Chapter V (3)

"CITY OF THE SEVEN HILLS." A designation of Rome which was originally built on seven hills. ^{25}

"CITY OF THE SUN." The translation of the Greek word [Greek: Hêlioupolis] [Hêliûpolis], which is An or Heliopolis. ^{36 51}

CLAUDIUS. The fourth Roman emperor (A. D. 41-54). His full name is Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus. In the Egyptian inscriptions he is called ^{8}

suten-kaut? Auteqreder-Kîsers sa Râ Qertus-Dabarsa

The king of Upper "Autocrator the Sun's "Claudius
and Lower Egypt, Cæsar", offspring, Tiberius".

CLEOPATRA II. The sister and wife of Ptolemy VII. Philometor, and afterwards wife of her brother Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. She reigned with them at intervals, {112}but all by herself from B. C. 130 to 127. Her name and that of Ptolemy IX. on the Obelisk of Philæ were the first that were read after the discovery of the Egyptian alphabet by François Champollion. Her Egyptian name is ^{7}

sen·t·f him·t·f heq·t neb taui Qlûapedra·t
His sister, his wife, mistress, lord of the two countries, "Cleopatra".

CLEOPATRA VI. The famous and infamous queen after whom the New York Obelisk is named, though incorrectly. She was born B. C. 69, married her brother Ptolemy XIV. in 52, combined with Julius Cæsar in 49, and dethroned her brother who was soon after that drowned. In 47 she married her second brother Ptolemy XV. whom she poisoned in 44. She then made her own son by Julius Cæsar, Ptolemy XVI. Cæsarion, co-regent with herself, but, falling in love with Mark Antony, killed her son and placed her lover on the throne in 37. At the very height of her power she was vanquished by Octavius, who became afterwards the emperor Augustus, and died with Mark Antony in 30 B. C. Her Egyptian name is ^{39 40}

heq·t neb taui Qlûpeter
The mistress, lord of the two countries, "Cleopatra".

"CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE." The usual designation of the New York Obelisk. ^{8 10 41 42 81}

COLOSSUS. A Greek word [Greek: Kolossos], "a gigantic statue". ^{15} COLOSSI OF THEBES. The two colossal statues of Amenophis III., one of them being the Vocal Memnon. Besides them there are at Thebes several others, notably of Ramses II. (Luxor and Karnak) and of Ramses III. {113}(Medînet-Habu). Other colossal figures of Ramses II. are found at Mitrahîneh [Memphis] and, wrought into the rock, at Abusimbel. ^{16 89}

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. The first Roman emperor of that name and the introducer of Christianity into the whole empire. He was sole ruler of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires from 323 to 337 A. D. ^{8 10 22}

CONSTANTINOPLE. The capital of the Turkish Empire, founded by Constantine the Great 330 A. D. on the site of the ancient Byzantium. It is called in Turkish Istambûl [Arabic: ASTANBWL]. ^{8}

CONSTANTIUS II. A son of Constantine the Great who was sole ruler of the Roman Empire from 351 to 361 A. D. ^{8}

COPTIC LANGUAGE. The name given to the Egyptian language [Coptic being an abbreviation for Egyptic] in use at the time of the Romans and spoken until the seventeenth century of our era. There were three dialects, the Sahidic (of Upper Egypt) and the Memphitic and Bashmuric (of Lower Egypt). The language was almost exclusively used by the Christian Copts. The alphabet is the Greek with some changes in the form of the letters and six additions from the Hieroglyphic. This is the alphabet: ^{90}

Coptic: [Coptic letters]

Greek: [Greek: a b g d e z ê th i k l m n x o p r s t u ph ch ps ô]

_a b g d e z ê th i k l m n x o p r s t u ph kh ps ô_

and the syllabic sign [Coptic: ti] _ti_.

COPTOS. The capital of the Vth nome of Upper Egypt, {114}the modern Kuft [Arabic: QFT]. Its Egyptian name was [glyphs] QEBTI·T. ^{88}

CORFE CASTLE OBELISK. This was one of the two obelisks in front of the temple of Isis at Philæ and was erected by Cleopatra II. and Ptolemy IX. It has one column of inscriptions on each face and the cartouches of these sovereigns. Below is a very long Greek inscription which enabled Champollion to read these cartouches. The obelisk was removed in 1815 by Belzoni to England, and is at present in Corfe Castle, Isle of Purbeck, Dorsetshire. ^{10}

CRAB. In reality the scorpion, which was the symbol of the goddess Selq, a form of the goddess Isis. Its name in Egyptian is [glyphs] SERK or [glyphs] SERQ. It must have been quite extensively worshiped in Dakkeh, Nubia, which received from it the name [glyphs] PESERK·T, the ancient Pselcis. In Ptolemaic times the crab or scorpion seems to have been identified with the evil genius. ^{21 38 39 81}

CROCODILOPOLIS. The capital of the western half of the XXIst nome of Upper Egypt, the HA-SEBEK of the Egyptians, now Bejij in the Fayoom (which see). ^{5 11 90}

CROWNS OF EGYPT. To correspond with the divisions of Egypt there were two crowns; the one called HEZ "_the white one_" ([glyphs]), signifying Upper Egypt, and the other DESHER "_the red one_" ([glyphs]), signifying Lower Egypt. Whenever the king ruled over all Egypt these two crowns were joined into one [glyphs], which was called [glyphs] SEKHEN·T in Hieroglyphic, but in Demotic, with the prefixed article PE, PSKHENT, or the Greek word [Greek: pschent] [pskhent]. This crown was worn by kings and gods. ^{31 60}

