Chapter VI: Switzerland Since 1798 (1)

[b] J. WILSON, _History of Switzerland_.

[c] W. MÜLLER, _Politische Geschichte der Neuersten Zeit_.

[d] VULLIEMIN, _Histoire de la Confédération Suisse_.

[e] W. A. B. COOLIDGE, article on Switzerland in _Encyclopædia Britannica_.

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SWISS HISTORY

BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT WORK; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

=Adams=, F. O., and C. D. =Cunningham=, The Swiss Confederation, London, 1889.--=Ah=, J. J. von, Die Bundesbriefe der ältern Eidgenossen, Einsiedeln, 1891.--=Alt=, F. N. de, Histoire de la Suisse, Fribourg, 1750-1755, 10 vols.

_François Joseph Nicholas_, baron of Alt, the son of an ancient
patrician family of Fribourg, Switzerland, was born in 1689,
and died in 1771. His history, which was admirably planned,
would have greater value for the general student if much of the
extraneous matter and all the violent Catholic partisanship
were eliminated.

=Amtliche Sammlung der Akten aus der Zeit der Helvetischen Republik=, 2 vols., translated by J. Strickler, Bern, 1886-1890, 4 vols.--=Amtliche Sammlung der ältern eidgenössischen Abschiede= 1245-1798, 1839-1856, 8 vols. Reports of the old Federal diets, containing an enormous amount of historical matter.--=Anshelm=, Berner-Chronik, Bern, 1825-1833, 6 vols.--=Arx=, J. von, Geschichte von St. Gallen, St. Gallen, 1810, 2 vols.--=Aubigné=, T. A. d’, Histoire Universelle 1550-1601, Geneva, 1626, 3 vols.

_Théodore Agrippa d’Aubigné_, one of the most notable
characters of the sixteenth century, was born at St. Maury,
near Pons, February 8th, 1550, of an old and noble family
which had embraced the religion of the Calvinists. The young
d’Aubigné neglected none of the educational opportunities
afforded him by his father, and at the age of six was already
able to read Latin, Greek and Hebrew. At thirteen he escaped
from the restraints of his tutor to take part in the siege
of Orléans. After his father’s death he won reputation as
a warrior under the prince of Condé, and later entered the
service of the king of Navarre. In the wars of Henry IV for
the recovery of his kingdom, d’Aubigné further distinguished
himself; but he was finally obliged by the enmity of the
queen-mother to retire from the court. During his exile he
composed the history of his time, a work remarkable for its
fearless frankness. The first two volumes were printed without
opposition; but the third was condemned on account of its
merciless criticisms. D’Aubigné, however, caused it to be
printed, thereby incurring the burning of all three volumes;
the confiscation of all his goods, and the savage persecution
of his later years, until his death at Geneva, April 29, 1630.

* * * * *

=Bachtold=, J., and F. =Vetter=, Bibliotek älterer Schriftwerke der deutschen Schweiz, Frauenfeld, 1882-1884, 5 vols.--=Baker=, T. G., The Model Republic, London, 1895.--=Baebler=, J. J., Die alten eidgenössischen Bunde, St. Gall., 1848.--=Baumgartner=, G. J., Die Schweiz in ihren Kämpfen und Umgestaltungen, 1830-1850, Zurich, 1853-66, 4 vols.; Erlebnisse auf dem Felde der Politik, Schaffhausen, 1844; Geschichte Spaniens zur Zeit der französichen Revolution, Berlin, 1861; Geschichte des Schweiz Freistaats und Kantons St. Gallen, Zurich, 1868, 2 vols.--=Berchtold=, J., Histoire du canton de Fribourg, Fribourg, 1841-1845.--=Berthold=, de Constance, continuator of the Chronicon de sex ætatibus mundi.--=Blochmann=, C. J., Heinrich Pestalozzi, Leipsic, 1846.--=Bloesch=, E., Rapport sur les affaires communales Berne, 1851.--=Blumer=, J. J., Staats- und Rechtsgeschriften der Schweiz. Demokratien, St. Gallen, 1850-59, 3 vols.; Handbuch des schweiz. Bundesstaatsrechts, Schaffhausen, 1877-87, 13 vols.--=Bluntschli=, J. K., Geschichte des schweiz. Bundesrechts, Stuttgart, 1875, 2 vols.; Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Zurich, Zurich, 1838, 2 vols.--=Bohmer=, J. F., Regesta Karolorum, Frankfort, 1833.--=Bonivard=, F., Les Chroniques de la Genève, Geneva, 1831, 2 vols.

_François Bonivard_, to whom we owe the vivid pictures of the
agitations which marked the beginning of the sixteenth century,
was born of Savoyard parents, in 1493, at Seyssel. At seventeen
he became prior of St. Victor, a community of Benedictines near
Geneva. Revolutionist at heart, he entered into the struggle
against the duke of Savoy, who in 1519 imprisoned him and
confiscated his priory. He died in 1570, aged seventy-seven
years, after a troubled youth and a melancholy old age as
pensioner in the city where he had once been a man of mark. He
left behind him the invaluable chronicle of his time, written
half in Latin, half in the quaint French of his day, in a style
at once rude and naive, familiar and vigorous, and brimming
with picturesque imagery and lively metaphor.

=Bonnechose=, E. de, Les Réformateurs avant la Réforme, Paris, 1860, 3rd edition, 2 vols.--=Brandstetter=, J. L., Repertorium über die Zeit und Sammelschriften der Jahre, 1812-1890, Bâle, 1892.--=Bulletin= official du Directoire Helvétique, 3 vols.--=Bullinger=, H., Reformationsgeschichte, Frauenfeld, 1838-40, 3 vols.

_Henry Bullinger_ was born at Bremgarten in 1504 and died at
Zurich in 1575. After a preliminary course at Emmerich, his
father having refused him the means necessary to continue his
education, he made money by singing in the streets and in 1520
he recommenced his studies at Cologne, with the idea of joining
the community of the Chartreux. But his resolution and his
religion as well were changed by his association with Zwingli,
whose doctrine he embraced and whose successor he became.
In addition to his history of the Reformation and numerous
theological writings he edited the complete works of Zwingli.

=Burckhardt=, Der Kirchenschatz des Münsters zu Basel, Bâle, 1867.

* * * * *

=Cæsar=, J., De bello gallico.--=Casus S. Galli.= By Ekkehard IV. Translated by G. Meyer von Knonau, Leipsic, 1878.--=Chambrier=, F. de, Histoire de Neuchâtel et Valangin jusqu’à l’avènement de la maison de Prusse, Neuchâtel, 1840.

_Frédéric de Chambrier_, the real founder of the Academy of
Neuchâtel, was a man of wide culture and varied resources.
In his _Histoire_ he follows faithfully, century by century,
the progress of the little but proud and independent people
of Neuchâtel, handling his character analyses with skill and
persisting in a style at once simple and dignified.

=Chauffour-Kestner=, Études sur les Réformateurs du XVI Siècle.--=Cherbuliez=, A., De la Democratie en Suisse, Geneva, 1843.--=Chronique d’Edlibach.=--=Chronica de Berno.=--=Chronique Anonyme.=--=Chronique des chanoines de Neuchâtel=, Michaud, 1839.--=Chronik des Hans Fründ=, Chur, 1875.--=Colton=, J. M., Annals of Switzerland, New York, 1897.--=Coxe=, W., A History of the House of Austria, London, 1807.--=Crétineau=, Joly J., Histoire du Sonderbund, Paris, 1850, 2 vols.--=Curti=, T., Geschichte der Schweizerischen Volksgesetzgebung, Zurich, 1885.

* * * * *

=Daguet=, A., Biographie de Guillimann, Fribourg, 1843; Les barons de Forell, Lausanne, 1873; Histoire de la Confédération Suisse, Geneva, 1880, 2 vols.

