Chapter VII: Part 7

“HONOURED SIR,
“An unfortunate turn of events has made us enemies:
but as the warfare of to-day does not imply animosity
between each and all individuals, we hope our former
friendship is still warm enough to assure Your
Excellency that these lines, which we address to you
with your kind permission, are dictated by a motive
higher than that of a mere challenge to surrender. This
motive is that of submitting to the calm consideration
of a friend a reason for an action which seems to
be truly conducive to the good of his country and
of himself, although stress of circumstances might
temporarily conceal this from him. To whatever cause
the successive failures of Chinese arms on both sea
and land may be attributed, we think Your Excellency’s
sound judgement will not fail in assigning them
to their true cause, which must be apparent to
any unprejudiced observer. In China the literary
class is still the governing section, and literary
accomplishment is the chief if not the sole way to rank
and power now as it was a thousand years ago. We do
not venture to deny that this system is excellent in
well be permanent and sufficient if China were to
stand alone in the world. But national isolation is no
longer a possibility. Your Excellency must know what a
hard experience the Japanese empire had thirty years
ago, and how narrowly she escaped the awful calamity
which threatened. To throw away the old principle and
to adopt the new, as the sole condition of preserving
the integrity of your empire, is as necessary with
your government now as it was with ours. The necessity
must be attended to, or fall is inevitable sooner or
later. That the crisis is being brought about by the
Japanese arms is mere chance. It might have been caused
by other political difficulties, which are equally
destructive. Now at such a juncture is it the part
of a truly patriotic man, upon whom the necessity of
action devolves, to allow himself to be simply dragged
along by force of circumstances? Compared with the
re-establishment on a sound working basis of the oldest
empire in the world, with its glorious history and its
extensive territories, what is the surrender of a fleet
or the loss of a whole army? If Your Excellency be
truly patriotic and loyal to the cause of your country,
we beg you to listen to the words of sympathetic hearts
filled with the sense of honour representative of the
fighting men of Japan; words which ask you to come and
stay in Japan until the time arrives when your services
shall be required for the good cause. Not to speak of
the numerous instances of final success after temporary
humiliation in your own history of the ancient dynasties,
let me call your attention to the case of the French
Marshal Macmahon, who allowed himself to be detained
in the enemy’s land till it was expedient that he
should return and aid in reforming the government,
which instead of dishonouring him raised him to the
presidency: or to the case of Osman Pasha whom the
unfortunate event of Plevna did not prevent from
subsequently filling the post of minister of war and
rendering important services in reforming the army. As
to the way in which Your Excellency may be received
in Japan, let us assure you of the magnanimity of
our sovereign. His Majesty not only pardoned his own
subjects who fought against the imperial side, but
even raised them to important positions according
to their personal merits, as in the case of Admiral
Enomoto, Privy Councillor Otori, and others. Surely he
would be more magnanimous to one who is not his own
subject, and whose glorious career is so well known to
the world. The great problem with Your Excellency now
is whether to submit to the great calamity which must
be the inevitable consequence of further adherence
to the old principle, or to survive it for the sake
of future reform. We know it is the custom of your
officials to meet any communication from an opponent
with a pride designed to show consciousness of strength
or to conceal weakness, but we hope Your Excellency
will understand that the present communication is not
made without due consideration of the vast interests
at stake, but that it is the outcome of the truest
sincerity and of feelings which should lead to the
realisation of those interests, and we hope you will
kindly consider it in that light.

“Should the present communication meet with your
approval, the carrying out of its import will, with
Your Excellency’s permission, be arranged through
further communications, and we have the honour to be,
etc., etc.

“_Signed_: COUNT ŌYAMA,
“_Signed_: ADMIRAL ITO.
“_20th January, 1895._”

THE PROPOSAL TO SURRENDER

“I, Ting, commander-in-chief of the Pei-yang squadron,
acknowledge having previously received a letter from
Vice-Admiral Ito, commander of the port of Sasebo. This
letter I have not answered until to-day, owing to the
hostilities going on between our fleets. It had been
my intention to continue fighting until every one of
my men-of-war was sunk and the last sailor killed;
but I have reconsidered the matter and now request a
truce, hoping thereby to save many lives. I earnestly
beseech you to refrain from doing further hurt to the
Chinese and Westerners serving in the army and navy of
China, as well as to the townspeople of Wei-hai-wei;
in return for which I offer to surrender to the empire
of Japan all my men-of-war, the forts on Liu-kung-tau
and all material of war in and about Wei-hai-wei. If
Vice-Admiral Ito will accede to these terms, I desire
to have the commander-in-chief of the British warships
in the offing as a guarantor of the contract. Requesting
an answer to this by to-morrow, I have the honour to
remain, etc.

_Signed_: ADMIRAL TING.
18th day, 1st month, 21st year of Kwangshu
(12th Feb. 1895).”

“I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your
esteemed favour, and to accept the proposal therein
contained. Accordingly I shall take over all the
men-of-war, the forts and all warlike material from
your hands. As to the time when the surrender is to
take place, I will consult you again on receiving
your reply to this. My idea is, after taking over
everything, to escort you and the others referred to in
your letter on board one of our warships to some safe
place where your convenience may be suited. If I may
be permitted to speak quite frankly, I advise you for
your own and your country’s sake to remain in Japan
until the war is over. Should you decide to come to my
country you may rest assured that you will be treated
with distinguished consideration. But if you desire to
return to your native land I shall of course put no
obstacle in your path. As for any British guarantee, I
think it quite unnecessary, and trust in your honour as
an officer and a gallant man. Requesting your reply to
this by 10 a.m. to-morrow, I have the honour to remain,
etc.