DAMASCUS. The capital of Syria. It is called in the Bible [Hebrew: DAMESEQ] [Dammêseq], in Arabic [Arabic: DMSHQ] [Dimashku], {115}and in Egyptian [glyphs] THEMESQU, and was the extreme limit of the conquest of Thothmes III. in northern Palestine. ^{36}

DAMIETTA. A small town situated between the Damietta branch of the Nile and Lake Menzaleh, and at present called Dumyât. It is perhaps the site of the ancient Egyptian [glyphs] HA·T-NEBES·T. ^{92}

DASHÛR. A village near the site of the ancient Memphis and only a short distance from a number of small and two large pyramids. ^{91}

DEB·T. The Egyptian name of Edfu. ^{87}

DEHUTI. The ibis-faced god whose name is written in Egyptian [glyphs] DEHUTI. The usual way of writing this god's name is Thoth (which see). ^{56}

DEHUTI-MESES. The family name of Thothmes III. in its simplest form. ^{49 58 60 61}

DEHUTI-MESES-NEFER-KHEPERU. One of the variants of the family name of Thothmes III., which means "_the child of Thoth, beautiful in his transformations_". ^{58 60 61}

DELTA. The northern part of Egypt or Lower Egypt lying around the seven branches of the Nile. This part of the country forms a vast triangle and, because of its resemblance to their letter D [[Greek: D] Delta], was called by the Greeks "the Delta". Its Egyptian name is [glyphs] PA TA MER·T, "_the land of the inundation_". ^{84 90}

DEMOTIC. The third kind of Egyptian writing which was formerly also called "_enchorial_" or indigenous. It was the simplest form in which the Egyptian picture-characters were written, and was introduced in the reign of Psametik I. [7th century B. C.]. Being read from right to left like the Hieratic, it was employed for the same class of literary work as this. The ease, however, {116}with which it could be written made it most suitable for every-day use, and it supplanted the Hieratic almost completely. It was itself superseded in the time of the Roman emperors by the Coptic (which see). It was called in Hieroglyphics (on the Rosetta Stone) [glyphs] SEKHI EN SHÂÎ "_writing of the books_".

The Demotic alphabet is here subjoined.

DENDERAH. The capital of the VIth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian [glyphs] or [glyphs] AN·T, "_the city of pillars_", or [glyphs] TA-EN-TA-RER·T, "_the city of {117}the province encompassed by a wall_" or [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], &c., TA-RER·T, the Greek Tentyra. The goddess Hathor or Venus was worshiped here in one of the most magnificent temples of Egypt. ^{88}

DENYS OF TELMAHRE. Or Dionysius Tell-Mahrâyâ. A native of Tell-Mahrê, a village near the junction of the rivers Euphrates and Balîkh in Syria, not far from Antioch. He was patriarch of the Jacobites (818-845 A. D.) and a great Syriac writer. ^{19}

DÊR-EL-BAHERI. "_The northern monastery._" A place opposite Thebes on the western bank of the Nile, famous for the magnificent temple of queen Hatasu. Here were discovered in 1881 the mummies of many kings and queens, and among them those of the great Pharaohs Thothmes III., Seti I., Ramses II., and Ramses III. ^{88}

DIADEMS. Besides the crowns (cf. page 114) there are two diadems always specially mentioned, which also refer to the Pharaoh's power and rule over Upper and Lower Egypt, the diadems of the Vulture and the Uræus snake or cobra, expressed thus: [glyphs] [pronunciation very uncertain!]. Some other forms of royal head-gear or diadems were the helmet [glyphs] KHEPERESH, the [glyphs] or the simple head-dress, and most of the crowns with which the gods are represented. ^{56 57 70}

DOMITIAN. The eleventh Roman emperor (81-96 A. D.), whose name in Egyptian is ^{5 7 8 9 10 22}

nuter Râ sa
neb taui Autugretur Kîsers neb khâu Tumtînes ent khu

The divine lord "Autocrator the Sun's offspring, "Domitianus, the
of the two countries, Cæsar". the lord of diadems, glorious" _or_,
_Augustus_.

DRAH-ABUL-NEGGAH. The modern name of a portion of the necropolis of ancient Thebes on the western bank {118}of the Nile with many royal tombs of the XIth, XVIIth, and beginning of the XVIIIth dynasties. ^{9 11 88}

DRAH-ABUL-NEGGAH OBELISKS. Two obelisks found at this place, near Thebes, in 1878, each broken into several pieces. They belong, perhaps, to the XIth dynasty, and would then be next to the Lepsius Obelisk the oldest in existence. ^{9 11}

DÜMICHEN, Johannes. One of the triad of the greatest living Egyptologists [the two others being Brugsch and Ebers]. He is at present Professor of Egyptian in the University of Strassburg, Alsace. (The author's teacher.) ^{61 100}

DYNASTY. A set of kings belonging to one family. For a list of the thirty-four Egyptian dynasties, see under: Chronology.

EDFU. Modern name of the Apollinopolis of the Greeks and Romans, or the Egyptian [glyphs], DEB·T, "_the city of transfixion_" or [glyphs], HUD·T, "_the city of the winged sun-disk_". It was the capital of the IId nome of Upper Egypt, its local deity being Horus, who was identified by the Greeks with Apollo, the sun-god; whence the city's name. ^{31 87}

EGYPT. The oldest empire of the world, comprising the north-east corner of Africa and extending from the First Cataract to the Mediterranean Sea. Its modern name is [Arabic: MSR] [Misr], and some of its Egyptian names are [glyphs], QEM·T, [glyphs] or [glyphs], BEQ·T, [glyphs] or [glyphs], MER·T, &c. It was the seat of the first civilization and in its golden age--in the time of the XIXth dynasty--the mistress of the world. At present it has lost all its prestige and is being ruined by Mohammedan misrule. For its divisions, &c., see pages 84 to 92.

