Chapter LXV: Remaining Antarctic Work (3)

Egede, Hans, 158 _et seq._;
discovers Kakortak ruins, 47;
history of his mission, 160 _et seq._;
on Eskimo words, 160;
his family, 162;
dies, 163;
his books, 163

-- Paul, 161 _et seq._

Egedesminde, 163

Egerton, Admiral Sir George, 304, 306 _et seq._, 446, 448

_Eira_, 290;
founders, 291

Eira Harbour, 294

Eis blink, 163

_Eliza Scott_, 405, 406

_Elizabeth_, 98, 99, 100

Elizabeth, Queen, encourages Arctic discovery, 79;
supports Frobisher, 82, 85;
decorates Frobisher, 86

Elizabethan Arctic discoveries, 157

_Ellen_, 98, 99, 100

Ellesmere Island, 265, 298, 299, 308, 325, 347 _et seq._, 354, 362;
coal in, 350

_Emanuel_, 86

-- (busse), 86, 91

Emperor penguins, 472, 476, 496, 497

_Empetrum nigrum_, 116

Enderby, Charles, 403 _et seq._

-- Land, 404

-- Quadrant, 505

England, Lieut., R.N. 478

Engroneland, 118

_Enterprise_, 248, 250 _et seq._, 263

Epitaph, Franklin’s, 243

Equipment, sledging, Hearne’s, 168;
Nansen’s, 334;
Ross’s, 256;
Scott’s, 450, 460;
Sverdrup’s, 348;
Wrangell’s, 182

_Erebus_ (under Ross), 410 _et seq._, 418 _et seq._;
collision of, 419

-- (under Franklin), 237 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 246 _et seq._,
251;
sinks, 247

Erebus and Terror Bay, 422

Erichsen, Mylius, 369 _et seq._;
death of, 374, 375

Erik, Bishop, 48

-- the Red, 39;
Saga of, 38;
voyage of, 41

Eriksfjord, 113

_Esk_, 195

Eskimos, 17, 18, 84, 112, 113, 115, 142, 143, 229, 234;
boats of, 20, 115;
dress of, 19;
East Greenland, 365, 366;
harpoons of, 23;
iglus, 234;
physical characteristics of, 19, 20, 22;
priests of, 23;
snow-huts of, 20;
their folk-lore, 366;
vocabulary of, compiled by Davis, 97;
vocabulary of, Egede’s, 160;
at Igloolik, 214;
of Boothia, 235;
in Greenland, 22, 335;
massacred by Indians, 168;
met by Amundsen, 314, 315;
met by Baffin, 140;
met by Davis, 95, 96, 97;
met by Egede, 159;
met by Hudson’s mutineers, 134;
met by M’Clintock, 275;
met by Sabine, 280 _et seq._;
visit Parry’s vessels, 214

Evans, Commander, 489, 490, 492, 498, 499

-- Edgar, 471 _et seq._, 490, 495, 498, 500 _et seq._;
death of, 502

_Excellent_, 238, 240

Faddiev, 179

Falkland Islands, 405, 420, 436

Farewell, Cape, sighted by Baffin, 114

Faroes, 121

Fauna, of American Arctic Coast, 18;
of Cape Sabine, 320;
of Franz
Josef Land, 296;
of Greenland, 96;
of Melville Island, 209;
of Spitsbergen, 119, 121, 128

Feather, T. A., 472

Feilden, Capt., 304

_Felix_, 251, 253, 254

Felspar crystals, 479

Fenton, Edward, 90

Ferrar, Hartley T., 449, 464 _et seq._, 472

Ferrar Glacier, 465, 471

Fiala, Capt., 293

Field, Capt., 446

“Field ice,” 7

Filchner, his Antarctic expedition, 442

Finmarken, 73;
coast explored by Ohthere, 34;
geology of, 73

_Finneskos_, 334, 342, 462, 478

Fish, abundance of, 98

Fisher, Dr, 209 _et seq._

-- Rev. George, 213

Fitzjames, James, 238 _et seq._;
death of, 247

Fjords, Greenland, 9, 41

Flag of the _Discovery_, 447

Flags, sledge, Nares’s expedition, 304;
Scott’s, 450

Flatey Book, 38, 47;
account of voyage of Leif Erik, 43

_Flensing_, 192

Flinders, Capt., 222

Floe, Tyson’s party adrift on, 301

“Floe-bergs,” 7

_Flora Antarctica_, 418

Flora of American Arctic Coast, 18;
of Baffin’s Bay, 116;
of Cockburn Island, 423;
of Franz Josef Land, 295;
of Greenland, 41, 96;
of Melville Island, 211;
of Novaya Zemlya, 185, 186;
of Waigatz, 64

Forster, Johann Reinhold, 394

Fort Enterprise, 224;
Providence, 224 _et seq._

Fortune, 177

Fossils, Antarctic, 423, 431, 432, 436, 437, 440, 501, 506;
penguins, 438;
tertiary, 350

Foster, Capt. Henry, 216, 423;
his Antarctic expedition, 400 _et seq._;
death of, 401

Fotherby family, 124, 126

_Fox_, 273, 311;
winters in Bellot’s Strait, 274

Fox Channel, 154

Fox, Luke, 137, 151;
sails north, 152;
discovers relics of Button and Munk, 154;
meets Capt. James, 154;
his Narrative, 156;
map of, 145, 146, 155

Foyn, Svend, 433, 467

_Fram_ (Nansen’s), 340 _et seq._;
dimensions of, 340;
drift of, 344;
arrives home, 344;
under Sverdrup, 347;
winters in Smith Channel, 347;
winters in Havnfjord, 348;
winters in Jones Sound, 349

-- (Amundsen’s), 482 _et seq._

_Français_, 442

_Francis_, 86

Francke, Rudolf, 353 _et seq._

Franklin, Lady, 251

-- Sir John, 222, 238 _et seq._, 413, 414;
serves with Buchan, 198;
at Trafalgar, 223;
his land journey, 223 _et seq._;
marries Miss Porden, 226;
his second land journey, 226;
marries Miss Griffin, 227;
last expedition sails, 241;
death of, 243;
Tennyson’s epitaph on, 243;
his record, 243, 244;
retreat of his party, 245 _et seq._;
search for, 248 _et seq._;
his winter quarters discovered, 254;
his relics found, 272, 275, 276, 314

Franklin Island, 415

Franz Josef Land, 289 _et seq._, 345, 360;
explorers of, 293;
described, 293, 294;
flora of, 295;
fauna of, 296;
birds of, 296;
part of Spitsbergen, 340;
Nansen reaches, 343

Frederikshaab, 163, 331

Freeman, Ralph, 106

French Antarctic expeditions, 407, 441

Freuchen, Herr, 370, 380

Friesland (or Frieslanda), 55, 56, 83, 85, 88, 95, 160

Frisland _v._ Friesland

Frobisher, Martin, 81;
starts his Arctic voyage, 83;
meets Eskimos, 84;
supposed discovery of gold by, 85;
his second expedition, 85;
his provisions, 90;
authorities for his voyage, 91;
life of, 91;
character of, 91;
dies, 92;
place-names given by, 92

Frobisher Strait, 152, 159

Frozen soil, depth of, 16

Fulford, Faith, 93

Furious Overfall, The, 100, 123, 131

_Furnace_, 165

Furs, 482

_Fury_, 212, 216;
wrecked, 234

Fury Beach, 234, 236, 249, 303

Fury and Hecla Strait, 214, 216

_Gabriel_, 83, 86

-- (Bering’s), 177

Gabrielsen, Tobias, 370 _et seq._

Gael Hamke Bay, 279 _et seq._

_Gamaliel_, 124

_Ganges_, 240

Garrard, Mr Cherry, 491, 494, 496, 498, 503, 504

Garwood, Mr, 361

Gatonby, John, 114

Gauss, 362, 440, 441, 451

Gauss, Prof., 417

Gaussberg, 508

Geology, of Antarctic regions, 429, 434, 435, 438, 480, 501, 505;
of Arctic regions, 384 _et seq._;
of Finmarken, 73

