Chapter LI: Appendix: A. Biographical Data of Members of the Commission (2)

Mentality, beliefs concerning, 430, 445, 459

_Messenger_ magazine, 489, 490

Migrants in Chicago, 93, 97, 117, 169

Migration from South, 79, 602;
efforts to check, 103;
the press on, 529

Militia, conduct of, 40;
distribution of, 41;
recommendations to, 640

Minor clashes, 53

Misrepresentation of Negroes in press, 521

Mississippi, appropriations for white and colored schools, 82

Mob, a Negro and a, 481

Mobs, 22, 33

Morality, beliefs concerning, 439, 447, 459

Morgan Park, 107, 137

Myths, 577;
concerning Negro mentality, 579;
rape, 582;
sex, 584

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 148, 575

National Urban League, 575

Negro children, scholarship of, 256

Negro community, 139-52

Negro families, 152;
histories, 170;
housing, 152-230;
living, 165

Negro labor: classification of workers, 364;
compared with white labor, 374;
domestic, 370;
employers' experience with, 372;
future in industry, 400;
increase in, 362;
organized, 403, 429;
southern, 363;
use of, to reduce wages, 398

Negro and a mob, 481

Negro population of Chicago, 106;
trend, 135

Negro press, 132, 304;
and crime publicity, 557;
handling of news, 556;
policy, 563;
on race riot, 488;
recommendations to, 650;
sources of news, 567

Negro problems, 505;
radicals, 574;
revolt, 540

Negro soldiers, newspaper handling of, 524

Negro teachers, 247, 251

Negro women in industry, 367, 378

Negroes: in Chicago industries, 358;
discriminations against, 234;
in labor unions, 412;
and leaders, 505;
legal status in Illinois, 232;
and public opinion, 475;
recommendations to, 645

Neighborhood improvement associations, 192

Neighborhoods of Negro residence, 108, 113, 115

Newspapers, 60;
attitude of Negroes toward, 521;
on bombing, 532;
handling of Negro news, 523;
intensive study of, 531;
on migration, 529;
on Negro crime, 524;
on Negro housing, 528;
on Negro in politics, 527;
policy, 547, 563;
and the riot, 26, 44

North migration to, 29

North Side, 108, 112

Occupations of Negroes, 263, 358

Ogden Park, 107

Opinion-making: instruments of, 635;
among Negroes, 514

Opinions: of Negroes, 475, 493, 630;
of whites, 459, 630

Opportunities for Negroes: in industry, 357;
training for recreation directors, 296

Organizations, of Negroes, 141

Other outbreaks, 53

Outlying neighborhoods, 136

Overage in public schools, 239

Overcrowding, 156

Parents, attitudes of, 250

Park boards, recommendations to, 642

Parks and playgrounds, 275

Parole and probation, 335

Penal institutions, 338

Philosophy, racial, 508

Phyllis Wheatley Home, 149

Police: conduct of, 4, 5, 21, 33, 38, 66;
distribution of, in riot area, 37;
distrust of, by Negroes, 35;
raids on Negro clubs, 16;
recommendations to, 640

Politics, 3, 39;
the press on Negroes in, 527

Population: Negro and white in Chicago, 106, 605;
working, 357

Press: of Chicago, 520, 523;
handling of Negro news, 524;
opinions of Negroes regarding, 485, 514, 521;
recommendations to, 650

Propaganda: charges of, by Negroes, 492;
defensive, 592;
malicious, 589;
and public opinion, 587;
racial educational, 587

Property: appreciation of, 211;
depreciation of, 194

_Property Owners' Journal_, 121, 590

Prostitution, houses of in Negro area, 344

Protective Circle, 130, 593

Provident Hospital, 150

Psychological basis of Negro crime, 342

Public, the, recommendations to, 644

Public opinion, 436, 630;
expressed by Negroes, 475;
and propaganda, 587;
and rumor, 568

Public schools, 238;
contact problems, 244;
elementary, 246;
physical equipment, 241;
social activities, 254;
technical high schools, 256