_Signed_: ADMIRAL ITO.
_12th February, 1895._”

“I am delighted to learn that you are in the enjoyment
of good health. I thank you heartily for your kind
reply, and the assurance that the lives of those under
me will be spared. You have kindly forwarded me certain
gifts, but while I thank you I cannot accept them, our
two nations being at war. You write that you desire me
to surrender everything into your hands to-morrow. This
gives too short a period in which to make the necessary
preparations, and I fear that the troops will not be
able to evacuate the place by the time specified. I
therefore pray you to wait until the 22nd day of the
1st month (Chinese calendar), February 16th. You need
not fear that I shall go back from my word.

_Signed_: ADMIRAL TING.
_18th day, 1st month (12th February)._”

“HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY’S SHIP MATSUSHIMA,
_February 13th, 1895_.

“To the officers representing the Chinese fleet at
Wei-hai-wei.

“I hereby acknowledge the receipt of the letter of
Admiral Ting dated the 18th of January of the Chinese
year. The report of the death of Admiral Ting last
night, communicated verbally by the messenger who
brought over the said letter, I received with great
personal regret.

“As to postponing taking over the vessels, forts and
other materials of war until the 22nd of January of
the Chinese year, I am ready to comply with it under
a certain condition. This condition is that some
responsible Chinese officer should come over to this
our flagship Matsushima before 6 o’clock p.m. this day,
the 13th of February according to the Japanese year,
and we will then make certain arrangements, which have
to be definitely fixed, regarding the taking over of the
said vessels, forts and other materials of war, as well
as the escorting of the Chinese and foreign officers
and men out of Wei-hai-wei. In my last letter to the
lamented Admiral Ting I stated that as to the hour
and other minor conditions I should be glad to make
arrangements with him on the morrow; so as he is now
dead, these minor conditions have to be arranged with
some one who can deal with us in his stead.

“It is my express wish that the said officer who is to
come to this our flagship for the above purpose be a
Chinese, not a foreign officer, and be it understood
that I am willing to receive him with honour.

J. K. ITO,
_Vice-Admiral_,
_Commander-in-Chief_.”

THE CONVENTION OF SURRENDER

Towards 7 p.m. of 13th February Tao-tai Niu Chang-Ping, accompanied by Captain Ching, came under a white flag to the Matsushima. He introduced himself as the representative of the naval and military forces at Wei-hai-wei. Admiral Ito then proposed to him several conditions relating to the vessels, forts and materials of war, the escorting of the Chinese and foreign officers and men out of Wei-hai-wei, and so forth. After a consultation of several hours Tao-tai Niu and Captain Ching left the ship, arranging to come back before 2 p.m. on the 14th.

At 2 p.m. on the 14th, Tao-tai Niu, the Chinese plenipotentiary, came again under a white flag, accompanied by Captain Ching, and after further consultation the following terms were agreed upon between the two parties as conditions of capitulation, and the English version of them, which was to serve as the original text, was signed by Admiral Ito and Tao-tai Niu.

Art. I. That a list of the names, functions, and ranks of all the naval and military officers, both Chinese and foreign, required to be transported in safety, should be produced. For foreigners, their nationalities should also be mentioned. As to soldiers, clerks, etc., only their numbers are to be given.

Art. II. That all the naval and military officers, both Chinese and foreign, should pledge themselves by a formal declaration in writing that they will not re-engage themselves in the present war between Japan and China.

Art. III. That all the weapons, powder, and projectiles for use of land forces on the Island of Liu-kung-tau should be collected in fixed places, and these places made known to us. The soldiers of the said land forces shall be landed at Chiu-tau, and from thence they are to be conducted by Japanese guards to the outposts of the Japanese army now occupying the localities around Wei-hai-wei. The landing is to begin from 5 o’clock p.m. on the 14th of February, 1895 (20th January, Chinese calendar), and end before noon on the 15th February, 1895 (21st January of the Chinese calendar).

Art. IV. That Tao-tai Niu, representing the Chinese naval and military forces at Wei-hai-wei as plenipotentiary, should appoint a suitable number of committees, for the delivery of the vessels and forts. These committees are required to send in before noon, February 15th, 1895, a list of the vessels and forts in their charge with the number and kinds of the guns, rifles, and other weapons now contained in these vessels or forts.

Art. V. That the Chinese naval and military officers and men, native and foreign, should be allowed to leave Wei-hai-wei after noon on the 16th of February, 1895 (22nd of January of the Chinese calendar), in the steamship Kwang-Chi, sailing out of the harbour under the condition stipulated in Art. X.

Art. VI. That the Chinese naval and military officers, both native and foreign, should be allowed to take with them their personal movable property only, with the exception of arms, which are to be delivered up even if they be private property. Whenever deemed necessary the things they take away shall be submitted to inspection.

Art. VII. That the permanent residents, _i.e._ the original inhabitants of the Island of Liu-kung-tau, should be persuaded to continue their abode on the island.

Art. VIII. That the landing of the requisite number of the Japanese officers and men, on the Island of Liu-kung-tau, in order to take possession of the forts and materials of war on the island, should commence from 9 o’clock a.m. on the 16th of February, 1895 (22nd of January by Chinese calendar), but that Admiral Ito reserves to himself the right of sending a certain number of the Japanese men-of-war into the harbour, whenever the necessity occurs at any time after the signing of the present stipulations.

The naval officers, both native and foreign, on board the Chinese vessels may remain therein until 9 o’clock a.m. on the 16th February, 1895 (22nd January of Chinese calendar). Those marines, seamen, etc., on board the same vessels who wish to be escorted out of Wei-hai-wei by land should be landed in the same place and escorted in the same way as the soldiers of the land forces, the landing to begin from noon on the 15th of February (21st January of Chinese calendar), that is to say after the landing of the soldiers of the land forces is finished.

