E(clipsis) solis
universalis 17 die Junii in festo S. Botulphi secundum fratrem som.’

His astronomical and astrological writings are frequently quoted:

Bodl. Laud. Misc. 674 (sec. xv), fol. 24; _Regulae ad sciendum nati
vitam secundum Jo. Somer, Ord. Minorum_; fol. 24{b}: ‘Hoc receptum
inveni scriptum de propria manu J. Somour de ordine Minorum.’

See also fol. 42{b}, ... and fol. 99{b} of the same MS.

Bodl. Digby 88 (sec. xv), ‘An extracte of freer John Somerys Kalender,
of ille days in the yere,’ fol. 62{b}.

Cf. Digby 119, fol. 25{b}.

=Hugh Karlelle= (Carlisle) and =Thomas Bernewell=, Oxford Minorites, were among the Doctors of Theology who condemned Wiclif’s twenty-four conclusions at the council held at Blackfriars, London, on May 21st, 1382[1552].

=William Woodford= or =Widford= was one of the most determined opponents of the Wicliffites. Wadding’s desire[1553] to claim this ‘extirpator of heretics’ as a fellow-countryman has led him to identify William Woodford with the comparatively unknown Friar William of Waterford. There is no ground for this identification, and dates make it almost impossible[1554]. In his earlier days at Oxford, probably when he was B.D., Woodford was on friendly or even intimate terms with Wiclif. When the two were lecturing on the Sentences, they carried on a courteous interchange of arguments and opinions on Transubstantiation[1555].

Woodford’s earliest extant work, of which the date is known, was composed in 1381; it consists of theological lectures under the title, ‘_72 questiones de Sacramento Altaris_,’ in answer to Wiclif’s ‘Confession,’ and was written in great haste; these lectures were delivered, perhaps at the Grey Friars London, within five weeks of the publication of the ‘Confession[1556].’ He does not seem to have been D.D. at this time. On the subject of his inception, a curious piece of information has been preserved in a MS. of the 15th century;

‘when he was going from London to Oxford to incept in theology he fell
among robbers, who took from him £40[1557].’

In 1389 he was regent master in theology among the Minorites at Oxford, and as such lectured in the schools of the Minorites against the adherents of Wiclif[1558]. In 1390 when he also lectured at Oxford on the same subject, he was vicar of the Provincial Minister[1559]. Among his pupils was Thomas Netter of Walden, afterwards Provincial of the Carmelites and reputed author of the _Fasciculi Zizaniorum_[1560]. Woodford appears now to have resided mainly at the Grey Friars, London: in 1396 he obtained from Boniface IX a papal sanction of the special privileges and graces which he enjoyed in this convent; the chief of them was the right to a private chamber or house[1561]. According to Bale and Pits he died, and was buried at Colchester in 1397[1562]. His name however appears among those buried in the choir of the Grey Friars Church, London.

‘Et ad ejus (sc. Willelmi Goddard) dexteram sub lapide cruce exarato
Jacet bone memorie et hereticorum extirpator Acerimus frater Willelmus
Wydford doctor Egregius et minister[1563].’

The date of his death is uncertain; but one of his works seems to have been written in the reign of Henry IV[1564].

Woodford’s writings, dealing as they did for the most part with the question of the hour, were very popular and often copied.

Commentaries on _Ezechiel_, _Ecclesiastes_, _S. Luke_ (cap. 6-9), _S. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans_.

British Museum MS. Royal 4 A xiii (sec. xiv)[1565].

_De sacramento Eucharistiae_, or, _72 quaestiones._ _Inc._ ‘Ratione solemnitatis jam instantis.’

MSS. Brit. Museum: Royal 7 B iii. § 2, (sec. xiv): Harl. 31, fol. 1-94
(sec. xv), and 42 fol. 1 (sec. xv).

Oxford:--Exeter Coll. 7, fol. 4 (sec. xv); St. John’s Coll. 144 (sec.
xv).

_Determinationes quatuor_; lectures at Oxford 1389-1390. _Inc._ ‘Utrum motiva.’

MSS. Brit. Mus.:--Harl. 31 (sec. xv. ineuntis): 1{st} lecture fol.
124-132; 2{nd} 132-163{b}; 3{rd} 163{b}-170; 4{th} 170-181: Harl. 42,
f. 1-124.