Pullman porters, 369, 390

Race consciousness, 487

Race friction among workers, 393

Race prejudice, 503

Race problems, 478;
and acquisition of wealth, 495;
and illiteracy, 497;
opinions of Negroes on, 493;
opinions on solution of, 495;
and religion, 500; and suffrage, 499

Race relations, 436, 494;
in industry, 392

Racial contacts, 231, 613;
newspapers on, 530

Racial solidarity, 509

Radical propaganda, 587

"Ragen's Colts," 12, 14, 55, 482

Raids on Negro clubs, 15

Railroad Men's International Benevolent Industrial Association, 409

Railroad workers, 369

Ravenswood, 108

Recommendations of Chicago Commission on Race Relations, 639;
to Board of Education, 642;
to city council and administration boards, 642;
to Negroes, 646;
to places of public accommodation, 649;
to police, militia, state's attorney, and courts, 640;
to the press, 650;
to public, 644;
to social and civic organizations, 643;
to street-car companies, 649;
to white members of public, 645

Recreation, 271;
centers, 273;
contacts in, of school children, 266;
facilities for, 272

Religion:
beliefs concerning Negroes', 449;
and race problems, 499

Religious organizations, 142

Rents, 162

Restoration of order, 43

Retardation, 239, 256;
causes of, 258;
of Negro children, 261, 439

Ridicule, by press, 545

Riot area, 8

Riot deaths, epitome of facts concerning, 655

Riot injuries, 667

Robbins, Illinois, 138

Rumor, 5, 6, 19, 21;
of atrocities, 576;
"Bubbly Creek," 570;
in East St. Louis Riot, 572;
and migration, 576;
within Negro group, 575;
and the press, 25;
and public opinion, 568

Scholarship, 256

Schools:
contacts in, 238;
physical equipment of, 241

Segregation:
opinions of Negroes, 509;
opinions of whites, 459, 473

Sentiment:
group, 456;
of Negroes, 478;
types of, 437, 451

Sex crimes, 332

Social agencies, 146, 193

Social and civic organizations, recommendations to, 643

Social waste in Negro employment, 392

South:
educational facilities for Negroes in, 239;
injustice in courts in, 85;
migration from, 79;
traditions of, 456

South Side, 107, 156, 184; property depreciation on, 198

Springfield riot, 67

Staff of Chicago Commission on Race Relations, 653

State's attorney, 8, 34;
recommendations to, 640

Stock Yards, 44, 66;
Negro workers in, 389;
strike of 1904, 430;
unions, 412

"Store Front" churches, 144

Street-car clashes, 7, 10, 17

Street-car companies, recommendations to, 649

Strike-breaking, 412, 427

Strikes, participation of Negroes in, 430

Suffrage and race problems, 499

Summary of findings by Commission, 595

Thompson, Mayor William Hale, 40

Traffic:
concentration of Negro, 298;
distribution, 300

Transportation contacts, 297;
attitudes on, 452;
recommendations on, 649

Unions, 403, 439;
Negro membership in, 411

Union League Club, 46

United Charities, 150

Vice, 342

Vice Commission report, 343

Voluntary grouping, 249, 285

Volunteers, 42

Wages, 365

War, opportunities created by, 357

Waukegan, racial outbreak, 57;
newspaper handling of, 541

Wealth of Negroes, 495

West Side, 108, 111, 156, 191

Williams, Eugene, 4

Women in industry, 367, 378

Women and riot, 17

Women's Trade Union League, 402, 414

Woodlawn, 107, 111

Y.M.C.A., 46, 147

Y.W.C.A. (Indiana Avenue Branch), 149

PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

FOOTNOTES

[1] For biographical data see p. 652.

[2] The members of this staff, with the previous training and
experience of each, are listed in the Appendix, p. 653.

[3] In the final revision of the report, the Commission decided
that the police statistics were, as a rule, too unreliable to
be made a basis of conclusions.

