Chapter VI: The Last Crusades (1239-1314 A.d.) 431

Richard of Cornwall’s Crusade (the Seventh), 432. The Tatar
Crevasse, 433. The crusade of St. Louis (the Eighth), 434.
Battle of Mansura, 436. De Joinville’s account of the battle of
Mansura, 437. Results of Mansura, 441. St. Louis a prisoner,
442. Moslem account of St. Louis’ capture, 443. The Christians
quarrel among themselves, 448. History of Antioch, 449. Ravages
of Bibars, 450. Second crusade and death of Louis IX, 450.
Prince Edward leaves England, 451. Vain efforts of Gregory X,
452. Progress of the mamelukes, 453. Total loss of the Holy
Land, 454. Fate of the military orders, 456. Knights of St.
John, 456. The Templars in France, 457. In other countries,
458. Council at Vienne, 458. The order suppressed, 459. The
Crusades in the West, 459. The Teutonic Crusade, 460. The
attack on the Albigenses, 461. Western assaults on the Arabs,
463. Comparison of the two crusades, 466.

CHAPTER VII

CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES (1096-1291 A.D.) 467

Moral effects, 468. Political effects, 469. Influence upon
commerce, 471. Enrichment of cities, 472. Colonisation, 472.
Influence on industry, 474. The masons organise, 475. Gothic
architecture, 476. Sculpture and painting, 476. Herder’s
opinion of the Crusades, 477. Gibbon on the results of the
Crusades, 479.

APPENDIX

FEUDALISM (800-1450 A.D.) 481

Bryce and Hegel on feudalism, 482. Commencement of the feudal
régime, 483. Reciprocal obligations of vassal and lord, 484.
Feudal justice, 485. Ecclesiastical feudalism, 487. The Church
and the feudal army, 488. Serfs and villeins, 489. Anarchy and
violence; frightful condition of the peasants and some happy
results therefrom, 491. Geographic outlines of the kingdom
of Germany, 494. The transition from feudalism to monarchy,
494. Progress in Germany, 495. Influence of gunpowder, 497.
Monarchism in Italy, 497. In France, 498. In England, 499. The
papacy and feudalism, 500. Hegel on the rise of mankind through
feudalism, 500.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 502

BOOK II. THE PAPACY

HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE PAPACY (42-1878 A.D.) 503

CHAPTER I

ORIGIN AND RISE OF THE PAPACY (42-842 A.D.) 519

The papacy in connection with the Frankish Empire, 524.
Gregory the Great, 531. Christian mythology, 534. Worship of
the Virgin, 535. Angels and devils, 536. Martyrs and relics,
536. Sanctity of the clergy, 537. State after death, 538.
Gregory’s successors, 539. Draper on the origin of iconoclasm,
544. Milman on iconoclasm, 545. The war of iconoclasm, 546.
Constantine Copronymus, 548. Third Council of Constantinople,
549. The war on monasteries, 550. Helena and Irene, 552. Second
Council of Nicæa, 552.

CHAPTER II

“THE NIGHT OF THE PAPACY”--CHARLEMAGNE TO OTTO THE GREAT
(740-985 A.D.) 555

Independence of the Roman bishops, 556. The appeal to the
Franks, 556. Charlemagne and the pope, 558. The donation from
Constantine, 559. Charlemagne’s third and fourth entrances into
Italy, 561. The realm of the popes, 562. The trial of the pope
and the crowning of Charlemagne, 563. Papal ambition after
Charlemagne, 565. The myth of the woman pope, 567. Rivalry
of Nicholas and Photius, 569. Synod at Constantinople, 570.
The false decretals, 571. Adrian II, 574. Pope Formosus, 577.
Theodora in power, 579. The infamous Marozia, 581. Rebellion of
Rome, 582. Pope John XII, 583. Trial of the pope, 583. Charles
Kingsley on temporal power, 587.

CHAPTER III

THE HIGH NOON OF THE PAPACY (985-1305 A.D.) 589

The dream of Otto III, 590. The German popes, 591. The college
of cardinals, 592. Milman on the mission of the papacy, 593.
Simony, 596. Celibacy of the clergy, 596. Gregory’s synod at
Rome, 597. Bryce on the consequences of the Concordat, 602.
Rival claimants, 602. Adrian IV _versus_ Barbarossa, 603.
Adrian’s firmness, 605. Two rival popes, 606. Innocent III,
607. The influence of the crusades on papal power, 608. The
autocracy of Innocent III, 610. Universal sway of the pope,
611. Milman’s estimate of Innocent III, 612. Frederick II at
war with the papacy, 614. Council at Lyons, 616. Accession of
Boniface VIII, 618. Philip the Fair overpowers the papacy, 618.
Hallam on the climax of papal power, 620.

CHAPTER IV

FROM EXILE TO SUPREMACY (1305-1513 A.D.) 623

Clement V, 624. The fate of the Templars, 625. John XXII to
Urban V, 626. The Great Schism of the West, 630. Relation of
the national churches to the state, 632. Moral condition of the
clergy, 633. The great councils of Pisa and Constance; John
Huss, 634. Milman on Nicholas V and the fall of Constantinople,
640. Popes to 1503, 642. Alexander VI, the Borgia, 644.
Estimates of Alexander VI, 645. Julius II, 647. Prevalence of
secularism in the Church, 648.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 651