Chapter XXIII: Book THE EIGHTH (12)

[352] Cæsar Borgia, a natural son of Pope Alexander VI., was created a cardinal on the 20th of September, 1493. He resigned his hat in 1498, in the hope of making a great marriage; and received the titles of Duke of Romagna in Italy, and Valentinois in France. He died on the 12th of March, 1507, having crowded into a comparatively short life all the worst crimes of which human nature is capable.

[353] Philippe de Luxembourg, Bishop of Térouenne and Mans, was created a cardinal on the 27th of January, 1497, and died on the 2nd of June, 1519.

[354] On the 28th of January, 1495.

[355] The Duke of Milan.

[356] On the 11th of February, 1495.

[357] Alfonso de Avalos, Marquis of Pescara, and Lord Chamberlain to Ferdinand I., King of Naples.

[358] Louis D’Armagnac, Duke of Nemours and Count of Guise, afterwards appointed Viceroy of Naples; killed in the battle of Cerignola, on the 28th of April, 1503.—ANSELME, iii. 429.

[359] John, Lord of Rieux and Rochefort, Count of Harcourt, and Marshal of Bretagne, born on the 27th of June, 1447, and died on the 9th of February, 1518.

[360] On the 14th of February, 1495.

[361] On the 19th of February, 1495.

[362] On Sunday, the 22nd of February, 1495.

[363] François d’Alegre, Count of Joigny, Baron of Viteaux, and Lord of Precy, was Grand Master of the Woods and Forests of France in 1498.

[364] Trojanus Caracciolo, in whose favour the dukedom of Melfi was erected into a principality.

[365] Francesco Orsini, Duke of Gravina, strangled, by order of Cæsar Borgia, on the 18th of January, 1503.—SISMONDI, xiii. 182.

[366] Giovanni della Rovere, Duke of Sora and Acri, and Prefect of Rome, died in 1501.

[367] The Caldoreschi, or members of the Caldora family.

[368] Probably Poggio Reale, a palace near Naples, which Charles VIII. frequently visited.

[369] Avlona, or Valona, a town in Albania, situated on the headland known as Cape Linguetta, in the Adriatic Sea.

[370] Paolo Angelo, Archbishop of Durazzo, a native of Drivasto in Albania, and a friend and councillor of Scanderbeg.—HAMMER, iii. 123.

[371] George Castriota, surnamed Iskender-beg, or the Lord Alexander, was an Albanian prince, celebrated for his heroic warfare against the Turks. He was born in 1404, and died in 1467. His death was soon followed by the entire submission of Albania to the Turkish yoke.

[372] Probably Thomas Palæologus, son of the Emperor Manuel, and brother of Constantine Dragases, the last Emperor of Constantinople.

[373] Constantine Aranito, of the family of the Comneni, and uncle to Mary Duchess of Montferrat.

[374] George, son of Stracimer Balch, Prince of Scutari, gave that town to the Venetians in 1394.—MURATORI, xxii. 762.

[375] Croia, in Albania, was given to the Venetians by Scanderbeg, and surrendered to Mahomet II. on the 15th of June, 1478. Scutari was ceded by treaty on the 26th of January, 1479.—HAMMER, iii. 227.

[376] Small vessels corresponding with our modern brigantines.

[377] The Podestà was the civil governor of the town; the captain the military commandant.

[378] The Brenta.

[379] Agostino Barberigo, elected Doge on the 30th of August, 1486, held the office for fifteen years.

[380] In 1496 Ferdinand II. gave the towns of Otranto, Brindisi, Trani, Monopoli, and Pulignano to the Venetians as security for a debt of 200,000 ducats which he owed them. But all the Venetian possessions in the kingdom of Naples were restored to Ferdinand the Catholic in 1509.

[381] The king left Asti on the 6th of October, 1494.

[382] Ulrich von Lichtenstein, Bishop of Trent, who died on the 16th of September, 1505.

[383] Lorenzo Suarez de Mendoza y Figueroa.—SISMONDI, xii. 266.

[384] Antonio Trivulzio, created a cardinal in 1500, died on the 18th of March, 1508.—IMHOFF, 86.

[385] Francesco Bernardo Visconti, elected a ducal councillor in 1484.

[386] On the 13th of March, 1495.

[387] On the 31st of March, 1495.—SISMONDI, xii. 270.

[388] A sort of vessels with sails and oars, much used in the Mediterranean.

[389] Gilbert de Bourbon, Count of Montpensier, Archduke of Sessa, and Viceroy of Naples. He died at Pozzuolo on the 5th of October, 1496.

[390] Antoine de Ville, Lord of Domjulien, and Duke of Sant’ Angelo in the kingdom of Naples, died at Naples in 1504.

[391] Gabriel de Montfaucon, knight, Bailiff of Meaux, councillor and chamberlain to the King of France, and lieutenant of the hundred gentlemen-at-arms of the royal household.

[392] Guillaume de Villeneufve, knight, councillor and steward to King Charles VIII., has left an account of his master’s wars in Italy, in which he states that, being left with forty men to guard Trani, thirty-two of his party were suborned by Don Frederic to deliver up the castle. Villeneufve was kept four months in the galleys; after which he was confined for eight months in the Castel Nuovo at Naples, and released on the 7th of August, 1496.

[393] George de Sully, Lord of Cors and Romefort.

[394] Claude de Lenoncourt, Lord of Harouel, and Bailiff of Vitry from 1483 to 1497.

[395] Garcin d’Aguerre, Lord of Aubenton.

[396] He left Naples on the 20th of May, 1495, and entered Rome on the 1st of June following.

[397] The king reached Sienna on Saturday, the 13th of June, 1495.

[398] It is so in all the French copies; but certainly it should be Mont Vieil, in Italian Monte Vecchio, which is a certain treasure set apart by the Venetians for the payment of interest due to the ancient creditors of their republic, as appears by the book of Donato Gianotti.

[399] Gaucher de Dinteville, Lord of Chenets, and Bailiff of Troyes.

[400] He entered Pisa on Saturday, June 20. 1495.

