Chapter XLIII: The Mediaeval Synthesis: Dante (4)

_Sentences, Books of_:
Isidore’s, i. 106 _and_ _n. 1_
Paulus’ _Sententiae_, ii. 243
Peter Lombard’s, _see under_ Lombard
Prosper’s, i. 106 _n. 1_

Sequence-hymns, development of, ii. 196, =201-6=;
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-215

Serenus, Bp. of Marseilles, i. 102

Sermons, allegorizing:
Bernard of Clairvaux, by, i. 337 _n._, =409-13=; ii. =169=, 368-9
Honorius of Autun, by, ii. 50 _seqq._

Seven Liberal Arts (_See also separate headings_ Grammar, Logic,
_etc._):
Alanus de Insulis on functions of, ii. 98 _n. 1_
Carolingian study of, i. 236
Clerical education in, i. 221-2
Compend of, by Cassiodorus, i. 96
_De nuptiis_ as concerned with, i. 71 _n. 3_
Hugo of St. Victor on function of, ii. 67, 111
Latin the medium for, ii. 109
Law smattering included with, ii. 250
Quadrivium:
Boëthius on, i. 90 _and_ _n. 2_
Chartres, at, i. 299
Thierry’s encyclopaedia of, ii. 130
Trivium:
Chartres, at, i. =298-9=; ii. 163
Courses of, as representing stages of mediaeval development, ii.
331 _seqq._
otherwise mentioned, i. 217; ii. 553

Severinus, St., i. 192

Severus, Sulpicius, i. 126 _n. 2_;
Life of St. Martin by, i. 52, 84, 85 _n. 2_, =86=

Sidonius, Apollinaris, i. 126 _n. 2_;
cited, i. 117 _n. 1_, 140

Siger de Brabant, ii. 401 _and_ _n._

_Sippe_, i. 122

Smaragdus, Abbot, i. 215

Socrates, i. 34-5; ii. 7

Songs, _see_ Poetry

Sophists, Greek, i. 35

Sorbon, Robert de, i. 544-5

Sorcery, i. 46

Spain:
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9
Arabian philosophy in, ii. 390
Church in, i. 9, 103, =118 and n.=
Latinization of, i. 25-6 _and_ _n. 2_
Moorish conquest of, i. 9, 118
Visigoths in, i. 113, 116-=17 and n. 2=, 118

_Stabat Mater_, i. 348

Statius, ii. 229 _n._

Statius Caecilius, i. 25

Stephen IX., Pope, i. 263

Stephen, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 211-13

Stephen of Bourbon quoted, i. 365 _n._

Stilicho, i. 112

Stoicism:
Emotion as regarded by, i. 330
Nature of, i. =41=, 57, 59
Neo-Platonism contrasted with, ii. 296
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Roman law as affected by, ii. 232
otherwise mentioned, i. 40, 70

Strabo, Walafrid, _see_ Walafrid

Suevi, i. 116-17 _and_ _n. 2_, =139=

_Summae_, method of, ii. 306-7
(_See also under_ Theology)

_Summum bonum_, Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 438 _seqq._, 456

Switzerland, Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174

Sylvester II., Pope (Gerbert of Aurillac), career of, i. 281-4;
disputation with Otric, i. 289-91;
estimate of, i. 281, =285-7=;
love of the classics, i. =287-8=; ii. 110;
Latin style of, ii. 160;
logical studies of, ii. 332, 338, 339, 345;
letters of, quoted, i. 283-7;
estimated, i. 284-5;
editions of works of, i. 280 _n._;
_Libellus de rationali et ratione uti_, i. =292 n.=, 299;
otherwise mentioned, i. 249; ii. 35