_Alexander Daguet_, Swiss historian and professor was born at
Fribourg, March 12, 1816, of a family of poor nobles. Since
1866 he has held the chair of history and pedagogy at the
Academy of Neuchâtel. He has edited successively numerous
educational journals and figures among the authors of the
publications of the Société de la Suisse romande. In his own
country and abroad he has gained innumerable distinctions. He
is the founder of several literary and historical societies,
and the honored member of many more.

=Dändliker=, C., Ursachen und Vorspiel der Burgunderkriege, Zurich, 1876; Geschichte der Schweiz, Zurich, 1884-88, 3 vols.; A short history of Switzerland, translation by E. Salisbury, London, 1899.

_Chas. Dändliker_, Swiss historian, was born at Staffa, May 6,
1849. He studied at Zurich and Munich and in 1871 was called to
the chair of history at the Pedagogical Institute, Küssnacht,
where he is still instructor. In 1887 he was named professor
extraordinary in Swiss history at the University of Zurich. His
history of Switzerland has been translated into English.

=Dawson=, W. H., Social Switzerland, London, 1897.--=Der Schweizerische Republikaner=, Zurich, Lucern, Bern, 1798-9, 3 vols.--=Dierauer=, J., Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Gotha, 1887, 2 vols.--=Dottain=, E., La question suisse, éclaircissements historiques, Paris, 1860.--=Droz=, N., Instruction civique, Geneva and Lausanne, 1885; Die Schweiz im 19ten Jahrhundert, Lausanne, 1899.

_Numa Droz_, minister of foreign affairs for the Swiss
Confederation, was born January 7, 1844, of a humble family of
watchmakers. In 1864 he turned his attention to politics and
became editor of a radical instrument, _Le National Suisse_.
During the elections of 1869 he obtained a high place in
the grand council, thanks to his facile elocution and his
ardent liberalism. He was in 1882 one of the negotiators of
the Franco-Swiss treaty. His writings are distinguished for
clearness of presentation, beauty of style, and substantialness
of matter.

=Dubs=, J., Das öffentliche Recht der Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1855, 2 vols.--=Dufour=, G. H., Der Sonderbundskrieg, Bâle, 1882.

* * * * *

=Eckhardus=, Jr. (monk of St. Gall), St. Galler Kloster-Chronik, Leipsic, 1891.--=Egli=, S. E., Die schlacht bei Kappel, Zurich, 1873.--=Elgger=, C. von, Kriegswesen und Kriegskunst der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Lucerne, 1873.--=Escher=, H., Die Glaubensparteien in der Eidgenossenschaft, Frauenfeld, 1882.--=Etterlin von Lucerne=, Petermann, Kronica von der löblichen Eydtgnoschaft, Bâle, 1507.

_Petermann Etterlin_, captain of Lucernois in the wars of
Burgundy, was the first to give to the world a veritable Swiss
chronicle. A good deal of fiction is mixed with his facts, but
we glean from his writings many interesting details of the
scenes in which he was an actor.

* * * * *

=Fassbind=, T., Geschichte von Schwyz, Schwyz, 1832-1838, 5 vols.--=Feddersen=, Geschichte der Schweizerischen Regeneration, Zurich, 1867.--=Fetscherin=, W., Die eidgenössischen Abschiede aus den Jahren 1814 bis 1848.--=Fiala=, F., Archives pour l’histoire de la Réformation en Suisse, 1868-69, 2 vols.--=Fleury=, J., Franc-Comtois et Suisse, Besançon, 1869.

_Jean Fleury_, professor of French literature at St.
Petersburg, member of numerous societies of savants in France,
England, and Russia, was born at Vasteville, Feb. 14, 1816. He
has published a considerable quantity of political, literary,
pedagogical, and other papers, besides numerous books on a
variety of subjects.

=Forel=, F., Introduction de Regeste des documents de la Suisse romande, Lausanne, 1862.--=Freeman=, E. A., “The Landsgemeinde of Ury and Appenzell,” in _History of Federal government_, London, 1863.--=Froment=, A., Acts et gestes merveilleux de la cité de Genève, 1548.

_Froment_ was a continuator of the chronicles of Bonivard and
of Jeanne de Jussie.

=Furrer=, P., Geschichte von Wallis, Sitten, 1850-1854, 4 vols.

* * * * *

=Galiffe=, J. B. G. (fils), Genève historique et archéologique, Geneva, 1869-72, 2 vols.--=Galiffe=, J. A. (père), Notices généalogiques.--=Gaullier=, E. H., La Suisse en 1847, Geneva, 1848.--=Gaullier=, E. H. A., and =Schaub=, C., La Suisse historique et pittoresque, Geneva, 1855-6, 2 vols.; Les armoiries et les couleurs de la Confédération et des cantons suisses, Geneva and Bâle, 1879.--=Gelpke=, Kirchengeschichte der Schweiz, Bern, 1856-1861, 2 vols.--=Gingins la Sarra=, F. de, Épisodes des Guerres de Bourgogne, Lausanne, 1850.--=Gisi=, W., Quellenbuch zur Schweizergeschichte, Berne, 1869.--=Grandpierre=, L., Mémoires politiques, Neuchâtel, 1877.--=Gelzer=, H., Die zwei ersten Jahrhunderte der Schweizergeschichte, Bâle, 1840; Die zweiletzten Jahrhunderte der Schweizergeschichte, Aarau and Thun, 1838-39.--=Gregory= of Tours, Historia Francorum.--=Grasser=, J. J., Schweizerisch Heldenbuch, Basel 1624.--=Grote=, G., Seven letters on the recent politics of Switzerland, London, 1847.--=Guérard=, Polyptyque d’Irminon, Paris, 1844, 2 vols.--=Guillimann de Fribourg=, F., De rebus helvetiorum, 1598.

_François Guillimann_ (or more properly Vuillemain), a
distinguished savant, was born at Romont, a canton of Fribourg.
He taught at Solothurn, afterwards became professor of history
at Fribourg and historiographer to the emperor Rudolf II. His
death is variously placed at 1612 and 1623. Besides numerous
poems he has left us valuable historical works.

=Gut=, Der Überfall in Nidwalden, Stanz, 1862.--=Guye=, P. H., Die Schweiz in ihrer politischen Entwickelung als Föderativ-Staat, Bonn, 1877.

* * * * *

=Haller=, C. L. von, Geschichte der Wirkungen und Folgen des österreichischen Feldzugs in der Schweiz, Weimar, 1801; Histoire de la Réforme protestante dans la Suisse occidentale, Lausanne, 1828.

_Charles Louis von Haller_, grandson of the great Albert von
Haller, was born at Bern in 1768 and died at Solothurn May 17,
1854. In 1806 he was elected member of the two councils and
was ejected from both in 1821 when it became known that he had
embraced Catholicism. He sojourned for a time in France, but
returned in 1830 to Solothurn, where he died at an advanced age.

=Haller=, C. L. de, Helvetischen Annalen.--=Heer=, J., Jahrbuch des historie Vereins des Cantons Glarus; Heft, 1865.--=Hegel=, C., Stadtchroniken, Leipsic, 1862-64, 19 vols.; Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, Munich, 1885.

_Charles Hegel_, an eminent German historian, son of the
celebrated philosopher, was born at Nuremburg June 7, 1813;
since 1856 he has been professor of history at the University
of Erlangen.

=Heierli, J.=, Urgeschichte der Schweiz, Bern, 1901.

_Jacque Heierli_, Swiss litterateur, was born October 11,
1853, at Herisan (Appenzell); he devoted himself to pedagogy
and has made the whole of the north of Europe the field of his
researches.

=Henne=, A., Schweizerchronick, St. Gallen, 1840.--=Henne-am-Rhyn=, O., Geschichte von St. Gallen, 1863; Geschichte des Schweizervolkes, Leipsic, 1865, 3 vols.--=Hermann le Paralytique= (monk of Reichenau), Chronicon de sex ætatibus mundi, Bâle, 1529.