EGYPTIAN RITUAL. See under: Book of the Dead. ^{34}

{119}EILEITHYIAPOLIS. The Greek name of the Egyptian city [glyphs] NEKHEB·T, "_the city of_ the goddess _Nekheb_", a deity whom the Greeks identified with their Eileithyia (the goddess of childbirth) and the Romans with their Lucina. It was the capital of the IIId nome of Upper Egypt. ^{87}

ELECTRUM. The name given by the ancients to an alloy of gold (4 parts) and silver (1 part). Some consider the so-called Egyptian gold-metal [glyphs], USEM, to be identical with it. ^{59}

ELEPHANTINE. [Pronounced Elefanteenay.] The Greek name of the town and island in the first nome of Upper Egypt, opposite Assuân. The Egyptian name (which the Greeks only translated) is [glyphs] or [glyphs], ÂB or ÂB.T [ÂBU·T], "_the ivory island or city_". The cataracts of Elephantine, called [glyphs], QERTI, were regarded by the ancient Egyptians as the source of the Nile. ^{4 24 29 86}

EL-KAB. The modern name of Nekhebt or Eileithyiapolis, which see. ^{87}

EL-KHARGEH. The present name of the oasis to the west of Thebes, called in the inscriptions [glyphs], KENEMTI, "_the wine-land_". It formed at one time a part of the VIIth nome of Upper Egypt. In it stood a large temple of Amen-Râ. ^{89}

EL-LAHOON. A village close to the Fayoom, the site of the pyramid of Amenemhât III. (according to Lepsius) or Usertesen II. (according to Brugsch). The modern name is derived from the Egyptian [glyphs], RUHUN·T, "_the mouth of the canal_." ^{90}

EL-THABÛT-BEN-MARRAT. A mythical person. ^{80}

EL-TINEH. The modern name of the ancient Thinis, the {120}Egyptian [glyphs], THENI·T, the first capital of the VIIIth nome of Upper Egypt, which was at one time a very important city and the home of the first two Egyptian dynasties. ^{89}

ELYSIUM. The Greek [Greek: Êlusion] [êlûsion]. The abode of the blessed or the "Elysian Fields", called in Egyptian AANURU or AAHLU (see page 97).

ERMENT. The present name of the ancient Hermonthis or the Egyptian [glyphs] AN-MENTH, "_the city of the pillar of_ the god _Menthu_", the capital of an independent district to the west of the IVth nome of Upper Egypt. ^{87}

ESMEADE OBELISK. An obelisk formerly in the Esmeade garden near the Porta del Popolo in Rome and only a Roman imitation. ^{11}

ESNEH. The present name of the capital of the IIId nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian [glyphs] ANηT or [glyphs] SENI·T. Its sacred animal according to Strabo, a Greek geographer, was the fish Latus (cf. page 98), and its chief deities were Khnum and Neith. The ancients named the city Latopolis. ^{87}

"ETERNAL CITY." A classical expression for the city of Rome, which was said to have been founded by the gods and to be under their constant protection. ^{5}

ETHIOPIA. See under Nubia.

FAYOOM. The modern name of the tract of land which lay formerly in the XXth and XXIst nomes of Upper Egypt, south-west of the Pyramids. Its local deity was the crocodile-faced god Sebek, whence its name among the ancients, Crocodilopolis. In it is the famous Lake Moeris, as well as the Labyrinth and the pyramids of El-Lahoon and Meydoom. In Arabic the name is written [Arabic: ALFYWM] [el-fayûm]. ^{4 5 89}

{121}FLAMINIAN OBELISK. Also called the obelisk of the Piazza del Popolo, in Rome. It was erected in Heliopolis by Seti I., and re-erected by the emperor Augustus in the Circus Maximus in Rome. After it had fallen Pope Sixtus V. removed the pieces of the obelisk and set them up in the present position [in 1589]. The inscriptions are by Seti I. and Ramses II.; the latter having appropriated the greater portion. From this obelisk the priest Hermapion (4th century A. D.) made the first attempt to decipher the Egyptian hieroglyphs. The result of his investigations appears extremely ridiculous to us at the present day. ^{9}

FLORENCE OBELISKS. Two small obelisks with two columns of hieroglyphs on each face. They are at present in the Egyptian Museum at Florence. ^{10}

GIZEH. The site of the monster-pyramids and the Sphinx. It is situated in the former Ist nome of Lower Egypt, and was the necropolis of ancient Memphis. ^{4 91}

GREECE. The first mention of the Greeks in history is in the inscriptions of the temple of Karnak, in which an incursion by them into Egypt at the time of Menephthah I. [XIXth dynasty] is described. The tribes mentioned there are the Akaüsha (Achæans), the Tursha (Etruscans), the Luku (Lycians), the Sharutana (Sardinians), and the Shakalusha (Sicilians). On the Rosetta Stone the Greeks are called [glyphs] HAUINEBU.