[401] Girolamo Savonarola, a Dominican monk of Ferrara, arrived on foot at Florence in the year 1489, and lodged in the convent of St. Mark. He began immediately to preach there, from profound conviction on his own part, and with a talent equal to his energy, against the scandalous abuses which had been introduced into the Church of Rome, and against the criminal usurpations in the State, which had deprived the citizens of their just rights. On the expulsion of Piero de’ Medici, in 1494, he became the leader of the democratic party, which was for a time successful. Savonarola’s influence was now very great; for he was looked upon by his party as a kind of prophet and supreme judge. But the opposition were not idle; they represented him to the people as an impostor, and accused him of heresy at Rome. Pope Alexander VI. summoned him to appear before him, and, in default, excommunicated him. After a long contest, in the course of which Savonarola completely lost his credit with the populace, a party of his enemies entered the convent of St. Mark by force, and dragged him to prison. He was tried before a mixed lay and ecclesiastical commission appointed by Alexander VI., and condemned to death. On the 23rd of May, 1498, he was burnt alive in the public square of Florence.

[402] Jean François de Cardonne, councillor and Chief Steward to King Charles VIII.

[403] Charles Orlando, born on the 10th of October, 1492, and died on the 6th of December, 1495.

[404] Elsewhere called the General Brissonet.

[405] Louis de Salazar, Lord of Asnoi.

[406] Robert de Balsac, Lord of Entragues.

[407] Antoine de Luxembourg, Bastard of Brienne, son of Antoine de Luxembourg, Count of Roussy, and nephew of the Count de Ligny.

[408] Novara opened its gates to the Duke of Orleans on the 11th of June, 1495.

[409] John de Polignac, Lord of Beaumont and Randan. He married Jeanne de Chambes, eldest sister of Helene de Chambes, wife of Philip de Commines.

[410] Hugh d’Amboise, Baron of Aubijoux, brother to the famous Cardinal George d’Amboise. He was killed in the battle of Marignan, in 1515.

[411] Mortara and Correano.—GUAZZO, 160.

[412] Candes, a small town in the Department of Indre-et-Loire.

[413] See Chapter V., p. 196.

[414] Spanish light horse, so called from the _jennets_ which they rode.—See BRANTÔME, i. 213.

[415] Florimont Robertet, a native of Montbrison, was Secretary of State under Kings Charles VIII., Louis XII., and Francis I.

[416] Bernardino de Montone, a Venetian condottiere, and grandson of the celebrated Braccio de Montone.

[417] Bourdonnasses were hollow lances, curiously painted, and used in Italy by the men-at-arms, in tournaments.

[418] Annibale de Bentivoglio, who had been created Gonfalonier of Justice on the 1st of November, 1489.

[419] “The French,” says Mr. Prescott, “in artillery, were at this time in advance of the Italians, perhaps of every nation in Europe. The Italians, indeed, were so exceedingly defective in this department that their best field-pieces consisted of small copper tubes covered with wood and hides. They were mounted on unwieldy carriages drawn by oxen, and followed by waggons loaded with stone balls. These guns were worked so awkwardly, that the besieged, says Guicciardini, had time between the discharges to repair the mischief inflicted by them.... The French, on the other hand, were provided with a beautiful train of ordnance, consisting of bronze cannon about eight feet in length, and many smaller pieces. They were lightly mounted, drawn by horses, and easily kept pace with the rapid movements of the army. They discharged iron balls, and were served with admirable skill, intimidating their enemies by the rapidity and accuracy of their fire, and easily demolishing their fortifications, which were constructed with little strength or science.”—_History of Ferdinand and Isabella_, vol. ii. p. 259.

[420] The Swiss mercenaries were the finest infantry of that age, and, by their defeat of the Burgundian chivalry at Granson and Morat, had fully demonstrated the superiority of infantry in battle. Their organisation is thus described by Mr. Prescott: “The Swiss were formed into battalions, varying from 3000 to 8000 men each. They wore little defensive armour, and their principal weapon was the pike, eighteen feet long. Formed into these solid battalions, which, bristling with spears all around, received the technical appellation of the _hedgehog_, they presented an invulnerable front on every quarter. In the level field, with free scope allowed for action, they bore down all opposition, and received unshaken the most desperate charges of the steel-clad cavalry on their terrible array of pikes. They were too unwieldy, however, for rapid or complicated manœuvres; and they were easily disconcerted by any unforeseen impediment or irregularity of the ground.”—_History of Ferdinand and Isabella_, vol. ii. p. 258.

[421] Engilbert de Cleves, Count of Auxerre, and afterwards Count of Nevers and Eu, became a naturalised Frenchman in 1486, married Charlotte de Bourbon, and died on the 21st of November, 1506.

[422] Louis de Menton, Lord of Lornay, captain of the king’s hundred Swiss guards, and Master of the Horse to the Queen.

[423] Matthew, surnamed the Great Bastard of Bourbon, was a natural son of John II., Duke of Bourbon. On his return from Italy he was created Admiral and Governor of Guienne and Picardy; and he died in 1505.

[424] Philippe du Moulin, Knight, is mentioned as one of the members of the king’s council.

[425] Robinet de Framezelles was lieutenant to the Duke of Orleans at the capture of Novara in 1495.

[426] Part of the king’s guard, who received _twenty crowns_ a month, whence the name.

[427] See Book VI. Chap. 5. for an account of this battle.

[428] Gabriel de la Boudinière.—DUPONT, ii. 478.

[429] This is not Reggio in Calabria, but another city of the same name in the dukedom of Modena, fifteen miles from Parma.

[430] Gasparo, surnamed Fracasso de San Severino.

[431] Generally known as Nice. Charles VIII. arrived there on Monday, July 13. 1495.

[432] Charles VIII. arrived at Turin, on Thursday, July 30. 1495.

[433] Louis Aleman, Knight, Lord of Arbent and Mornay, was long in the service of Charles, Duke of Burgundy; but having sold the Castle of Jou, of which he was governor, to Louis XI. for 14,000 crowns, he transferred his allegiance to the French King, from whom he received considerable preferment. Guicciardini speaks of him as “uomo bellicoso ma non esperimentato.”

[434] Ponza, a rocky island off the coast of Naples, 35 miles south-west of Gaeta.

[435] Porto-Longone, near Piombino.

[436] Charles John Amadeus, born on the 24th of June, 1488, succeeded his father in 1489, and died on the 16th of April, 1496.

[437] Robert de la Marck, Duke of Bouillon, and Lord of Sedan.

[438] Jacques de Hangest, Lord of Genlis, and councillor and chamberlain to the king. After his deliverance from Naples, he went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and on his return he was sent on an embassy to Charles, Archduke of Austria, in 1514.

