Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber’s Note: As a result of editorial shortcomings in the original, some reference letters in the text don’t have matching entries in the reference-lists, and vice versa.

THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD

THE HISTORIANS’
HISTORY
OF THE WORLD

A comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations
as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages:
edited, with the assistance of a distinguished board of advisers
and contributors, by

HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, LL.D.

IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES

VOLUME II--ISRAEL, INDIA, PERSIA, PHOENICIA,
MINOR NATIONS OF WESTERN ASIA

The Outlook Company
New York

The History Association
London

1905

COPYRIGHT, 1904,
BY HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS.

_All rights reserved._

THE TROW PRESS
201-213 E. 12TH ST.
NEW YORK
U. S. A.

Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.

Prof. Adolf Erman, University of Berlin.
Prof. Joseph Halévy, College of France.
Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University.
Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, University of Michigan.
Prof. David H. Müller, University of Vienna.
Prof. Alfred Rambaud, University of Paris.
Capt. F. Brinkley, Tokio.

Prof. Eduard Meyer, University of Berlin.
Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University.
Prof. Theodor Nöldeke, University of Strasburg.
Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University.
Dr. Paul Brönnle, Royal Asiatic Society.
Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London.

Prof. Ulrich von Wilamowitz Möllendorff, University of Berlin.
Prof. H. Marczali, University of Budapest.
Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University.
Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Göttingen.
Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz.
Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University.

Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary.
Prof. A. Vambéry, University of Budapest.
Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin.
Dr. Frederick Robertson Jones, Bryn Mawr College.
Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta, London.
Dr. John P. Peters, New York.

Prof. Adolph Harnack, University of Berlin.
Dr. S. Rappoport, School of Oriental Languages, Paris.
Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin.
Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford University.
Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Vienna.
Prof. W. L. Fleming, University of West Virginia.
Prof. R. Koser, University of Berlin.

CONTENTS

VOLUME II

PART IV. ISRAEL

PAGE

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. ISRAEL AS A WORLD INFLUENCE. By Bernhard Stade 1

A CRITICAL SURVEY OF THE SCOPE AND SOURCES OF ISRAELITIC HISTORY
TO THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM 4

HEBREW HISTORY IN OUTLINE (1180 B.C.-70 A.D.) 30

CHAPTER I

LAND AND PEOPLE 45

The land, 46. The people, 48.

CHAPTER II

ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY (2300-1200 B.C.) 56

The age of the patriarchs, 57. Early movements of the
Israelites, 57. The Egyptian sojourn, 58. Biblical account of
Moses and the Exodus, 61. Israel’s early neighbours, 63. The
conquest of Canaan, 66.

CHAPTER III

THE JUDGES (1200-1020 B.C.) 72

CHAPTER IV

SAMUEL AND SAUL (1020 B.C.-1002 B.C.) 77

Samuel and Saul, 78. The rise of David, 79. David in revolt
against Saul, 80. The death of Saul and the struggle for the
succession, 83. David secures the crown, 85.

CHAPTER V

DAVID’S REIGN (1002-970 B.C.) 86

David’s greatness in time of peace, 89. Further wars break out,
91. David and Absalom, 93. Renan’s estimate of David, 98.

CHAPTER VI

SOLOMON IN HIS GLORY (970-930 B.C.) 99

The early years of Solomon’s reign, 100.

CHAPTER VII

DECAY AND CAPTIVITY (930-586 B.C.) 106

The schism of the Ten Tribes, 106. The Moabite stone, 109.
Destruction of the two kingdoms, 113. The Babylonian Captivity,
118.

CHAPTER VIII

THE RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY (586-415 B.C.) 122

The prophecy of the return, 122. The condition of the exiles,
125. The coming of Cyrus, 126. The return to Jerusalem, 127.
The walls upraised again, 130.

CHAPTER IX

FROM NEHEMIAH TO ANTIOCHUS (415-166 B.C.) 133

Under Persian rule, 133. Persian influences on Jewish religion,
134. Alexander the Great, 134. Under the Seleucids, 135. The
Syrian dominion; Antiochus the Great, 138. Antiochus Epiphanes,
139. Jason and Antiochus torment the people, 140.

CHAPTER X

THE MACCABÆAN WAR (166-142 B.C.) 147

Independence, 156.