_George_, 65

Gerlache, M. de, 368, 390; his Antarctic expedition, 433 _et seq._

Gerlache Channel, 434

German Antarctic expeditions, 440, 442

_Germania_, 282

Gerritsz, Dirk, 390

Giffard, 304

Gilbert, Adrian, 94, 96, 98

-- Sir Humphrey, his _Discourse on a North-west Passage to
Cathay_, 82, 94

Gilbert Sound, 95, 109, 114;
Egede reaches, 159

_Gilliflower_, 113

_Gjoa_, 314, 315

Glaciers, Antarctic, 471;
Greenland, 9;
discharging, 9;
in Novaya Zemlya, 186;
movement of, 331, 332

Globes, Molyneux, 55, 104

Godenoff, Boris, 105

_Godspeed_, 129

Godthaab, 95, 114, 116, 160, 316, 336

Goggles, 462

Gold, supposed discovery by Frobisher of, 85

Goodsir, Dr, 240

Goose Land, 185

Gore, Graham, 240, 243, 245

Gore-Booth, Sir Henry, 360

Graah, Capt., 217;
explores East Greenland, 281

Graham Land, 405, 406, 431, 432, 434, 442, 506

Granite, 456

Grant, W. J. A., 359

Gray, Capt., 283

Great Bear Lake, 226

Great Fish River, 228, 275

Great Slave Lake, 224, 228, 316

Greely, Lieut., 316; work of, 320

Greely expedition, 317 _et seq._

Greenland, altitudes in, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 381;
area of, 9;
attempt to re-discover Norse colony in, 112;
Bardsen’s report on, 51;
Bishop Arnold of, 48;
Bishop Erik of, visits Vinland, 48;
bishops of, 47 _et seq._, 51;
churches of, 51;
first bishop of, consecrated, 47;
Christian IV sends expedition to, 112;
Christianity introduced into, 43;
coast explored by Nares’s expedition, 308;
current of East coast of, 41;
Danish expeditions to, 364 _et seq._, 376 _et seq._;
devastated by smallpox, 162;
East coast mapped, 368;
Egede’s map of, 161;
explorations in, 279 _et seq._;
later explorations in, 376 _et seq._;
fauna of, 96;
first attempt to approach East coast of, 98;
first governor of, 160;
fjords of, 9, 41;
flora of, 41, 96;
glaciers of, 9;
ice-cap of, 9;
inland ice of, 9, 331, 332, 336;
map of, 377;
Moravian missions to, 162, 163, 164;
crossed by Nansen, 334;
by Rasmussen, 379;
by Quervain, 381;
by Koch, 381;
Nordenskiöld attempts crossing, 325;
Norsemen in, 38;
name of, applied to Spitsbergen, 118, 124;
Peary’s journeys in, 338, 368, 369;
products of, 163, 164;
ruins of churches in, 52;
runic inscriptions, 52;
stations of, 163;
ship visits Iceland, 51;
sighted by Davis, 95;
colonies, population of, 51;
colonies, their fate, 51;
Current, 5;
Eskimos, physical characteristics of, 22

_Greyhound_, 72

_Griffin_, 72

Grinnell, 252

Grinnell Land, 269

_Griper_, 206 _et seq._, 212, 215, 233, 280

Gron, Tryggve, 491, 503

Groneland, 118

Guillemard, Jeanne, 227

Gull, Ivory, 296;
Ross’s, 296, 343;
Sabine’s, 203

Haarfager, Harold, 35, 36

Hadley’s Quadrant, 102

Hagen, Lieut. H., 370 _et seq._;
death of, 374

Hakluyt, Richard, 109 _et seq._, 135;
his _Divers Voyages touching the Discoveries of America_, 110;
his _Principall Navigations_, 110

Halgoland, 61

Hall, 300

-- Christopher, 88, 90;
master of _Gabriel_, 83;
island named after, 84;
quarrels with Frobisher, 89

-- James, 112, 113, 114, 116;
is killed, 115;
place-names given by, 112, 114, 116

Hamilton, Admiral Sir R. Vesey, 446

Handsley, 471, 472

_Hansa_, 282

Hansen, B. H., 345

-- S. Scott, 341

Hanson, 433

Hanssen, 484

Hare (boy), accident to, 459

Harpoon, 190;
Eskimo, 23

Hartz, Herr, 367, 368

Hassel, 484

Hauksbok, 38, 39, 47;
account of voyage of Leif Erik, 43;
author of, 46

Hayes, Dr, 299

Hearne, Samuel, his first journey, 167;
explores the Coppermine River, 168;
taken prisoner by the French, 169

_Heartsease_ (Greenland voyage), 113 _et seq._

-- Marmaduke’s, 126

_Hecla_, 206 _et seq._, 212;
under Parry, 216 _et seq._, 233

-- Ryder’s, 367

Hedenström surveys the Liakhovs, 180

Heemskerk, Jacob van, 72

Heiberg, Axel, 347

Hendrik, Hans, 305

_Henrietta_, 192

_Henrietta Maria_, 154

Henson, 337, 357

Herald Island, 183, 328

_Hertha_, 431, 432

Highlanders, Arctic, 24;
Ross’s, 202, 253, 299, 301, 313, 338, 352 _et seq._, 379;
dress, 24;
physical characteristics of, 24

Hinlopen Strait, 127, 285, 288

Hodgson, Thomas V., 449

Hoidtenland Islands, 343

Hold-with-Hope, 118

Holm, Lieut. G., 364 _et seq._

Holsteinborg, 112, 115, 163

Hondius’s map of 1611, 77

Hood, Robert, murder of, 225

-- Dr, 106

Hooker, Sir Joseph, 412, 415, 418, 420, 423, 445

Hooper, 503

“Hoosh,” 461

_Hope_, 72

-- Adams’s, 390

-- Egede’s, 158 _et seq._

-- Young’s, 291

Hope Bay, 436, 437

_Hopewell_, 86

-- Knight’s, 117 _et seq._, 130

Hoskins, Admiral Sir Anthony, 446

Hudson, Henry, 117;
his first voyage, 118;
his second voyage, 122;
names of crew of his second voyage, 122;
visits Novaya Zemlya, 122;
results of his voyages, 123;
his last voyage, 131;
names of crew of his last voyage, 131;
sights Iceland, 131;
winters in his Bay, 132;
mutiny of his crew, 132 _et seq._;
his character, 135

-- Thomas, 117

Hudson’s Bay, first so-called, 131;
map of, 167;
voyages to, 129

Hudson’s Bay Company, 228;
founding of, 165;
early voyages of, 165

Hudson Strait, 152;
discovery of, 89

Hudson’s Touches, 121

Hull Trinity House, 116

Huntriss, William, 113

_Ibis_, 326

Ice, Antarctic, 11;
thickness of drift, 5

“Ice blink,” 8, 163

Ice-cap, Antarctic, 473, 474, 477, 506, 507

“Ice-foot,” 8, 298

Ice, nomenclature, 7;
phenomena, 326;
thickness of, in Arctic, 5

Icebergs, 9, 10;
Antarctic, 11, 12;
colour of, 10

Iceland, Christianity introduced into, 42;
physical features of, 36;
reached by the Vikings, 36;
settlement of, 37;
sighted by Hudson, 131;
visit of Greenland ship to, 51;
voyages to, 58

Icy Cape, 170, 171

Igloolik, Parry winters at, 214

Iglus, 21, 22

-- Eskimo, 234

Independence Bay, 339, 373

Independence Sound, 372, 373

Inglefield, Admiral, 265, 268, 270, 298, 348

_Ingulf_, 364

“Inland Ice” of Greenland, 9, 331, 332, 336

_In Northern Mists_, Nansen’s, 346

Instruments nautical etc., 56, 89, 102, 110, 115;
Cook’s, 354, 355, 394;
invented by Leigh-Smith, 287;
Nansen’s, for crossing Greenland, 335;
James’s, 154;
Scott’s, 452, 489

