Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber’s Note: As a result of editorial shortcomings in the original, some reference letters in the text don’t have matching entries in the reference-lists, and vice versa.

THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD

THE HISTORIANS’
HISTORY
OF THE WORLD

A comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations
as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages:
edited, with the assistance of a distinguished board of advisers
and contributors, by

HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, LL.D.

IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES

VOLUME IV--GREECE TO THE ROMAN CONQUEST

The Outlook Company
New York

The History Association
London

1904

COPYRIGHT, 1904,
BY HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS.

_All rights reserved._

Press of J. J. Little & Co.
New York, U. S. A.

Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.

Prof. Adolf Erman, University of Berlin.
Prof. Joseph Halévy, College of France.
Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University.
Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, University of Michigan.
Prof. David H. Müller, University of Vienna.
Prof. Alfred Rambaud, University of Paris.

Prof. Eduard Meyer, University of Berlin.
Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University.
Prof. Theodor Nöldeke, University of Strasburg.
Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University.
Dr. Paul Brönnle, Royal Asiatic Society.
Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London.

Prof. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, University of Berlin.
Prof. H. Marnali, University of Budapest.
Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University.
Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Göttingen.
Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz.
Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University.

Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary.
Prof. A. Vambéry, University of Budapest.
Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin.
Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta, London.
Prof. F. York Powell, Oxford University.
Dr. John P. Peters, New York.

Dr. S. Rappoport, School of Oriental Languages, Paris.
Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin.
Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford University.
Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Vienna.
Prof. E. C. Fleming, University of West Virginia.
Prof. R. Koser, University of Berlin.

CONTENTS

VOLUME IV

GREECE

PAGE

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. THE EVOLUTION OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY. By Dr.
Hermann Diels xiii

CHAPTER XXXVII

THE REIGN OF TERROR IN ATHENS (404-403 B.C.) 1

Lysander, 2. Cruelties of the Thirty, 3. The Sycophants, 4. The
revolt of Thrasybulus, 10.

CHAPTER XXXVIII

THE DEMOCRACY RESTORED (403-400 B.C.) 16

The end of Alcibiades, 23. Life at Athens, 25. Aristophanes, 27.
Euripides, 30.

CHAPTER XXXIX

SOCRATES AND THE SOPHISTS (_ca._ 425-399 B.C.) 33

The prosecution of Socrates, 36. Plato’s account of the last
hours of Socrates, 39. Grote’s estimate of Socrates, 45.

CHAPTER XL

THE RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND (404-399 B.C.) 49

The affairs of Persia, 49. Xenophon’s account of Cunaxa, 53. The
retreat, 59. Xenophon’s picture of the hardships, 61. End of the
march, 63. The meaning of Xenophon’s feat, 64.

CHAPTER XLI

THE SPARTAN SUPREMACY (480-240 B.C.) 66

Grote’s comparison of Spartan and Athenian rule, 72. Harshness of
the Spartan hegemony, 76. Degeneracy of Sparta, 77.

CHAPTER XLII

SPARTA IN ASIA (400-394 B.C.) 82

War of Lacedæmon and Elis, 86. Cinadon’s plot, 90. Agesilaus in
Asia, 91. Persian gold, 95. War rises in Greece, 96. Lysander’s
plot, 99. Agesilaus recalled, 101.

CHAPTER XLIII

THE CORINTHIAN WAR (394-387 B.C.) 104

Battle of Cnidus, 107. Battle of Coronea, 108. Land affairs of
the Corinthian War, 111. The great deeds of Conon, 115. Conon
rebuilds the Long Walls, 117. The embassy of Antalcidas, 119. The
King’s Peace, 123.

CHAPTER XLIV

THE RISE OF THEBES (387-371 B.C.) 126

Mantinea crushed, 127. The Olynthian War, 129. The surprise of
Thebes, 130. Fate of Evagoras and the Asiatic Greeks, 133. The
revolt of Thebes, 135. The second Athenian League, 140. Corcyra,
144. The trial of Timotheus, 148. The congress at Sparta, 151.
Athens abandons Thebes, 153.

CHAPTER XLV

THE DAY OF EPAMINONDAS (371-367 B.C.) 154

Sparta invades Bœotia, 156. Battle of Leuctra, 157. Significance
of Leuctra, 159. Jason of Thessaly, 160. Von Stern on the Theban
policy, 165. A congress at Athens, 167. Mantinea restored, 167.
The Arcadian Revolution, 169. Spartan intolerance of cowardice,
171. The Thebans in the Peloponnesus, 172. Founding of Messene,
175. Athens in league with Sparta, 177. Second invasion of
Peloponnesus, 177. Expedition into Thessaly, 180. An embassy to
Persia and a congress at Thebes, 182.

CHAPTER XLVI

WHEN THEBES WAS SUPREME (368-360 B.C.) 185

Joint work of Epaminondas and Pelopidas, 185. The end of
Pelopidas, 189. Battle of Mantinea and death of Epaminondas,
191. Xenophon’s account of how Epaminondas fought, 194. Grote’s
estimate of Epaminondas, 196. Confusion following Epaminondas’
fall, 199.

CHAPTER XLVII

THE TYRANTS IN SICILY (410-337 B.C.) 202

CHAPTER XLVIII

THE RISE OF MACEDONIA (490-357 B.C.) 208

Early history of Macedonia, 210. Philip, the organiser, 215.
Military discipline, 216. Macedonian culture, 217. Olympias,
mother of Alexander, 219. The Macedonian phalanx, 220. The waxing
of Philip, 221.