Art. IX. That women, children, aged persons and other non-combatants who wish to leave the Island of Liu-kung-tau should be allowed to sail out of either the eastern or western mouth of the harbour in Chinese junks any time after the morning of the 15th of February, 1895 (21st January of the Chinese calendar). These vessels are, however, to be examined by the Japanese naval officers and men in the torpedo boats or the other boats posted at the mouth of the harbour, the examination extending to both persons and baggage.

Art. X. That the coffins of the lamented Admiral Ting and the officers next to him should be allowed to be carried out of the harbour after noon on the 16th of February, 1895 (22nd of January of the Chinese calendar), and before noon on the 23rd of February, 1895 (29th January of the Chinese calendar), in the steamer Kwang-chi, which Admiral Ito refrains from taking possession of and lays at the disposal of Tao-tai Niu as representing the Chinese navy and army at Wei-hai-wei, solely out of respect to the memory of Admiral Ting, who did his duty towards his country.

The said steamer Kwang-chi is to be inspected by the Japanese naval officers on the morning of the 15th February, 1895 (21st January of Chinese calendar), to see that she is not equipped as a war vessel.

Art. XI. That it be always understood that after the present stipulations have been made the Chinese naval and military forces at Wei-hai-wei are to give up all hostile operations against the Japanese naval and military forces, and that the moment such operations are made the present stipulations shall lose effect at once and the Japanese naval and military forces shall resume hostilities.

_Signed_: ADMIRAL ITO.
_Signed_: NIU CHANG-PING.

16th February, 28th year of Meiji.
22nd of 1st month, 21st year of Kwangshu.

JAPANESE FLEET IN FEBRUARY, 1904.

(Ships in italics were not ready for sea when the war began.)

(‡‡) = Approximate unit of battle value.

BATTLESHIPS.
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
| | | |Displace-|Armour| Principal |Torpedo| Indicated |Nominal|
(‡‡) |Rate| Name. |Launched| ment. | belt.| armament. | tubes.|horsepower.| speed.|
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
| | | | Tons. | Ins. | | | | Knots.|
80 | 2 |Yashima | 1896 | 12,517 | 18 |Four 12-in., | 5 | 13,687 | 18 |
| | | | | |ten 6-in., | | | |
| | | | | |sixteen 12-pdrs.| | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
80 | 2 |Fuji | 1896 | 12,649 | 18 | Ditto | 5 | 13,687 | 18 |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
100 | 1 |Shikishima | 1898 | 15,088 | 9 |Four 12-in., | 5 | 14,700 | 18 |
| | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | |
| | | | | |twenty 12-pdrs. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
100 | 1 |Asahi | 1899 | 15,443 | 9 | Ditto | 4 | 15,207 | 18 |
100 | 1 |Mikasa | 1900 | 15,362 | 9 | Ditto | 4 | 15,207 | 18 |
100 | 1 |Hatsuse | 1899 | 15,240 | 9 | Ditto | 4 | 14,700 | 18 |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
125 | A1 |_Kashima_ |Building| 16,400 | 9 |Four 12-in., | 4 | (?) | (?) |
125 | A1 |_Katori_ | ” | 16,400 | 9 |four 10-in., | 4 | (?) | (?) |
| | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | |
| | | | | |twenty 12-pdrs. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
35 | 4 |Chin-Yen | 1882 | 7,335 | 14 |Four 12-in., | 3 | 6,000 | 15 |
| | | | | |four 6-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+

ARMOURED CRUISERS.
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
| |Tokiwa | 1898 | 9,855 | 7 |Four 8-in., | 5 | 18,248 | 22 |
| | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | |
| | | | | |twelve 12-pdrs. | | | |
| +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
| |Asama | 1898 | 9,855 | 7 | Ditto | 5 | 18,248 | 22 |
| |Idzumo | 1899 | 9,906 | 7 | Ditto | 4 | 14,700 | 21 |
| |Iwate | -- | 9,906 | 7 | Ditto | 4 | 14,700 | 21 |
| +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
| |Yakumo | 1899 | 9,800 | 7 |Four 8-in., | 5 | 15,500 | 20 |
| | | | | |twelve 6-in., | | | |
| | | | | |twelve 3-in. | | | |
60 | 3 +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
| |Azuma | 1899 | 9,456 | 7 | Ditto | 5 | 16,600 | 20 |
| +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
| |Nisshin | 1903 | 8,000 | 6 |Four 8-in., | 4 | 13,500 | 20 |
| | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | |
| | | | | | ten 12-pdrs. | | | |
| +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
| |Kasuga | 1903 | 8,000 | 6 |One 10-in., | 4 | 13,500 | 20 |
| | | | | |two 8-in., | | | |
| | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | |
| | | | | |ten 12-pdrs. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+