[439] Ferdinand re-entered Naples on the 7th of July, 1495. The story of his recovery of his capital is thus told by Mr. Prescott:—“King Ferdinand, having gained new confidence from his experience of the favourable dispositions existing towards him in Calabria, and relying on a similar feeling of loyalty in his capital, determined to hazard a bold stroke for its recovery. He accordingly embarked at Messina, with a handful of troops only, on board the fleet of the Spanish admiral, Requesens. It amounted in all to eighty vessels, most of them of inconsiderable size. With this armament, which, notwithstanding its formidable show, carried little effective force for land operations, the adventurous young monarch appeared off the harbour of Naples before the end of June, 1495. The Duke of Montpensier at that time garrisoned Naples with 6000 French troops. On the appearance of the Spanish navy, he marched out to prevent Ferdinand’s landing, leaving a few only of his soldiers to keep the city in awe. But he had scarcely quitted it before the inhabitants, who had waited with impatience an opportunity for throwing off the yoke, sounded the tocsin, and rising in arms through every part of the city, and massacring the feeble remains of the garrison, shut the gates against him; while Ferdinand, who had succeeded in drawing off the French commander in another direction, no sooner presented himself before the walls, than he was received with transports of joy by the enthusiastic people.

“The French, however, though excluded from the city, by making a circuit effected an entrance into the fortresses which commanded it. From these posts Montpensier sorely annoyed the town, making frequent attacks on it, day and night, at the head of his gendarmerie, until they were at length checked in every direction by barricades, which the citizens hastily constructed with waggons, casks of stones, bags of sand, and whatever came most readily to hand. At the same time the windows, balconies, and house-tops were crowded with combatants, who poured down such a deadly shower of missiles on the heads of the French as finally compelled them to take shelter in their defences. Montpensier was now closely besieged, till at length reduced by famine, he was compelled to capitulate. Before the time prescribed for his surrender had arrived, however, he effected his escape at night, by water, to Salerno, at the head of twenty-five hundred men. The remaining garrison, with the fortresses, submitted to the victorious Ferdinand, at the beginning of the following year.”—_History of Ferdinand and Isabella_, vol. ii. pp. 288-290.

[440] Chieri, a pleasant little Sardinian town, about eight miles south-east of Turin.

[441] Called by Molinet (iii. 438.) “George Obestain, a native of Trent, in Germany.” It seems probable that he was a member of the Styrian family of Herberstein, one of whom greatly distinguished himself in the wars against the Turks, in 1509. The Landsknechts were the heavy German infantry.

[442] Vercelli is sixteen miles south-west of Novara.

[443] George d’Amboise, afterwards a cardinal, and chief minister of state to Louis XII. from 1498 to 1509. He died at Lyons, on the 25th of May, 1510.

[444] The Cardinal of St. Malo, and the Archbishop of Rouen.

[445] By his wife, Gabrielle de Bourbon, who was a daughter of the Count de Montpensier.

[446] François de Bourbon, Count of Vendôme, born in 1470, died on the 3rd of October, 1495.

[447] Albertino Boschetto.—GUAZZO, p. 218.

[448] According to Guicciardini (i. 336.) his name was Bernardo Contarino.

[449] This is the Herberstein mentioned in a previous note, whose name is thus Italianised by Guicciardini also.

[450] Louis de Rohan, Lord of Montauban and Remefort.

[451] Jacques de Vendôme, Prince of Chabanois, and Vidame of Chartres.

[452] Dated at Vercelli, on the 10th of October, 1495.

[453] By a treaty made with them in 1474.—LENGLET, iii. 369.

[454] The king arrived at Trino on Sunday, the 11th of October, 1495.

[455] Bobbio, the chief town of the province of that name in the Sardinian territories.

[456] Charles VIII. refused to consent to this proposition, regarding such precautions as an insult to his honour.—GUICCIARDINI, i. 350.

[457] The king arrived at Chieri on Sunday, the 18th of October, 1495.

[458] Tarento surrendered to Frederic King of Naples, in 1496.

[459] Rigault Doreille, Knight, Lord of Villeneuve, was steward in ordinary to Louis XI. and Charles VIII. He was appointed Bailiff of Chartres in 1496, and died on the 15th of September, 1517.

[460] The king started from Grenoble on the 13th of August, 1494, and arrived in that town on his return, on the 27th of October, 1495.

[461] He died on the 6th of December, 1495.

[462] He was born on the 27th of June, 1462.

[463] The Praguerie. See Book VI. chap. 12.

[464] See Book I. chap. 10.

[465] The reference is here to Boccaccio’s treatise, “De Casibus virorum et fœminarum illustrium,” of which two French translations existed at the time when Commines wrote.

[466] See Book VIII. Chap. 15.

[467] See Book VII. Chap. 11.

[468] The Bastard of Roussi, one of the lieutenants of the Lord d’Entragues, sold Sarzana to the Luccese for 30,000 florins.—SISMONDI, xii. 379.

[469] For twenty four thousand florins.—SISMONDI, xii. 379.

[470] Clara de Gonzaga.

[471] The Venetians were forced to surrender all these towns to Ferdinand the Catholic in 1509, after the bloody battle of Agradel, which utterly broke their power.

[472] Atella, a town of the kingdom of Naples, lies intrenched among the Apennines, on the western border of the Basilicate. It is situated in a broad valley encompassed by a lofty amphitheatre of hill, through which flows a little river, tributary to the Ofanto, and watering the town.

[473] Du Bos similarly discriminates between the character of the German _Landsknechts_ and the Swiss. He says: “The Lansquenets were, generally speaking, much better made men, and much better looking in their armour, than the Swiss infantry; but they were incapable of discipline. Unlike the Swiss, they paid no obedience to their commanders, and had no friendship for their comrades.”—LIGUE DE CAMBRAY, vol. i. p. 66.

[474] The capitulation was signed at Atella on the 21st of July, 1496. The terms were soon arranged with the King of Naples, who had no desire but to rid his country of the invaders. It was agreed that if the French commander did not receive assistance in thirty days, he should evacuate Atella, and cause every place holding under him in the kingdom of Naples, with all its artillery, to be surrendered to King Ferdinand, and that, on these conditions, his soldiers should be furnished with vessels to transport them back to France; that the foreign mercenaries should be permitted to return to their own homes; and that a general amnesty should be extended to such Neapolitans as returned to their allegiance in fifteen days. The reproach which Commines casts on the authors of this treaty is certainly unmerited, and comes with an ill grace from a court which was wasting in riotous indulgence the very resources indispensable to the brave and loyal subjects who were endeavouring to maintain its honour in a foreign land.