HADES. The Lower World, the abode of the departed spirits. The Egyptian Amenti, which see. ^{28 30}

HADRIAN. The fourteenth Roman emperor [117-138 A. D.]. On the Barberini Obelisk occur the names of his wife [glyphs] SÂBINA·T, Sabina, and of his {122}favorite page [glyphs] ÂNDÎNES, Antinoüs. The emperor's name in Egyptian is ^{5 7 9 22}

nuter Autukerter Kîsers Râ sa Atrînes
neb taui Terînus neb khâu enti khu

The divine lord of "Autocrator Cæsar the Sun's offspring, "Hadrianus
the two countries, Trajanus", the lord of diadems, Augustus".

HAMMAMÂT. In the Vth nome of Upper Egypt, near Panopolis and on the road leading from this city to Kossêr, on the Red Sea. The Greeks called it [Greek: porphyritês oros] [porphurîtês óros] "_the porphyry-mountain_" on account of the excellent stone that was quarried here. ^{16 23 88}

HARMACHIS. The Greek transcription of the Egyptian [glyphs] HOR-EM-KHUTI, "_Horus in the two horizons_". This deity represents the sun at noon. Its symbolic representation was the sphinx, and its principal sanctuary was built between the paws of the Great Sphinx at Gizeh in front of the Pyramid of Kheops. (^{30})

HATASU. Or HASHEPES. A famous queen of the XVIIIth dynasty, the sister of Thothmes III. and at first co-regent with him. She despatched the first fleet mentioned in history to Arabia and the Somali Coast, where she obtained spices, perfumes, trees, &c. Her name in Egyptian (with masculine titles!) is ^{6 9 11 19 23 35}

suten-kaut? Mâkarâ sa Râ Amen-khnum·t-hâ·t-shepesu

The king of Upper "Truth, the image the Sun's "Filled with Amen,
and Lower Egypt, of the Sun", offspring, chief of the nobles".

HATASU OBELISKS. The two largest obelisks in Egypt, erected by queen Hatasu in Karnak. Only one of them is erect. One line of hieroglyphs extends down on each {123}of their faces, while their pyramidia were originally capped with "gold-metal". These obelisks were quarried at Assuân, removed, polished, inscribed, and erected in the incredibly short space of seven months, as their inscriptions record. ^{19 23}

HATHOR. An Egyptian goddess who was represented in many ways; viz., like Isis with the disk of the sun between two horns, or with a cow's head with the disk between the horns, or as a spotted cow with plumes and the sun's disk, or as a hawk with a female face and surmounted by the horns and the disk. The Greeks identified her with their Aphrodité and the Romans with their Venus, the goddess of love. She was the special guardian of the Egyptian queens. Her hieroglyphic name is [glyphs] or [glyphs] HA·T-HER, "_the house of Horus_". ^{88}

HA·T-ÛAR·T. The Egyptian name of Avaris or Pelusium. ^{92}

HELIOPOLIS. The Greek name of the Egyptian [glyphs] AN, at present Matarîyeh, near Cairo, the biblical [Hebrew: 'WON] [ôn]. It was the capital of the XIIIth nome of Lower Egypt, and one of the most famous cities of antiquity. It was sacred to the sun-gods Râ and Tum. ^{1 2 4 9 10 19 21 36 51 52 53 56 57 58 69 82 91}

HELIOPOLIS OBELISK. The only remaining and erect obelisk at Heliopolis. It has one column of hieroglyphs on each face and was erected by Usertesen I. of the XIIth dynasty. Its companion fell in 1160 A. D. and has completely disappeared. Its apex was originally covered with a capping of gilded bronze, which was still seen by the Arabic physician Abd-el-Latîf in the thirteenth century A. D. ^{9}

HERMONTHIS. See under Erment. ^{87}

HERSCHEL, Sir John Fred. William. A famous English astronomer. Died May 11, 1871. ^{13}

{124}HIERATIC. A more cursive form of the Hieroglyphic script, with fewer characters, and signs drawn only in outline. It was mostly used for state documents, letters, and scientific and religious papyri. The form of the characters varies according to the individual handwriting of the scribe. The Hieratic, like the Demotic, is always written from right to left. It was the second kind of Egyptian writing, and its alphabet is as follows. ^{34}

HIEROGLYPHIC. The name for the monumental language of ancient Egypt. The words are composed of hieroglyphs or "sacred carvings", which were at first quite simple but in the time of the Ptolemies became very complicated and enigmatical. The alphabet is given above under: Hieratic. Besides the simple letters there are also some two thousand syllabic signs and ideographs. The characters were written either {125}horizontally from left to right [thus in the hieroglyphic type of this book] or from right to left [thus on pages 71, 75, and 76], or else vertically, with the characters below each other, from left to right or from right to left. Hieroglyphic was the writing of the priests.

HITTITES. The biblical name of an Asiatic people, the hereditary foes of the Egyptians. They were called by them Kheta, which see. ^{36 37}

HOMER. The famous Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. ^{2 37}

HOR-HUD·T. The name of Horus as he was worshiped at Edfu. ^{31}

HOR-KHUTI, or HOR-EM-KHUTI. The sun-god at his appearance in the horizon in the morning and at noon. From this word, which means "_Horus of the two horizons_", the Greeks coined the word Harmachis. ^{29 30}

HOR-NUB. "_The golden Horus._" This title may also be translated "the victorious Horus", referring in the first place to the victory of this god over the devil, Set (cf. page 87), and then to the personal bravery of his representative on earth, the king. ^{60 64 68}

HOR-RÂ. A form of the solar deity, a combination of Râ and Horus. ^{30}

HORUS. One of the greatest of the Egyptian deities, the son of Osiris and Isis. He personified the Sun in his midday power, and his sacred bird was the hawk. He was the divine representation of the Pharaoh himself. On the monuments we find him pictured in many ways; viz., [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], &c. ^{28 29 30 31 57 58 69 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 87}