PROTECTED CRUISERS.
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
15 | 6 |Akitsushima| 1892 | 3,172 | — |Four 6-in., | 4 | 8,516 | 19 |
| | | | | |six 4.7-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
20 | 6 |Hashidate | 1891 | 4,278 | — |One 12.5-in., | 4 | 5,400 | 16 |
| | | | | |eleven 4.7-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
20 | 6 |Itsukushima| 1889 | 4,278 | — | Ditto | 4 | 5,400 | 16 |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
20 | 6 |Matsushima | 1890 | 4,278 | — |One 12.5-in., | 4 | 5,400 | 16 |
| | | | | |twelve 4.7-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
10 | 7 |Naniwa | 1885 | 3,709 | — |Two 10.2-in., | 4 | 7,604 | 18 |
| | | | | |six 6-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
10 | 7 |Takachiho | 1885 | 3,709 | — | Ditto | 4 | 7,604 | 18 |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
20 | 6 |Yoshino | 1892 | 4,225 | — |Four 6-in., | 5 | 15,967 | 23 |
| | | | | |eight 4.7-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
20 | 6 |Chitose | 1898 | 4,836 | — |Two 8-in., | 5 | 15,714 | 23 |
| | | | | |ten 4.7-in., | | | |
| | | | | |twelve 3-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
20 | 6 |Kasagi | 1898 | 4,978 | — | Ditto | 5 | 17,235 | 23 |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
10 | 7 |Idzumi | 1883 | 2,967 | — |Two 10-in., | — | 5,576 | 17 |
| | | | | |six 4.7-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
15 | 6 |Suma | 1895 | 2,700 | — |Two 6-in., | 2 | 8,500 | 20 |
| | | | | |six 4.7-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
15 | 6 |Akashi | 1897 | 2,800 | — | Ditto | 2 | 8,000 | 20 |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
10 | 7 |Chiyoda | 1890 | 2,439 | 4½ |Ten 4.7-in., | 3 | 5,678 | 19 |
| | | | | |fourteen 3-pdrs.| | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
10 | 7 |Niitaka | 1902 | 3,400 | — |Six 6-in., | 0 | 9,000 | 20 |
| | | | | |eight 3-in. | | | |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
10 | 7 |Tsushima | 1902 | 3,400 | — | Ditto | 0 | 9,000 | 20 |
10 | 7 |_Otawa_ |Building| 3,400 | — | Ditto | 0 | 9,000 | 20 |
-----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+

DESTROYERS.[42]
Thornycroft Type.
+-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+
| Name. |Displacement.| Indicated |Speed.| Built.|
| | |horse-power.| | |
+-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+
| | Tons. | |Knots.| |
+-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+
|Kagero | | | | |
|Murákumo | | | | |
|Ousagoumo | 275 | 5400 | 30 |1898-99|
|Shinonome | | | | |
|Shiranöi | | | | |
|Yuguri | | | | |
+-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+
|Asashio | | | | |
|Shirakuma | 385 | 6000 | 31 | 1901 |
|Asagiri (J[43]) | | | | |
|Harusame (J) | | | | |
+-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+
| YARROW TYPE. |
+-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+
|Akebono | | | | |
|Ikadsuchi | | | | |
|Inanzuma | 306 | 6000 | 31 |1898-99|
|Oboro | | | | |
|Sazanami | | | | |
|Niji[44] (rebuilt) (J) | | | | 1903 |
+-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+
|Akatsuki | | | | |
|Kasumi | 385 | 6000 | 31 | 1901 |
|Hayatori (J) | | | | |
|Murasame (J) | | | | |
| | | | | |
+-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+
| TORPEDO BOATS. |
| First Class.[45] |
| 1 Yarrow boat (Kotaka) | 190 | 1400 | 19 | 1886 |
| 5 ” boats | 135 | 2000 | 27 | 1898 |
| 1 Krupp boat | 128 | 1015 | 19 | 1895 |
| 4 Normand boats | 150 | | 29 | 1899 |
| 1 Schichau boat | 130 | | (?) | 1900 |
|10 Kobé and Normand boats| 110 | | 27 | 1900 |
|15 Kobé and Yarrow boats | 150 | | 29 | 1900 |
| | | | | |
| Second Class. |
| 3 Schichau boats | 85 | | 23 | 1891 |
| 2 Normand ” | 80 | | 23 | 1891 |
|20 various boats | 56 | | 20 | |
|10 new boats | | | 23 | 1901 |
+-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+

[42] All have two tubes (18-in.), one 12-pdr. aft, and five 3-pdrs.

[43] J = built in Japan.

[44] The original Niji was wrecked in 1901.

[45] Except the Kotaka and the Krupp boat, which have six tubes (14-in.), all carry three tubes (14-in.).

MISCELLANEOUS SHIPS.
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
| Name. |Launched.|Displacement.|Armour| Armament. |Indicated|Speed.|
| | | |belt. | | horse- | |
| | | | | | power. | |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
| | | Tons. | Ins. | | |Knots.|
|Chihaya | 1901 | 850 | |Two 4.7-in., | 6000 | 21 |
| | | | |four 12-pdrs.| | |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Tatsuta | 1894 | 875 | |Two 4.7-in. | 5500 | 21 |
|Miyako | 1897 | 1800 | | Ditto | 6130 | 20 |
|Yaeyama | 1889 | 1600 | |Three 4.7-in.| 5500 | 20 |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Takao | 1888 | 1800 | |Four 6-in., | 2400 | 15 |
| | | | |one 4.7-in., | | |
| | | | |one 12-pdr. | | |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Akagi | 1887 | 614 | |Four 4.7-in. | 700 | 12 |
|Oshima | 1890 | 640 | | Ditto | 1200 | 16 |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Atago | 1887 | 640 | |One 8.2-in., | 700 | 12 |
| | | | |one 4.7-in. | | |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Maya | 1887 | 640 | | Ditto | 700 | 12 |
|Chiokai | 1888 | 640 | |Two 6-in. | 700 | 12 |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Tsushima| 1881 | 1380 | |Two 10-in., | 2880 | 16.4 |
| | | | |four 4.7-in. | | |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Musashi | 1885 | 1480 | |Two 6-in., | 1600 | 13.5 |
| | | | |four 4.7-in. | | |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Yamato | 1886 | 1480 | | Ditto | 1600 | 13.5 |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Amagi | | 1030 | | | | |
|Kaimon | | 1360 | | Old guns | | |
|Tenriu | | 1550 | | | | |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Fuso | 1877 | 3717 | 9 |Eight 6-in. | 3500 | 13 |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Hei Yen | 1890 | 2000 | 8 |One 10-in., | 2400 | 11 |
| | | | |two 6-in. | | |
+--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+
|Six ex-Chinese gunboats |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+

JAPANESE SHIP-NAMES

The names of a few Japanese ships are singularly beautiful and poetical in their meanings; the majority, however, have little significance. As the meanings of Japanese ship-names are not given in Captain Prince Louis of Battenberg's interesting “Men-of-War Names,” a glossary of them is here inserted for reference and information.