_Intrepid_, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 _et seq._, 347

_Inventions or Devices_, Bourne’s, 152

_Investigator_, 222, 248, 251, 263 _et seq._;
loss of, 270

Irizar, Capt. Julio, 437

Iron, meteoric, 202

-- (meteoric) weapons, 24

_Isabella_, 198 _et seq._, 233, 237

Isachsen, G. I., 347 _et seq._

_Isbjörn_, 289, 360

Iversen, Iver, 376 _et seq._

Ivory Gull, 296

Jackson, F. G., 291;
rescues Nansen, 293

Jacobshavn, 381

James, Thomas, 152;
portrait of, 153;
instruments taken by, 154;
meets Foxe, 154;
winters in Hudson’s Bay, 154

_Jane_, 402

Janes, John, 94, 95, 98, 100

Jansen, Commodore, 285, 358

Jáshak, naval battle of, 147

_Jason_, 431

_Jeannette_, 328;
drift of relics of, 340

Jeffreys, Gwyn, 427

Jenkinson, Antony, on N.E. Passage, 82

Jensen, Lieut., explores Greenland, 333

Johansen, 370 _et seq._

-- F. H., 342 _et seq._

_John and Francis_, 124

Joinville Island, 421, 431

_Jonah in the Whale_, 188

Jones, Sir Francis, 106, 108, 135, 124

Jones Sound, 347, 348, 355;
_Fram_ winters in, 349

Jorgensen, Capt., 376 _et seq._, 442, 443

Joseph, Benjamin, 124 _et seq._

Juan Fernandez, 392

_Judith_, 86

Julianshaab, 164

Jurassic flora in Antarctic, 438

-- life, first in Arctic, 4

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, 487, 488

Kakortak, ruins of, 47, 52, 160

Kallstenius, 325

Kamschatka, 171

Kane, Dr, 255, 298, 353

Kara Sea, 72, 327, 360;
expeditions, 346

Karlsefni, Thorfin, descendants of, 46;
reaches Labrador, 45;
Saga of, 39

_Katten_, 112, 129

Kayaks, 20, 22, 95, 113, 115, 342 _et seq._, 353, 365

Kellett, Capt., 264, 268

Kempe, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, 405

Kempe Land, 405, 508

Kendall, 401

Kennedy, William, 262

Keohane, 495, 498, 503

Khabarova, 15, 341

King Edward VII visits the _Discovery_, 454

King Edward VII Land, 477, 492, 506

King George IV Sea, 402

King William Island, 230, 274 _et seq._

King William Land, 235, 242, 314

Kingiktorsuak, 49

Kingoa-dal, ruins in, 48

Kishim, 147

Kites in sledge travel, 258

Knight, John, 112;
his expedition and death, 129, 130

Koch, Johan Peter, 370 _et seq._, 381 _et seq._

Koettlitz, Dr, 292, 295, 449, 464 _et seq._

Koettlitz Glacier, 476

Kola Peninsula, 13

Koldewey, Karl, visits Greenland, 282;
visits Spitsbergen, 282

Koldewey Island, 370

Kolguev Island, 14, 361;
discovered, 64;
visited by Munk, 150

Kolyma River, 324

Kostin Shar, 185

Kotelnoi Island, 179, 341

Kroksfjord, 49

Kruuse, H. C., his Greenland botanical work, 366, 367

Labrador, 98;
discovered by Karlsefni, 45

_Lady Franklin_, 251

Lady Franklin Bay, 317

Lambert Land, 371, 373

Lamont, Mr, 287

_Lamprenen_ v. _Lamprey_

_Lamprey_, 150, 151

Lamps, cooking, 342, 461

Lancaster, Sir James, 106, 108, 113, 135, 142

Lancaster Sound, 144, 207, 234, 241, 253, 311, 312

“Land of Busse,” 91

“Land of Desolation,” 95

Landnamabók, 37

Lane, Henry, 104

Lapps, 13;
in Greenland, 332, 335

Laptef, Cheriton, 177

La Roche, Anthony, 393

Larsen, Capt., 431, 432, 440

Lashly, 471 _et seq._, 490, 495, 498, 499, 503

Laub, Lieut., 376 _et seq._

Ledyard, John, 171

Leif Erik, Flatey book account of voyage to Vinland (Newfoundland),
43;
marries Thorgunna, 42;
reaches Vinland, 42

Leigh-Smith, Benjamin, 287, 288;
visits Franz Josef Land, 290;
revisits it, 291;
winters in it, 291, 294

Le Maire, Jacob, 390

_Lena_, 323

Lena River, 316, 324, 329;
discovered, 175;
descended, 177

Levick, Dr, 490, 493

Liakhov Islands (New Siberian Islands), 177, 179, 328, 329, 341, 384

Lichtenfels, 163

Lievely, 217, 347

_Lightning_, 427

Lillie, Mr, 491, 494

Lindenow, Goolske, 113

Linschoten, J. H. van, 70 _et seq._;
dies, 72;
his narrative, 72

_Lion_, 91

-- Pickersgill’s, 171

_Lively_, 403 _et seq._

Loads for sledges, 23, 176, 265, 472, 479

Loaysa, Garcia Jofre de, 389

Lock, Michael, 82 _et seq._

Lock’s Island, 88

Lockwood, Lieut. James, 317 _et seq._;
death of, 320

_Lodias_, 63

Log, use of the, 152

Logarithms, introduced by Briggs, 151

_London_, 147

London Coast, 99

Londonderry, founded by Cockayne, 108

Longhurst, Cyril, 450, 453, 467

Longstaff, Mr, 466;
supports The Societies’ Expedition, 445

Lowther Island, 259

Lumley, Lord, 152

Lutke Land, 186

Lyall, Dr, 412

Lyon, Capt. G. F., 212 _et seq._;
voyage of, 215;
death of, 216

Lyons, Israel, 173

Lyttelton, New Zealand, 455, 469, 470, 477, 478, 491

M’Clintock, Admiral Sir Leopold, 249 _et seq._, 264 _et seq._, 303,
427, 446, 453;
his sledges, 256;
his sledge crew, 259;
his sledge journey, 356;
commissions the _Fox_, 273;
knighted, 278;
death of, 278

M’Clure, Capt., 248;
winters in Prince of Wales Strait, 264;
his record found by Mecham, 265

McCormick, Dr R., 412, 425

Mackenzie, Alexander, explores Mackenzie River, 169

Mackenzie River, 169, 226;
exploration of, 169, 384

Maclear, Lieut., 428

M’Murdo, Archibald, 411, 420

M’Murdo Bay, 416

-- Sound, 456, 457, 492, 493

Macquarie Island, 455, 486

Magallanica, 391

Magellan, 389

Magnetic force, irregular, 455

-- observations, 99, 115;
Antarctic, 475, 476

-- Pole, Sir James Ross discovers, 236;
South, 417, 475, 480, 481;
position of, 415

-- storms, 417

_Magpie_, 405

Mahu, Jacob, 390

Maigaard, Lieut., 333

Maldonado on Strait of Anian, 82

Mammoth ivory, 179, 180, 184

Maps, Baffin’s discoveries, 144;
Barentsz’s discoveries, by Hondius, 77;
Claudius Clavus’s, 54;
Davis’s voyages, 97;
Egede’s, of Greenland, 161;
Foxe’s, 155;
Frobisher’s discoveries, 87;
Graham Land, 399;
Greenland, 377;
Hudson Bay, 167;
Hudson Strait, by Baffin, 139;
medieval, 55;
by Mercator, 55, 95, 391;
North-eastern Siberia, 181;
North-western Siberia, 181;
Olaus Magnus and Zamoiski, 55;
Ortelius’s (1570), 55, 391;
Parry Islands, 210;
Settlement of East Bygd, 40;
South Shetlands, 399;
Spitsbergen, 120;
Zeni, 54

Markham, Admiral Sir A. H., 301, 313, 360, 446, 447;
sails on whaler, 302

-- Sir Clements, 446;
serves on the _Assistance_, 252;
his _Threshold of the Unknown Region_, 302