"HOUSE OF THE SUN." An appellation of Heliopolis. ^{2}

{126}HUD·T. The Egyptian name of Edfu, which see. ^{87}

HYKSOS. Syrian invaders who conquered Egypt and founded the XVth and XVIth dynasties. According to Manetho (cf. page 108) the word signifies "shepherd-kings" and is probably the Egyptian [glyphs] HEQ, "_prince_" [glyphs] SHASU, "_the Bedouins_", whence "Bedouin prince(s)". They introduced the sole worship of the ass-headed deity Set or Sutekh (which see). They were cruel masters and were finally driven out of the country by Aahmes I. of the XVIIth dynasty (cf. page 102). ^{92}

IBN-EL-VARDI. An Arabic historian who died in the year 750 of the Hégira [the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medîna], about 1350 A. D. The passage from this author on page 80 is also given by the Arabic geographer Edrisi (1153 A. D.). ^{79}

ILIAD. The famous Greek epic of Homer, recounting the story of the siege and capture of Troy, in Asia Minor. ^{37}

INTAGLIO-RELIEVO. The usual mode of carving employed by the Egyptians, where the figures were cut altogether into the stone, that is, all below the surface of the stone. ^{18}

ISHMAËL or ISMAÏL. Ex-Khedive of Egypt, an able but extravagant ruler, who did much for the prosperity of that downtrodden country. In his reign the Suez Canal was completed. ^{40 82}

ISIS. The great Egyptian goddess in the triad: Osiris, Isis, and Horus. She was the queen of heaven and the wife of Osiris, whose members she gathered after Set, the devil, had slain him. Her name in Egyptian is [glyphs] AS·T, and she is represented with a throne on the head; thus, [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs]. ^{86}

JEBEL SELSELEH. "_The mountain of the chain._" The modern name of that part of the country where the ancient {127}Silsilis was situated. An Arabic legend states, that at one time a chain was stretched across the Nile at this point to ward off the approach of the enemy's ships, whence the name. ^{86}

JOSEPH. The biblical patriarch. His name has not yet been discovered on the monuments, though there is much in the Egyptian literature to remind us of his story; viz., in the Ameni inscription, describing the years of famine, and the "Tale of the Two Brothers", setting forth the great temptation and the wicked accusation. ^{2}

KADESH. A town in Syria where Ramses II. defeated the Hittites. In Egyptian [glyphs] QEDESH. ^{35}

KARNAK. A modern village on the east side of the Nile, marking the site of ancient northern Thebes. ^{2 3 6 9 10 11 19}

KARNAK OBELISKS. There are still at Karnak six obelisks: two large ones of Thothmes I., one of them being prostrate and broken; two of queen Hatasu (which see); and two small ones, resembling stelé and bearing the name of Thothmes III. ^{9 10 11 19}

KENEMTI. The Egyptian name of the oasis El-Khargeh, which see. ^{89}

KHARU. A Syrian tribe subdued by Seti I. ^{36}

KHEDIVE. The Persian word [Arabic: KHDYF] [khedîf] signifying "the monarch". This is the title of the governor of Egypt. ^{40 44 82}

KHEFREN. The Greek form of the Egyptian KHÂFRÂ, a king of the fourth dynasty, and the builder of the second Great Pyramid of Memphis (Gizeh). His name in Egyptian is [glyphs] SUTEN-KAUT? KH·F RÂ, "_The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, His glory is Ra_". ^{91}

{128}KHENNU. The ancient name of Silsilis, in Egyptian [glyphs] [glyphs] and at present Jebel Selseleh, which see. ^{86}

KHEOPS. The Greek form of KHUFU, which see. ^{91}

KHEPER. An Egyptian deity symbolizing the creative energy of the sun, which is the source of all life. The deity is frequently represented as a man with the scarab or beetle on his shoulders, instead of a head. His name in Egyptian is [glyphs], which is derived from the verb [glyphs] KHEPER, "_to create_". ^{28 29}

KHEPERA. The same as the above. In Egyptian [glyphs] KHEPERA. ^{63 64}

KHERP-KHEPER-RÂ-SOTEP-EN-RÂ. The royal name of the king Osarkon I. ^{38 72}

KHETA. An Asiatic people, the Hittites of the Bible, where they are called [Hebrew: CHITIYM] [khittîm]. They are constantly mentioned in the Egyptian inscriptions, especially in those that treat of the wars of Seti I. and Ramses II. Their Egyptian name is [glyphs], KHETA. ^{36 37}

KHNUM. The spirit of Amen-Râ, represented as a ram-headed deity; thus, [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs]. He was especially worshiped at Elephantine, and his figure was painted a bright green. His Egyptian name is [glyphs] Khnumu. ^{86 87}

KHNUM-RÂ. A form of the solar deity, a combination of Râ and Khnum. ^{29}

KHUFU. A king of the fourth dynasty, the builder of the Great Pyramid at Gizeh, the Kheops of the Greeks. His name in Egyptian is written [glyphs] SUTEN-KAUT? KHUFU, "_The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu_". ^{5}

{129}KIRCHER, Athanasius. A German scholar and mathematician, who endeavored to solve the mysteries of the Egyptian language, but signally failed in the attempt. He died in 1680. ^{79}

KÔM-OMBOO. "_The hill of Omboo._" The modern name of the Egyptian [glyphs] NUBηT, "_the gold-city_", called Ombos by the ancients, a city in the first nome of Upper Egypt. The crocodile-headed god Sebek was worshiped here. ^{86}