All names with the prefix _Chin_ (Chinese _Chen_) are Chinese. The names of captured Chinese ships have always been retained by the Japanese, but they have been translated into their own language, _i.e._ as though, when in the past we took the _Téméraire_, we had taken to calling her _The Rash_.

I am indebted to my friends Commander Takarabé and Lieutenant Yamamoto, both of the Imperial Japanese Navy, for the meanings of these ship-names.

Adsuma = a mountain with a poetical history.

Asama = a sacred volcanic island in Japan. The present is the second ship of the name. The first was a pirate frigate that put into a Japanese port to refit and was seized.

Akagi = a mountain in Japan. Akashi = a beautiful seaside place near
Kobé. Akebono = dawn. Akitsushima = an old name for Japan (poetical).
Asahi = “the (rising) morning sun.” Amagi = name of a mountain in
Japan.
Atago = name of a mountain in Japan.
Chitose = “long life.”
Chiyoda = the name of Shogun's castle and Emperor's palace. The
present Chiyoda is the second of the name. (See p. 402.)
Chin Yen = “striking from a long way off.” The name is Chinese.
This ship was formerly the Chinese Chen Yuen.
Chin Nan = striking south.
Chin To = striking east.
Chin Sei = striking west.
Chin Hoku = striking north.
Chin Chaiu = striking midway.
Chin Pen = striking everywhere near.
Fuso = “Japan.”
Fuji = name of the celebrated Japanese mountain, Fuji-Yama.
This is the second ship of the name.
Hashidate = name of a Japanese port.
Hatsuse = a place in Japan celebrated for its maple woods.
Hi-yei = a famous battle mountain in Japan.
Hei Yen = “pacifying a long way off.” This is a captured Chinese
ship, Ping Yuen.
he-Sho = name of a scare bird.
Inadzuma = “lightning.”
Idzumi = a country of Japan.
Ikadzuche = “thunder.”
Itsukushima = a Japanese island.
Idzumo = a province of Japan.
Iwate = name of a place in Japan.
Kaimon = “sea gate.”
Kasagi = a mountain in Japan.
Katsuragi = a mountain in Japan.
Kagero = “the shimmering mist that rises from the earth on a hot
day.”
Kotaka = “a hawk.”
Kasauga = a mountain in Japan.
Kon-go = a famous battle mountain in Japan.
Mikasa = a mountain.
Maya = a Japanese mountain.
Matsushima = a Japanese island.
Musashi = the province in which Toku is situated.
Miyako = a place in Japan.
Murákumo = “a cloud cluster.”
Niji = “rainbow.”
Naniwa = a palace of the Emperor's.
Nisshin = “daily progressing.”
Oshima = “a large island.”
Ousougumo = “thin clouds.”
Obero = “Dim.”
Rio-jo = “powerful as a dragon.” This is a Chinese word.
Shinonome = “daybreak cloud.”
Sai Yen = “helping from a long way off.”
Sazanami = “the pretty, small waves raised by a zephyr.”
Shikishima = an old poetical name for Japan.
Saikio-maru = the merchant steamer Saikio.
Shiranöi = “will-o'-the-wisp.”
Suma = a place in Japan close to Akashi.
So-Ko = Chinese.
Takao = a Japanese town.
Tateyama = name of a Japanese mountain.
Takachiho = name of a sacred place in Japan.
Takasago = “Darby and Joan.” It is the name of a town associated
in poetry with a couple of that nature.
Tatsuta = name of a Japanese mountain.
Tenriu = a river in Japan.
Tsukuba = a mountain in Japan.
Tokiwa = “evergreen.”
Tsukushi = a Japanese town.
Yashima = “Japan.”
Yaxyama = an island mountain.
Yamato = a Japanese province. Also an old name for Japan
(poetical).
Yoshino = a mountain in Japan famous for its beautiful
cherry-blossom; hence “cherry-blossom.”

SHIPS THAT HAVE BEEN LOST BY SHIPWRECK

Taiebo No. 1 (small gunboat). Wrecked about 1870.

Unebi (cruiser). Mysteriously lost, with all hands,
at sea about 1890. Believed in Japan to have been
destroyed by the Chinese.
Tschishima (torpedo cruiser). Foundered on her trial
trip in the Inland Sea, 1891. Most of her crew were
drowned.
Kohei, ex-Kwang Ping (gunboat). Formerly Chinese.
Wrecked off the Pescadores, 1895.
Fuso (ironclad). This ship broke from her cable, and
drifted across the ram of the Matsushima during a
gale in 1897. She sank, but was subsequently raised
and repaired.
Katsuragi (wooden corvette). Wrecked in the later nineties.

WAR LOSSES

Miyako (gunboat). Blown up at Dalny, 1904.
Yoshino (cruiser). Sunk by collision with Kasuga, 1904.
Hatsuse (battleship). Blown up off Port Arthur, 1904.

HISTORICAL SHIP-NAMES

Asama. No. 1, a pirate ship (sailing) captured by the
Japanese (p. 195). No. 2, the present armoured
cruiser of 9700 tons, launched 1898.
Chiyoda. No. 1, launched in the sixties; a small
vessel; now known as Chiyoda-nata. No. 2, launched
1890, of 2450 tons; to replace the Unebi.
Fuji. No. 1, a sailing-ship; always known as Fuji-Yama.
No. 2, the present 12,300-ton battleship, launched
1896; always called Fuji only.
Kasuga. No. 1, a paddler of 1270 tons, formerly known
as the Kiang Tse; launched in England, 1863; depôt
ship at Tsushima. No. 2, purchased from Argentina
just before the war with Russia; 8000 tons.
Nisshin. No. 1, a wooden ship, launched in 1869, and
now used as a training-ship for boys at Sassebo.
No. 2, purchased from Argentina just before the war
with Russia; 8000 tons.