-- Lady (Clements), 447

-- Lieut. John, 400

Markland (Labrador), discovered by Karlsefni, 45

Marmaduke, Capt., 124;
his explorations in Spitsbergen, 127

Marshall, 479

-- Captain, 197

_Maryner’s Book_, 151

Massacre of Eskimos, 168

Matonabi, 167 _et seq._

_Matthew_, 124

Matyushin Strait, 184, 185, 360

Maury, 358

Mawson, Sir Douglas, 478, 480;
his Antarctic expedition, 486 _et seq._

May, Lieut., 304

Meares, Mr, 489, 491, 498

Mecham, Frederick, 259, 261, 264 _et seq._;
finds M’Clure’s record, 265;
his great sledge journey, 270, 356;
character of, 271;
death of, 271

_Meddelelser om Grönland_, 364, 366

_Melampyrum sylvaticum_, 64

Melville Bay, 143, 202, 273, 303, 314, 338

Melville Island, 208 _et seq._, 259, 260, 265 _et seq._;
fauna of, 209;
flora of, 211;
interior explored, 209

Melville Peninsula, 214;
explored by Rae, 231

Mercator, his maps, 55, 95, 391;
Atlas, 391

Merchant Adventurers, 104, 113;
Company, 59

“Merchants of London, Governor and Company of,” 135

_Mercury_, 69

_Mermaid_, 96, 97

Mertz, Dr, 486;
death of, 487

Meteoric iron, 202, 339;
weapons, 24

_Michael_, 83, 86

Micmac Indians, 98

Middendorf, 184

Middle Pack, 100, 142

Middleton, Capt. Christopher, winters in Hudson’s Bay, 166

Mikkelsen, Einar, 368, 376 _et seq._, 384

Milton, history of Muscovia, 62

Miocene, Antarctic, 438

Molyneux globes, 55, 104

Monastery (Augustinian) in East Bygd, 47

Montreal Island, 272, 275

Monument to Vince, 476

_Moon_, 86

_Moonshine_, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98

Moore, Admiral, 411, 425

Moravian missions, 162, 163, 164;
in Greenland, 162, 163

_Morning_, 466 _et seq._, 476

Moseley, 428

Mosquitos, 15

Motor-car, Shackleton’s, 478

Motor Sledges, 490, 497

Mount Erebus, 416, 458;
ascended, 479, 504

-- Haddington, 422

-- Jason, 431

-- Longstaff, 464

-- Markham, 464

-- Melbourne, 493

-- Moberly, 404

-- Sabine, 415

-- St Elias discovered, 178

-- Terror, 416

-- William, 404

Mountain sickness, 480

Mourier, Commander, 364

Müller, Baron, 431

Mulock, Lieut. G. F. A., 470 _et seq._

Munk, Jens Eriksen, 149;
visits Iceland, 150;
visits Kolguev, 150;
his narrative, 151;
death of, 151

Murman Coast, 13, 63

Murray, Mr J., 478

-- Sir John, 428, 446;
on Antarctic exploration, 444

Muscovy Company, 105, 123, 124;
receives charter, 62;
discourages Frobisher, 82;
protests against Dutch encroachments, 121;
despatches fleet to Spitsbergen, 124;
despatches N.W. expedition, 130

Musk ox, 22, 267, 281, 318, 338, 339, 347, 349, 371, 372, 374, 380

Mutineers, Hudson’s, sail with Button, 136

Nai, Cornelis, 69, 70

Nanortalik, 364, 365

Nansen, Fridtjof, 340 _et seq._, 386;
rescued by Jackson, 293;
crosses Greenland, 334 _et seq._;
his instruments for crossing Greenland, 335;
scientific papers of, 345;
his _In Northern Mists_, 346

Nares, Admiral Sir George, 267, 304 _et seq._, 446;
his expedition sails, 304;
arrives at Lievely, 305;
his winter quarters, 305;
results of his expedition, 309;
commands the _Challenger_, 428

Narwhals, 143

Nathorst, Professor, 368

Natives, Polar, 13

Nelson, Horatio, 173

-- Mr, 490, 503

Nemtinoff, Lieut., 285

Neumeyer, Prof., 440, 441

_New Attractive_, 100

New Guinea, 391

New Siberian Islands, _v._ Liakhov Islands

Newfoundland, 98;
(Vinland), discovered by Leif Erik, 42;
re-discovered, 58

Newland, 118, 119

Newton, Professor Alfred, 287

Nias, Sir Joseph, 201, 212

Nicholas of Lynn, 53

_Nimrod_, 478 _et seq._

Ninnis, Lieut., 486;
death of, 487

Nodal, the brothers, 390

_Nonsuch_, 165

Nordenskiöld, Erland, 325

-- Nils Adolf Erik, Baron, 322 _et seq._, 386;
on Omoki, 16;
visits Spitsbergen, 286 _et seq._;
explores Greenland, 325;
results of his voyage, 324;
character of, 325;
his explorations in Greenland, 322

-- Otto, 368;
his Antarctic expedition, 435 _et seq._;
results, 438, 439

Nordsetur, 49

Norman, Robert, his _New Attractive_, 100

Norse colony in Greenland, attempt to re-discover, 112

-- methods of reckoning time, 45

-- Settlement of East Bygd founded, 41

Norsemen, the, 30, 32;
Arctic discoveries by, 32 _et seq._, 38 _et seq._, 49 _et seq._;
in Greenland, 38

North Cape, rounded by Ohthere, 34;
named by Burrough, 63

North East Passage, 322;
attempted by Wood, 156

_North Georgian Gazette_, 208

North Pole, attempts to reach, 351 _et seq._

North Somerset, 251

_North Star_, Davis’s, 96;
Saunders’s, 250, 265

North West Passage, 155, 268, 275, 314;
attempted by Frobisher, 81;
attempted by Ross, 233;
rewards for discovery of, 172

Norwegian expeditions, Antarctic, 433, 482 _et seq._;
Novaya Zemlya, 288;
Spitsbergen, 286

Novaya Zemlya, 157, 289, 316, 360;
description of, 184 _et seq._;
discovered by Willoughby, 61;
visited by Hudson, 122

_Nunataks_, 331, 333, 335, 372, 373, 378, 381

Oates, Capt., 490, 491, 498, 500 _et seq._;
death of, 502;
cairn to his memory, 503

Obi River, 323, 326

Observations, lunar, by Baffin, 140;
magnetic, 99, 115;
magnetic, Antarctic, 475, 476;
Peary’s, 357;
pendulum, Antarctic, 400;
stations for synchronous, 316, 414;
synchronous, Antarctic, 420, 451

Observatory, Rossbank, 414

Ocean, depth of, 296, 297, 344, 345

Oceanic currents in Arctic, 5

Oceanography, Antarctic, 426 _et seq._

Odin’s horse (Sleipner), 31

Odometer, 372

Officers of Nares’s expedition, 304

Ohthere, 33;
voyage of, 34

Olaf, Bishop, 49

Olaf Tryggvason, Saga of, 38

Ommanney, Erasmus, 237, 251, 252;
death of, 262

Omoki, 16, 20

“One-ton Depôt,” 494, 498

Onkilon, 16, 20;
relics of the, 21

Origanus, David, 141

Orleans Channel, 434, 436

Ormuz, siege of, 147

_Ornen_, 113

Orosius, 33

Ortelius, map of world (1570), 55, 391

Osborn, Sherard, 251, 261, 264 _et seq._, 268, 301, 302

Ostiaks, 16

Otter, Sea, 178

Ox, Musk, 22

Paar, Major, first governor of Greenland, 160

Pack ice, 8;
Antarctic, 12

_Pagoda_, 425

Palander, Lieut. Louis, 287, 323

Pancake ice, 7

_Pandora_, 311 _et seq._, 327, 359;
name changed to _Jeannette_, 328

_Papaver alpinum_, 96

-- _nudicaule_, 295

Parr, Lieut., 304

Parry, Sir Edward, 201, 205, 206;
discoveries by, 207;
winters in Melville Island, 208 _et seq._;
his second voyage, 212;
winters on Melville Peninsula, 214;
winters at Igloolik, 214;
results of his second voyage, 215;
winters in Port Bowen, 217;
marries, 218;
his fourth voyage, 218;
his later work and death, 220