_Hermann of Reichenau_, surnamed the Paralytic on account of a
contraction of the limbs, was the son of a count of Wehringen,
born in 1013. In spite of his physical affliction he was
possessed of unusual intelligence, and he became at an early
age the most learned man of his day. He embraced the monastic
life. He became abbot of Reichenau, where he died in 1054. He
continued his chronicle up to the day of his death, after which
it was continued by Berthold de Constance.

=Herminijard=, A. L., Correspondance des Réformateurs, Bâle, 1546; Harlem, 1868.--=Heusler=, A., Der Bauernkrieg von 1653, in der Landschaft Basel. (Bâle, 1864); Verfassungsgeschichte der Stadt Basel, Bâle, 1860.--=Hidber=, B., Schweizerisches Urkundenregister, Bern, 1863-1877, 2 vols.

_Basil Hidber_, Swiss historian, born at Mels, November 23,
1817; professor of natural history at the University of Bern.

=Hilty=, C., Vorlesungen über die Helvetik, Bern, 1878; Die Bundes Verfassung der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Bern, 1891.

_Charles Hilty_, Swiss jurisconsult, born at Werdenberg,
February 28, 1833; called in 1873 to the chair of common
(public) and federal law in the University of Bern.

=Hisely=, J. J., Cartulaire de Hautcrest; sur l’origine et le développment des libertés des Waldstelle, Uri, Schwyz, et Unterwalden, Lausanne, 1839; Histoire du comte de Gruyère, Lausanne, 1855.--=Hodler=, Geschichte des Sweizervolkes, neuere Zeit., 1865.--=Herzog=, J. A., Das Referendum in der Schweiz, Berlin, 1885.--=Hottinger=, J. J., Das Wiedererwachen der wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen in der Schweiz während der Mediations und Restaurationsepoche; Vorlesungen über die Geschichte des Untergangs der alten Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1844; Vorlesungen über den Untergang der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1866; Geschichte der Eidgenossen, Zurich, 1825-1827, 2 vols.

_Johann Jacob Hottinger_, born in 1783, professor of Greek at
Zurich, must not be confounded with Jean Jacques Hottinger,
also a professor at Zurich, who died in 1819.

=Hug=, L., and =Stead=, P., The story of Switzerland, New York, 1890.--=Hutten=, U. von, Œuvres complètes, Berlin, 1822-1825, 5 vols.

* * * * *

=Imhof=, J. (Bourcard Leu), Die Jesuiten in Luzern.--=Istria=, Dora d’, Switzerland, London, 1858, 2 vols.

* * * * *

=Jahn=, H. A., Chronik des Cantons Bern, Bern, 1857; Der Keltische Alterthum der Schweiz, Bern, 1860.

_Henry Albert Jahn_, Swiss historian and archæologist,
professor at Bern, formerly secretary of the department of the
interior, was born at Bern, October 9, 1811.

=Johannis=, Vitodurani, Chronicon, Zurich, 1856.--=Jovii=, P., Historiæ sui temporis, Bâle, 1567, 2 vols.--=Jullien=, Histoire de Genève, 1865.--=Jussie=, Jeanne de, Levain de calvinisme, 1605.

A religious abbess of the convent of St. Claire, whence she
was driven in 1535, together with the other members of the
community, to seek refuge at Annecy, where she later became
abbess. She has pictured for us in all its crudity the
conflict of popular passions in the most primitive style, and
in language, which is in itself an index to the comedy, the
tragedy, and the overwhelmingly gross superstition of her day
and generation.

=Justinger=, C., Bernerchronik, Bern, 1871.

* * * * *

=Keller=, A., Die kirchlich politischen Fragen bei der Eidg. Bundesrevision von 1871.--=Klingenberger=, Chronik, Gotha, 1861.--=Königshofen=, J. von, Chronique helvétique.--=Königshoven=, von Strasbourg, J. T., Chronicum latinum, Strasburg, 1678.

_Jacques Twinger Königshoven_, better known under the name of
Twinger, a celebrated chronicler of the 14th century, was born
at Strasburg in 1346, of rich and influential parents. At the
age of thirty-six he changed his condition of citizen for the
ecclesiastical state and died in 1420, aged seventy-four years.

=Kopp=, J. E., Urkunden zur Geschichte der Eidgenössischen Bunde, 1835; Geschichte der Eidgenössischen Bunde, Leipsic and Berlin, 1844-52, 11 vols.

* * * * *

=Laharpe=, F. C., Mémoires, Bern, 1864.--=Liebenau=, T. von, Blicke in die Geschichte Engelbergs, 1876; Die Schlacht bei Sempach, Luzern, 1886; Indicateur de l’histoire suisse, 1876; Die Böcke von Zurich. Stanz., 1876.--=Lavater=, J. C., Letter to the French Directory, London, 1799.--=Lütolf=, Die Glaubensboten der Schweiz, Luzern, 1871.

* * * * *

=Mallet=, J., Considérations sur la Révolution, Brussels, 1793.--=Mallet-Dupan=, J., Mémoires historiques et littéraires, Geneva, 1779-1782, 5 vols.--=Mallet=, P. H., Histoire des Suisses ou Helvétiens, Geneva, 1803, 4 vols.

_Paul Henri Mallet_, an eminent historian, was born at Geneva
in 1730, of a family remarkable for the number of great men
it has produced. He held the position of professor of history
in several universities, and was a member of the academies of
Upsal, Lyons, Cassel, and the Celtic Academy. He died of a
paralytic stroke in the city of his birth, February 8, 1807.

=Marsauche=, L., La Confédération Helvétique, Neuchâtel, 1890.--=Matile=, G. A., Monuments de l’histoire de Neuchâtel, Musée historique, 3 vols.--=May de Romainmotier=, E., Histoire militaire des Suisses, Bern, 1772, 2 vols.

_E. M. de Romainmotier_ was born at Bern in 1734, and became
known to the world chiefly through the military history. This,
though a somewhat mediocre production as a literary work,
contains important facts not to be found elsewhere.

=McCracken=, W. D., Rise of the Swiss Republic, New York, 1901.--=Mémoires et Documents= publié par la Société de la Suisse romande, Lausanne.--=Meyer von Knonau=, Gerold, Eidg. Abschiede; St. Gallische Geschichtsquellen, St. Gall, 1870-81, 5 vols.; Die Sage von der Befreiung der Waldstätte, Bâle, 1873.--=Meyer=, H., Die Denare und Bractealen in der Schweiz, Zurich, 1858-60; Geschichte der XIᵉ und XXIᵉ Legion, Mittheilungen de Zürich, Zurich, 1853.--=Meyer=, J., Geschichte des schweiz. Bundesrechts, Zurich, 1849-1852, 2 vols.--=Meyer von Knonau=, Ludwig, Handbuch der Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1843, 2 vols.

_Louis Meyer von Knonau_ was born at Zurich September 12, 1769.
He studied history, law, and philology at Halle, where he
became an ardent disciple of Professor Wolf. He filled various
diplomatic offices with firmness and intelligence, retired to
private life in 1839, and died September 6, 1841. His history
of the confederation is one of the most accurate and complete
at the disposition of the student. His son, Gerold, born
March 2, 1804, followed in his father’s footsteps and devoted
himself to public life. The government confided to his care the
archives of Zurich and charged him with the publication of the
documents of the federal diet. He died November 1, 1858.

=Miles=, H., Chronik, St. Gall., 1902.--=Mohr=, T. von, Die Regesten der Benedictiner-Abtei Einsiedeln, Chur., 1848.--=Mommsen=, T., Römische Geschichte, Berlin, 1885, 5 vols.; Inscriptiones Confœderationes helveticæ, Mitt. d. antiq. Ges., Zurich, vols. 10 and 15.