A JAPANESE NAVAL “AT HOME”

“Captain Kawashibara and officers of H.I.J.M.S. Kasagi at home, Monday, March 15th.”

The Kasagi herself is an American-built ship.

The peculiarity of this ship lies in the tremendous amount of electricity there is on board her. The ammunition hoists are electric, the lights and bells, of course, are, the engine-room indicators are, and, finally, electric fans are all over the ship. So, too, are telephones.

On the afternoon in question the fair ones of Portsmouth were initiated into all these mysteries, and probably regarded the electric fans as some new and horrible war device. I heard a remark to that effect, anyhow!

Not all the visitors, however, were so inclined to regard everything as a war machine. On Sunday a good many visitors of both sexes found their way to the Kasagi, and peeped into the wardroom, where the officers were wrestling with naval Kriegspiel.

“Race game,” said one lady; “how babyish these foreigners are!”

“I don't know, my dear,” replied her companion, apologetically. “Perhaps they gamble on it for high stakes.”

“Oh,” was the response, “of course that makes a difference!”

For the “At Home” the Kasagi was _en fête_, draped in flags, and generally looking her smartest. Even the engine-room was on show, though I only noticed one visitor venture there—a lady in a light fawn-coloured rig-out, not the best thing to penetrate the mysteries of an engine-room in. Perhaps, however, she contented herself with peeping in.

The main feature of the “At Home” was an entertainment given by the bluejackets. There was quite a long variety programme, with fencing between each “turn.” As these encounters are accompanied by wild yells every now and again on the part of the combatants, they are particularly interesting.

There was a conjuring entertainment, which mightily amused the crew, but perhaps puzzled the visitors somewhat as to what it was all about. The best thing of all was a song by a Japanese sailor—a monotonous chant that grew gradually louder, accompanied by various movements with a sword, suggesting that something exciting was about to happen. Then came in English, “That's all; you know!” It was well done, and its flat finale very amusing.

There were dances of various sorts, sack races, egg races, and a few other sports with which we are familiar, interesting here because the performers were Japanese, and also because of their intense zest and evident pleasure. Some English songs by Japanese sailors were one of the interesting bits, too.

Finally, on leaving, each lady guest was presented with a paper chrysanthemum. They had previously been asking the Japanese officers how they managed to get them to bloom in the summer season! The imitations and colouring were perfect. The material for construction: odd bits of paper and—Japanese bluejackets.

INDEX

A
Adams, William, 9
Admiralty, the Japanese, 252
Adsuma, the, 22
Ainus, the, 1
Akagi, the, 68, 119
Akaski, the, 168
Akatsuki, the, 349
Akitsushima, the, 91, 104, 119, 150
Amagi, the, 39
America, treaty with, 15
Armament and equipment—guns, 313
Armistice with China, 368
Armour, 329
Arturo Prat, the, 53
Asagiri, the, 347
Asaki, the, 181
Asama, the, 195, 342
Asan, battle of, 63, 99, 104, 110
Asashio, the, 349
Askold, the, 345, 355
Atago, the, 68
“At Homes,” Japanese, 290, 403
Azuma, the, 195

B
Baltimore, the, 92
Banjo, the, 40
Barr and Stroud, transmitters, 191, 322
” ” range-finders, 322
Bayan, the, 203, 350
Belleville boilers, 333
Bertin, M., 36, 72, 74
Boilers, 330
Bravery, Japanese, 283

C
Canet guns, 73, 312, 315, 327
Canopus class, 190
Characteristics, personal, 278
Chemulpo Convention, the, 102
” battle of, 342
Chen Yuen, the, 115, 163
Chen-chung, the, 48
Chen-Sei, the, 48
Chen-nan, the, 48
Chen-pei, the, 48
Chen-pen, the, 48
Cheng-tung, the, 48
Chihaya, the, 213, 351
Chinese gunboats, 48
Chinese invasion, 6
Chinese war, 99, 101, 368, 372
Chin Yuen, the, 49, 115, 163, 168
Chio Kai, the, 68
Chitose, the, 208
Chiyoda-nata, the, 21
Chiyoda, the, 77, 86, 119, 150, 342
Christians, massacre of, 9
Cleanliness, Japanese, 306
College, naval, 258
Creelman, Mrs., 151
Creusot boats, 68
Cruisers, armoured, 195
” protected, 208

D
Destroyers, 215
Diana, the, 355
Dockyards, 237
Dutch establish themselves, 10

E
Elswick battleship, 218
” guns, 73
Engines, 330
Esmeralda, the, 57, 168
Export trade, 249

F
Feudal system, 11
Fei-ting, the, 48
Finance, 256
Fire, danger in action by, 147
Flags, Japanese, 275
Fong, Captain, 105
Formidable, the, 182
Formosa, attack on, 167
France, ships built in, 72, 77
Fu-So, the, 43, 119, 150
Fuji, the, 168, 346,
Fuji-Yama, the, 21

G
Galsworthy Captain, 110, 361, 366
Garibaldi class, 203
Grenfell transmission system, 322
Gunboats, torpedo, 213
Gunnery accessories, 322
Guns, 313
” Canet, 73, 312, 315, 327
” Vickers-Maxim, 314, 318
” Elswick, 73
” Hebrien, 71

H
Hakodate, port of, 249
” battle of, 35
Harbours, naval, 242
Hashidate, the, 72, 81, 119, 150
Hatsuse, the, 181
Hayatori, the, 347
Hebrien guns, 71
Hei-chang-ching, the, 48
Hi-Yei, the, 44, 119, 150
Hirose, Commander, 351
Holland, treaty with, 15
Hopkins, Admiral, 36
he-sho, the, 39
he-wei, the, 48