Oxford:--Bodleian 2766, f. 69; 2224, p. 33 (= Bodley 393); 3340; Digby
170, f. 1-33 (sec. xiv. exeuntis): this last MS. begins in the second
determination with the words: ‘et nullum predictorum est impedimentum
legitimi matrimonii.’

_De causis condempnacionis articulorum 18 dampnatorum Johannis Wyclif_, 1396. Probably written later; Henry is mentioned as King of England (_Fasc. rer._ p. 264).

MSS. British Museum:--Royal, 8 F xi. (sec. xv); Harl. 31, f. 95: Harl.
42, f. 125.

Oxford:--Bodl. 2766, § 1. [and Bodl. 3629, p. 216?]--Merton Coll. 198
§ 3 (sec. xv) and 318, f. 84 (xv)--C.C.C. 183, f. 23 (xv).

Printed, Brown, _Fascic. rerum expetendarum_, I, 190-265.

_De sacerdotio novi testamenti._ _Inc._ ‘Utrum sacerdotium Novi.’

MSS. British Museum:--Royal 7 B. III. § 1.

Oxford:--Merton Coll. 198 fol. 14 (xv ineuntis).

_Defensorium mendicitatis contra Armachanum_, or, _Defensorium contra Armachanum, in Octavo libello de mendicitate Christi._ _Inc._ ‘Postquam dominus Armachanus.’

MSS. Oxford:--Magdalen Coll. 75 (sec. xv).

Cambridge:--Publ. Library, Ff. I. 21, f. 1-257.

_De erroribus Armachani_, or, _Excerptiones xlii. errorum Armachani._ _Inc._ ‘Quoad errores domini Armachani contentos.’

MSS. Cambridge:--Publ. Libr. Ff. I. 21, f. 258-265.

Oxford:--New Coll. 290 fol. 258.

_Responsiones contra Wiclevum et Lollardos_, or, _ad lxv. quaestiones Wiclevi contra fratres._ _Inc._ ‘Primo quaeritur quot sunt ordines.’

MS. Oxford:--Bodl. 2766, p. 41. (= T. Bodl. super O. I. Art. 9).

_De veneratione imaginum._

MS. Brit. Mus.:--Harl. 31, f. 182-205; anon. and imperfect at the
beginning, but probably by Woodford; 8 chapters. _Inc. cap._ 2.
‘Aliter tamen senciunt doctissimi Christiani, oppositum ostendentes
per naturam, per artem, per historiam, per scripturam.’

_Epistola Episcopo Hereford. de decimis et oblacionibus contra Gualterum Britte_:

referred to by Woodford in _De causis condempnacionis_ etc., but no
longer extant; _Fasc. Per. Expetend._ I. 220, 222.

_Super quinque capitula Evangelii S. Matthaei_:

mentioned by John Wheathamstede among the books which he had
transcribed, but not now to be found: (Tanner, from MS. Cott. Otho, B.
IV; this MS. was burnt in the Cotton library fire).

_Questions on God and angels_, ‘fratris Willelmi ex Wodeford junioris.’

MS. Oxford:--Ball. Coll. 63, f. 100 (sec. xiv).

Other works attributed to him:

_De oblationibus fiendis in locis sanctorum_, and _De peregrinationibus ad loca sancta_, mentioned by Tanner (_Bibl._ 785), appear to be the same as _Determinatio, An sancti sint orandi, vel oracio fienda sit sanctis_, an anonymous treatise in Harl. MS. 31, § 7.

_Summa de Virtutibus_ is identical with the _Summa_ by William de Wodeford, Abbat, in Caius Coll. Cambridge, MS. 454.

_Tractatus de Religione_, addressed to Cardinal Julian Caesarinus in 1433, was the work of William of Waterford (Tanner _Bibl._ p. 364, Wadding ix, 129).