Parry Archipelago, 347 _et seq._, 362;
currents of, 5

_Patience_, 113, 114, 116

Paulet Island, 437

Payer, Julius, 288, 289, 316;
visits Greenland, 282

Peary, Robert, his explorations in Greenland, 333;
his second expedition to Greenland, 337;
his third expedition to Greenland, 338;
attempts to reach the Pole, 352 _et seq._;
further attempt on Pole, 355;
his sledge journey, 356;
his observations, 357;
Greenland journeys, 368, 369;
his record found, 380

Pemmican, 256, 450, 461, 469, 479, 483

Pendulum Island, 280, 282

Pendulum observations, Antarctic, 400

Penguins, Emperor, 472, 476, 496, 497;
fossil, 438

Pennell, Lieut., 490, 493, 494

Penny, Capt., 251 _et seq._

Pepys, Samuel, approves Wood’s voyage, 156

Pet, Arthur, 63;
commands Arctic voyage, 65;
discovers Waigatz, 66

Pet Strait, 72, 323

Petchora River, 14

Peter Island, 397, 442

Petermann Island, 442

Petersen, Carl, 258, 273

-- Johan, 365, 366

_Philip and Mary_, 62

_Philomel_, 420

Phipps, Hon. Constantine, 173;
narrative of his voyage, 174;
death of, 174

_Phoenix_, 255, 268

Physical characteristics of Arctic Highlanders, 24;
of Eskimos, 19;
of Greenland Eskimos, 22

-- features of Iceland, 36

Pickersgill, Lieut., 171, 394

Pike, Arnold, 344

Pillars, basaltic, 324

_Pioneer_, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 _et seq._, 347

Place-names given by John Davis, 103;
by Frobisher, 92;
by Hall, 112, 114, 116

Plankton, 426

Playse, John, his journal, 118

_Pleuropogon Sabinii_, 186, 295

_Plover_, 251, 263

Point Victory, 235

Polar areas, 3

-- conference, 316

_Polaris_, 300, 301

Pole, South magnetic, 417

_Polyphemus_, 222

Ponies, in Arctic travel, 292, 293;
in Greenland travel, 381;
in Antarctic travel, 478, 490, 494 _et seq._, 497, 498

Ponting, Mr, 491

Poole, Jonas, visits Spitsbergen, 105;
completes Hudson’s survey, 123;
death of, 123

Population (Norse) in Greenland, 51

_Porcupine_, 427

_Porpoise_, 222

Possession Island, 415

_Pourquoi Pas_, 442

Priestley, Raymond, 478, 480, 491, 493, 504

Priests of the Eskimos, 23

“Primus” lamp, 342, 461

_Prince Albert_, 252 _et seq._, 262

Prince Albert Mountains, 417

_Prince of Wales_, 241

Prince of Wales Island, 274, 277

-- Land, 259

-- Strait, M’Clure explores and winters in, 264

Prince Patrick Island, 266, 267

Prince Regent Inlet, 207, 217

_Principall Navigations_ (Hakluyt), 110

Prontchishcheff, 176

_Prosperous_, 156

_Proteus_, 317 _et seq._;
founders, 319

Provisions, Davis’s, 94, 96;
Dease and Simpson’s, 229;
Frobisher’s, 90;
Lockwood’s, 318;
Nansen’s, 334, 342;
Parry’s, first voyage, 207;
Parry’s, second voyage, 213;
Parry’s, land journey, 209;
Parry’s, Spitsbergen boat voyage, 219;
Rae’s, 231;
Scott’s first expedition, 450, 461;
Shackleton’s, 479;
Sverdrup’s, 348;
for sledge journeys, M’Clintock’s party, 256, 257, 259;
Ross’s, 249;
Scott’s, 462, 494

Pullen, Mr, 306

Purchas, Samuel, 111

_Purchas hys Pilgrimes_, 111

Purchas’s _Briefe and True Relation_, 145

Pyrites found by Frobisher, 85, 90

Pytheas, voyage of, 26, 27

Quadrant, Davis’s, 102;
Hadley’s, 102;
Weddell’s, 442;
Ross’s, 507

Quadrants, Arctic, 4, 6, 13, 57

Queen Adelaide Island, 404

Quervain, Dr de, 381

Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de, 392

_Racehorse_, 172 _et seq._

Rae, Dr John, winters in Repulse Bay, 231;
reports news of Franklin’s expedition, 272

_Rainbow_, 227, 230

Raised terraces, 186

Raleigh, Sir Walter, supports Davis’s projects, 94;
drafts instructions for Arctic voyage, 135

_Ranunculus glacialis_, 96

Rasmussen, Knud, 379 _et seq._

Rate of sledge travel, 23, 356;
Aldrich’s, 308;
Amundsen’s, 484, 485;
Hamilton’s, 265;
M’Clintock’s, 260, 266, 269;
Mecham’s, 265;
Payer’s, 283;
Peary’s, 338;
Rasmussen’s, 380;
Scott’s first expedition, 464, 472, 475

Ravens, 332

_Ravenscraig_, 301

Rawson, Lieut., 304, 306, 307;
death of, 307

Record, Peary’s, found, 380

Records of _Alert_ and _Discovery_, 312, 313

_Regiment of Medina_, 57

Reindeer, 14, 267;
introduced into Spitsbergen, 287

_Reliance_, 227

Relics, of the Onkilon, 21;
of Erichsens’ party, 378;
of Franklin found, 272, 275, 276, 314;
of Parry’s expedition, 260

Rennick, Lieut., 490, 493, 494

Repulse Bay, 166, 213, 230, 231

_Rescue_, 252, 255

_Resolute_, 251, 253 _et seq._, 264 _et seq._

_Resolution_, Button’s, 136

-- Cook’s, 169 _et seq._, 394 _et seq._

-- Scoresby’s, 192, 194, 195

_Revenge_, the, action described by Linschoten, 71

_Rhodostethia rosea_, 343

_Rhytina Stelleri_, 179

_Richard and Barnard_, 124

Richardson, Dr, 223 _et seq._, 226;
shoots Michel, 225

Rijp, Jan Cornelis, 72, 73, 78

Ringnes, Herrn, 347

Ringnes Islands, 348, 349, 355

Rink, Dr, 332

Rivers of Siberia, 15

Robertson, Dr, 412

Robertson Bay, 433, 456, 493

_Rodgers_, 329

Roe, Sir Thomas, 152

_Roosevelt_, 355, 356

Ross, Sir James, 201, 212, 216, 218, 233 _et seq._, 410;
character of, 424;
his first Antarctic voyage, 410;
second Antarctic voyage, 418;
third Antarctic voyage, 422 _et seq._;
bibliography of third Antarctic voyage, 425;
discovers magnetic pole, 236;
winters at Fury Beach, 236;
goes in search of Franklin, 248;
death of, 251

-- Sir John, 201, 233, 349;
discovers Arctic Highlanders, 24, 203;
his first voyage, 202;
knighted, 237

Ross Island, 494;
Quadrant, 507;
Sea, 12

Ross’s Barrier, _v._ Barrier, Great

Ross’s Gull, 296, 343

Rossbank Observatory, 414

_Royal George_, 102

Royds, Lieut. Charles, 448, 452, 475

Ruins of Greenland churches, 52;
of Kakortak, 47, 52, 160;
in Kingoa-dal, 48

Runic inscriptions in Greenland, 49, 52

Rupert, Prince, founds Hudson’s Bay Company, 165

Russia, Dutch open trade with, 68

Russian Ambassador, first, visits England, 62

-- expeditions, Antarctic, 396;
Arctic, 175;
Spitsbergen, 187, 285

Russians with Scott, 489, 490, 495

Ryder, Lieut. C., 367

Sabine, Colonel, 201;
sails with Parry, 206;
visits Greenland, 280;
on terrestrial magnetism, 410