CHAPTER XI

FROM THE MACCABEES TO THE ROMANS (135-4 B.C.) 159

The warring sects, 160. Antipater, 163. Herod, 164.

CHAPTER XII

THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY (4 B.C.-62 A.D.) 168

A critical view of Christ and other messiahs, 168. The
development of the messianic idea, 169.

CHAPTER XIII

THE REVOLT AGAINST ROME (62-68 A.D.) 177

The defence of Jotapata described by Josephus, 180.

CHAPTER XIV

THE FALL OF JERUSALEM (68-73 A.D.) 190

Josephus’ account of the famine, 193. The close of Jewish
history, 199.

CHAPTER XV

HEBREW CIVILISATION 203

The life and customs of the Israelites, 205. Hebrew art,
architecture: the temple tombs, etc., 209.

CHAPTER XVI

THE PROPHETS AND THE HISTORY OF SEMITIC STYLE. By Dr. D. H. Müller 213

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 227

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL 229

PART V. PHŒNICIA

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. INDIVIDUALITY OF PHŒNICIAN HISTORY, AND
ORIGIN OF THE NAME. By Richard Pietschmann 243

PHŒNICIAN HISTORY IN OUTLINE (3800 B.C.-1516 A.D.) 246

CARTHAGINIAN HISTORY IN OUTLINE (813 B.C.-697 A.D.) 251

CHAPTER I

LAND AND PEOPLE 255

Origin of the Phœnicians, 259.

CHAPTER II

EARLY HISTORY AND INFLUENCES 263

Beginnings of the history and civilisation of Phœnicia, 263.
The colonies, 270. Voyages and trading-stations, 274.

CHAPTER III

THE PHŒNICIAN TIME OF POWER (980-532 B.C.) 279

The reign of Hiram I, 279. The successors of Hiram, 283.

CHAPTER IV

PHŒNICIA UNDER THE PERSIANS (525-323 B.C.) 289

CHAPTER V

PHŒNICIA UNDER THE GREEKS, THE ROMANS, AND THE SARACENS (301
B.C.-1516 A.D.) 301

CHAPTER VI

THE STORY OF CARTHAGE (813 B.C.-697 A.D.) 308

The site and early history of Carthage, 310. Mommsen’s account
of Carthage, 312. War in Sicily between Rome and Carthage, 319.
Rome and Carthage, 321. Last days of Carthage, 325.

CHAPTER VII

PHŒNICIAN COMMERCE 329

Sea trade, 330. Manufactures and land trade of the Phœnicians,
334. Silver and gold in antiquity as money, 339. The slave
trade of Phœnicia, 342.

CHAPTER VIII

PHŒNICIAN CIVILISATION 346

The Phœnicians and the alphabet, 347. Manners and customs;
religion, 348. Culture; art, 352. The Phœnician influence on
history, 353.

APPENDIX A

CLASSICAL TRADITIONS 356

“The voyage of Hanno, beyond the pillars of Hercules, which he
deposited in the temple of Saturn,” 356. Himilco’s voyage of
discovery, 358. Pomponius Mela on the Phœnicians, 359. Appianus
Alexandrinus on the founding of Carthage by Dido, 360.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 361

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHŒNICIAN HISTORY 363

PART VI. WESTERN ASIA

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. THE POSITION OF ASIA MINOR IN HISTORY. By
William J. Hamilton 373

HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE MINOR KINGDOMS OF WESTERN ASIA
(1528-546 B.C.) 380

CHAPTER I

THE HITTITES 391

Recent Hittite research, 393. The Hittites and the Egyptians,
394. The Hittites and the Hebrews, 395. Hittite art, 396.
Hittite monuments in Asia Minor, 397.

CHAPTER II

SCYTHIANS AND CIMMERIANS 400

The Scythians, 400. Scythian influences in Asia Minor, 400.
Scythian movements, 401. Herodotus on the customs of the
Scythians, 404. The Cimmerians, 410.

CHAPTER III

SOME PEOPLES OF SYRIA, ASIA MINOR, AND ARMENIA 413

The Aramæans, 413. Phrygia, 413. The Cappadocians, 415. The
Cilicians, 416. Pamphylia and Pisidia, 416. The Carians, 417.
The Lycians, 417. The Mysians, 419. The Bithynians and the
Paphlagonians, 419. Armenia, 420.

