Chapter II: Part I

CHAP. PAGE
I. THE ARCTIC REGIONS 3

II. ICE AND ICEBERGS 7

III. TRIBES AROUND THE POLE 13

IV. ULTIMA THULE 26

V. FIRST CROSSING OF THE THRESHOLD 30

VI. THE NORSEMEN IN GREENLAND 38

VII. NICHOLAS OF LYNN. ZENO. MEDIEVAL NAUTICAL
INSTRUMENTS 53

VIII. FIRST ENGLISH VOYAGES TO THE NORTH-EAST.
WILLOUGHBY. CHANCELLOR. BURROUGH. PET 58

IX. BARENTSZ. LINSCHOTEN. DE VEER 68

X. SIR MARTIN FROBISHER 81

XI. JOHN DAVIS 93

XII. THE MERCHANT ADVENTURERS AND RICHARD HAKLUYT 104

XIII. GREENLAND VOYAGE OF HALL AND BAFFIN 112

XIV. EARLY SPITSBERGEN VOYAGES 117

XV. EARLY VOYAGES TO HUDSON’S BAY 129

XVI. WILLIAM BAFFIN 138

XVII. JENS ERIKSEN MUNK. FOXE AND JAMES. WOOD 149

XVIII. HANS EGEDE AND DANISH GREENLAND 158

XIX. THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY. HEARNE AND MACKENZIE,
COOK AND PHIPPS 165

XX. RUSSIAN ARCTIC DISCOVERIES 175

XXI. THE BRITISH WHALE FISHERY AND THE SCORESBYS 188

XXII. BUCHAN AND ROSS 198

XXIII. PARRY AND HIS SCHOOL 205

XXIV. DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH COAST OF AMERICA. FRANKLIN.
RICHARDSON. BACK. DEASE. SIMPSON. RAE 222

XXV. JOHN ROSS, JAMES ROSS, AND THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE 233

XXVI. THE FRANKLIN EXPEDITION 238

XXVII. THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. I 248

XXVIII. THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. II 263

XXIX. DISCOVERY OF THE FATE OF FRANKLIN 272

XXX. THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. SCORESBY. CLAVERING.
GRAAH. KOLDEWEY 279

XXXI. SPITSBERGEN. EXPEDITIONS BEFORE 1872 285

XXXII. FRANZ JOSEF LAND AND ITS EXPLORERS 289

XXXIII. THE ROUTE BY SMITH SOUND. KANE. HAYES. HALL.
NARES. MARKHAM 298

XXXIV. SIR ALLEN YOUNG AND THE _PANDORA_. AMUNDSEN AND THE
NORTH WEST PASSAGE 311

XXXV. WEYPRECHT’S PLAN FOR SYNCHRONOUS OBSERVATIONS.
THE GREELY EXPEDITION 316

XXXVI. THE NORTH EAST PASSAGE. NORDENSKIÖLD. WIGGINS. DE LONG 322

XXXVII. GREENLAND AND ITS INLAND ICE. NORDENSKIÖLD, NANSEN,
PEARY 331

XXXVIII. THE TRANS-POLAR DRIFT. NANSEN AND THE VOYAGE OF THE
_FRAM_ 340

XXXIX. THE PARRY ARCHIPELAGO. SVERDRUP 347

XL. ATTEMPTS TO REACH THE NORTH POLE. CAGNI. COOK. PEARY 351

XLI. KOOLEMANS BEYNEN AND THE VOYAGES OF THE _WILLEM
BARENTSZ_. SIR MARTIN CONWAY AND SPITSBERGEN.
CAPTAIN BERNIER AND CANADIAN ARCTIC LANDS 358

XLII. EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. DANISH EXPEDITIONS 364

XLIII. LATER GREENLAND EXPLORATIONS. MIKKELSEN. RASMUSSEN. KOCH 376

XLIV. CONCLUSION 383