Sabine Peninsula, 267

Sabine’s Gull, 203

_Sabrina_, 405, 406

Sabrina Land, 406, 430

Saga, of Erik the Red, 38;
of Olaf Tryggvason, 38;
of Thorfin Karlsefni, 39

_St Lesmes_, 389

_St Paul_, 177

_St Peter_, 177, 178

“Sallying,” 8, 195

_Salomon_, 86, 88

Samoyeds, 14, 16, 184, 185;
described by Digges, 107

Sanderson, William, 94, 96, 98, 104;
supports Davis’s expeditions, 104

“Sanderson his Hope,” 99, 142, 202, 207

Sandridge, Davis’s birthplace, 93

Sandwich Land, 403

Sartorius, Sir George, 401

_Sastrugi_, 182, 501

_Saxifraga oppositifolia_, 295

Schouten, Willem Cornelisz, 390

-- William, Junior, 191, 194 _et seq._;
takes holy orders, 196;
his life, 197;
visits Greenland, 279

-- William, Senior, 188, 191, 194, 195;
describes Spitsbergen, 119, 121

Scoresby Sound, 367

_Scotia_, 439

Scott, Capt. Robert Falcon, his first expedition, 447 _et seq._;
made Commander, 448;
his staff on _Discovery_, 449;
objects of, 452;
crosses Antarctic Circle, 456;
falls down crevasse, 474;
his last expedition, 489 _et seq._;
marries, 489;
his staff on last expedition, 490 _et seq._;
meets with heavy gale, 491, 492;
meets Amundsen’s party, 493;
his winter quarters at Cape Evans, 495;
starts for the S. Pole, 498;
finds Amundsen’s record at the S. Pole, 500;
reaches S. Pole, 501;
death of, 502;
discovery of bodies of his party, 503;
results of his work, 504;
memorial service to, 504;
character of, 504

Scott Island, 469

Scurvy attacks Baffin’s crew, 145;
Barentsz’s crew, 75, 76;
Bering’s crew, 178;
Biscoe’s crew, 404;
Egede’s colony, 159, 160;
Evans’s party, 498;
Middleton’s expedition, 166;
Munk’s expedition, 150;
Nares’s expedition, 306, 308, 309;
Ross’s expedition, 250

Sea-cow, 179

Sea-elephant, 405

Sea-leopard, 402

Sea-otter, 178

Seal-meat, 482

Seals, Southern fur, 400

-- Weddell’s, 483

_Searchthrift_, 63

Searle, John, his ephemeris, 141

Seebohm, Henry, 326

“Senegraes,” 342, 478

Sermilik Fjord, 365

Seymour Island, 423, 431, 436

Shackleton, Sir Ernest, 449, 463 _et seq._, 470;
breaks down, 464;
his Antarctic expedition, 478 _et seq._

Sherer, Lieut., 213, 216

Shilling, Capt., 147

Ships, Viking, 35

Sibbald, Lieut. John, 411, 420

Siberian rivers, 15;
trade on, 326

Sibirikoff, 322, 323, 326

Sidney, Sir Henry, 81

Simpson, Dr, 491, 498

--Thomas, 228

Sir George Seymour Island, _v._ Seymour Island

Sir Thomas Smith Channel, 347

Sir Thomas Smith Sound, 143

Skelton, Reginald, 449, 471, 472

Ski, 335, 450, 462, 482

Skrællings (natives of America), 45, 46 _n._, 49, 50

Sledge dogs, 17, 337, 338, 354, 355;
in Antarctic, 462, 472, 482, 483;
Greenland, 23

-- flags, Nares’s expedition, 304;
Scott’s, 450

-- journeys, Arctic contrasted with Antarctic, 459, 460;
Aldrich’s, 307, 308;
Amundsen’s, 483;
Amundsen’s party, 315;
Beaumont’s, 308, 309;
Danish, 371 _et seq._;
Hamilton’s, 268;
Hayes’s, 299;
Lockwood’s, 318;
M’Clintock’s, 249, 250, 266, 274 _et seq._, 356;
Markham’s, 307;
Mecham’s, 267, 356;
Mecham’s great, 270;
Payer’s, 283, 289;
Peary’s, 356;
Rae’s, 231;
Ross’s, 235, 237;
Scott’s first expedition, 458, 463, 465, 471, 472;
Scott’s last expedition, 494, 498;
Sverdrup’s, 348;
Allen Young’s, 276

-- -- provisions for, M’Clintock’s, 256, 258, 259;
Ross’s, 249;
Scott’s, 462, 494

-- travel, rate of, 23, 356;
Aldrich’s, 308;
Amundsen’s, 484, 485;
Hamilton’s, 265;
M’Clintock’s, 260, 266, 269;
Mecham’s, 265;
Payer’s, 283;
Peary’s, 338;
Rasmussen’s, 380;
Scott’s first expedition, 464, 472, 475

Sledges, Tchuktches, 17;
Eskimo, 234;
Greenland, 23;
M’Clintock’s, 256;
Russian, 176;
Samoyed, 14;
Wrangell’s, 181

-- dimensions of, 292;
Cook’s, 354;
Nansen’s, 334, 342;
Peary’s, 333;
Scott’s, 450, 460, 472;
Shackleton’s, 478

-- hauling-gear, 462

-- loads for, 23, 176;
M’Clintock’s, 265;
Scott’s, 472;
Shackleton’s, 479

-- motor, 490, 497

-- of Franklin’s retreat, 245;
of Hearne’s expedition, 168

Sledging equipment, Hearne’s, 168;
Nansen’s, 334;
Ross’s, 256;
Sverdrup’s, 348;
Wrangell’s, 182;
Scott’s, 450

Sleeping bags, 460, 478

Sleipner (Odin’s horse), 31

Smallpox devastates Greenland, 162

Smeerenburg, 127, 128, 174, 360;
abandoned, 188

Smith, Sir Thomas, 105, 106, 113, 129, 142

Smith Channel, 265, 347

Smith Sound, 317;
route by, 298 _et seq._;
U.S. expedition to, 317 _et seq._

Snow, crimson, 202, 253

Snow Hill Island, 436

Snow huts of Eskimos, 20

Snow-shoes, 168, 335;
of Tchuktches, 17

Sobral, Lieut., 436

Societies’ Antarctic Expedition, The, 444 _et seq._, 455 _et seq._,
466 _et seq._, 471 _et seq._;
Committee of, 446

_Sofia_, 366

_Sophia_, 251, 296, 332

Sounding apparatus, deep sea, 426

Soundings, deep sea, 427 _et seq._, 440

South Georgia, 393, 396, 402, 436

South Magnetic Pole, 417, 475, 480, 481

South Orkneys, 400, 439, 440

South Shetlands, 398, 401, 422 _et seq._, 434, 436, 438

_South Polar Times_, 459, 496

Southampton Island, 166

_Southern Cross_, 433

_Speedwell_, Scoresby’s, 191

-- Wood’s, 156;
wrecked, 157

“Speksioneer,” 190

Speyer, Sir Edgar, 489

Spitsbergen, 105, 117, 188, 317, 361;
birds of, 121;
called “Greenland,” 118, 124;
coal in, 350;
Conway’s books on, 362;
described by Scoresby, 119, 121;
description of, 128;
discovered, 74;
explorations in, 285 _et seq._;
fauna of, 119, 121, 128;
icebergs, 9;
map of, 120;
scenery of, 119, 121;
visited by Baffin, 116;
first visited by Dutch, 124;
claimed by Christian IV, 124;
Dutch despatch second fleet to, 126;
English first winter in, 128;
Muscovy Company despatch fleet to, 124;
Russian expeditions to, 187