KOSSÊR. "_Small castle._" A town in Egypt situated on the Red Sea, to which a road led in ancient times from Coptos by way of Hammamât. The Greeks called it Leukos-Limen, "_the white harbor_". ^{23 88}

KUFT. The modern name of Coptos, which see. ^{88}

LABYRINTH. The grand palace of Amenemhât III. in the Fayoom, described by the Greek geographer Strabo. At one corner of it was the Pyramid of Howara, which is built of brick. The name Labyrinth seems to be derived from the Egyptian [glyphs] RUPU RUHUN, "_the temple at the mouth of the canal_" (see under El-Lahoon). ^{90}

LATERAN OBELISK. The largest of all the erect obelisks, in front of the church of St. Giovanni in Laterano, in Rome. It was ordered to be made by Thothmes III., but was completed by Thothmes IV., who added the outer vertical lines and erected the obelisk in front of the temple of Amen in Thebes. It was removed to Alexandria by Constantine the Great, but was taken to Rome by Constantius in 357. After its fall it was re-erected by Sixtus V. in 1588. ^{9 20 23 25}

LEPSIUS, Richard K. The so-called "father of Egyptology", the teacher of the great Egyptologists of the present day. His greatest work was the _Denkmäler {130}aus Ægypten und Æthiopien_. He was born Dec. 23, 1810, and died July 10, 1884. ^{4 5 36 37}

LEPSIUS OBELISK. A small obelisk discovered by Lepsius in a tomb at Gizeh in 1843. It is the smallest obelisk known and at present in the Berlin Museum. ^{4 10}

LIBYAN DESERT. The large tract of barren country to the west of Egypt, containing seven oases (see under El-Khargeh). ^{59 90}

LISHT, PYRAMID OF. A small pyramid between those of Dashûr and Meydoom, situated near the Fayoom. ^{91}

LONDON OBELISK. The present name of the Alexandrian Obelisk, which see. ^{25 39 40 59 72 73 81 91}

LOWER EGYPT. The northern part of Egypt, comprising the Delta. ^{16 31 51 65 90}

LUXOR. A village in the southern part of ancient Thebes on the east side of the Nile. ^{2 4 9 10 88}

LUXOR OBELISKS. There are two obelisks of this name. One was brought to Paris in the reign of Louis Philippe of France, and erected on the Place de Concorde on Oct. 24, 1836. The cost of its removal was about $500 000. The other is now standing in Luxor.--Both obelisks stood originally, side by side, in front of the temple of Amenophis III. in Thebes, and are the most artistic obelisks extant. They were erected by Ramses II. ^{8 9 10 23 41}

MÂ. An Egyptian deity, called the daughter of Râ. Her name signifies "Truth", and she plays an important part in the theology of the ancient Egyptians. She represents the truth and justice of the supreme god. Hence the Pharaohs received her attributes and were called "truthful and just", or, as the inscriptions express it [glyphs] M MER, "_the beloved of Ma_". Her name is written [glyphs] M [really MAÂ] or [glyphs] MA·T. ^{65 68 69}

{131}MÂÂD BOAT. The boat of Râ, in which he was thought to travel over the expanse of heaven, changing to the Sekti boat as Tum in the latter part of his journey. The word is written [glyphs] MÂÂD. ^{22}

MAHUTEAN OBELISK, or the Pantheon Obelisk. It was erected by Ramses II. in Heliopolis. Clement XI. re-erected it in front of the Pantheon in Rome in 1711. A single column of hieroglyphs is inscribed on each of its faces. ^{10}

MÂKARÂ. The royal name of queen Hatasu, which see. ^{6 35}

MÂ-MEN-RÂ. The royal name of Seti I., which see. ^{87}

MAQDÂM-IBN-EL·`AMR-BEN-ABI-RE`ÂL. A mythical person. ^{80}

MARS. The Roman god of war, the Arês of the Greeks, and the Menthu (which see) of the Egyptians. ^{61}

MAREOTIS. The large lake south of Alexandria, called by the ancient Egyptians [glyphs] MERηT, "_the lake_". ^{91}

MATARÎYEH. The modern name of Heliopolis, a short distance from Cairo. ^{1 5 36 91}

MEDÎNET-HABU. The modern name of a part of the necropolis of ancient Thebes, and the site of many ruins, especially those of the temples of Thothmes II. and Ramses III. ^{88}

MEDITERRANEAN SEA. This was well known to the ancient Egyptians and traversed by the fleets of many Pharaohs, who, at one time, even subjugated the islands in it. Its name in Egyptian is [glyphs] ÛAZ-ÛR, "_the great sea_". ^{90}

MEGIDDO. A town of the Kharu [Syrians] in Palestine, on the border of the great plain of Esdraëlon, the scene of the battles between Thothmes III. and the Syrians, and between Neco and the Jewish king Josiah. The {132}town was also taken by Sheshonq I. in his war against Rehoboam, king of Judah. Its name in Egyptian is [glyphs] MÂKETHA. ^{36}

MEMNONIUM. Or Rameseum. The incorrect name given by the Greeks to the temple of Ramses II. in Shekh-abd-el-Qurnah, in the necropolis of ancient Thebes. It is called by the Greek geographer Diodorus the "tomb of Osymandyas". There is one colossal statue of Ramses II. still in its ruins. ^{16 88}