_Theodor Mommsen_, an eminent historian, was born Nov. 30,
1817, at Garding, Schleswig, of a Danish family. He was
displaced in 1852 from the chair of law at Leipsic for
partisanship in political events, but was immediately called to
that of the University of Zurich. During the Franco-Prussian
War he was among the bitterest enemies of France.

=Monnard=, C., Histoire de la Confédération suisse, Zurich, 1847-1853, 5 vols.

_Charles Monnard_ was born in 1790, and died at Bonn in
1865. His chief labor was the continuation of the history of
Switzerland by J. von Müller. His classic style is apt to
strike us of to-day as too stilted, but it is easily overlooked
in the appreciation due to his solid merit, his simple modesty,
his generous and liberal spirit.

=Moor=, Theodore, Historisch-chronologischer Wegweiser, Chur., 1873; Wegweiser durch da Curratien, 1873.--=Morel=, G., Mémoires et documents de la Soc. d’histoire de la Suisse romande; Die Registen der Benedictiner-Abtei Einsiedeln.--=Morell=, C., Die helvetische Gesellschaft.--=Morin=, A., Précis de l’histoire politique de la Suisse, Geneva and Paris, 1856-75.--=Müller=, J. von, Der Geist der Ahnen oder die Einheitsbestrebungen in der Schweiz vor der helvetischen Revolution, Zurich, 1874; Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, 1841-1847, 7 vols.; Indicateur d’antiquités suisses, 1875; Schweizergeschichte, Lausanne, 1795-1801, 11 vols.; Der Geschichten Schweizerischer Eidgenossenschaft, Liepsic and Zurich, 1805-16, 5 vols.--=Müller-Friedberg=, Schweizerische Annalen, 1830, 6 vols.--=Muralt=, C., Schweizergeschichte mit durchganziger Quellenangabe, Bern, 1885.

* * * * *

=Nayler=, F. H., History of Helvetia, London, 1801, 2 vols.--=Nisard=, M., Études sur la renaissance, Paris, 1855.--=Nuscheler=, A., Die Siechenhäuser in der Schweiz, Zurich, 1866.

* * * * *

=Ochs=, Geschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Basel, Bâle, 1796-1822, 8 vols.--=Ochsenbein=, Die Kriegsgründe und Kriegsbilder des Burgunderkrieges, 1876.--=Oe=, Die Anfänge der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1891.--=Oechsli=, W., Lehrbuch für den Geschichtsunterricht, Zurich, 1885; Quellenbuch zur Schweizergeschichte, Zurich, 1886; Die Anfänge der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1891.

_William Oechsli_, born October 6, 1851, at Riesbach, was
destined by his family to the ministry; but he deserted
theology for history, and after exhaustive study at Heidelberg,
Berlin, and Paris, he was called in 1887 to the professorship
of Swiss history in the Zurich Polytechnical Institute.

=Orelli=, A. von, Das Staatsrecht der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Fribourg, 1885.

* * * * *

=Pierrefleur=, P. de, Mémoires.

_The Memoirs of Pierre de Pierrefleur_, grand banneret of Orbe,
present an accurate picture of the progress of the Reformation.
Modestly and without recrimination, though himself an ardent
Catholic, he endeavours accurately to reproduce day by day
the scenes which pass before his eyes--truth without passion,
simplicity without grossness his chief object. Moderation
is the keynote of this recital from the lips of the pious
and honourable knight of Orbe. Unfortunately, the original
chronicle having been lost, we are obliged to content ourselves
with extracts.

=Peyssonel=, C. C. de, Discours sur l’alliance de la France avec les Suisses et les Grisons, Paris, 1790.--=Pfyffr=, C., Sammlung kleiner Schriften, Zurich, 1866.--=Pirkheimer=, W., Historia belli Suitensis sive Helvetici, Tiguri, 1735.--=Planta=, P. C. von, Die Schweiz in ihrer Entwicklung zum Einheitsstaate.--=Pupikofer=, Geschichte des Thurgavs, Bischoffzell, 1830.--=Pury=, S. de, Chronique des chanoines de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 1839.

* * * * *

=Rahn=, J. N., Geschichte der bildenden Künste in der Schweiz, Zurich, 1876.--=Rambert=, E., Les Alps suisses, Geneva, 1875.

_Eugene Rambert_, born in 1830, first turned his studies in the
direction of theology, but at twenty-four he was appointed to
the chair of French literature at Lausanne, which he occupied
until the Confederation called him to the Polytechnical School.
His sojourn at Zurich lasted twenty-one years, when, in 1881,
he returned to his own canton. He was not long, however, to
breathe his native air, his laborious career being suddenly cut
short in 1886. His works are numerous and varied, but all are
remarkable for great power, authority, and calm.

=Rauchenstein=, H., Der Feldzug Cæsars gegen die Helvetier, Zurich, 1882.--=Relatio Conflictus Laupensis.=--=Reportorium= der Abschiede der Eidgenössischen Tagsatzungen, 1803-1848, 3 vols. (Additional reports of the old federal diets).--=Rilliet=, A., Les Origines de la Confédération suisse, Geneva, 1868.--=Rochholz=, Eidgenössische Liederchronik, Bern, 1835.--=Rodt=, E. von, Die Feldzüge der Schweizer gegen Karl den Kühnen. Geschichte des bernischen Kriegswesens, Schaffhausen, 1843-1844, 2 vols.--=Roget=, Amedee, Les Suisses et Genève, Geneva, 1864; Histoire du peuple de Genève, Geneva, 1870-83, 7 vols.--=Rossel=, V., Histoire littéraire de la Suisse romande, Bern, 1887-91, 2 vols.--=Rovéréa=, F. de, Mémoires, Bern.--=Ruchat=, A., Histoire de la Réformation en Suisse, Lausanne, 1727-28.

_Abraham Ruchat_, the father of Swiss (French) history, was
born in 1678 of a peasant family. Educated in Germany and
Holland, he returned to Switzerland to become professor of
history at the University of Lausanne. The _Histoire de la
Réformation en Suisse_ was but a part of a projected general
history of Switzerland which was never completed. Ruchat says
of his labours: “I have been tempted nine times to give up
the enterprise and live in peace; but the desire to serve my
country has ever reinvested me with courage. I seek not glory,
but truth and the public good. I have always endeavoured to
write as though some day I were to be called to account for the
products of my pen.”

* * * * *

=Sarnen=, Livre blanc de Sarnen, in Les Origines de la Confédération suisse, by A. Rilliet, Geneva, 1868.--=Schilling=, D. (the younger), Luzerner Chronik, Luzern, 1862.--=Schreiber=, H., Loriti Glareanus, Fribourg, 1878.--=Schuler=, M., Geschichte des Landes Glarus; Thaten und Sitten der Eidgenossen, Zurich, 1856, 7 vols.--=Secrétan=, E., Galérie suisse, Biographies Nationales, Lausanne, 1874.--=Seehausen=, R., Schweizer Politik während des dreissigjahrigen Krieges, Halle, 1882.--=Segesser=, P. von, Eidgenössische Abschiede Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte von Luzern, Lucerne, 1839-1856, 17 vols.--=Simmler=, J., Vom Regiment der löblichen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1576.--=Steiger=, R. de, Coup d’œil général sur l’histoire militaire des Suisses, Lausanne, 1869.--=Steinauer=, Geschichte des Freistaates Schwyz, Einsiedeln, 1861.--=Stettler=, M., Annales oder Beschreibung der vornehmeten Geschichten, Bern, 1626, 2 vols.--=Studer=, H., Till-Eulenspiegel im Lande des Tell, Zurich, 1900.--=Strickler=, J., Lehrbuch der Schweizergeschichte, Zurich, 1874; Aktensammlung der helvetischen Republik, Frauenfeld, 1899; Die Quellen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 1884.--=Stumpf=, J., Swiss Chronicle, Zurich, 1547.