=Peter Philargi= or =Philargus de Candia= (afterwards Pope Alex. V) is said to have been of very humble origin, and to have begged his bread of necessity[1566]. Early in life he joined the Franciscans, who soon recognised his ability. He was sent to England in his youth and studied first at Norwich, and then at Oxford, where he became Bachelor of Theology[1567] (c. 1370?). He lectured on the _Sentences_ at Paris in 1378[1568], and obtained the degree of D.D. in that University[1569]. In 1402 he became Archbishop of Milan, in 1405 Cardinal, and in 1409 he was elected Pope at the Council of Pisa, being then more than seventy years old and famous for learning and piety[1570]. His brief pontificate was chiefly remarkable for the favours and privileges which he lavished on the Mendicant Friars. He died on May 3rd, 1410, it was believed of poison administered by order of his successor John XXIII[1571]. He is described by an English chronicler as

‘jocundus vir et eloquens in Latina lingua et Graeca, solemnis et
nominatissimus Doctor in Theologia[1572].’

_Lectures on the Sentences._

MSS. Basel A II. 22. ‘Conclusiones textuales super Magist. Sentent.’

Paris:--Bibl. Nat. Fonds de Cluni 54, = 1467 of the Latin Addit. MSS.
(sec. xiv) fol. 8. ‘Expl. collectiva pro primo principio fratris Petri
de Candia, quam compilavit Parisius, a{o} M{o} CCC{o} LXXVIII{o}
XXIIII{a} die mensis Septembris, et XXVIII die ejusdem mensis in
scolis legit, etc.’

Venice:--St. Mark, Vol. I, Cl. III, Cod. 110 (A. D. 1382), _Questiones
in lib. 1 Sentent._, being lectures at Paris in 1379.--_Ibid._ Cod.
III (A. D. 1394), _Questiones in lib. 2 et 3 Sentent._ ‘Explicit
lectura super sententias ven. mag. fratris Petri de Candia ordinis
Minorum A. D. 1390 compilata tempore quo Parisiis legebat sententias,
quas de verbo ad verbum ut jacet suis scolaribus in scolis antedicti
ordinis prolegebat.’

_Officium Visitationis B. V. Mariae_, compiled by Peter when Bishop of Novara.

MS. Florence:--Laurentiana, _ex Bibl. S. Crucis_, Plut. xxv. Sin. Cod.
ix.

_Prosae vel Sequentiae quinque_, by Peter then Archbishop of Milan.

MS. Ibid.

_Praefationes Ambrosianae._

MS. Rome:--Archiv. Basilicae S. Petri (Montfaucon, p. 158).

_Conclusiones Petri de Candida Cardinalis Mediolanensis, S.T.P., pro moderno schismate auferendo_ (urging that a general Council should be called).

MS. Brit. Mus.:--Harl. 431, fol. 30{b}. Cf. _ibid._ fol. 33{b}, 34{b},
35; and Cambridge:--Emmanuel Coll. I. § 29, _Conclusiones P. de Candia
positae in Concilio_.

_De obligationibus Epistola._

Oxford:--Bodl. Canonic. 278, fol. 65.

Florence:--Bibl. Leopoldina (Laurentiana), Cod. Gaddian. 188 (sec.
xv).

=Thomas Kyngesbery=, =Kynbury=, =de Kyngusbury=, D.D. of Oxford, was twenty-sixth Provincial Minister from 1379 or 1380 to 1390 or 1392[1573]. At the beginning of his ministry, which coincided with the beginning of the great Schism, he obtained from the Minorites, both in Provincial Chapter and in the separate convents, an oath of obedience to Urban VI[1574]. He appears to have been on terms of some intimacy with the royal family[1575], and about 1390 or 1392[1576] Richard II urged Boniface IX to appoint him by provision to the next vacant bishopric: the king describes him as

‘virum, prout experiencia certa et ejusdem fama preclaris diffusa
virtutibus nobis constat, sciencie, vite, ac morum honestate
perspicuum, et per omnia graciosum, nedum in sciencia speculativa, sed
in verbi dei predicacione multipliciter preexpertum.’

This recommendation appears to have had no result: perhaps Kyngesbery died about this time. He was buried at Nottingham[1577]. Though none of his writings remain, it may perhaps be inferred, from the fact that he is twice mentioned in connexion with scientific works by Minorites, that he was a patron of science in the Order[1578].