[4] Pages _infra_.

[5] Carl Sandburg, _The Chicago Race Riots_, chap, i, p. 1.
Harcourt, Brace & Howe.

[6] Thirty-first, Thirty-fifth, and Thirty-ninth streets are
chosen for special notice because these are transfer points
for north and south cars to east and west lines. The figures
given are for the first three days of the riot only. Other
days showed too few injuries to allow accurate conclusions.

[7] Figures compiled from police reports, state's attorney
reports, hospital reports, and Olivet Baptist Church reports.

[8] Testimony before the coroner's jury.

[9] Chief of Police Garrity was out of the city at the time
the riot began on Sunday, but returned on Monday.

[10] For brief description of cases see Appendix.

[11] Redding had admitted having shot Rose, and evidence
against others for their participation in the killing, while
not conclusive, was rather convincing.

[12] At the trial of these men six months later, Grover
Cleveland Redding and Oscar McGavick were sentenced to hang
for the murder of Rose and Hoyt. The others held for trial
were released. Redding has since been hanged.

[13] This statement is based mainly upon the report of this
special committee appointed by Congress to investigate the
East St. Louis riots and upon the stenographic report of
the testimony taken by it. This testimony, comprising 6,000
typewritten pages, was placed at the disposal of the Commission
through the courtesy of the chairman of the Committee,
Representative Ben Johnson, of Kentucky, and the interest and
co-operation of Representative James R. Mann, of Illinois.

[14] Negro migration in 1916-17, _U.S. Department of Labor
Report_, p. 67.

[15] In 1,055 counties.

[16] See "Contacts in Public Schools."

[17] _Colored Missions_, January, 1921.

[18] Johnson, _Migration to Chicago_.

[19] See "Negro Population of Chicago," p. 107.

[20] See "Gangs" and "Clubs" under "Racial Clashes."

[21] See "Clashes."

[22] See p. 186.

[23] See "Family Histories," p. 170.

[24] See discussion of non-adjusted neighborhoods, p. 113,
and of bombings, p. 122.

[25] See pp. 342 and 346.

[26] See "Contested Neighborhoods," p. 116.

[27] Olcott's "Land Value Maps," 1910 and 1920.

[28] Civil-rights cases are: _Williams_ v. _Chicago &
Northwestern Railroad Co._, 55 Ill. 185; _Baylies_ v. _Curry_,
128 Ill. 287; _Cecil_ v. _Green_, 161 Ill. 265; _People_ v.
_Forest Home Cemetery Co._, 258 Ill. 36; _Grace_ v. _Moseley_,
112 Ill. App. 100; _Dean_ v. _Chicago & N.W. R.R. Co._, 183
Ill. App. 317; _Thorne_ v. _Alcazar Amusement Co._, 210 Ill.
App. 173; _White_ v. _Pasfield_, 212 Ill. App. 73.

[29] _White_ v. _Pasfield_, 212 Ill. App. 73; 1918. A Negro
filed a bill in equity to enjoin the lessees of a public
pavilion and swimming-pool from excluding him therefrom. It
was held that a court of equity had no jurisdiction to enjoin
such a violation of the Civil Rights Act, but left the party
to his statutory remedies of either an action for damages or
criminal prosecution.

_Thorne_ v. _Alcazar Amusement Company_, 210 Ill. App. 173,
1918, was an action to recover the penalty provided by the
Civil Rights Act for refusing to permit a Negro woman to occupy
a theater seat for which she had purchased a ticket. Judgment
in favor of the plaintiff in the municipal court was reversed
in the appellate court on the ground that the municipal court
had no jurisdiction to impose penalties for criminal acts
occurring outside the city limits.

[30] School cases in Illinois are as follows: _Chase_ v.
_Stephenson_, 71 Ill. 383; _People_ v. _Board of Education
of Quincy_, 101 Ill. 308; _People_ v. _McFall and Board of
Education of Quincy_, 26 Ill. App. 319, affirmed, 124 Ill.
642; _People_ v. _Board of Education of Upper Alton School
District_, 127 Ill. 613; _Bibb_ v. _Mayor of Alton_, 179 Ill.
615; 193 Ill. 309; 209 Ill. 461; 221 Ill. 275; 233 Ill. 542.