* * * * *

=Tageblatt der Gesetze und Dekrete der gesetzgebenden Rathe der Helvetischen Republik=, Bern, 1800, 6 vols.--=Tillier=, J. A. von, Geschichte der Eidgenossen während der Zeit des sogeheissenen Fortschrifts, Bern, 1853-1855, 3 vols.; Geschichte der Eidgenossenschaft während der sogenannten Restaurationsepoche, Zurich, 1848-1850, 3 vols.; Geschichte der Eidgenossen während der Herrschaft der Vermittlungsakte, Zurich, 1845-1846, 2 vols.; Geschichte des Freistaates Bern, Bern, 1838-1839, 5 vols.; Geschichte der helvetischen Republik, Bern, 1843, 3 vols.--=Tschudi=, A., Chronicon Helveticum, Basel, 1734-1736, 2 vols.

The most complete of the early Swiss chronicles and the basis
of Müller’s history.

* * * * *

=Vaucher=, P., Esquisses d’histoire Suisse, Lausanne, 1882.--=Vieusseux=, A., History of Switzerland, London, 1846.--=Vincent=, J. M., State and Federal Government of Switzerland, Baltimore, 1891.--=Vischer=, W., Geschichte det Schwäbischen Städtebünde, Göttingen, 1861.--=Vita S. Galli=, Translated by A. Potthast in Die Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, Vol. 1, Berlin, 1857.--=Vögeli=, Vaterländische Geschichte, Zurich, 1872.--=Vogelin=, A. and =Escher=, Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1854, 4 vols.--=Vulliemin=, L., Histoire de la Confédération suisse, Lausanne, 1875-1876, 2 vols.

_Louis Vulliemin_ was the founder of the _Société d’histoire de
la Suisse romande_, together with Felix Chavannes the poet and
F. de Gingins the historian. Imaginative, ardent, patriotic,
variously gifted, Vulliemin devoted all his talent to his
country’s use, and merits the eternal gratitude of Switzerland.

* * * * *

=Wattenwyl=, Geschichte der Stadtund Landschaft Bern, Schaffhausen, 1867-1872, 2 vols.--=Weidmann, Father=, Geschichte der Landschaft St. Gallen, St. Gall, 1834.--=Wild=, K., Auszüge aus handschriftlichen chroniken und aus den Rathsprotokollen der Stadt und Republik St. Gallen, St. Gall, 1847.--=Wilson=, J., History of Switzerland, London, 1832.--=Wintherthur=, Morf de, Dittes Pædagogium, Heft, 1878.--=Wirth=, Statistik der Schweiz, Zurich, 1871-75, 3 vols.--=Wittekind=, (monk of Corvey), Chronique.--=Wyss=, G. von, Geschichte der Historiographie in der Schweiz, Zurich, 1895.--Indicateur d’histoire de Soleure, Solothurn, 1866.

_J. G. von Wyss_, Swiss historian, born at Zurich March 31st,
1816, is the son of the burgomaster David von Wyss. He was
appointed president of the _Société d’histoire suisse_ in 1854,
and is universally recognised as among the most learned of the
historians of the century.

* * * * *

=Zellweger=, J. K., Geschichte des Appenzellischen Volkes, Trogen, 1830; Chronologische Uebersicht der Schweizergeschichte, Zurich, 1887; Geschichte der diplomatischen verhältnisse der Schweiz mit Frankreich, Bern, 1848.--=Zschokke=, J. H., Histoire de la lutte des cantons démocratiques, Geneva and Paris 1823; History of the Invasion of Switzerland by the French, translated by J. Aiken, London, 1803.

A CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF SWITZERLAND

BEFORE THE ROMAN CONQUEST

Before 3000 B.C. (Stone Age.) The lake-dwellers, the earliest
people of which traces remain in what is now Switzerland,
live in primitive huts built on piles in the shallow waters
of various lakes. They do not know the use of metal; use
stone axe-heads, fixed in stag’s horn and wood hafts, flint
arrow-heads, etc.

3000-1000 B.C. (Bronze Age.) The lakemen learn to manipulate
metal; advance in skill and mental culture; make artistically
shaped bronze spear-heads, swords, etc.

1000-100 B.C. (Iron Age.) The lakemen substitute iron
for bronze and achieve greater beauty and perfection of
workmanship. Their weapons and implements become gradually
identical with those of historic times. In their later days
they come into contact with Gauls and Romans.

107 B.C. The Helvetians, one of the chief of the tribes then
inhabiting Switzerland, led by the clan of the Tigurini and
under command of their chief Diviko, joined the Cimbri and
Teutones in a raid into southern Gaul. The allies defeat the
Romans, under the consul Lucius Cassius, at Agen, and overrun
Gaul.

102 B.C. The barbarians are defeated by the Romans under the
consul Marius near Aquæ Sextiæ and one clan of the Helvetians,
that of the Toygeni, is annihilated.

101 B.C. Another division of the invading barbarians is cut to
pieces by the forces of Marius and his colleague Catullus, near
Vercelli. The Helvetian clan of the Tigurini alone escapes.

60 B.C. The Helvetians prepare for a second migration into
Gaul. A powerful chief, Orgetorix, promises to secure free
passage through the lands of the Allobroges and Ædui. He is
accused of treason and dies, by suicide or murder.

58 B.C. The Helvetians, accompanied by the Boii and neighboring
tribes, begin the march. Julius Cæsar checks the Helvetians at
the Rhone, and destroys the Tigurini at the Arar (Saône). At
Bibracte Cæsar defeats the Helvetians. Their remnants return
home.

UNDER ROMAN DOMINION

57 B.C. Cæsar’s lieutenant, Sergius Galba, subdues the
Helvetian Veragri and Seduni. Helvetia is made a Roman province.

52 B.C. The Helvetians take part in the revolt of Vercingetorix.

43 B.C. Romans settle at Noviodunum (Nyon) and in various other
parts of Helvetia.

27 B.C. Helvetia is made part of Belgica, one of the provinces
of Gaul, and comes more directly under Roman control.

15 B.C. Rhætia (the Grisons) is subjugated by armies under
Drusus and Tiberius Nero and made a Roman province.

A.D. 69 Aulus Cæcina lays waste Helvetia and massacres large
numbers of the inhabitants. Claudius Corius, a Helvetian
deputy, by his eloquence saves the people from complete
destruction. Aventicum (Avenches) becomes a Roman city of
importance. Roman civilisation makes much progress in Helvetia,
especially in the western portion. Under the Romans military
roads and fortresses are built.

FROM THE GERMAN INVASIONS THROUGH THE CARLOVINGIANS

260 Hordes of Alamanni devastate Switzerland. They partially
destroy Aventicum.

300 Christianity makes some converts in Switzerland.

305 Alamanni again overrun Switzerland.

406 The Alamanni conquer eastern Switzerland.

409 The Burgundians march toward the Rhine and approach
Switzerland.

443 The Burgundians settle in western Switzerland, receiving
“Sabaudia” (Savoy) from the Romans.

496 The Franks subjugate the Alamanni, acquiring eastern
Switzerland.

493 The Goths conquer Rhætia.

500 King Gondebaud rules in Burgundy. His laws become part of
Swiss institutions.

524 The Franks, under Clodomir, capture Geneva.

534 The Franks subjugate the Burgundians, bringing western
Switzerland into their power.

536 Rhætia is given up to the Franks by the Goths.

570 The Langobardi invade southern Switzerland.

574 The Frankish king Gontran checks the incursions of the
Langobardi.

610 The Culdee monks, led by Columbanus and Gallus, spread
Christianity in Switzerland.

687 The Carlovingians begin their rule over the Franks. They
foster religious establishments in Switzerland.

768 Charlemagne ascends the Frankish throne. He gives an
impetus to religion, education, and industry in Switzerland;
founds schools and churches and increases their wealth.