Symbolism:
Alanus’ _Anticlaudianus_ as exemplifying, ii. 94-103
Angels as symbols, ii. 457
Art, mediaeval, inspired by, i. 21
Augustine and Gregory compared as to, i. 56-7
Carolingian, nature and examples of, ii. 46-50
Church edifices, of, ii. 78-82
Dante permeated with, ii. 534, =552-5=
Greek, nature of, ii. 56-7
Hildegard’s visions, in, i. 456 _seqq._
Marriage relationship, in, i. 413-14
Mass, of the, ii. 77-8
Mediaeval thought deeply impressed by, ii. =43=, 50 _n. 1_, =102=,
=365=
Mysticism in relation to, ii. 364
Neo-Platonic, i. 52
Ovid’s works interpreted by, ii. 230
Patristic, i. =37=, =43-6=, 52, 53, 58, =80=
Platonic, i. 36
Raban’s addiction to, i. 223 _and_ _n. 2_
_Signum et res_ classification, ii. 322-3
Twelfth century--in Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 _seqq._;
in Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 64 _seqq._
Universal in mental processes, ii. 41, 552 _n._
Universe explained by, ii. 64, 66 _seqq._
otherwise mentioned, i. 15, 22

Sytrio, Romualdus at, i. 378-9

Tacitus, i. 78; ii. 134

Tears, grace of, i. 370-1 _and_ _n._, 462, 463

Templars, i. 531-5

Tenth century, _see_ Carolingian period

Tertullian, i. 5, 58, 87, 99, 171, 332, 344, 354 _n._; ii 152;
paradox of, i. 51; ii. 297;
_Adversus Marcionem_, i. 68

Teutons (_See also_ Anglo-Saxons, Danes, Germans, Norsemen):
Celts compared with, i. 125
Characteristics of, i. 138
Christianizing of:
Manner of, i. =181-3=, =196-7=, 193;
results of, i. 5, =170=-1
Motives of converts, i. 193
Customs of, i. 122, 139, 141, 523
Law of, early, tribal nature of, ii. 245-7
Rôle of, in mediaeval evolution, i. 125
Roman Empire permeated by, i. 111 _seqq._

Theodora, i. 242

Theodore, Abp. of Canterbury, i. 184

Theodoric of Freiburg, ii. 501 _n._

Theodoric the Ostrogoth, i. 89, 91 _n. 2_, 93, =114-15=, 120-1, 138, 249;
in legend, i. 145-6;
Edict of, ii. 244 _n._

Theodosius the Great, Emp., i. 112; ii. 272;
Code of, ii. 240 _and_ _n. 2_, 241 _n. 2_, 242, =249=, =266-7 and n. 1=

Theodulphus, Bp. of Orleans, i. =9=, 215;
Latin diction of, ii. 160

Theology, scholastic:
Abaelard’s treatises on, _see under_ Abaelard
Aquinas’ _Summa_ of, _see under_ Aquinas
Argumentative nature of, ii. 292-3
Augustinian character of, ii. 403
Course of study in, ii. 388
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8
Logic in relation to, ii. =340 n.=, 346
Mysticism of, ii. 363-4
Natural sciences, etc., as handmaids to, ii. =67=, 111, 289, =486=,
=492=, =496=, 500, 530;
denial of the theory--by Duns, ii. 510;
by Occam, ii. 519-520
(_See also_ Physical science--Patristic attitude toward)
Paris the centre for, ii. 283, =379=
Philosophy in relation to, _see under_ Philosophy
Practical, not speculative, regarded as, ii. 512, =515=, 519
Scientific nature of, as regarded by Albertus, ii. 291, 430
Scripture identified with, ii. 406, 408
_Summae_ of--by Alexander of Hales, ii. 399;
by Bonaventura, ii. 408;
by Albertus Magnus, ii. 430-1;
by Aquinas, _see under_ Aquinas
Thirteenth-century study of, ii. 118-=120=

Theophrastus, i. 38

Theresa, St., i. 443 _n. 1_

Theurgic practice, i. 46-8

Thierry, Chancellor of Chartres, ii. 119, =370-1=;
_Eptateuchon_ of, ii. 130 _and_ _n._

Thirteenth century:
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287
Latin prose styles of, ii. 179
Papal position in, ii. 509
Personalities of writers emergent in, ii. 436
Theology and dialectic the chief studies of, ii. 118-=20=
Three phenomena marking, ii. 378