CHAPTER IV

THE LYDIANS 421

The land, 422. The people, 423. Sardis and the name of
Asia, 424. Early history of Lydia, 426. Ardys, 427. Early
dynasties, 429. Gyges, 430. The triumph of Persia, 431. Lydian
civilisation, 433. A picture of life in Lydia, 434.

APPENDIX A

CLASSICAL TRADITIONS 438

Justin’s account of the Scythians and the Amazons, 438.
Pomponius Mela on the Scythians and other tribes, 441. Diodorus
on the Amazons and the Hyperboreans, 444. Herodotus on the
legendary Gyges, 446. The story of Crœsus as told by Herodotus,
448. Crœsus and Solon, 449. The vision of Crœsus, 451. Crœsus
loses his son, 453. Crœsus consults the oracles, 454. The reply
of the oracles, 455. Crœsus makes an alliance with Sparta, 456.
Crœsus invades Cappadocia, 457. Crœsus in conflict with Cyrus,
458. The siege of Sardis, 460. The fate of Crœsus, 460.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 464

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF THE MINOR NATIONS OF
WESTERN ASIA 465

PART VII. ANCIENT INDIA

INDIAN HISTORY IN OUTLINE (2000 B.C.-1556 A.D.) 475

Græco-Bactrian dominion in the Indus region, 480.

CHAPTER I

LAND AND PEOPLE 482

The land, 484. The early peoples of India, 488.

CHAPTER II

INDIAN HISTORY--LEGEND AND REALITY 493

Chronology and ancient history of the Hindus, 493. The
authority of the Vedas, 496. Monumental records, 496. Legends
of the early heroes, 498. An inscription of Asoka, 499.
Traditional kings, 500. Brahmanic learning, 501. The epochs of
Indian history, 502. Vedic period, 503. The Buddhist period,
503. Chandra Gupta, 504. Twelve centuries of obscurity, 505.

CHAPTER III

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE ANCIENT HINDUS 508

Division and employment of classes, 508. The property of the
Brahman, 510. The despised Sudra, 511. Mixture of classes, 513.
The administration of justice, 515. Criminal law, 516. Civil
law, 517. Hindu commerce, 519. Precious metals, 520. Coinage;
precious stones; weaving, 520. Intoxicants; spices; perfumery,
521. Commercial routes, 523.

CHAPTER IV

BRAHMANISM AND BUDDHISM 525

The origin and development of Brahmanism, 525. The Vedas, 529.
Soul transmigration, 533. Buddhism, 535. Disappearance of
Buddhism in India, 538. New light on Buddhism, 542. The actual
piety of the Hindus and the Hindu separation of religion from
fine morals, 545.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 549

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INDIAN HISTORY 550

PART VIII. ANCIENT PERSIA

PERSIAN HISTORY IN OUTLINE (700-330 B.C.) 559

CHAPTER I

LAND AND PEOPLE 565

Racial and dynastic origins, 567. The land, 568. The people,
569. Character of the empire of the Achæmenides, 570.

CHAPTER II

THE MEDIAN OR SCYTHIAN EMPIRE (700-550 B.C.) 573

The rise and fall of the Median Empire according to Herodotus,
573. The Median Empire: a modern interpretation, 580. New light
on the Medes, 583.

CHAPTER III

THE EARLY ACHÆMENIANS AND THE ELAMITES, CYRUS AND CAMBYSES
(836-522 B.C.) 587

The death of Cyrus, 593. Character and influence of Cyrus, 596.
Xenophon’s estimate of Cyrus, 596. A modern estimate of the
character and importance of Cyrus, 597. Cambyses, 600.

CHAPTER IV

THE PERSIAN DYNASTY: DARIUS I TO DARIUS III (521-330 B.C.) 605

Darius I, 605. Organisation of Darius’ empire, 607. Later
conquests of Darius, 609. Affairs in Egypt since the Persian
conquest, 611. Xerxes I, 614. The successors of Xerxes, 615.
Darius II, 618. Artaxerxes II, 619. Artaxerxes III, 626. The
fall of the empire, 630. The old Orient at the end of the
Persian Empire, 631.

CHAPTER V

PERSIAN CIVILISATION 634

Religion and social orders, 635. Organisation of the Persian
court, 641. Administration of the provinces; financial system;
satraps, 645. Military methods, 652. The fine arts, 657.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 662

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERSIAN HISTORY 663