774 The Franks gain possession of the Italian valleys of
Switzerland till then held by the Langobardi.

843 By the Treaty of Verdum western or Burgundian Switzerland
falls to Lothair, eastern or German Switzerland (Alamannia)
with Rhætia to Ludwig the German. Feudalism is becoming well
established in Switzerland. The church owns large estates and
the bishops are powerful. Arts and sciences progress in the
monasteries of St. Gall, Reichenau, and Pfäffers.

853 Ludwig the German founds the Fraumünster at Zurich.

TIME OF BURGUNDIAN AND ALAMANNIAN RULERS

888 Rudolf I is crowned king of Upper Burgundy and begins to
rule over western Switzerland.

917 Count Burkhard of Rhætia is made duke of Alamannia
(Swabia). He rules over eastern Switzerland.

919 Burkhard I, duke of Alamannia, defeats Rudolf II of Upper
Burgundy at Winterthur.

920 Alamannia is formally incorporated with Germany. Eastern
Switzerland thus becomes a part of Germany.

922 Rudolf II of Upper Burgundy marries Burkhard’s daughter
Bertha who brings to Burgundy the upper Aargau.

930 Rudolf II acquires Arelat (Cisjurane Burgundy) as the
result of a raid into Italy with Hugo of Provence. Thus
the kingdom of Burgundy is reunited and Switzerland, as an
important part of this kingdom, attains prominence.

937 Rudolf II of Burgundy dies. Good Queen Bertha, his widow,
rules beneficently as regent for her son Conrad.

940 Conrad is placed under the guardianship of Otto I of
Germany. Beginning of German influence in western Switzerland.

950 Conrad defeats the Hungarians that invade Switzerland.

962 Queen Bertha founds a religious house at Payerne.
(Traditional.)

990 Ekkehard II of St. Gall, the most famous man of learning of
his time, dies.

992 The serfs rise against the nobles of Aargau and Thurgau.

993 Rudolf III of Burgundy. Switzerland is turned over more and
more to the clergy and the great nobles.

1016 Rudolf III abdicates in favor of Henry II of Germany.
Henry is opposed by the nobles of Burgundy in several battles
in Switzerland.

1022 The distinguished scholar Notker III of St. Gall dies.

FROM THE UNION OF SWITZERLAND UNDER THE GERMAN EMPERORS TO THE FOUNDING OF THE SWISS CONFEDERATION

1032 Conrad II of Germany defeats the Burgundians at Morat and
Neuchâtel.

1033 He is crowned king of Burgundy and thus adds western
Switzerland to Germany.

1038 Burgundy, Alamannia, and Rhætia fall to Henry III. All
Switzerland is hereby reunited as part of Germany. St. Gall
is a leader in learning. The abbeys of Zurich, Rheinau, and
Einsiedeln and the bishoprics of Coire, Constance, and Bâle
attain great eminence.

1045 Henry III of Germany by assuming the crown of Lombardy
secures possession of all the territories of Switzerland not
already within his dominions (Italian Switzerland). He is
frequently at Bâle and Solothurn. He holds imperial diets at
Zurich and lavishes gifts on her religious foundations.

1057 Rudolf of Rheinfelden begins his rule as duke of Alamannia
and governor of Burgundy, thus controlling all Switzerland.

1077 Rudolf is elected king by the opponents of Henry IV.
Switzerland is drawn into the struggle between Henry IV and
Pope Gregory VII.

1080 Rudolf is slain and his army defeated at Mersburg. The
Guelf-Zähringen faction wars against Frederick of Hohenstaufen
for the possession of Alamannia. Many monasteries, castles, and
towns are destroyed in Switzerland.

1090 Berthold II of Zähringen inherits the possessions of the
Rheinfeldens in Switzerland.

1097 Berthold II surrenders his claims to the dukedom of
Alamannia. He receives as recompense the imperial bailiwick of
Zurich, and is made duke of that portion of Alamannia lying in
what is now Switzerland.

1114 The people of Schwyz resist the encroachments of the monks
of Einsiedeln. Henry V decides in favour of Einsiedeln.

1127 Conrad of Zähringen is created rector of Burgundy by the
emperor Lothair. Most of the territories comprising modern
Switzerland are now under the rule of the house of Zähringen.
This family governs benevolently throughout the century.

1140 Arnold of Brescia finds asylum at Zurich.

1144 In the quarrel of Einsiedeln and Schwyz, Conrad III
decides in favour of Einsiedeln.

1146 Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade at Zurich. Many
Swiss join the crusade.

1152 The Waldstätte are placed under an interdict by the bishop
of Constance.

1173 By inheritance of the possessions of the house of Lenzburg
in Aargau and in the forest states the house of Hapsburg gains
in wealth and power.

1177 Berthold IV of Zähringen founds the free city of Fribourg.

1186 Berthold V succeeds. He develops the policy of walling in
strong cities to offset the power of the nobles. He fortifies
Burgdorf, Moudon, Yuerdon, Laupen, and Schaffhausen.

1190 Berthold V defeats the rebellious nobles at Avenches and
in the Grindelwald.

1191 Berthold V founds the city of Bern.

1209 Franciscan monks begin to enter Switzerland.

1211 Berthold V is defeated by Count Thomas of Savoy, who
seizes Moudon.

1215 Dominicans begin to enter Switzerland.

1218 Berthold V dies childless. With him the house of Zähringen
and the rectorate of Burgundy ends. Switzerland reverts to
Germany. Bern, Solothurn, Zurich, and other towns become
immediately dependent on the emperor, and gain in freedom.
Many nobles become subject to the empire alone and increase in
power. The houses of Savoy, Kyburg (inheritors of the lands of
the Zähringens), and Habsburg become most prominent. Religious
orders flourish.

1231 The people of Uri obtain their first charter from King
Henry, which nominally places them directly under the empire.

1240 The community of Schwyz is given a charter from the empire
by Frederick II. Savoy extends her dominion to include Vaud and
other portions of Southern Switzerland.

1245-1250 The people of Switzerland take sides in the struggle
between Guelfs and Ghibellines. Risings occur in the Waldstätte
against the house of Habsburg which has gained authority in
middle and eastern Switzerland. The expulsion of oppressive
bailiffs (referred to this period by modern investigators from
its former position in 1307-08).

1250 Lucerne enters into alliance with Schwyz and Obwalden.

1254 The _antiqua confederatio_, the earliest league of the
Waldstätte, is formed (uncertain date).

1255 Pierre of Savoy is acknowledged suzerain of Bern; later of
Morat and Bâle.

1264 Pierre of Savoy is acknowledged suzerain of Geneva. The
greatness of the house of Habsburg is founded through the
inheritance of the possessions of the Kyburgs.

1266 Zurich with the aid of Rudolf of Habsburg defeats Ulrich
of Regensburg. Rudolf gains in influence with several Swiss
towns.

1267 Pierre of Savoy defeats an army sent against him by Rudolf
of Habsburg at Löwenburg. Peace between Habsburg and Savoy.

1273 Rudolf of Habsburg besieges Bâle. He is chosen emperor of
Germany. Bâle submits, Rudolf inherits the possessions of his
cousins in the Waldstätte.

1275 Rudolf of Habsburg is consecrated emperor by Pope Gregory
at Lausanne.

1277 Rudolf acquires Fribourg. He now holds in Switzerland
territories equivalent to the modern cantons of Aar, Zug,
Thurgau, Bern, and Lucerne, the towns of Sursee, Sempach, and
Winterthur, the convent of Säckingen, and the wardenship of the
Waldstätte.