Thomas à Kempis, _De imitatione Christi_ by, ii. 185

Thomas Aquinas, _see_ Aquinas

Thomas of Brittany, _Tristan_ fragment by, i. 582

Thomas of Cantimpré, ii. 428-9

Thomas of Celano, Life of St. Francis by, quoted, i. 435, 436-8;
style of the work, ii. 182-3

Thucydides, _History of the Peloponnesian War_ by, i. 77-8

Thuringia:
Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8
Merovingian rule in, i. 121

Thuringians, language of, i. 145 _n. 2_

Torriti, i. 347

Trance, _see_ Ecstasy

Trèves, i. =30=, 31, 192

_Tristan_:
Chrétien’s version of, i. 567
Gottfried von Strassburg’s version of, i. 577-82

Trivium, _see under_ Seven Liberal Arts

Troubadours (trouvères), i. 572-3 _and_ _nn._

Troy, tales of, in mediaeval literature, ii. 200, =224-5 and n. 2=,
=227-9=

True and the good compared, ii. 441, 512

Truth, Guigo’s _Meditationes_ as concerning, i. 385-6

Twelfth century:
Classical studies at zenith in, ii. 117-118
Growth in, various, i. 305-6
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287
Literary zenith in, ii. 168, 205-6
Mobility increased during, ii. 379

Ulfilas, i. 192; ii. 221

Ulpian--on _jus naturale_ and _jus gentium_, ii. 234 _and_ _n._;
on _justitia_, _jus_ and _jurisprudentia_, ii. 237

Ulster Cycle, Sagas of, i. 128 _and_ _n. 2_, 129 _seqq._

Universals, _see under_ Scholasticism

Universities, mediaeval (_For particular universities see their names_):
Increase in (14th cent.), ii. 523
Rise of, ii. 379, 381 _seqq._
Studies at, ii. 388 _and_ _n._

Urban II., Pope, ii. 175

Urban IV., Pope, ii. 391-2, 434

Utrecht, bishopric of, i. 197

Vallombrosa, i. 377

Vandals, i. 112, =113=, 120

Varro, Terentius, i. 39, 71, 78

Vercingetorix, i. 28

Vernacular poetry, _see under_ Poetry

Verse, _see_ Poetry

Vikings, _see_ Danes _and_ Norsemen

Vilgard, i. 259-60

Vincent of Beauvais, _Speculum majus_ of, ii. 82 _and_ _n. 2_, 315-22

Virgil, Bernard Silvestris’ _Commentum_ on, ii. 116-17 _and_ _n. 2_;
Dante in relation to, ii. 535, 536, 539, 543

Virgin Mary:
Dante’s _Paradiso_ as concerning, ii. 551
Hymns to, by Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 86-7, 92
Interventions of, against the devil, i. 487, =490-2=
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 53, 54 _and_ =n. 2=; ii. =431=, =551=,
558

Virtues:
Aquinas’ classification of, ii. 326-8
Odilo’s _Cardinales disciplinae_, i. 295

Virtues and vices, poetic treatment of--by Alanus, ii. 102 _n._;
by De Lorris and De Meun, ii. 103

Visigoths:
Arianism of, i. 120
Dacian settlement of, i. 112
Gaul, Southern, kingdom in, i. 7, 112, =116=;
Clovis’ conquest of, i. 121
Roman law code promulgated by, _see_ Roman law--_Breviarium_
Spain, in, i. 9, 113, 116-=17 and n. 2=, 118

Visions:
Examples of, i. 444-6, 451, 452-9
Monastic atmosphere in, i. 184 _and_ _n. 2_
Nature of, i. 443, 449 and _n. 3_, =450=, 451 _and_ _n._

_Vita contemplativa_:
Aquinas’ views on, ii. 443, =481-2=
Hildebert on, ii. 144-5

_Vitae sanctorum_, _see_ Saints--Lives of

Walafrid Strabo, i. 100, =215=; ii. =332=;
_Glossa ordinaria_ of, i. 16, =221 n. 2=; ii. =46=;
_De cultura hortorum_, ii. 188 _n. 2_