[31] _Negro Education_, I, 33. Bulletin No. 38, 1916. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Education. 2 vols.

[32] _Negro Education_, II, 14.

[33] _Ibid._, I, 23.

[34] _Ibid._, I, 28.

[35] _Ibid._, II, 15.

[36] Data obtained from _Directory of the Public Schools of the
City of Chicago_, 1919-20, published by the Board of Education.

[37] The figures after the name of the school throughout this
section refer to the percentage of Negro children in the school
in 1919-20.

[38] A preponderance of complaints from Negro parents could
easily be accounted for by a high proportion of Negro pupils.

[39] The figures in this column represent children who were
listed as being in "ungraded classes" in the Board of Education
records. They are not included with the column of "Retarded"
children because the grades of the "Retarded" children were
given in the board of Education records and were used in
determining the amount these children were retarded (see Table
XIV). The "Retarded Ungraded" children are included with the
"Retarded" children in determining the percentage of retarded
children.

[40] Many so-called southern "colleges" include elementary and
high school, as well as college work. The term is general and
does not mean necessarily an institution of the same academic
standing as a northern college.

[41] See illustration facing this page.

[42] Missing

[43] Of these 19,000 about 200 use the beaches, 4,100 the
playgrounds, 700 the recreation centers, and 14,000 the large
parks.

[44] See p. 12

[45] See _Report of Chicago Crime Commission_, p. 8.

[46] See "Racial Contacts"--"Physical Equipment of Schools,"
p. 241.

[47] _City Council Crime Committee Report_, pp. 40-41.

[48] See "Recreation," p. 272.

[49] In 1910 the number of Negroes gainfully occupied was
27,317, or 61.94 per cent of the total Negro population. The
percentage gainfully occupied in 1920 would be higher because
of the large number of men without families who migrated from
the South.

[50] Census Bureau, _Negro Population in the United States,
1790 to 1915_, p. 503.

[51] _Negro Population in the United States, 1790 to 1915_,
p. 90.

[52] _Ibid._, p. 503. Negroes gainfully occupied in the South,
4,592,353; in agriculture, 2,845,163.

[53] Emmett J. Scott, _Negro Migration during the War_, p.
92. "Carnegie Economic Studies," No. 16.

[54] "In many cases the Negro does not dare ask for a
settlement. Planters often regard it as an insult to be required
even by the courts 'to go to their books.' A lawyer and planter
cited to me the planter's typical excuse: 'It is unnecessary
to make a settlement when the tenant is in debt.' As to the
facts in the case, the landlord's word must suffice." From
report by W. T. B. Williams in _Negro Migration in 1916-17_,
p. 104. Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Labor, Division of
Negro Economics.

[55] Thirteenth Census, 1910, Vol. IV, Table VIII, pp. 544-47.

[56] The total number of establishments (manufacturing and
non-manufacturing) reported but not considered is fifty-nine,
employing a total of 111 Negroes, or less than ½ per cent of
the total number reported.

[57] This company formerly employed 200 Negroes.

[58] One mail-order establishment employing 350 Negroes is
omitted from this table owing to incomplete return of total
employees.

[59] This includes the following: public service, warehouse
storage, taxicab up-keep, telegraph, etc.

[60] Seven manufacturing establishments omitted on account of
insufficient returns.

[61] Two packing establishments employing 2,218 Negroes in
1920 have been omitted. They reported a large increase since
1914 but gave no definite figures.

[62] Five foundries employing a total of fifty men in 1920 have
been omitted owing to failure to report figures for preceding
years.

[63] Establishments omitted owing to insufficient returns.

[64] These figures include skilled and semi-skilled in three
packing establishments reporting that Negroes were employed
under each classification but giving no separate figures.