MEMPHIS. The Greek form of the Egyptian [glyphs] MEN-NEFER·T, "_the good place of rest_", the biblical [Hebrew: MOF] [môf] or [Hebrew: NOF] [nôf]. It was the capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and its present site is the village Mîtrahîneh. The whole district was a large necropolis with the famous pyramids from Gizeh to Saccarah. It is the "white wall" of the Greek historian Herodotus, or the Egyptian [glyphs] ANBU-HEZ·T, "_the white wall_". Its chief deity was Ptah. ^{4 10 19 65 90 91}

MENDES. The capital of the XVIth nome of Lower Egypt. 92

MENES. According to tradition the first Egyptian king, the founder of the Egyptian empire, and the builder of Memphis. In Egyptian his name is written [glyphs] [glyphs] or [glyphs] (as on the necklace in the possession of the New York Historical Society) SUTEN-KAUT? MENA, "_the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menes_". ^{89}

MEN-KHEPER-RÂ. The royal name of Thothmes III. ^{36 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 58 59 60}

MENTHU. The Egyptian god of war, identified by the Romans with their Mars. He is usually represented with the head of a hawk surmounted by the disk of the sun and two feathers ([glyphs]). He was only a form {133}of Amen-Râ, and was worshiped in the district round about Thebes. His name in Egyptian is [glyphs] MENTHU. ^{87}

MENZALEH LAKE. A large and shallow tract of water in the north-east corner of Egypt, extending from Damietta to the Suez Canal. ^{92}

MER-AB. A son of Khufu of the fourth dynasty. The architect and builder of the Great Pyramid. ^{5}

MERÌ·T. The Egyptian name of the Mareotis Lake. ^{91}

MER-TUM·T. The Egyptian name of the modern Meydoom, which see. ^{90}

MESOPOTAMIA. "_The land between the rivers_ (_Euphrates and Tigris_)." The eastern part of ancient Syria [Assyria], called in the Bible Padan-aram or Aram-nahara-yim (Gen. xxiv:10), which means "_Aram of the two rivers_", whence the Egyptian designation [glyphs] NAHAR. The country was frequently invaded and subjugated by the Egyptian kings, notably by Thothmes III., Amenôphis II., and Seti I. ^{36}

MESPHRES. Pliny's name for Thothmes III. It is in reality, however, the name of his great sister, queen Hatasu, which see. ^{36}

MEYDOOM. Or Meydoon [Mêdûn]. The modern name of the Egyptian [glyphs] MER-TUM·T, "_the favorite city of_ the god _Tum_", situated in the XXIst nome of Upper Egypt, and famous for its quaintly terraced pyramid, ascribed by Dümichen to king Snefru of the fourth dynasty. ^{90}

MÎTRAHÎNEH. The present site of ancient Memphis. ^{91}

MIZRAYIM. The Hebrew name of Egypt, really "the two Egypts". The Arabic is [Arabic: MSR] [misr]. ^{84}

MNEVIS-BULL. The sacred bull of Heliopolis, the incarnation of Râ. (^{98})

{134}MOERIS LAKE. The so-called lake, or rather reservoir, in the Fayoom, constructed by Amenemhât III. to receive the excess of the waters of the inundation, and keep the water for the times of drought. ^{90}

MONOLITH. A monument made of _one_ stone only. ^{7 18}

MONTE CAVALLO OBELISK. This is at present in front of the Quirinal in Rome, and is the companion of the St^a. Maria Maggiore Obelisk. As it is uninscribed, it is impossible to tell by whom or when it was erected. Perhaps the emperor Claudius [41-54 A. D.] had it removed to Rome. It was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1789. ^{9}

MONTE CITORIO OBELISK, or the Campensis Obelisk, which see. ^{22 25}

MONTE PINCIO OBELISK, or the Barberini Obelisk, which see. ^{22}

MOSES. The Jewish law-giver, who studied at the university in Heliopolis, was brought up at the court of the Pharaohs, and afterwards led the Israelites out of Egypt. He lived in the time of Ramses II., and departed with his people under Menephthah I. His name has not yet been found on the Egyptian monuments or in the papyri. ^{2}

MUMMIES. The bodies of the Egyptian dead which were preserved in a mixture of salt, bitumen, cedar oil, &c. The bodies were prepared for embalming by the _parakhistæ_ or _tarakheutæ_, who disemboweled them, wound linen bandages around them, placed with them chapters from the Book of the Dead (which see), and then deposited them in a sarcophagus of stone or wood, according to the means of the deceased. The purpose of this embalming was that the soul, on its return to the earth, would again find its body and reanimate it. Everything was, therefore, done by the ancient {135}Egyptians to protect their mummies against decomposition and robbers, some of the Pharaohs even building the monster-pyramids for their reception. ^{8 33 34}

MYCERINUS. The Greek form of the Egyptian MEN-KAU-RÂ, a king of the fourth dynasty and the builder of the third Great Pyramid. His sarcophagus and a part of his mummy are in the British Museum. His name is written [glyphs] SUTEN-KAUT? MEN-KAU-RÂ, "_The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, The Sun, mighty in his works_". ^{91}

NAHASB OBELISK. A small and prostrate obelisk about 70 miles south-east of Suez, in the Sinaitic Peninsula. It was discovered by a German traveler in 1817, but nothing further is known of it. The place where it is standing is also called Wâdi Nasb. ^{11}

NAPLES OBELISK. It is also called the Borgian Obelisk, having been for a time in the Borgian Museum at Velletri, and was discovered at Prænesté, Italy, in 1791, broken in four pieces. The inscription on it coincides with that of the Albani Obelisk (which see). It is now in the Museo Nazionale at Naples. ^{10}

NECROPOLIS. A Greek word meaning "_the city of the dead_", our "cemetery". In Egypt the necropolis was generally a collection of rock-hewn tombs, but always situated to the west of a city toward the setting sun, this being the first station on the road to the Lower World. It is expressed in Egyptian by the sign [glyphs] AA. ^{2 4 5}

NECTANEBO I. The Greek name of a king of the XXXth dynasty, who forced the Persian king Artaxerxes II. to relinquish his hold on Egypt and reigned for eighteen years. His Egyptian name is ^{9}

suten-kaut? Senezem-ab-sotep-en-Amen-Râ sa Râ {136}

The king of Upper "Benevolent, chosen the Sun's
and Lower Egypt, of Amen-Râ", offspring,

Amen-mer-nekht-Her-heb·t

"Beloved of Amen, Nekht-Her-Heb."