=John Tewkesbury=, Minorite, gave a treatise called ‘_Quatuor principalia musicae_’

‘to the Community of the Friars Minors at Oxford, with the authority
and consent of Friar Thomas de Kyngusbury, Master, Minister of
England, A. D. 1388[1579].’

=John Tyssyngton= subscribed the decree of the Chancellor Berton, condemning Wiclif’s twelve ‘conclusions’ on the sacraments, in 1381[1580]; he is the only Franciscan among the ten doctors whose names appear, and was regent master of the Friars Minors at this time[1581]. Soon afterwards Tyssyngton made an elaborate reply to Wiclif’s _Confessio_ on Transubstantiation in the Franciscan Schools at Oxford, and issued the lecture as a treatise[1582]; though this composition bears marks of undue haste, it was considered to be of great value and was ordered to be kept in the University Archives[1583]. In 1392 Tyssyngton was at the Council of Stamford where the heresies of Henry Crompe, consisting chiefly of conclusions against the friars, were condemned[1584]. He succeeded Thomas Kyngesbery as twenty-seventh Provincial[1585]. Bale and Pits give 1395 as the year of his death: he was buried at London[1586].

The only work of his extant is the _Confessio contra confessionem Johannis Wiclif_, above referred to.

=John Schankton=, of the Order of Minors, appears to have been confessor of John Okele, skinner of Oxford. The latter, in his will dated October 20th, 1390, left Schankton 20_s._ a year for three years,

‘to celebrate masses for my soul and the souls of all those to whom I
am in any manner bound, and the souls of all the faithful dead, in the
conventual church of the Minorites at Oxford:’

if Schankton died in the course of those three years, he was, before his death, to appoint another friar to fulfil the wishes of the testator[1587].

=John Romseye=, D.D., succeeded W. Woodford as regent master of the Friars Minors in 1389[1588]. He was buried in the Chapel of All Saints in the Grey Friars’ Church, London[1589].

=John Wastenays=, Inceptor in theology at Oxford, and possibly one of the ‘wax-doctors,’ is mentioned in the following letter given under the privy seal, _temp._ Richard II[1590]:

‘Tres cher et bien ame. Nous vous prions, que, en ce que notre cher en
dieu frere Johan Wastenays de lordre dez Menours, Commenceour en
theologie, ad affaire deuers vous touchant son commencement en la
Vniuersitee doxon, lui veullez faire la grace et le fauour que
bonement purrey, sauuant lez estatutz et lez priuileges de la
vniuersitee auantdicte. Donne souz, etc. (i.e. souz notre priue
seal).’

=Jacob Fey= of Florence studied at Oxford in 1393, when he transcribed a manuscript formerly kept in the library of Santa Croce, Florence, now in the Laurentian library[1591]. The colophon runs:--

‘Explicit compilatio quædam diversorum argumentorum recollectorum a
diversis doctoribus in Vniversitate Oxoniæ ordinata satis pulchre per
Reverendum Fratrem ...[1592] S.T. Mag. ejusdem Vniversitatis de Ordine
Carmelitarum, scripta per me Fratrem J. Fey de Florentia Ordinis
Minorum in Conventu Oxoniæ anno Domini MCCCXCIII die sequenti festum
40 Martyrum ad laudem Domini nostri Jesu Christi. Amen.’

Fey was inquisitor in his native land in 1402[1593].

=Nicholas Fakenham= (Norfolk) enjoyed the favour and patronage of Richard II. He was doctor of Oxford and twenty-eighth Provincial Minister of the Order in 1395. On the 5th of November in that year, on the occasion apparently of his inception, he ‘determined’ at Oxford on the papal schism by command of the king. This lecture has been preserved[1594]; the introduction may be given here, somewhat abbreviated.

‘Our mother, the Roman Church, is full of troubles and calamities. Yet
her daughter, the University of Paris, alone has tried to comfort her:
Paris has borne the burden and heat of the day, and may well upbraid
us. We too must work for the union of the Church and the reformation
of peace. I therefore, promoted to the degree of Master though
unworthily, through zeal for the religion of Christ and for the Church
of God, and by reason of the command of our lord the King, propose to
move some matters pertaining to the proposition, in the form of a
question, not as a formal _determinator_, but rather as a friendly
speaker (_familiaris concionator_), now on one side, now on the other,
now as an impartial person. In these writings I wish to say nothing
against the Catholic Church or good morals or Pope Boniface; if I do
so inadvertently I submit to the Chancellor and others in
authority.--Touching the reformation of the desolate Church, I ask
whether there is any reasonable way of restoring it to its original
unity.’