[475] In the eleventh book of his history.

[476] Gian Giordano Orsini, Lord of Bracciano.

[477] Carlo Orsini, Count of Anguillara.

[478] The misfortunes of the French, after the surrender of Atella, are thus described by Mr. Prescott: “Unfortunately Montpensier was unable to enforce the full performance of his own treaty: as many of the French refused to deliver up the places entrusted to them, under the pretence that their authority was derived not from the viceroy but from the king himself. During the discussion of this point, the French troops were removed to Baiæ and Pozzuolo and the adjacent places on the coast. The unhealthiness of the situation, together with that of the autumnal season and an intemperate indulgence in fruit and wine, soon brought on an epidemic among the soldiers, which swept them off in great numbers. The gallant Montpensier was one of the first victims. He refused the earnest solicitations of his brother-in-law, the Marquis of Mantua, to quit his unfortunate companions, and retire to a place of safety in the interior. The shore was literally strewed with the bodies of the dying and the dead. Of the whole number of Frenchmen, amounting to not less than five thousand, who marched out of Atella, not more than five hundred ever reached their native country. The Swiss and other mercenaries were scarcely more fortunate. ‘They made their way back as they could, through Italy,’ says Giovio, ‘in the most deplorable state of destitution and suffering; the gaze of all, and a sad example of the caprice of fortune.’ Such was the miserable fate of that brilliant and formidable army which, scarcely two years before, had poured down on the fair fields of Italy in all the insolence of expected conquest.”—_History of Ferdinand and Isabella_, vol. ii. p. 300.

[479] Ferdinand died on the 7th of September, 1496, in the twenty-eighth year of his age, and second of his reign. He was the fifth monarch who, in the brief compass of three years, had sat on the disastrous throne of Naples.

[480] See Book VII. Chap. 3.

[481] Giovanni della Rovere, Duke of Sora. See Book VII. Chap. 16.

[482] Baptista Fregosi was raised to the dignity of Doge of Genoa in 1478. Under the pretext that he was plotting the subjection of Genoa to the Emperor, his uncle, Cardinal Fregosi, in concert with Lazaro Doria, arrested him, and procured his banishment, in 1483.—SISMONDI, xi. 287.

[483] Louis Malet. See Book VII. Chap. 1.

[484] Virgil was of this opinion, as appears by the following lines:—

“Ast, ubi digressum Siculæ te admoverit oræ
Ventus, et angusti rarescent lustra pelori;
Læva tibi tellus, et longo læva petantur
Æquora circuitu: dextrum fuge littus et undas
Hæc loca, vi quondam et vasta convulsa ruina
(Tantum ævi longinqua valet mutare vetustas)
Dissiluisse ferunt: cum protinus utraque tellus
Una foret, venit medio vi pontus, et undis
Hesperium Siculo latus abscidit: arvaque et urbes
Littore diductas, angusto interluit æstu.”

VIRG. _Æneid._ III. 410-419.

[485] Guichard d’Albon, Lord of Saint-André and Oulches, was lieutenant-general for the king in Languedoc in the year 1496, and became Bailiff of Montferrand in 1498.

[486] Salces, a village in the department of the Pyrenées Orientales, and formerly the key of Roussillon. The strong castle of Salces was garrisoned by the Spaniards in July, 1495, and from it they made frequent incursions upon the territories of Narbonne and Carcassonne during the ensuing winter.

[487] On Friday, the 8th of October, 1496.

[488] Don Diego de Azevedo.

[489] Guillaume de Poitiers, Lord of Clerieu, and titular Marquis of Cotron in Calabria.

[490] “The Spanish writers,” says Mr. Prescott, “impute the first suggestion of this project for the conquest and division of the kingdom of Naples by the combined powers of France and Spain, to the French, who, they say, went so far as to specify the details of the partition subsequently adopted; according to which the two Calabrias were assigned to Spain. However this may be, there is little doubt that Ferdinand had long entertained the idea of asserting his claim at some time or other to the crown of Naples. The accession of Frederic, in particular, had given great umbrage to the Spanish monarch; and the Castilian envoy, Garcilasso de la Vega, agreeably to the instructions of his court, urged Alexander the Sixth to withhold the investiture of the kingdom from Frederic, but unavailingly, as the Pope’s interests were too closely connected by marriage with those of the royal family of Naples.”—_History of Ferdinand and Isabella_, vol. ii. p. 311.

[491] This truce was signed on the 5th of March, 1497, and was to last until the end of October in that year.—SISMONDI, xii. 444.

[492] Arthur, son of King Henry VII. of England, was born on the 20th of September, 1486, and married to Catherine of Arragon on the 12th of November, 1501. But a few months after his marriage the young prince sickened and died, and his widow was contracted to his brother Henry, afterwards Henry VIII.

[493] Alphonso, son of John II., King of Portugal, was born on the 18th of May, 1475, and married to Isabella of Castile in 1490. He died of a fall from his horse in the following year, and his widow married Emanuel, his successor on the throne.

[494] This was the Infanta Maria, who married her brother-in-law, Emanuel of Portugal, after the death of her sister Isabella. The fourth daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella was named Juana, and married Philip, Archduke of Austria, in 1496.

[495] On the 4th of October, 1497, in the twentieth year of his age.

[496] Maximilian I., afterwards emperor.

[497] Philip I., Archduke of Austria.

[498] Alexander VI.

[499] Emanuel, surnamed the Fortunate, was the son of Ferdinand, Duke of Viseo. He succeeded his cousin, John II., on the throne of Portugal in 1495, and died on the 13th of December, 1521.

[500] This is a mistake. Eleanor of Portugal was the daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Viseo; but it was Ferdinand, Duke of Braganza, who was beheaded by order of John II. in 1483, on the charge of having revealed secrets of state.

[501] James of Portugal, Duke of Viseo, having conspired against John II. was stabbed by him on the 23rd of August, 1484.

[502] George, son of John II. and Anne de Mendoza. His father wished to legitimate him in order to leave him the crown; but the Pope interposed, at the request of Queen Eleanor, and George was made Duke of Aveiro.—ANSELME, i. 668.

[503] This child, whose birth had cost so dear, was born on the 23rd of August, 1498, and received the name of Miguel, in honour of the saint on whose day he first saw the light. He died on the 19th of July, 1500.—ANSELME, i. 602.