1288 Rudolf twice unsuccessfully besieges Bern.

1289 The Bernese suffer loss in an Austrian ambuscade at the
Schosshalde and Bern is compelled to make peace.

1291 The men of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden (the three
Waldstätte) form the Everlasting League (_Ewige Bund_), for the
defence of their common rights and interests. The Waldstätte
form a temporary alliance with Zurich. In the struggle for the
imperial throne between Adolf of Nassau and Albert, duke of
Austria, the confederates with Zurich and Bâle side against
Albert. War ensues. The territories of the bishop of Constance
and the abbot of St. Gall are laid waste.

1292 The Austrians defeat the men of Zurich before Winterthur.
Zurich is forced to make peace with Albert and her alliance
with the forest states is annulled.

1294 The first Landsgemeinde of which record remains is held in
Schwyz.

1297 Adolf of Nassau as king of Germany confirms the charter of
1240 to Schwyz and the same charter to Uri.

1298 The Bernese defeat the Austrian nobles at Dornbühl.
Albert, duke of Austria, ascends the German throne and
strengthens the power of Austria in Switzerland.

THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

1307 Werner Stauffacher of Schwyz, Walter Fürst of Uri, and
Arnold of the Melchthal in Unterwalden, with thirty companions
take an oath on the Rütli to free the country from oppressors.
William Tell shoots the Austrian bailiff Gessler. (These events
are now regarded as legendary.)

1308 The expulsion of the bailiffs. (This event some historians
now regard as merely traditional and refer it to the period
1245-50.) King Albert is murdered. Bern concludes a league with
Solothurn.

1309 Henry VIII confirms the charters of Schwyz and Uri, and
grants liberties to Unterwalden, placing all three under direct
imperial jurisdiction. The confederates renew their alliance
with Zurich.

1314 The men of Schwyz capture the abbey of Einsiedeln because
of a quarrel over pasture land. Frederick of Austria places the
Waldstätte under the ban of the empire. The Waldstätte conclude
alliances with Glarus, Ursern, Art, and Interlaken. Louis of
Bavaria, rival of Frederick for the German throne, declares the
ban removed. The confederates take his side in the struggle for
the throne.

1315 Duke Leopold of Austria, brother of Frederick, moves
against the Waldstätte. The Swiss vanquish the Austrians at
Morgarten. Leopold is slain. The three forest districts renew
the Everlasting League of 1291.

1316 Louis of Bavaria recognises the new league, declares the
political rights of the house of Austria forfeit in the forest
districts, and confirms their several charters.

1318 Truce with Austria. The Habsburgs surrender all
jurisdiction over the Waldstätte, but their rights merely as
landowners are recognized. Risings against Austria in western
Switzerland. Leopold besieges the free town of Solothurn, but
soon withdraws. (Traditional rescue of the Austrians at the
bridge by the men of Solothurn.)

1323 Bern and other Burgundian towns enter into an alliance
with the forest districts for protection against Austria and
the aristocracy.

1328 Lucerne revolts from Austria.

1332 Lucerne (fourth of the “old” places) joins the league.

1336 Civic revolution in Zurich places Rudolf Brun at the head
of the city government and gives power to the craft-guilds.

1339 The Bernese with men from the forest districts defeat the
nobles at Laupen.

1350 Massacre of Austrian conspirators at Zurich. The men of
Zurich destroy the castle of Rapperschwyl, Zurich thereby
incurs the enmity of Austria.

1351 Zurich (fifth of the “old” places) for protection against
Austria enters the league. First regulations as to the aid that
the confederates owe to each other, first federal rights and
establishment of the circle of confederate defence. Duke Albert
of Austria unsuccessfully besieges Zurich.

1352 Zug and Glarus (sixth and seventh of the “old” places)
enter the league. The duke of Austria renews war on Zurich. By
the terms of the peace of Brandenburg, Zug and Glarus are again
brought into subjection to Austria.

THE CONFEDERATION OF THE EIGHT OLD PLACES

1353 Bern (completing the eight “old” places) enters the
league, adding greatly to its strength.

1354 Zurich is besieged by the forces of Austria and the empire.

1355 Peace is declared at Regensburg (Ratisbon).

1361 Charles IV recognises the confederation of eight states
as a lawful union for the preservation of the public peace
(_Landfriedensverbindung_).

1364 Zug is freed from Austrian rule by the men of Schwyz.

1367 The Gotteshausbund (league of God’s house) is formed in
the Engadine.

1368 The Peace of Thorberg adjusts matters between Austria and
the confederates. Zug rejoins the league as a permanent member.

1370 The Parson’s Ordinance (_Pfaffenbrief_) abolishes special
exemption of the clergy and provides for the preservation of
peace among the confederates.

1375 Enguerrand de Coucy to assert claims to lands in
Aargau invades Switzerland with a horde of irregulars in
the Guglerkrieg, or English War. De Coucy is routed in the
Entlebuch and at Freibrunnen.

1382 Rudolf of Kyburg, of the Habsburg line, is defeated by
Bern and Solothurn, in the Kyburg War.

1384 Bern and Solothurn take Thun, Burgdorf, and other places
from Rudolf of Kyburg. The Kyburgs are forced to accept
citizenship in Bern.

1385 The Swiss cities join the league of the south German
towns. The men of Lucerne demolish Rotenburg, the residence of
the Austrian bailiff.

1386 The forest districts come to the aid of Lucerne against
Austria. The Swiss defeat the Austrians in spite of great odds
in the battle of Sempach (Arnold Winkelried).

1388 The men of Glarus aided by a few from Schwyz defeat the
Austrians at Näfels. Glarus is delivered from Austria.

1389 The confederates are secured in their conquests by a seven
years’ truce with Austria. Glarus permanently rejoins the
league.

1393 Schöno’s attempt to deliver Zurich to Austria fails. By
the Sempach Ordinance (_Sempacher Brief_) the confederates are
drawn closer together by provision for an army and for the
preservation of order.

1394 The truce with Austria is prolonged for twenty years. The
Swiss Confederacy is recognised and political dependence on
Habsburg is practically at an end. The country hereafter is
commonly known as _Die Schweiz_ (Switzerland).

1395 Formation of the Upper (Grey) League in the western
Grisons.

THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

1402 Revolt of the people of Appenzell and St. Gall against the
abbot of St. Gall.

1403 The Appenzellers defeat the abbot’s forces at Vögelinseck.

1405 The abbot’s troops, assisted by an Austrian army, are
defeated in the battle of the Rheinthal or Stoss.

1408 The Appenzellers are beaten at Bregenz.

1411 Appenzell is placed under the protection of the Swiss
League (save Bern).

1412 The truce of the league with Austria is prolonged for
fifty years. During the first half of the century the league
increases its territory, not giving political rights, however,
to the acquired lands.

1414 The council of Constance is convened. Switzerland is
visited by great numbers of ecclesiastics and great nobles.

1415 Duke Frederick of Austria helps John XXIII escape from
Constance. The emperor Sigismund places Frederick under the
ban. By Sigismund’s order the confederates conquer the Austrian
Aargau. Bern receives the lion’s share. The first common
bailiwicks (_Freie Amter_) are established. Uprising of the
Valais against the baron von Raron, a despotic ruler.

1416 Lucerne, Uri, and Unterwalden form an alliance with Upper
Valais.

1417 Uri and Upper Valais take the Val d’Ossola from Savoy.

1422 The attempts of Uri and the confederates to acquire
territory to the south of the Alps receive a check in their
defeat by the Milanese at Arbedo.

1424 The Grey League is formally renewed.

1436 The league of the Ten Jurisdictions is formed in the
eastern Grisons. Conflicting claims over the territories left
by Frederick, count of Toggenburg, cause dissension between
Zurich and Schwyz. The other confederates take sides with
Schwyz.

1440 The men of Zurich invade Schwyz but are compelled to
retreat. Felix Hämmerlin, humanist, furthers the new learning
at Zurich.