Stanmore church, 108

Staten Island, 389, 396, 401

Stations for synchronous observations, 316

Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 178

Stone, William, 106

Stone huts, 21

Storms, magnetic, 417

_Story of the Alabama Expedition_, 379

Sukkertoppen (the modern), 115, 116, 163;
Old, 97

Sulphur brought from Iceland, 150

_Sunshine_, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100

_Superb_, 240

Svartevæg, 349, 354

Sverdrup, Otto, 335, 341 _et seq._, 347

_Swan_, 69, 72

Swedish expeditions, to Antarctic, 435 _et seq._, 506;
to Spitsbergen, 286 _et seq._

_Sweepstakes_, 156

Synchronous observations, Antarctic, 420, 451;
plan for, 316;
Ross’s, 414

Tahiti, visited by Cook, 395

Taimyr, Cape, 323

Taimyr Peninsula discovered, 177

Taylor, Mr Griffith, 491

Tchuktches, 16, 17, 170, 175, 325

_Tegethoff_, 289, 297

Temperatures, 315;
Antarctic, 471, 473, 474, 496, 501, 502;
deep sea, 427;
lowest registered, 16

Tennyson’s epitaph on Sir John Franklin, 243

Tents of Tchuktches, 17

“Terra Australis,” 391, 396

_Terra Nova_, 476, 483, 489 _et seq._;
surveys New Zealand waters, 493, 494

Terraces, raised, 186

_Terror_ (under Ross), 410 _et seq._, 418 _et seq._;
collision of, 419

-- (under Franklin), 230, 231, 238 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 246
_et seq._;
founders, 247

Tertiary fossils, 350

Tetgales, Brant, 69

Thalbitzer, W., 366

_Thames_, 326

_Thomas_, 86

_Thomas Allin_, 86

_Thomasine_, 126, 127

Thomson, Sir Charles Wyville, 427, 428

Thorne, Robert, counsels Arctic voyages, 59

“Three-Degree Depôt,” 498

_Threshold of the Unknown Region_, 302

Tierra del Fuego, circumnavigated, 391;
part of Terra Australis, 392

_Tiger_, 124

Time, Norse method of reckoning, 45

_Trade’s Increase_, 105

Trees, circumpolar, 13;
discovered at Cape Manning, 267

_Trent_, 198 _et seq._

-- (Franklin’s), 222, 223

Tribes, circumpolar, 13

Trinity House (Hull), 116

Tripe de Roche, 224 _et seq._

_Trost_, 112

Trostrup, C. and G., 370 _et seq._

Tryggvason, Olaf, Saga of, 38

Tschitschagoff, Capt., 285

Tucker, Mr, 412, 413

_Tula_, 403 _et seq._

Tundra, 14, 15

Tunguses, 16, 177

Udröst, 33

_Umiaks_, 20, 22, 115, 365

_United States_, 299

United States expedition to Smith Sound, 317 _et seq._

Upernavik, 142

_Uredo nivalis_, 202

Ushuaia, 436

_Valdivia_, 429

_Valorous_, 304

Veer, Gerrit de, 76;
narrative of, 78

_Vega_, 322 _et seq._;
winters, 324

Vessels employed in Polar discovery:
_Active_, 431
_Advance_, 252, 298 _et seq._
_Adventure_, 394
_Aid_, 85, 86
_Akbar_, 223
_Alabama_, 376;
loss of, 378
_Antarctic_, 368
_Alert_, 303 _et seq._, 312, 313
_Alexander_, 198, 201, 202
_Andromache_, 398, 400
_Ann Frances_, 86
_Anne Royal_, 146
_Annula_, 124
_Antarctic_, 436;
founders, 437
_Arctic_, 302, 303
_Arethusa_, 223
_Assistance_, 251 _et seq._, 261, 264 _et seq._, 349
_Astrolabe_, 407
_Aurora_, 486 _et seq._
_Baffin_, 196
_Balaena_, 296, 431, 439
_Bear_, 86
_Beaufoy_, 402
_Bedford_, 223
_Belgica_, 368, 434
_Bellerophon_, 223
_Black Dog_, 101
_Blijde Boodschap_, 390
_Blossom_, 216, 226, 227, 234
_Bona Confidentia_, 60
_Bona Esperanza_, 60
_Breadalbane_, 268
_Briseis_, 201
_Bulldog_, 427
_California_, 166
_Carcass_, 172 _et seq._
_Castor_, 431 _et seq._
_Challenger_, 428
_Chanticleer_, 401, 423
_Charles_, 152 _et seq._
_Churchill_, 167
_Clio_, 238, 240
_Cornwallis_, 238, 240
_Cove_, 237
_Danmark_, 369
_Den Röd Löve_, 112
_Dennis_, 86;
founders, 88
_Desire_, 101
_Diana_, 287, 288, 326, 431
_Discovery_ (Baffin’s), 138 _et seq._, 142 _et seq._
-- (Button’s), 136
-- (Clerke’s), 169 _et seq._
-- (Hudson’s), 129, 131
-- (Moore’s), 165
-- (Nares’s), 304, 312
-- (Scott’s), 451 _et seq._;
plans of, 446, 447;
flag of, 447;
relieved by _Morning_, 470;
freed from the ice, 476;
ashore, 476;
damage to rudder, 477;
returns home, 477
_Dobbs_, 166
_Dorothea_, 198 _et seq._
_Drake_, 101
_Earl Camden_, 222
_Edward Bonaventure_, 60
_Eendracht_, 390
_Eenhiörningen_, 150
_Eira_, 290;
founders, 291
_Eliza Scott_, 405, 406
_Elizabeth_, 98, 99, 100
_Ellen_, 98, 99, 100
_Emanuel_, 86
-- (busse), 91
_Enterprise_, 248, 250 _et seq._, 263
_Erebus_ (under Ross), 410 _et seq._, 418 _et seq._;
collision of, 419
-- (under Franklin), 237 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 246 _et seq._,
251;
sinks, 247
_Esk_, 195
_Excellent_, 238, 240
_Felix_, 251, 253, 254
_Fortune_, 177
_Fox_, 273, 311;
winters in Bellot’s Strait, 274
_Fram_ (Nansen’s), 340 _et seq._;
dimensions of, 340;
drift of, 344;
arrives home, 344;
under Sverdrup, 347;
winters in Smith Channel, 347;
winters in Havnfjord, 348;
winters in Jones Sound, 349
-- (Amundsen’s), 482 _et seq._
_Français_, 442
_Francis_, 86
_Furnace_, 165
_Fury_, 212, 216, 234
_Gabriel_, 83, 86
-- (Bering’s), 177
_Gamaliel_, 124
_Ganges_, 240
_Gauss_, 362, 440, 441, 451
_George_, 65
_Germania_, 282
_Gilliflower_, 113
_Gjoa_, 314, 315
_Godspeed_, 129
_Greyhound_, 72
_Griffin_, 72
_Griper_, 206 _et seq._, 212, 215, 233, 280
_Hansa_, 282
_Heartsease_ (Greenland voyage), 113 _et seq._
-- (Marmaduke’s), 126
_Hecla_, 206 _et seq._, 212;
(Parry’s), 216 _et seq._, 233
-- (Ryder’s), 367
_Henrietta_, 192
_Henrietta Maria_, 154
_Hertha_, 431, 432
_Hope_, 72
-- (Adams’s), 390
-- (Egede’s), 158 _et seq._
-- (Young’s), 291
_Hopewell_, 86
-- (Knight’s), 117 _et seq._, 130
_Ibis_, 326
_Ingulf_, 364
_Intrepid_, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 _et seq._, 347
_Investigator_, 222, 248, 251, 263 _et seq._;
loss of, 270
_Isabella_, 198 _et seq._, 233, 237
_Isbjörn_, 289, 360
_Jane_, 402
_Jason_, 431
_Jeannette_ (formerly _Pandora_), 328;
drift of relics of, 340
_John and Francis_, 124
_Jonah in the Whale_, 188
_Judith_, 86
_Katten_, 112, 129
_Lady Franklin_, 251
_Lamprenen_ v. _Lamprey_
_Lamprey_, 150, 151
_Lena_, 323
_Lightning_, 427
_Lion_, 91
-- (Pickersgill’s), 171
_Lively_, 403 _et seq._
_London_, 147
_Magpie_, 405
_Matthew_, 124
_Mercury_, 69
_Mermaid_, 96, 97
_Michael_, 83, 86
_Moon_, 86
_Moonshine_, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
_Morning_, 466 _et seq._, 476
_Nimrod_, 478 _et seq._
_Nonsuch_, 165
_North Star_ (Davis’s), 96
-- (Saunders’s), 250, 265
_Ornen_, 113
_Pagoda_, 425
_Pandora_, 311 _et seq._, 327, 359;
name changed to _Jeannette_, 328
_Patience_, 113, 114, 116
_Philip and Mary_, 62
_Philomel_, 420
_Phoenix_, 255, 268
_Pioneer_, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 _et seq._, 347
_Plover_, 251, 263
_Polaris_, 300, 301
_Polyphemus_, 222
_Porcupine_, 427
_Porpoise_, 222
_Pourquoi Pas_, 442
_Prince Albert_, 252 _et seq._, 262
_Prince of Wales_, 241
_Prosperous_, 156
_Proteus_, 317 _et seq._;
founders, 319
_Racehorse_, 172 _et seq._
_Rainbow_, 227, 230
_Ravenscraig_, 301
_Reliance_, 227
_Rescue_, 252, 255
_Resolute_, 251, 253 _et seq._, 264 _et seq._
_Resolution_ (Button’s), 136
-- (Cook’s), 169 _et seq._, 394 _et seq._
-- (Scoresby’s), 192, 194, 195
_Richard and Barnard_, 124
_Rodgers_, 329
_Roosevelt_, 355, 356
_Royal George_, 102
_Sabrina_, 405, 406
_St Lesmes_, 389
_St Paul_, 177
_St Peter_, 177, 178
_Salomon_, 86, 88
_Scotia_, 439
_Searchthrift_, 63
_Sofia_, 366
_Sophia_, 251, 296, 332
_Southern Cross_, 433
_Speedwell_ (Scoresby’s), 191
-- (Wood’s), 156;
wrecked, 157
_Sunshine_, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100
_Superb_, 240
_Swan_, 69, 72
_Sweepstakes_, 156
_Tegethoff_, 289, 297
_Terra Nova_, 476, 483, 489 _et seq._;
surveys N.Z. waters, 493, 494
_Terror_ (under Ross), 410 _et seq._, 418 _et seq._;
collision of, 419
-- (under Franklin), 230, 231, 238 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 246
_et seq._;
founders, 247
_Thames_, 326
_Thomas_, 86
_Thomas Allin_, 86
_Thomasine_, 126, 127
_Tiger_, 124
_Trade’s Increase_, 105
_Trent_, 198 _et seq._
-- (Franklin’s), 222, 223
_Trost_, 112
_Tula_, 403 _et seq._
_United States_, 299
_Valdivia_, 429
_Valorous_, 304
_Vega_, 322 _et seq._, 324
_Victory_, 233 _et seq._
_Warkworth_, 326
_Willem Barentsz_, 359 _et seq._
_William_, 65;
founders, 66
_Williams of Blythe_, 398
_Windward_, 292
_Ymer_, 322
_Zélée_, 407