Then he treats learnedly about the schismatical churches and shows that the Church can be reformed only by the punishment of those who have disturbed its peace--namely, the Cardinals.

He ceased to be Minister some years before his death. In 1405 he was with Friar J. Mallaert appointed papal commissary to examine into the charges made by the English Minorites against John Zouche, then Provincial Minister. The commissaries deposed Zouche; and on the latter’s reappointment by papal authority, refused to obey him[1595]. According to Bale he died 1407[1596]; he was buried at Colchester[1597].

At the end of the ‘_determinatio_’ in Harl. MS., 3768 (fol. 196) is the note:

‘et incipiunt alie conclusiones ejusdem de eodem scismate cum epistola
directa domino Karolo Regi Francorum pro reformacione scismatis
prenominati.’

Some ‘conclusions’ then follow.

=(Richard) Tryvytlam= or =Trevytham= seems to have flourished about 1400; Hearne suggests that he was the same as Robert Finingham, a Franciscan who lived about 1460[1598], but this is a quite unwarranted assumption. Tryvytlam is only known from his rhymed Latin poem, ‘_De laude Universitatis Oxoniae_,’ a defence of the friars and attack on the monks. From the poem it is clear that he was an Oxford friar, and one line points to his having been a Franciscan:

‘Minorum ordinem proclamat impium,’ etc.[1599].

Among the assailants of the mendicants he mentions by name Ughtred of Durham, who flourished in the reign of Richard II. His poem has been edited by Hearne (Oxon. 1729), from a fifteenth century MS. then in the possession of Roger Gale, Esq.

MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nationale, MS. 1201 (sec. XV) contains: _Ricardi
Trevithelani Supplicationes ad beatam Mariam Virginem_.

=William Auger= or =Anger=, according to Leland[1600], studied in the Franciscan convent at Oxford, and was afterwards made Warden of the Grey Friars at Bridgwater, where he died and was buried, A. D. 1404[1601].

=John Edes=, =Edaeus=, or =of Hereford=, is said to have been a Minorite of Oxford, and to have written commentaries on many of Aristotle’s works, as well as on the Sentences and Apocalypse[1602]. He afterwards retired to Hereford, where he was elected warden, and where he died in 1406[1603].

_Quedam constituta_ (?)[1604] _Johannis Ede de ordine minorum._ _Inc._ ‘Triplex fuit beneficium abrahe, viz. preeleccio, conversacio, propagacio ... Questio utrum personarum accepcio sit peccatum.’

MS. Oxford:--Bodley 815 (= 2684 in Bernard) f. 1-8, a fragment (sec.
xv). The MS. (fol. 1) contains the note: ‘Habetur liber complete inter
fratres minores Hefordie’ (_sic_)[1605].

=William Butler= or =Botellere= was regent master of the Minorites at Oxford in 1401, when he lectured against the translation of the Bible into English[1606]. He occurs as the thirtieth Provincial Minister and successor to John Zouche[1607]. He was probably the person elected by the Chapter at Oxford on the 3rd of May, 1406, on the deposition of Zouche[1608]. Though the latter was afterwards restored, he does not seem to have been generally recognised in England, and was in 1408 made Bishop of Llandaff[1609]. Butler’s tenure of office seems to have been reckoned from 1408. A new ordinance was made at this time that no Provincial of the Minorites should remain in office more than six years[1610]. William Butler resigned in 1413 or 1414, but was reinstated by Pope John XXIII[1611]. Whether he actually entered on his duties again does not appear. The date of his death is unknown. Bale and Pits state that he was buried at Reading[1612]. The Catalogue of Illustrious Franciscans, as quoted by Leland, calls him ‘Flos universitatis temporibus suis.’

Besides the treatise against the English translation of the Bible (Merton Coll. MS. 67) he is said to have written _De indulgentiis papalibus_. _Inc._ ‘Articulus pro finali cessatione lecture sentenciarum’[1613].