[504] Jean de Rely, a native of Arras, was made Bishop of Angers on the 1st of December, 1491, and died at Saumur on the 27th of March, 1498.

[505] By letters dated on the 30th of December, 1497.

[506] See Book VIII. Chap. 3.

[507] Charles VIII. died on the 7th of April, and Savonarola on the 23rd of May.

[508] Friar Francis of Apulia, of the Order of Minor Observantines. His challenge to Savonarola was in these terms: “I know,” he said, “I am a sinner; I have not the presumption to perform miracles: nevertheless, let a fire be lighted, and I am ready to enter it with him. I am certain of perishing, but Christian charity teaches me not to withhold my life if, in sacrificing it, I might precipitate into hell an heresiarch, who has already drawn down into it so many souls.”—SISMONDI, xii. 461.

[509] Friar Domenico Buonvicino.

[510] Friar Andrea Rondinelli.

[511] On the 17th of April, in the public square of Florence.

[512] These were Domenico Buonvicino and Silvestro Maruffi.

[513] Francesco Valori had been chief gonfalonier of the city during the preceding year.

[514] On the 23rd of May, 1498.

[515] The corpse was conveyed from Amboise on the 17th of April.

[516] He was consecrated and crowned at Rheims by Cardinal Briçonnet, on the 27th of May, 1498.—ANSELME, i. 127.

[517] Thomas, the son of Edward Talbot of Lancashire, apprehended King Henry VI. as he sat at dinner at Waddington Hall in Cleatherwood, in Lancashire; and, forgetting all respect due to so great a prince, like a common malefactor, with his legs tied under his horse’s belly, guarded him up towards London. By the way the earl of Warwick met him, who arrested him, and taking off his gilt spurs, led him prisoner to the Tower.—_Old note._

[518] The battle was not fought at St Albans, but at Wakefield in Yorkshire, on the 30th of December, 1460, in which the Duke of York was killed, and afterwards had his head cut off, and by way of derision a crown of paper, not of straw, as our author writes, set upon it, and presented to Queen Margaret, who not long after sent it with the heads of other lords to be fixed upon poles over the gate of the city of York. The person that committed this ungenerous action was the Lord Clifford, who, after the battle of Wakefield, in cold blood murdered the young Earl of Rutland, the Duke of York’s third son.—_Old note._

[519] One of the chief officers of the Chancery of France, who examines all letters-patent, &c., before they pass the seals.

[520] Civil officers, having the same power and authority in Paris as an alderman has in London, there being one to every ward.

[521] Certain officers or magistrates in Paris, somewhat like our aldermen’s deputies in London.

INDEX.

A.

Abbeville ceded to the duke of Burgundy, i. 74;
submits to Louis XI., 346.

Abrigan, Sir Thomas, ii. 32.

Abruzzi, revolt of the, ii. 162.

Abstain, count d’, ii. 385.

Acri, count d’, ii. 162.

Adorni, lord John, ii. 126.

Advin, John, ii. 302.

Africa, slavery in, i. 381.

Agincourt, battle of, ii. 2 _et n._

Agnes of Burgundy, notices of, i. 9.

Aigreville, lord d’, ii. 304.

Ailly, Jean d’, baron of Picquigny, i. 272.

Aimeries, Antoine Rolin, lord of, i. 161, 293.

Aire, town of, ii. 32;
delivered up to the lord des Cordes, 59.

Albania, submission of, to the Turks, ii. 166.

Albany, duke of, ii. 391.

Albourg, duke of, i. 123.

Albret, Alain, lord d’, ii. 61.

Albret, Charles II., lord of, i. 16.

Alegre, Monsieur d’, ii. 257.

Alençon, René, duke of, his danger, i. 154.

Alençon, city of, ii. 350.

Alexander VI. pope of Rome, ii. 123;
quarrels with his cardinals, 158;
settlement of their differences, 159;
enters into a league with the Venetians, 179;
flies to Orvietto, 187;
his intrigues against the Venetians, 282.

Allegre, Yves, baron of, ii. 147.

Alliance, treaties of. (See Treaties.)

Allies of the duke of Burgundy, i. 9 _et seq._, 42 _et seq._

Alonzo Carrillo, archbishop of Toledo, i. 122.

Alphonso the Great, king of Arragon, surnamed the Wise, ii. 123, 154
_et n._;
his armies in the field, 125.

Alphonso, king of Naples, abdicates, and causes his son Ferrand to be
crowned, ii. 150, 155;
his atrocities, 150, 151;
his father’s capricious cruelties, 151;
flies into Castile, and does penance, 156.

Alphonzo V., king of Portugal, i. 321, ii. 176 _et n._;
designs of, i. 331;
his escape, 333;
visits Louis XI., ii. 385.

Amadeus, duke Charles John, ii. 229.

Ambassadors, the going and coming of, sometimes very dangerous, i.
204, 205;
league formed at Venice by, ii. 179;
grand procession of, 181.

Ambition, public dissertation on, i. 47 _et seq._

Amboise, magnificent building at, ii. 281;
the obsequies of Charles VIII. at, 288;
the residence of Louis XI., 309.

Amboise, the illustrious family of, i. xix.;
their family contests, xix-xxi., xxvii _et seq._;
property of, restored, xxxiii.

Amboise, Charles, lord of Chaumont, i. 34, ii. 38;
appointed lieutenant of Burgundy, ii. 21;
recovers many towns in Burgundy, 21 _et seq._

Amboise, George d’, archbishop of Rome, ii. 233, 234.

Amboise, Louis d’, bishop of Alby, ii. 38.

Amboise, M. d’, his military successes, ii. 390.

Amboise, Peter, lord of Chaumont, i. 34.

Amiens ceded to the duke of Burgundy, i. 74;
delivered up to the king, 172;
besieged by the duke of Burgundy, 177;
conceded to the duke of Burgundy, 216;
taken by the king, 233, 234;
the English entertained at, 268;
disturbances in, 269.

Amurath II., Sultan of Turkey, ii. 90.

Ancenis, castle of, captured, i. 110;
treaty of, 111.

Angers, bishop of, imprisoned, i. 165.

Angoulesme, Charles, count of, ii. 11.

Anjou, king Charles of, ii. 95.

Anne, duchess of Bretagne, married to Charles VIII., ii. 110;
death of all her children, 112.