[65] Three establishments (lamp-shade, auto-cushion
manufacturing) not included. Failed to classify the employees
but reported that they had hand sewers and machine operators,
including skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled.

[66] Figures quoted for 1910 are taken from the Thirteenth
Census, 1910, Vol. IV, Table VIII, pp. 544-47.

[67] The contrast between these high wages and the wages which
Negroes coming from the South had previously earned is shown
in the study of family histories of migrant Negroes.

[68] The importation of these girls from the British West
Indies was noticed by the Commission after its period of
investigation had ended.

[69] Includes a scattering list of industries represented by
one to three establishments--Negro labor not important factor
in these industries.

[70] Includes three paper-box manufacturing plants with ten,
twenty, and 113 Negro employees, largely women; and cooperage
plant with ninety-six Negro employees and one sausage-casing
plant with ten Negro employees. These plants reported Negro
labor "slow," "lazy," or "unreliable."

[71] Representatives of a number of the 101 establishments
visited did not feel able to make a comparison between the
Negro and white workers.

[72] Of the eighty-seven establishments (employing five or more
Negroes) covered by the investigation but omitted from this
table, forty-two had no Negro women employees and forty-five
failed to classify Negro workers by sex.

[73] Missing

[74] One establishment failed to report total employees.

[75] F. E. Wolfe, _Admission to American Trade Unions_, pp.
113-17.

[76] It was impossible to get in communication with others
of the smaller scattered independent internationals besides
those mentioned. No directory is yet published.

[77] U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations, _Final Report
and Testimony_ (1916), p. 111.

[78] F. E. Wolfe, _op. cit._, p. 128, n. 3.

[79] James Harvey Robinson, _Mind in the Making_.

[80] See p. 493.

[81] The _Messenger_ is pronounced in its stand for woman
suffrage.

[82] See p. 59.

[83] Prospectus issued in 1921.

[84] "Statistical Statement of Negro Progress in Fifty-three
Years," from _Negro Year Book_, 1918-19.

[85] "Statistical Statement of Negro Progress in Fifty-three
Years," from _Negro Year Book_, 1918-19.

[86] "Statistical Statement of Negro Progress in Fifty-three
Years," from _Negro Year Book_, 1918-19.

[87] Circulation figures as of 1920.

[88] This statement is based upon the available files. The
February file of the _Chicago Herald-Examiner_ for 1919 was
unavailable at the time this study was made.

[89] See p. 44.

[90] See p. 540.

[91] See p. 476.

[92] See coroner's statement, p. 32.

[93] See p. 33.

[94] Charles S. Johnson, _The Migration of Negroes to Chicago_.

[95] "Reaction Time with Reference to Race," _Psychological
Review_, II, 475-86.

[96] "A Study in Race Psychology," _Popular Science Monthly_,
L, 354-60.

[97] See "1. Primary Beliefs--Criminality," p. 440. In
questionnaire, return to question: "What subjects of discussion
most frequently lead to the Negro?" The reply is given:
"Lynching, lying, stealing, and attacking of little girls."

In commenting on the proposition: "Prejudice has its principal
basis in fear," the statement is made: "I believe this is true
among women; not particularly among men. This is partly due
to the publicity given to all acts against women by Negroes,
in my judgment."

[98] Does not include the Negroes killed in East St. Louis.

[99] Congressional Committee on Immigration.

[100] See p. 541.

[101] See Barrett case, p. 64.

[102] See discussion of this campaign in section on "Bombings,"
pp. 115-22.

[103] The coroner's jury found that Williams had drowned from
fear of stone-throwing which kept him from the shore.

[104] _The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh_, published in 1918
under the supervision of the School of Economics, University
of Pittsburgh; U.S. Department of Labor Bulletin, _Negro
Migration in 1916-17_, published in 1919.

[105] These do not embrace the whole of each area commonly
included under such designations. The population figures are
those of 1920.

[106] The standard in Chicago is Grade 1 for children six
years of age.