=Vincent Boys=, D.D. of Oxford, was elected thirty-first Provincial on the voluntary retirement of W. Butler in 1413. Butler was reinstated by the Pope and the election of Boys quashed; but no stigma was to attach to the latter[1614]. Tanner mentions a David Boys, Carmelite, c. 1450[1615].

=Peter Russel= was D.D. of Oxford[1616], and taught also in Spain. On November 25th, 1399, Martin, king of Aragon, gave him power

‘legendi docendi et dogmatizandi ubique locorum sui regni _Artem
generalem_ ceterosque libros Raymundi Lulli.’[1617]

He was the thirty-second Provincial of England, and retired from the office in 1420, having presumably held it for six years[1618].

He wrote or lectured in defence of Mendicancy. MS. Bodleian, Digby, 90, f. 200, contains a reply to him:

‘Determinacio magistri Johannis Whytheed de Hibernia in materia de
mendicitate contra fratres; in quo respondet pro Radulpho
Archiepiscopo Armachano contra fratrem Petrum Russel.’

=Robert Wellys= or =Wallys=, D.D. of Oxford, was elected thirty-third Minister on Russel’s retirement in 1420. Martin V empowered the Minister of the Roman province to confirm the election, but Wellys died in France before he had assumed the duties of his new office[1619].

=Thomas Chayne=, Minorite D.D., was one of the five friars appointed by Congregation in 1421 to decide what should be done with the pledges placed in the chests ‘before the first pestilence[1620].’ He was buried in the chapel of All Saints in the Church of the Grey Friars, London[1621].

=Hugo David= was D.D. and regent master of the Oxford Franciscans about 1420[1622]. On the deposition of Roger Dewe or Days, Provincial Minister, in 1430, Hugo David and John (?) Wynchelse were appointed vicars of the province[1623].

_Determinacio Fratris et Magistri Hugonis Davidis, ordinis Fratrum Minorum, in Universitate Oxoniensi Regentis, utrum penitens, peccata sua confessus Fratri Licentiato, teneatur eadem rursus confiteri proprio Sacerdoti._

MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nationale, 3221, § 5 (sec. XV).

=Robert Colman= is said to have been a Minorite of Norwich[1624]. He was S.T.P. and Chancellor of the University in 1419[1625]. In 1428 he attended as Minorite D.D. the diocesan synod at Norwich, where inquisition was made into the heresies of William Whyte[1626]. He is said to have induced Walter Clopton, Knight, chief justice of England, to enter the Order in his old age[1627]. Leland says:

‘Illud non est silentio praetereundum, catalogum illustrium
Franciscanorum accurate Colemannum laudare, ac peritissimum carminis
pronunciare’[1628].

=Matthias Döring= studied at Oxford in his youth[1629], and perhaps entered the Franciscan Order there. He was certainly a Minorite in 1422, when he matriculated at Erfurt as ‘lector Minorum’[1630]. He seems to have been lecturing in the Franciscan Convent at Erfurt some time before this event; his lectures on the first book of the Sentences were finished on April 21st, 1422. He may have been at Oxford about 1415 and perhaps took the degree of B.D. there. In 1423, at any rate, he appears as B.D., and became Provincial Minister of Saxony in 1427[1631]. He was one of the representatives of the University of Erfurt at the Council of Basel in 1432, where he played a leading part[1632]. In 1433 he was sent by the Council as ambassador to Eric, king of Denmark. Soon after this he returned to Erfurt. In 1438 he wrote a pamphlet entitled ‘_Confutatio primatus papae_,’ with the object of enlisting the support of the secular princes on the side of the Council against the pope. He seems himself to have been a trusted friend of his Margraf, Frederic of Thüringen.