Anne of France, marriage of, ii. 273.

Anthony, lord, bastard of Burgundy, i. 11, 20;
comes to Paris in disguise, ii. 301.

Anthony le Breton, M., brings information to Charles of Burgundy, i.
26.

Antoine du Bec Crespin, archbishop of Narbonne, i. 2 _n._

Apennines passed by Charles VIII. and his army, ii. 199;
the great cannon transported over, 199, 200.

Apulia, revolt of, ii. 162.

Aquapendente delivered up to Charles VIII., ii. 144.

Aquila, revolt of, ii. 162.

Arban, Louis, lord of, admiral of the French fleet, ii. 229.

Archambault, Peter, governor of Ferrette, captured and executed, i.
243;
his extortions, 302.

Archers of the French army, ii. 211.

Argenton, lordship of, i. xxii;
lord of, xxxiv;
chateau of, xxxvi.
(See Commines.)

Arleux ceded to the duke of Burgundy, i. 74.

Armagnac, John V., count of, i. 16.

Armuyden, Marguerite de, mother of Commines XII., death of, i. 16.

Army of the duke of Burgundy and the allies, i. 43, 44, 45.

Arragon, house of, in Naples, disliked by the Venetians, ii. 120, 121;
revolt against the, 162, 163.

Arras, treaty of, i. 5 _n._;
the great personages assembled at the treaty of, 107;
the commissioners from England at, _ib._ _n._;
arrival of the duke of Burgundy at, 172;
treaty of, confirmed at the castle of Crotoy, 216;
besieged by Louis XI., 245;
the sally from, defeated, _ib._;
answer of the inhabitants to the king, 346;
city and town of, surrendered, 361, 363;
treaty of, between Louis XI. and duke Maximilian, ii. 45 _et seq._;
captured by the Burgundians, 111;
attack on, 378.

Arthur, prince of Wales, ii. 64 _n._, 276 _et n._

Artillery, state of, at the end of the 15th century among the French
and Italians, ii. 210 _et n._

Artois, the whole country of, lost, i. 16;
country of, to be ceded as a dowry to the dauphin of France, ii. 46
_et seq._;
freed from the ordinary aid taxes, 51.

Ascanio, Sforza, cardinal, ii. 146 _et n._

Asti, town of, visited by Charles VIII., ii. 124, 125;
defence of, 178, 179;
the king’s retreat to, after the battle of Fornova, 223;
his arrival there, 227.

Astoly, duke of, i. 314.

Atella, meeting at, ii. 259;
treaty of, to the prejudice of the French, 260, 261 _et n._;
misfortunes of the French after the surrender of, 261, 262 _n._

Aubert, Peter, commander of Roye, ii. 368.

Aubigny, Beraut, lord of, ii. 125, 133.

Aubijoux, Hugh, lord d’, ii. 195.

Aubus, Anthony des, ii. 215.

Aussone, capture of, ii. 22.

Austria, the duke of, deceives Louis XI., ii. 389.

Austria and Bavaria, animosities between the houses of, i. 380.

Auxerre, village of, i. 136.

Azevedo, don Diego de, ii. 271 _n._

B.

Bajazet II., the sultan of Turkey, ii. 67 _n._, 130 _n._

Balance of power, i. 379.

Ballaigny, Louis, lord of, governor of Beauvais, i. 218.

Ballassat, lord de, plunders the palace of Peter de Medicis, ii. 143.

Balue, Cardinal, bishop of Angiers, i. 94;
appointed king’s ambassador, 111;
imprisoned, 165;
his release, ii. 39;
assault on, 330;
persuades Louis XI. to an ignominious peace, 356, 357;
his treason discovered, and his property confiscated, 358.

Bar, duchy of, claimed by René II., ii. 94, 95.

Bar-sur-Seine, village of, i. 136.

Barberigo, Agostino, doge of Venice, ii. 170.

Barnet, battle of, i. 201.

Bashe, Peron de, ii. 109.

Bashe, Peter de, ii. 146, 147.

Bastard of Rubempré, seizure of, i. 2;
his release demanded, 3.

Bastard of Burgundy, i. 28.

Battle, miseries of those who are defeated in, i. 159.

Battles, of Montlhery, i. 21;
of the civil wars in England, 181;
and their evil consequences, 182;
of Barnet, 201;
of Tewkesbury, 202.

Baudouin, bastard of Burgundy, his revolt, i. 171, 172.

Baudricourt, John, lord of, i. 44.

Bavaria, divisions in the house of, i. 380.

Bear, story of the, i. 246.

Beatrice d’Este, daughter of the duke of Ferrara, ii. 106.

Beaujeu, Madame de, i. xxxiii., xxxiv., 394.

Beaujeu, lord of, i. 16, ii. 69, 394.
(See Bourbon.)

Beaune, rebellion of, ii. 23;
captured, 24;
surrender of, 390.

Beauvais, Louis XI. at, i. 177, 178;
attacked by the Burgundian forces, 218;
siege of, 219;
the besiegers repulsed, 221;
the siege raised, _ib._;
its successful defence against Charles of Burgundy, ii. 369-371.

Beauvoisis, provostship of, i. 132.

Becchi, Gentile, bishop of Arezzo, ii. 127.

Bedford, John of Lancaster, duke of, account of, i. 47.

Begar, Abbé de, i. 207.

Belgrade, defeat of the Turks at, ii. 88 _n._

Bellejoyeuse, count Charles de, ii. 108;
meets Charles VIII. at Lyons, 122.

Bengon, port of, ii. 229.

Bentivoglio, Annibale de, ii. 209 _et n._

Bentivoglio, Prince John, his handsome treatment of Commines, ii. 182.

Berard, Charles de, ii. 323.

Berghes, Sir John de, ii. 60.

Berry, Charles, duke of, i. xx., 15, 19, 34;
joins the duke of Burgundy with his forces, 6;
his offensive remarks in the council of war, 36, 37;
suspicions of him excited, 37;
crosses the Seine with Charles’s army, 43;
president of the council at the conference with the Parisians, 51;
in a conference with the king he demands all Normandy, 65;
the province ceded to him, 69;
the inhabitants swear fidelity to, 70;
sends heralds to Paris to negotiate, ii. 324;
obtains the duchy of Normandy, 332;
received as duke of Roan, 337;
obliged to leave the city, 339.

Bertrand de la Cueva, grand master of the order of Santiago, i. 122.