1442 Zurich allies itself with Austria and resists federal
jurisdiction. Civil war (the Old Zurich War) breaks out.

1443 The Zurich troops are defeated at Sankt Jacob on the Sihl.
Stüssi, the burgomaster of Zurich is slain.

1444 Zurich is besieged by the confederates. Charles VII of
France sends to her aid wild bands of the Armagnacs under
command of the dauphin Louis. They slaughter the confederates,
who make a heroic defence at Sankt Jacob on the Birs before
Bâle.

1450 Peace is concluded. Zurich is forced to renounce her
alliance with Austria.

1452 The Swiss League concludes treaty of friendship with
France. A new class of allies, the associate districts
(_Zugwandte Orte_), begins to gather round the league.

1458 The league forms an alliance with Rapperschwyl. Sigismund,
duke of Austria, irritated by its loss declares war.

1460 The confederates overrun the Austrian Thurgau. This
results in the second accession of common bailiwicks. The art
of printing is established at Bâle. Founding of the University
of Bâle. Material and artistic culture flourishes.

1461 Sigismund gives up Thurgau which comes under the
protection of the confederates.

1463 The confederates renew the French treaty with Louis XI.

1467 Zurich purchases Winterthur from Sigismund. The league
makes a treaty of friendship with Philip the Good, duke of
Burgundy.

1468 The Swiss lay siege to Waldshut. Sigismund buys them off.

1469 Sigismund obtains the protection and financial aid of
Charles the Bold of Burgundy. He gives as security Alsace, the
Waldshut, and the Black Forest. The alliance of Charles with
Sigismund violates the treaty of 1467 and incenses the Swiss.
Charles the Bold commits the mortgaged lands to Peter von
Hagenbach, as vogt. His severity is complained of by the Swiss.

1470 Louis XI of France makes a treaty with the Swiss to secure
their neutrality.

1471 The three leagues of the Grisons confirm an earlier
alliance.

1473 Sigismund becomes the ally of Louis, who aims to reconcile
Sigismund and the Swiss and turn them against Charles the Bold.

1474 The confederates attempt in vain to get redress from
Charles the Bold for the wrongs done by Hagenbach to their
friends in Alsace. As the result of the efforts of Louis
XI, the Everlasting Compact (_Ewige Richtung_) is signed at
Constance. By it Sigismund renounces all Austrian claims on the
lands of the confederates and they agree to support him. The
freedom of the Swiss Confederation from the Habsburgs is now
formally established. The Swiss and Sigismund join a league of
the Alsatian and Rhine cities. Hagenbach is put to death with
the connivance of Bern. The confederates at the instance of
Sigismund declare war against Charles. Bern takes the lead in
westward aggression. Héricourt is taken by the confederates.

1475 Further successes of the Swiss. Bern captures sixty towns
in Vaud, fighting against Savoy, which has joined Charles the
Bold. Bern and Upper Valais form an alliance and the latter
prevents the passage of the Milanese troops of Savoy. The
emperor and Louis desert the confederates.

1476 Charles the Bold captures Granson and has the garrison
executed by two of their own comrades. The Swiss gain a
glorious victory in the battle of Granson and retake the
town. Rich spoils and revenge. Charles besieges Morat. In the
battle of Morat the Swiss decisively defeat the Burgundians.
By intervention of Louis XI an arrangement is made with Savoy
by which for the first time French-speaking districts become
connected with the confederation. Savoy loses Fribourg,
Granson, Morat, Orbe, Echallens, and Aigle. Bern profits most.

1477 The Swiss and the troops of René, duke of Lorraine, defeat
Charles the Bold at the battle of Nancy. The foundation of
Swiss nationality is firmly laid by these victories, and the
fame of Swiss arms is world-wide; but internal jealousies
arise. Riots in various states. The band of the Mad Life.
Zurich, Bern, Lucerne, Fribourg, and Solothurn form a separate
league and a perpetual treaty (_Burgrecht_).

1478 The men of Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, and Schwyz defeat the
Milanese at the battle of Giornico. Switzerland expands toward
the south.

1480 Fribourg and Solothurn seek admission to the league. This
demand is opposed by the rural members and supported by the
towns belonging to the separate league of the Burgrecht.

1481 The Compact of Stanz (_Stanzer Verkomnis_) prevents
disruption. Nicholas von der Fluhe aids to an understanding.
Fribourg and Solothurn (the ninth and tenth members) are
admitted to the confederation. The separate league of the towns
is dissolved. Dangerous societies are forbidden. The compact
concentrates the government of the confederation.

1489 Hans Waldmann, burgomaster of Zurich, attempts to
subordinate the peasants. He is overthrown and executed.

1490 Insurrection against the federal government in St. Gall is
put down.

1496 The Swiss refuse to obey the imperial chamber, objecting
to taxation without representation. They refuse to join the
Swabian League.

1497 The confederates conclude a perpetual league with the Grey
League of the Grisons.

1498 The confederates conclude a perpetual league with the
League of God’s House (_Gotteshausbund_) of the Grisons.

1499 The Swiss go to the support of their allies in the
Grisons against the emperor Maximilian and the Swabian
League. Successes of the Swiss at Triesen, at Bruderholz
near Bâle, at Calven, at Schwaderloo, and at Frastenz. The
Swiss Confederation by the peace of Bâle secures freedom from
German imperial regulations and rises to the rank of an allied
state of the empire, having practical independence. The Swiss
establish their rights in the Thurgau. The league of Ten
Jurisdictions in the Grisons confirms an alliance with the
Swiss League.

1500 Swiss mercenaries engaged by Louis Sforza surrender Novara
to the French rather than fight the Swiss in the French army of
Louis XII. By the help of the Swiss Milan becomes a property of
France. The practice of Swiss serving in foreign armies has now
become frequent.

THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

1501 Bâle and Schaffhausen (the eleventh and twelfth members)
are admitted to the confederation.

1510 Schinner, bishop of Sitten, induces Swiss troops to aid in
the expulsion of the French from Italy.

1512 The Swiss conquer Milan and drive the French out of Italy;
declare Maximilian duke of Milan. In return the confederates
receive Ticino and the Grisons leagues get the Valtellina,
Cleves, and Bormio.

THE CONFEDERATION OF THIRTEEN STATES

1513 Appenzell is admitted to the confederation, thus
completing the confederation of Thirteen States. The Swiss
defeat the French at Novara.

1515 Francis I defeats the Swiss at Marignano, breaking the
Swiss power in northern Italy.

1516 The Swiss League concludes a treaty of Perpetual Peace
with France. Hans Holbein at Bâle wins great reputation as a
painter. His work marks the further advance of humanism in
Switzerland.

1519 Ulrich (Huldreich) Zwingli preaches the Reformation at
Zurich.

1521 Twelve states of the confederation (Zurich being
restrained by Zwingli) conclude an alliance with France.

1522 The diet at Lucerne forbids the clergy to preach
unauthorised doctrines.

1523 Zwingli’s teaching is sanctioned by the council at two
“disputations” at Zurich. Zurich pushes forward the work of the
Reformation, but is not supported by the other confederates.
The first ecclesiastics are publicly married.

1524 Under Zwingli’s leadership Zurich dissolves the
monasteries. The forest states prevail on the diet at Lucerne
to pronounce for the old faith. Religious riots occur in
the Thurgau. The monastery of Ittingen is burned down. The
Reformation progresses in eastern Switzerland.

1525 The mass is discontinued at Zurich. The temporal rights of
the Grossmünster are turned over to the state. The Carolinum,
a school for humanists, founded by Zwingli and Zurich, is made
a nursery of culture. Lausanne concludes an alliance with
Fribourg and Bern. The disorders caused by the anabaptists are
checked. The Swiss mercenaries are defeated with the French at
Pavia.

1526 The disputation at Baden, Eck, and Faber, representing
the Catholics, decides in favor of the old faith. Several
executions follow. Geneva forms alliances with Bern and
Fribourg.