Chapter XLIX: The Triumphs of Philip (359-336 B.c.) 222

Demosthenes, the orator, 222. Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes,
223. The unpopularity of Demosthenes, 224. Philip’s better side,
225. The Sacred War, 227. The First Philippic, 227. Philip and
Athens, 229. A treaty of peace, 231. Punishment of the Phocians,
232. The attitude of the Athenians, 232. The Macedonian party,
233. The patriotic party, 234. Philip’s intrigues and the
outbreak of war, 235. The Third Philippic, 236. Philip returns
to the fray, 237. Siege of Perinthus and Byzantium, 238. Decline
of Philip’s prestige; the Scythian expedition, 238. The crusade
against Amphissa, 239. Alliance between Athens and Thebes, 241.
The armies in the plain of Chæronea, 243. Battle of Chæronea,
245. Philip takes Thebes, 247. Peace of Demades, 248. Philip in
Peloponnesus, 249. Political schemes; family broils, 250. The
death of Philip, 251. A summing-up of Philip’s character, 253.
Grote’s estimate of Philip, 254.

CHAPTER L

ALEXANDER THE GREAT (336-335 B.C.) 256

Philip and Alexander compared by Justin, 257. Alexander’s youth
according to Quintus Curtius, 258. Aristotle as his teacher,
261. Bucephalus, 263. Alexander’s first deeds, 263. Demosthenes
ridicules Alexander, 265. Alexander dashes through Greece, 267.
Alexander winnows the North, 268. The revolt of Thebes, 269. The
fate of Thebes, 271.

CHAPTER LI

ALEXANDER INVADES ASIA (334 B.C.) 274

Schemes of conquest, 274. The problem and the troops, 276. The
size of the army, 277. The phalanx and the cavalry, 278. The
light troops, 280. The condition of the Persian Empire, 281.
The entry into Asia, according to Arrian, 283. Battle of the
Granicus, 284. Courage and danger of Alexander, 287. Effects of
Alexander’s victory, 289.

CHAPTER LII

ISSUS AND TYRE (334-332 B.C.) 290

Halicarnassus, 292. Gordium, 295. Darius musters a new host, 297.
Darius at Issus, 299. Preparing for battle, 301. Battle of Issus,
302. Flight of Darius, 303. From Issus to Tyre, 305. The siege of
Tyre, 307.

CHAPTER LIII

FROM GAZA TO ARBELA (332-331 B.C.) 312

The siege of Gaza according to Arrian, 312. Incidents from
Quintus Curtius, 314. Alexander in Egypt, 315. The visit to
Ammon, 317. Alexander leaves Egypt, 318. Battle of Arbela, 320.

CHAPTER LIV

THE FALL OF PERSIA (331-327 B.C.) 329

The entry into Babylon described by Quintus Curtius, 329. At
the border of Persia, 331. A shepherd guide, 332. The released
captives; sacking Persepolis, 334. Curtius tells of the
enormous loot, 335. Curtius describes an orgy and the burning
of Persepolis, 336. The new meaning of the conquest, 338. The
pursuit of Darius, 338. Conspiracies against Alexander, 342.
Capture of Bessus, 346. Limit of Alexander’s progress northward,
348. Alexander murders his friend, 348. Remorse of Alexander,
350. Conspiracy of the royal pages, 353.

CHAPTER LV

THE CONQUEST OF INDIA (327-324 B.C.) 355

The war with Porus, 358. The eastern limit, 360. The march to
the West, 362. The brave Mallians, 363. Alexander’s severe wound
and the army’s grief, 365. The desert march, 367. Excesses and
cruelties described by Curtius, 369. The return of Nearchus, 371.

CHAPTER LVI

THE END OF ALEXANDER (324-323 B.C.) 375

His projects, 375. The marriage of Greece with Persia, 377. The
mutiny, 379. The last expedition, 383. Grief for Hephæstion, 384.
To Babylon, 386. Last illness, 390. The death-bed of Alexander,
391.

CHAPTER LVII

VARIOUS ESTIMATES OF ALEXANDER 393

His vices and virtues (Arrian), 393. His favour with fortune
(Ælianus), 394. If Alexander had attempted Rome (Livy), 395. A
patriotic estimate of Rome’s greatness, 398. His invincibility
(Grote), 399. His meanness (Ménard and Rollin), 401. His evil
influence (Niebuhr), 403. His motives (Droysen), 405. His effect
on federalisation (Pöhlmann), 407. His heritage (Hegel), 408.
Alexander’s true glory (Wheeler), 409.

CHAPTER LVIII

GREECE DURING THE LIFE OF ALEXANDER (333-323 B.C.) 410

Confederacy against Macedonia, 411. War in Greece, 412. Affairs
at Athens, 413. Demosthenes and Æschines, 414. Deification of
Alexander; the gold of Harpalus, 416.