Waldenses, i. =365 n.=; ii. 34

Walter of Lille (of Chatillon), _Alexandreis_ of, ii. 192 _and_ _n. 3_,
230 _n. 1_

Walther von der Vogelweide, political views of, ii. 33;
attitude of, toward Papacy, ii. 34-6;
piety and crusading zeal of, ii. 36;
melancholy, ii. 36-7;
_Minnelieder_ of, ii. 29-31;
_Sprüche_, ii. 29, =32=, 36;
_Tagelied_, ii. 30;
_Unter der Linde_, ii. 30;
otherwise mentioned, i. 475, =482=, 589; ii. 223

_Wergeld_, i. =122=, 139; ii. =246=

Will, primacy of, over intellect, ii. 512, 515

William, Abbot of Hirschau, i. 315

William II. (Rufus), King of England, i. 273, 275; ii. =138-9=

William of Apulia, ii. 189 _and_ _n. 3_

William of Champeaux--worsted by Abaelard, ii. 342-3;
founds St. Victor, ii. 61, 143;
Hildebert’s letter to, quoted, ii. 143

William of Conches, ii. 132;
studies and works of, ii. 372-3;
_Summa moralium philosophorum_, ii. 134-5, 373 _and_ _n. 2_

William of Malmsbury cited, i. 525

William of Moerbeke, ii. 391

William of Occam, _see_ Occam

William of St. Thierry, ii. 300, 344

Willibrord, St., i. 197

Winifried-Boniface, St., i. 6, =197-200=, 308; ii. 273

Wisdom, Aquinas on, ii. 481

Witelo, _Perspectiva_ by, ii. 501 _n._

Witiza of Aquitaine, i. 358-9

Wolfram von Eschenbach, ii. 223;
_Parzival_ by, i. 12 _n._, 149 _n. 1_, 152, 567, 571 _n. 2_,
=589-613=; ii. =36=;
estimate of the work, i. 588; ii. 29

Women:
Emotion regarding, i. 349-50
Emotional Christ-love experienced by, i. 442, =459 seqq.=
Fabliaux’ tone toward, i. 521 _n. 2_
German prae-mediaeval attitude toward, i. 139, 150;
mediaeval, ii. 31
Monastic life, in:
Abuses among, i. 491-2;
Rigaud’s _Register_ as concerning, i. 479-480
Consecration of, i. 337 _and_ _n._
Gandersheim nuns, i. 311
Visions of, i. 442 _seqq._, 463 _seqq._
Monkish vilification of, i. =354 n.=, 521 _n. 2_, 532, =533=; ii. 58
Romantic literature as concerned with, i. 564
Romantic poems for audiences of, i. 565
Walther von der Vogelweide on, ii. 31

Worms, Concordat of (1122), i. 245 _n. 4_

Xenophon’s _Cyropaedia_, i. 78

Year-books (_Annales_), i. 234 _and_ =n. 1=

Yves, Bp. of Chartres, i. 262 _n._; ii. =139=

Zacharias, Pope, i. 199

Zoology:
Albertus Magnus’ works on, ii. 429
Aristotle’s work in, i. 38
_Physiologus_, i. =76-7 and n.=, 300; ii. 83

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See _post_, Chapter XXXVI., I.

[2] Lev. xxi. 20; Deut. xxiii. 1.

[3] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, viii. 94.

[4] Heloïse here in mediaeval fashion cites a number of examples from Scripture showing the ills and troubles brought by women to men.

[5] Again she quotes to prove this, from Job and St. Gregory and Ambrose.

[6] Heloïse’s last _problema_ did not relate to Scripture, and may have been suggested by her own life. “We ask whether one can sin in doing what is permitted or commanded by the Lord?” Abaelard answers with a discussion of what is permissible between man and wife.

[7] This letter of Heloïse is not extant.