I
Idzumi, the, 58, 168
Idzumo, the, 195
Import trade, 250
Ingles, Captain, R.N., 36, 77
Intelligence Department, 255
Ishikawa, the, 40
Ito, Admiral, 116, 119, 159, 163
Itsukushima, the, 72, 77, 119, 150, 156, 163
Iwate, the, 195, 346

J
Japanese-built ship, the first, 171
Jimmu, Emperor, 2
Jingo, Empress, 2
Jin-Jei, the, 47

K
Kabayama, Vice-Admiral Count, 119
Kaimon, the, 54
Kamimura, Admiral, 348
Karigane, the, 354
Kasagi, the, 208, 403
Kashima, the, 218
Kasuga, the, 21, 199, 356
Kasumi, the, 349
Katori, the, 218
Katsuragi, the, 58, 156
Kawashibara, Captain, 403
Keitai Tenno, Emperor, 5
Kiang-tse, the, 21
King Yuen, the, 86, 115
Kobé harbour, 246
Kobé, port of, 249
Kōmei, Emperor, 30
Korea, invasion of, 8
Korietz, the, 342
Kotaka, the, 67, 353
Kou-go, the, 44
Kow-shing, sinking of, 63, 99, 110, 359, 366
Kuang Kai, 115
Kuang Ping, 115
Kuper, Admiral, 16
Kuré dockyard, 237
Kuroi, Lieut., 110
Kwang-yi, the, 104

L
Lai Yuen, the, 115, 163
Lao Tung Peninsula, invasion of, 149
Lepanto, type, 64, 78
Li Hung Chang, 113
Loh Feng Lo, 113
Lung-Shan, the, 48

M
Maitzuru dockyard, 241
Makaroff, Admiral, 356
Malacca, the, 21
Masuki, Lieut., 353
Matsushima, the, 72, 119, 150, 163
Maya, the, 68
Mercantile marine, 249
Men, training and entry, 265
Messing, 309
Mikasa, the, 181
Misasagi, the, 354
Miyako, the, 99, 213
Moisshin, the, 29
Mukaijima dock, 242
Mushashi, the, 58
Mutsohito, Emperor, 35

N
Nagasaki harbour, 242
” port of, 249
Nahamoto, Admiral, 35
Naniwa, the, 58, 104, 110, 119, 150, 156, 163, 342, 361
Naval college, 258
” districts, 252
” flags, 275
” harbours, 242
” titles, 263
Navy, first inception, 43
Navies—British, 337
” French, 337
” German, 338
” Russian, 338
” United States, America, 338
” Japanese, 338
Niagara, the, 25
Niclausse boiler, 335
Ni-igata, port of, 249
Niitaka, the, 208, 342
Nippon Yusen Kaisha, 251
Nisshin, the, 39, 199, 356
Novik, the, 346, 350, 355
No. 1 Tébo, the, 26

O
Officers, training and entry of, 251
Ominato harbour, 248
Osaka, port of, 249
Oshima, the, 72, 74

P
Pabieda, the, 355
Pallada, the, 346
Pay, 267
Pensions, 272
Peresviet, the, 356
Personal characteristics—officers, 278
” ” men, 303
Petropavlovsk, the, 356
Ping Yuen, the, 85, 115, 168
Politeness, Japanese, 294
Poltava, the, 345, 355
Portuguese, first appearance of, 7
Port Arthur, first attack on, 345
” ” second attack on, 347
” ” massacre at, 151
Programme, “After the War,” 178
” the new, 218

R
Retirement, age of, 272
Retvizan, the, 346, 351
Riaden, the, 21
Richardson, murder of Mr., 16
Royal Sovereign, the, 174
Rio-Jo, the, 36
Russia, treaty with, 15
” war with, 340

S
Sacramento, the, 25
Saigo, the Samaurai chief, 101
Saikio-maru, the, 119
Samaurii caste, 5, 294
Sassebo dockyard, 238
Sazanami, the, 350
Seiki, the, 40
Setsu, the, 29
Shikishima, the, 181, 286
Shimada, Lieut., 352
Shimonoseki, bombardment of, 17
Ship-names, 398
” historical, 402
Ships lost by shipwreck, 401
Steamship lines, 251
Steregutchy, the, 350
Stonewall Jackson, the, 22
Submarines, 217
Suma, the, 99, 168, 342

T
Takachiho, the, 58, 119, 150, 342
Takahashi Sakuye, Professor, 152
Takao, the, 72, 150
Takasago, the, 208, 351
Tategami dock, 242
Takeshiki harbour, 244
Tateyama, the, 40
Tatsuta, the, 77, 99, 168
Tchao Yong, the, 53, 115, 139
Tche-tien, the, 48
Tche Yuen, the, 63, 104, 115, 168
Tenriu, the, 54
Ting, Admiral, 113, 115, 119, 149, 164, 385, 387, 392
Ting Yuen, the, 49, 113, 115, 163
Titles, naval, 263
Togo, Admiral, 104, 111, 156, 345
Tokio dockyard, 236
Tokiwa, the, 195
Torpedo-boats, 85, 216
Torpedo gunboats, 213
Torpedo tube, Elswick, 326, 331
Torpedoes, 325
Tracy, Admiral, 22, 36
Trade, export, 249
” import, 259
Training—officers, 251
” men, 265
Tsarevitch, the, 346
Tschishima, the, 77
Tsubame, the, 353
Tsuboi, Rear-Admiral, 104, 119
Tsukuba, the, 21
Tsukushi, the, 53
Tsushima, the, 208

U
Unebi, the, 77
Uniform, officers', 276
” men's, 277
Uniforms in the period about 1865, 30
Unyo, the, 26

V
Variag, the, 341, 342
Vickers-Maxim guns, 314, 318
Vladivostok, attack on, 348
Vnushitelni, the, 351
Von Hanneken, 110, 361