Besançon, city of, captured, ii. 23;
historical notices of, 23 _n._

Bessey, Antoine de, bailiff of Dijon, ii. 126.

Beurs, Philip, lord de, ii. 60.

Bianca Maria, daughter of Galeas, duke of Milan, ii. 112;
duchess of Savoy, 112 _n._;
married to the king of the Romans, _ib._

Bianca de Montferrat, duchess of Savoy, ii. 124.

Bidaut, Denis, ii. 148.

Bievres, Jean, lord of, i. 322, 324.

Billy, tower of, ii. 327.

Bisches, William, account of, i. 67;
surrenders Peronne to the king, 359.

Bisignano, prince of, ii. 163.

Bisignano, Girolamo, prince de, ii. 100;
the sons of, fly to Venice, _ib._

Blasmond, town of, captured, i. 243.

Blazing star over Paris, ii. 305.

Boccaccio, treatise of, ii. 255 _et n._

Bohain delivered up to the king, i. 350.

Bolia, town of, ii. 248.

Bomacourt, castle of, i. 304 _n._

Bona of Savoy, duchess of Milan, i. 308 _n._, ii. 101;
regent of Milan, _ib._;
deprived of the guardianship of her children, 102, 103.

Books, on the reading of, i. 117.

Booty taken by the Swiss from the Burgundians, i. 312.

Borde, de la, ii. 317, 318.

Borgia, Cæsar, cardinal of Valentia, ii. 159.

Borgia, Roderic, elected pope, ii. 123 _n._

Boschetto, count Albertino, ii. 238, 239 _n._

Bosuse, John, butler to the duke of Burgundy, i. 112.

Bosworth Field, battle of, i. 397.

Bouchage, lord de, i. 265;
sent ambassador to Castile, ii. 275.

Bouchain, possessed by the king, i. 355;
restored to the duchess of Burgundy, ii. 17.

Boudinière, Gabriel, ii. 216 _et n._

Boulenger, John le, ii. 335.

Boulogne delivered up to the king, i. 363.

Bourbon, Charles II., duke of, i. 16.

Bourbon, Louis, bastard of admiral of France, i. 187;
besieges Arras, 245.

Bourbon, John, duke of, lord de Beaujeu, ii. 69, 95, 99;
takes possession of the castle of Rouen for the duke of Berry, i.
69;
declares war against Louis XI., ii. 310;
captures Roan, 332;
concessions made to, 333.

Bourbon, duchess of, ii. 95.

Bourbon, Matthew, the bastard of, ii. 212 _et n._

Bourbon, Monsieur et Madame de, ii. 61.

Bourbonnois, the king’s march into, i. 15;
Louis XI.’s operations in, ii. 312, 314.

Bourbons, family of the, i. 9.
(See John, Philip, &c.)

Bourdonnasses described, ii. 209.

Bourgneuf, Julian, slain, ii. 215, 216.

Boussière, Guynot de, steward of the king’s household, ii. 55.

Boutefeu, John, story of his squibs, i. 36.

Boutilhac, Jean, i. 141.

Bouvines, ill treatment of the inhabitants by the people of Dinant,
i. 88, 89;
their revenge, 90;
meeting of the royal commissioners, at, 227;
agreement signed against the constable of France at, 291.

Brabant to be taken possession of by the king, i. 351.

Bracci, the partisans of Braccio de Montone, ii. 151.

Bracciano, castle of, ii. 145.

Bresse, Philip of Savoy, lord of, i. 113;
imprisoned by Louis XI., 114;
becomes duke of Savoy, ii. 136.

Bressure, Jacques, lord of, i. 269.

Bretagne, Louis’s design against the province of, i. 93;
protected by the duke of Burgundy, 94;
the king of France makes war in, on the duke of Burgundy’s allies,
110 _et seq._

Bretagne, duke and duchess of, i. xx;
their family contests, xxi.

Bretagne, Francis, duke of, i. 3 _et n._, 5, 14, 19;
treaty of alliance between him and Charles of Burgundy, 6;
arrivals from his army, 32;
joins the duke of Burgundy with his forces, 34;
renews a treaty of alliance with Charles of Burgundy, 38;
crosses the Seine with Charles’s army, 43;
his quarrel with the duke of Normandy, 83;
concludes a treaty with the king at Caen, 84;
enters into a treaty of alliance with the duke of Normandy, 85;
signs the treaty of Ancenis, 111;
his menacing communications to the duke of Burgundy, 174-176;
the war between Louis XI. and the duke of Burgundy renewed through
his solicitations, 200 _et seq._;
the king concludes a peace with him, 222-224;
a faithful friend to Louis XI., 277;
his ambassadors sent to Louis, ii. 319.

Bretagne, Anne, duchess of, queen of Charles VIII., ii. 254;
her grief at the death of the dauphin, _ib._

Breteilles, Louis de, i. 279.

Bretons in the army of Charles of Burgundy, i. 35;
ravage the country near Paris, 54;
the protectors of the malcontents of France, 93;
protected by the duke of Burgundy, 94;
their desire for peace, 223;
their retreat from Paris, ii. 322;
their military operations, 323, 324 _et seq._;
make peace with Louis XI., 333;
their hostile spirit in Normandy, 347.

Brézé, Jaques de, grand seneschal of Normandy, i. 70.

Brezey, Pierre de, lord of Varenne, i. 19.

Bridge of boats built over the Seine, i. 43.

Brindisi, castle of, ii. 162.

Briquebec, Jean, lord of, i. 269.

Brissonet, Guillaume, lord of Varennes, ii. 93;
appointed cardinal, and archbishop of Rheims, 93 _n._, 94, 159;
disheartened at the prospect of the expedition against Naples,
123, 124;
the seneschal, 129, 130.

Bruges, a place of trade, and of great resort for foreigners, i. 378,
379.

Bruges, Jean de, lord of Grutuse, ii. 75 _n._

Brustan, village of, i. 96.

Buckingham, Henry, duke of, executed, i. 396 _n._; ii. 64.

Budé, M. Dreux, ii. 304.

Bueil, John V., lord of, i. 18.