In his relations to his Order he appears as a consistent champion of the Conventuals against the stricter Observants. In 1443 he was elected General Minister of the former, and held the office till 1449. In 1455 his name occurs among the Conventual Provincial Ministers; after a struggle with the Archbishop of Magdeburg on behalf of the Conventuals he resigned the Provincialate in 1461, and retired to Kyritz, leaving the Archbishop in possession of the field. Döring however seems to have been left in peace till his death, July 24th, 1469. His chief works besides the treatise already mentioned were a _defence of Nicholas de Lyra_ against Paul Burgos, written between 1434 and 1440 (printed several times; e.g. at Basel, 1507); _a defence of the miraculous blood of Wilsnach_; and his _Chronicle_; the latter was compiled from notes taken at different times from the end of the thirties onwards; and embraces the period from 1420 to 1464. It has been twice edited, by Mencken and by Riedel; both editions are said to be inaccurate.

=William Russell=, ‘of the Convent of Stamford in the diocese of Lincoln,’ argued that a religious might lie with a woman without mortal sin; this thesis was discussed and condemned in the Convocation of Canterbury at St. Paul’s on October 12th, 1424, and Russell submitted to the decision of the clergy[1633]. On May 15th, 1425, he again appeared before Convocation to answer the charge of having publicly held and preached on Jan. 28th, 1425, that tithes need not be paid to the parish priest, but might be applied by the tithe-payer ‘_in pios usus pauperum_’[1634]. At this time Russell was warden of Friars Minors of London[1635]. At first he tried to defend his doctrine, then submitted. The Archbishop enjoined on him, as a penance, that he should next Sunday after service solemnly renounce his error in set form[1636] at Paul’s Cross. At the time appointed Russell did not appear and was in consequence excommunicated. The proceedings against him dragged on for some time. On July 11th, a letter of the University of Oxford in condemnation of his doctrines was exhibited, and later a similar letter from Cambridge; and on the 13th it was decreed

‘that he should be judged and condemned as a heretic and schismatic.’

Meanwhile, Russell, now no longer warden, fled to Rome ‘to defende the forsaide erronye doctrine’[1637]. On August 12th, 1425, he was imprisoned by order of the Pope, first in the Pope’s, then in the ‘Soldan’s’ prison. The following January he escaped from prison and fled to England, where he was received for one night by the Friars Minors of London. He seems to have remained at large for more than a year. He surrendered or was captured in March, 1427, and on the 21st of that month, in accordance with the papal decision, he read in English a complete recantation of his doctrine on tithes at Paul’s Cross[1638], and was then handed over to the Bishop of London to be imprisoned during the Pope’s pleasure. He was at liberty again in 1429 when he incepted as D.D. at Oxford, and paid £10 to the University instead of giving a feast to the Regents[1639]. The University showed its hatred of his teaching by adding to the oaths which had to be taken by every inceptor in every faculty[1640], a disavowal of Russell’s teaching on tithes[1641]. The oath has already been quoted at length in Chapter VI.

_Super Porphyrii Universalia compendium_, by William Russell, Friar Minor.

_Comment. in Aristotelis Praedicamenta_, anonymous, but probably by the same author.

MS. Oxford:--Corpus Christi Coll. 126, fol. 1, and fol. 4.

=William de Melton= in 1427 went about the country preaching against tithes,

‘and teaching seditious doctrines among the common people in many
places by uncircumcised words.’

He had probably taken a degree at Oxford, as the University was appealed to to stop his preaching. The University wrote to the Duke of Gloucester and the King’s Council, and secured his arrest. Melton was brought back to Oxford, and is said to have recanted over and over again on his knees[1642]. He is probably the same as William Melton of the Friars Minors, S.T.P.[1643], who was preaching at York in 1426, on the subject of the mystery plays.

‘He commended the play to the people, affirming that it was good in
itself and very laudable; but for several reasons he induced the
people to have the play on one day and the Corpus Christi procession
on the second, so that the people might be able to come to the
churches on the festival’[1644].

=Roger Donwe= or =Days=, D.D. of Oxford, became thirty-fifth Provincial Minister in succession to John David between 1426 and 1430; in the latter year he was ‘for just causes deposed by the Minister General.’ He was buried at Ware[1645].

=Richard Leke= or =Leech=, D.D. of Oxford, was thirty-sixth Provincial Minister between 1430 and 1438. He was buried at Lichfield[1646].

=Thomas Radner= or =Radnor=, of the custody of Bristol and the Convent of Hereford, D.D. of Oxford, was Provincial in 1438, being the thirty-seventh in order. He was buried at Reading[1647].