W
War with Russia, 340
” ” China, 99, 101, 368, 372
Warships, list of, 394
Wasp, the, 77
Wei-hai-wei, correspondence _re_ surrender, 381
” proposal to surrender, 385
” convention of surrender, 389
” blockade of, 149, 156
Wei Yuen, the, 163

Y
Yakumo, the, 196
Yalu, battle of—Japanese losses, 148
” ” Chinese losses, 148
” ”, 113
Yamato, the, 58
Yang-wei, the, 53, 139
Yank Wei, the, 115
Yashima, the, 168
Yayeyama, the, 72, 150, 364
Yenomoto, Admiral, 35
Yetajima, Naval College, 258
Yokohama, port of, 249
Yokosuka dockyard, 234
Yoshimo, the, 92, 104, 119, 150, 163

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Crown 8vo., cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

* * * * *

=A SERVANT OF JOHN COMPANY
(THE HON. EAST INDIA COMPANY):=

Being the Recollections of an Indian Official.
By H. G. KEENE, C.I.E., Hon. M.A. (Oxon.).
With a Portrait in Photogravure, and
Illustrations by W. SIMPSON
from the Author's Sketches.
Demy 8vo., cloth, 12_s._

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=SPEECHES BY H.E. THE RIGHT HON. LORD
CURZON OF KEDLESTON, G.M.S.I., G.C.I.E.,=
Viceroy and Governor-General of India, 1898-1901.

Demy 8vo., cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

* * * * *

=REPRESENTATIVE INDIANS:=

Being Short Biographies of the best representatives
of the new type of men who have been brought into
existence in India since the growth of British Power
in that land. By G. T. PILLAI, B.A. Forty
Biographies, with Portraits. Second Edition. 8vo.,
cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

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=ONOOCOOL CHUNDER MOOKERJEE.=

A Memoir of the late
Justice Onoocool Chunder Mookerjee.
By M. MOOKERJEE. Fifth Edition.
16mo., sewed, 1_s._ 6_d._ net.

AN EDITION DE LUXE OF THE

=WORKS OF C. J. WHYTE-MELVILLE=

EDITED BY THE
=Rt. Hon. Sir HERBERT MAXWELL,=
Bart., M.P.

Demy 8vo, Gilt Tops.

_The Volumes are printed from new type on hand-made paper,
specially manufactured for this Edition, and handsomely
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Coloured Frontispiece on Japanese Vellum,
and full-page Illustrations by Hugh Thomson,
Bernard Partridge, H. M. Brock, C. E. Brock,
Cecil Alden, G. H. Jalland, Harrington Bird,
E. Caldwell, Fred Roe, etc.

I. Riding Recollections.
II. Katerfelto.
III. Uncle John.
IV. Market Harborough.
V. Contraband.
VI. M. or N.?
VII. Tilbury Nogo.
VIII. Songs and Verses, and Bones and I.
IX. Black, but Comely.
X. The Brooks of Bridlemere.
XI. The White Rose.
XII. Roy's Wife.
XIII. Satanella.
XIV. Digby Grand.
XV. Sarchedon.
XVI. Rosine: Sister Louise.
XVII. Kate Coventry.
XVIII. Cerise.
XIX. Queen's Maries.
XX. Holmby House.
XXI. General Bounce.
XXII. The Gladiators.
XXIII. Good for Nothing.
XXIV. The Interpreter.

24 Volumes, £12 12s. net.

“He made the Sporting Novel something so entirely
different to what it had been that he must be
recognised as the originator of a new species more
elevated, more refined, and more largely imbued
with the spirit of modern society. No reader can
take up any one of his best stories without feeling
himself in a fresh atmosphere, and on a higher
range of thought and feeling than he was conscious
of in the sporting writers of the preceding
generation.”—_Standard._

“What is most rare in writers of this class
Whyte-Melville possessed to a considerable
degree, namely, the ability to hold the attention
of readers, whether they were sportsmen or
not.”—_Saturday Review._

“An edition more worthy of the novelist has
certainly not been issued before.”—_World._

“Fulfils every requirement of the book-lover
in paper, type, illustrations, and
binding.”—_Saturday Review._

=THE PHIL MAY FOLIO=

=OF CARICATURE DRAWINGS AND SKETCHES=

_In Line Block, Half-Tone, and Photogravure_.

The Folio includes about =250= Drawings by
the late Artist, largely selected by himself from
=_Phil May's Annual_= as representing his
best efforts in various styles. A number of Sketches
are also given which have never before been published.
The Drawings are arranged in fourteen groups, as
follows, each group being preceded by a brief comment:—

1. Personages and Celebrities.—2. Costers and Cockneys.—
3. Brother Brushes.—4. The Bars and the Streets.—5.
Character Studies.—6. Within and Without the Ghetto.—
7. Types I Have Met; and Things we See when we come
out without Our Gun.—8. Among the Thespians.—9.
Studies and Sketches Abroad.—10. With the Children.—11.
By the Sea.—12. On the Country-side.—13. Sporting
Sketches.—14. Irish and Scottish.

=A Biography by a personal friend and a full-page
Portrait of the Artist in Photogravure, are important
features of the book.=

=TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY COPIES= only, printed on
Arnold's Unbleached Hand-Made Paper, and bound in
quarter vellum, at =TWO GUINEAS EACH=.

=ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY COPIES=, quarter buckram,
gilt edges, 31_s._ 6_d._ EACH.

=SIX HUNDRED COPIES=, on large post paper,
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∴ _The Large Paper Edition will be raised from Two
Guineas to Three Guineas after publication._

The Half-tone Illustrations are printed on India Paper
in the TWO-GUINEA Edition.

LONDON: W. THACKER & CO.,
2, CREED LANE, E.C.