Burgundians, fight the battle of Montlhery, i. 23 _et seq._;
repulse of the, 26;
the battle a drawn one, 29;
number slain, 30;
cross the Seine, 43;
chief officers of the, 45;
offices and employments among the, 46;
their military operations, 61;
always in amity with the Savoyards, 114;
their attack on Beauvais, 218;
their siege, 219;
their repulse, 221;
their military manœuvering, 272 _et seq._;
invade France, 312;
enter the Isle of Man, 314;
appear before Paris, 315;
their military operations, 316 _et seq._;
capture St. Cloud, 317;
defeated by Louis XI., 318;
their retreat over the Seine, 322;
their military operations, 323 _et seq._, 327 _et seq._;
send heralds to Paris, 324;
their negotiations, 325;
make peace with Louis XI., 333;
at war with the Liegeois, 341, 346;
effect their destruction, 349;
surprise and hang the lord de Merville, 352;
their massacre of the inhabitants of Nesle, 360;
their defeats and great slaughters by the Swiss and Germans,
382-386.

BURGUNDY, its great prosperity under Philip the Good, i. 12;
its decline, 13;
cessions made to the dukedom of, 74, 76, 78;
the three estates of, assembled at Abbeville, 179;
the prosperous condition of, for about 100 years, 297;
the four great sovereigns of—Philip the Bold, John, Philip the
Good, and Charles the Bold, 298;
ancient prosperity of the house of, 337;
ambassadors, in the name of the three estates of, visit the king,
366 _et n._;
wealthiness of, ii. 14;
continuation of the wars in, 20;
entire subjugation of, by Louis XI., 23;
treaty between Louis XI. and duke Maximilian respecting, 45 _et
seq._;
factions of, 86;
affairs of settled at the treaty of Senlis, 113 _et seq._;
the territories of, ravaged by the French troops, 391.

Burgundy, duke of. (See PHILIP, and CHARLES the BOLD.)

Burgundy, duchess dowager of, Margaret of York, i. 368;
letter written by, _ib._

Burgundy, Mary, duchess of, daughter of Charles the Bold, and
afterwards duchess of Austria, i. 173;
sends an embassy to the king of France, 359;
the Gantois rebel against her, 366;
her letter to the king of France produced against her, 371;
her entreaties for the lives of her ministers, 374;
divested of all powers by the Gantois, 375;
visible decay of her affairs, ii. 9;
marriage of, contemplated, 10 _et seq._;
married to duke Maximilian, 15;
her children, 16, 17;
her death and character, 17, 41.

Burgundy, young princess of, daughter of the duchess Mary, forsaken
by Charles VIII. of France, ii. 110, 113.
(See Margaret of Austria.)

Burgundy, marshal of, no friend of the king’s, i. 78.

Butler, Eleanor, her marriage to Edward IV., i. 396 _n._

C.

Cadet, John, bravery of, i. 27.

Caen, treaty concluded at, between Louis XI. and the duke of
Bretagne, i. 84;
the town conferred on the lord de Lescut, _ib._

Calabria, in Italy, ii. 274.

Cajazzo, Francisco count of, ii. 103, 133, 201;
commands a troop of Italians, 126;
examines the Swiss captain taken prisoner, 202.

Calabria, John, duke of, account of, i. 43 _et n._;
his forces which join the duke of Burgundy, 44, 45;
his military qualities, 63, 64, 177;
concessions made to, ii. 332.

Calabria, Nicholas, duke of, i. 177, 206;
proposes to marry the duke of Burgundy’s daughter, ii. 367.

Calabria, Alphonso II., duke of, ii. 31.

Calabria, Friar Robert, the holy man of, ii. 54.

Calais, the earl of Warwick repelled from, i. 84;
the richest treasure belonging to him, and the best captaincy in
Christendom, 85;
affairs at, under lord Wenlock, 195, 196;
wool the staple mart, 198;
letter of Louis XI. respecting, ii. 40.

Caldoresques, the members of the Caldora family, ii. 163.

Cambray, John, bishop of, i. 10.

Cambray possessed by the king, i. 355;
restored to the duchess of Burgundy, ii. 18;
treachery of the inhabitants, 390.

Campobache, Nicolas, count of, i. 44.

Campobasso, count of, i. 237, 299; ii. 386, 387;
his treachery, i. 299, 300, 325 _et seq._, 334-336.

Campoforgoso, Signor Baptista di, doge of Genoa, ii. 109, 267.

Candes, town of, ii. 197.

Cannon of unusual size, ii. 197;
transported across the Apennines, 199.

Cannonading between the armies of Louis XI. and the duke of Burgundy
before Paris, i. 55.

Canons of the church murdered at Liege, i. 119.

Canreau, John, lord de Pampelie, killed, ii. 329.

Capelare, M. Frederic, ii. 198.

Capponi, Pietro, his enmity to the Medici, ii. 129;
his spirited conduct, 143.

Capua entered by Charles VIII., ii. 161.

Caraffi, family of, their acquisitions, ii. 162.

Caramania overthrown by the Turks, ii. 91.

Caravels, light vessels used in the Mediterranean, ii. 183.

Cardinals of Rome, their quarrels with the pope, ii. 158, 160.

Cardonne, John Francis de, ii. 189.

Carency, Pierre, lord of, i. 245.

Casale, town of, ii. 236, 237;
visited by Charles VIII., ii. 125.

Castel del Ovo taken by storm, ii. 165.

Castellina besieged by the Florentines, ii. 29.

Castile, historical review of the fortunes and misfortunes which
happened to the house of Castile, in the author’s lifetime, ii.
277-281.

Castile, prince of, great lamentations and misfortunes attendant on
the death of the, ii. 277.

Castile, Ferrand, king of, ii. 269, 270.

Castile, Ferdinand V., king of, i. 331.

Castile, John, prince of, married to Margaret of Austria, ii. 112.

Catherine, duchess of Guelders, i. 9 _n._

Catherine, daughter of Charles, duke of Bourbon, i. 232.

Cato, Angelo, archbishop of Vienne, biographical notices of, i. xlv
_n._

Caux, the country of, ravaged by the Burgundians, i. 222;
bailiwick of, ii. 372.

Cerisay, William de, i. 364.

Cesenna, town of, ii. 133.

Chabannes, Anthony, count de, his honours and territories restored to
him, i. 82;
escapes from the Bastile, ii. 311.

Chalanger, Thomas St. Leger, i. 262.

Chalon, Louis de, lord of Chasteauguion, i. 57.

Chambes, Helen de, death of, i. xxxviii.

Chambre, the lords de la, ii. 41.

Chambre, lord de la, arrested, ii. 41.

Champ des Plours, i. 33.

Chantocé, castle of, captured, i. 110.