[8] The _Tristan_ of Gottfried von Strassburg and the _Parzival_ of Wolfram von Eschenbach have been given. One may also refer to works of older contemporaries, _e.g._ to the _Aeneid_ of Heinrich von Veldeke, translated (1184) from a French rendering of Virgil; and the two courtly narrative poems, the _Erec_ and _Ivain_ (Knight of the Lion) taken from Chrétien of Troies by Hartmann von Aue, who flourished as the twelfth century was passing into the thirteenth.

[9] On Walther von der Vogelweide, see Wilmann, _Leben und Dichtung Walthers, etc._ (Bonn, 1882); Schönbach, _Walther von der Vogelweide_ (2nd ed., Berlin, 1895). The citations from his poems in this chapter follow the Pfeiffer-Bartsch edition.

[10] No. 3 in the Pfeiffer-Bartsch edition.

[11] 184.

[12] 33.

[13] 22.

[14] 14, 16, 69.

[15] 18.

[16] 39.

[17] See _Lieder_, 46, 51, 56, 59, 61, 62, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77.

[18] A lucid account of this struggle is given in Luchaire, _Innocent III._, vol. iii. (“La Papauté et l’Empire”), Paris, 1906.

[19] 81.

[20] From “Freidank in Auswahl,” in Hildebrand’s _Didaktik aus der Zeit der Kreuzzüge_, p. 336 (Deutsche Nat. Lit.).

[21] 85, cf. 164.

[22] 110.

[23] 113, cf. 111, 112.

[24] 115, 116.

[25] 133. My statement of the opposition to the papacy might be much more analytical, and contain further apt distinctions. But this would remove it too far from the anti-papal feeling of the common man; and the period, moreover, is not yet that of Occam and Marsilius of Padua--as to whom see Gierke, _Political Theories of the Middle Age_, trans. by Maitland (Cambridge, 1900).

[26] 88, 137.

[27] 158. Walter shared the crusading spirit. The inference that he was himself a Crusader is unsafe; but he wrote stirring crusading poems, one opening with a line that in sudden power may be compared with Milton’s

“Avenge, O Lord, Thy slaughtered saints.”

“Rich, hêrre, dich und dine muoter, megede kint.”
167. See also 78, 79.

[28] 87.

[29] _Parzival_, i. 824.

[30] 186.

[31] 188.

[32] While an allegory is a statement having another consciously intended meaning, metaphor is the carrying over or deflection of a meaning from its primary application. According to good usage, which has kept these terms distinct, allegory implies a definite and usually a sustained intention, and suggests the spiritual; while metaphor suggests figures of speech and linguistic changes often unconscious. Language develops through the metaphorical (not allegorical) extension or modification of the meanings of words. The original meaning sometimes is obscured (_e.g._ in _profane_ or _depend_), and sometimes continues to exist with the new one. In a vast number of languages, such words as _straight_, _oblique_, _crooked_, seem always to have had both a direct and a metaphorical meaning. Moral and intellectual conceptions necessarily are expressed in phrases primarily applicable to physical phenomena.

[33] Cf. Taylor, _Classical Heritage_, p. 97 _sqq._

[34] _Ante_, Chapters IV., V.

[35] _Contra Faustum_, xxii. 1-5.

[36] _Contra Faustum_, xxii. 66-68.

[37] Augustine’s method in this twenty-second Book is first to consider the actual sinfulness or justification of these deeds, and afterwards to take up in succession their typological significance. So, for example, he discusses the blamefulness of Judah’s conduct with Tamar in par. 61-64 and its typology in 83-86.

[38] _Contra Faustum_, xxii. 87. St. Ambrose, in his _Apologia Prophetae David_, cap. iii. (Migne 14, col. 857), written some years before Augustine’s treatise against Faustus, finds Bathsheba to signify the “congregatio nationum quae non erat Christo legitimo quodam fidei copulata connubio.”

[39] _Quaestiones in Vet. Testam. in Regum II._ (Migne 83, col. 411). Isidore died A.D. 636 (_ante_, Chapter V.)

[40] _Comment. in Libros IV. Regum_, in lib. ii. cap. xi.; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ 109, col. 98 (written in 834). On Rabanus and Walafrid see _ante_,