Victoria Island, 227, 230

-- Land, 456, 469, 481;
surveyed, 315

-- Range, 458, 505, 507

_Victory_, 233 _et seq._

Vigdis, tomb of, 52

Viking ships, 35

Vikings, 35, 36;
reach Iceland, 36

Vince, T., death of, 459;
monument to, 476

Vinland, 42, 45

Vocabulary, Eskimo, compiled by Davis, 97

Vogel Hoek, 118

Volcanic action, in Arctic, 4;
in Antarctic, 400, 415, 416, 432, 465

von Toll, Baron, 341

_Voyage of the “Discovery,”_ 477

Voyages, of Thylde, 58;
of Willoughby, 59

Waigatz Island, 15, 64;
birds of, 64;
flora of, 64

Wakeman, Cyrus, 212

Walrus, 122, 144, 170, 173, 296, 343, 349;
attacks Trent’s boats, 199

Walsingham, Sir Francis, 94, 96, 98

_Warkworth_, 326

“Water sky,” 8

Weapons, 24

Weddell, Capt. James, 404, 440;
his Antarctic expedition, 401, 402

Weddell Quadrant, 442, 507

Weddell’s Seal, 483

Wellman, 293

West Bygd, settlement formed, 47

Wetheringsett, Hakluyt rector of, 110

Weyprecht, Lieut., 288, 289, 316

Whale, breaking up of, 192 _et seq._;
captured by Ross, 217;
jaw-bones of, 193;
killed by ship, 88;
fishery, 128, 150, 188 _et seq._;
initiation of, 123;
in Baffin’s Bay, 204;
boats, 190;
lines, 190, 192

-- fishing, 125

Whale Fish Islands, 241

Whale Sound, 145, 338

Whalebone, 193

Whalers, 189, 283, 284, 431;
Scotch, in Antarctic, 431;
disaster to, 302

Whales, 143, 422;
_Balaena Biscayensis_, 125

Whaling, 190, 192

Wharton, Admiral Sir William, 446

Whymper, Edward, visits Greenland, 331

Wiggins, Joseph, 325 _et seq._;
his scheme for Siberian trade, 326;
death of, 327

Wild, Frank, 428, 479, 486

Wilkes, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, 408, 409

_Willem Barentsz_, 359 _et seq._

Willemoes-Sühn, 428

_William_, 65;
founders, 66

_Williams of Blythe_, 398

Williamson, 490, 503

Willoughby, Gabriel, 60

-- Sir Hugh, 59;
his first Arctic voyage, 60 _et seq._;
sights Halgoland, 61;
discovers Novaya Zemlya, 61;
winters in Lapland, 61;
death of, 62

Willoughby Land, 61, 123

Wilson, Edward, surgeon with Hudson, 131, 134

-- Dr Edward, 449, 463 _et seq._, 490, 494, 496, 498, 500 _et
seq._;
death of, 503

_Windward_, 292

Wisting, 484

Wolfall, Frobisher’s chaplain, 90

Wollaton, tombs in church at, 60

Wolstenholme, Sir John, 106, 108, 135, 138, 142;
sends Hawkridge on polar voyage, 149

Wolstenholme Sound, 143, 145, 203

Wood, John, attempts North East Passage, 156

Wrangell, Baron, his sledge journeys, 181 _et seq._

Wrangell Island, 184, 329

Wright, Edward, 106

-- Mr, 491, 498, 503

Wyatt, Mr George, 489

Wyche, Richard, 106, 135

Wyche Islands, 286

_Xema sabinii_, 203

Yakutsk, 16

Yenisei River, 15, 175, 323, 326, 345

_Ymer_, 322

York, Cape, 202;
birds of, 24

Yorke, Gilbert, 85, 90

-- Sir John, 81

Young, Sir Allen, 273, 274, 276, 291, 311 _et seq._, 327, 359

-- James, 117, 118, 121

Young Island, 405

Yuraks, 16

_Zélée_, 407

Zeni map, 54

Zeno, Niccolo, 55;
errors of his map, 160

_Zeuglodon_, 438

Ziegler expedition, 293

Zinzendorf, Count, founds Moravian mission, 162

Zorgdrager, C. G., 188

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. B. PEACE, M.A., AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

Transcriber’s Notes

New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Superscripts are indicated by a preceding ^ symbol; italics are enclosed in _underscores_.

The List of Illustrations has been resequenced to match the sequence in which the illustrations actually appear in the original book. Portions of it have been restructured slightly.

The List of Illustrations indicates that two sketches are in color, but they are not.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

The ERRATUM on page 100 has been corrected here.

Transcriber added column separator lines to the Chronology and made the columns narrower. The columns are centered, as they were in the original book.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of the pages on which they were referenced, have been collected, sequentially renumbered, and moved to the end of the main text, just before the Index.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.