NEGATIVE CONFESSION. A passage in the 125th chapter of the Book of the Dead, where the deceased gives an account of his life and begs to be admitted into paradise. To that end he states that he has not committed the forty-two great sins. (^{98})

NEITH. The Egyptian goddess of the lower heavens, the sister of Isis and Nephthys. She is generally represented holding a bow and arrows in her hand. The Greeks identified her with their Athêné (Minerva). In Egyptian her name is [glyphs] NET. ^{92}

NEKHEB. The goddess of Eileithyia and identified by the ancients with their Lucina, the goddess of childbirth. Little is known of her. The Egyptian form of her name is [glyphs] NEKHEB·T. ^{87}

NEKHEB·T. The Egyptian name of Eileithyiapolis, which see. ^{87}

NERO. The fifth Roman emperor [54-68 A. D.]. His full name is Nero Claudius Cæsar Drusus Germanicus. On the Egyptian monuments he is called ^{11}

hez-desher heq-hequ-sotep-en-Ptah-mer-As·t sa Râ Autugreder
neb taui neb khâu Narani

The possessor of "The prince of the Sun's
the red and white princes, chosen offspring, "Autocrator
crowns, lord of the of Ptah, beloved lord of Nero."
two countries, of Isis", diadems.

NEW YORK OBELISK. It is usually, but incorrectly, called "Cleopatra's Needle". ^{20 23 25 49 72 73 81 91}

{137}NILE. The ancient Egyptians venerated it as a special deity, giving him the epithet [glyphs] S·ÂNKH, "_he who produces life_". He was generally represented thus [glyphs], and his name was [glyphs] HÂP. ^{2 4 16 27 84 86 88 90 92}

NILOMETER. This was erected by the Pharaohs on the island of Elephantine, to enable them to measure the height of the inundation. It was restored in 1870 by the Khedive Ishmaël. Another Nilometer is at present on the island of Rhôda at Cairo. The Egyptian sign of the Nilometer is [glyphs] DED, which means "_stability_". ^{86}

NINEVEH. The capital of the Assyrian empire. It was taken by several Pharaohs in their Asiatic campaigns, especially by Thothmes III., Amenôphis II., and Seti I. ^{36}

NOME. The Greek word for "province". There were 22 nomes in Upper and 20 nomes in Lower Egypt. The Egyptian word is [glyphs] HESP, "_the province_". ^{84 90}

NUBIA. It is also called Ethiopia, and was incorporated into the Egyptian empire at the time of the XVIIIth dynasty. Its capital was Napata, now Jebel Barkal, which even became the capital of the whole empire during the XXVIth dynasty. The Egyptian name of Nubia is [glyphs] Kush, the biblical [Hebrew: KWSH] [kûsh]. ^{86}

NUBηT. The Egyptian name of Ombos, at present Kôm-Omboo (which see). ^{86}

OASIS. There were seven oases in the Libyan desert, to the west of Egypt. The Egyptian word is [glyphs] UT, "_the oasis_". ^{89}

OMBOS. The modern Kôm-Omboo, which see. ^{29 86}

ORONTES. The principal river of Syria, called in Egyptian [glyphs] ARUNUTH. ^{36}

{138}OSARKON I. A king of the XXIId dynasty, whose name in Egyptian is ^{38 71 72}

suten-kaut? Kherp-kheper-Râ-sotep-en-Râ sa Râ Amen-mer-Ûsarken

The king of Upper "Made governor by the Sun's "Beloved of Amen,
and Lower Egypt, Ra, chosen of Ra", offspring, Osarkon."

OSIRIS. One of the oldest of the Egyptian gods and the judge of the dead in the Lower World. His worship was universal throughout Egypt at all times. His Egyptian name is [glyphs] USAR. The great Osiris-myth is this. Osiris was, at one time, a king, and reigned over Egypt. Going on travels he left Isis, his sister and wife, to conduct the government. The devil, Set, then revolted against him, killed him, cut his body into fourteen pieces, and scattered them over the country. Isis collected them, erecting a temple where a piece of his body was found, and called on her son Horus to avenge his father. Horus met Set in combat at Edfu. In this encounter Set was "transfixed". The inscriptions in the temple of Edfu give a glowing description of this battle. Osiris is generally represented with his whole body shrouded in a covering and his head surmounted by the atef-crown; thus, [glyphs]. He has a peculiar beard curving outward at the end. He was considered to be the author of all animal and vegetable life, and the god of agriculture. All those that died were called by his name, "the Osirian", that is, "amenable to Osiris in his judgment-hall". ^{61 87 88 92}

PALESTINE. Many Pharaohs, especially Thothmes III., subjugated this country in their Asiatic conquests. The names of most of its cities and provinces occur on the Egyptian monuments. One of its Egyptian names is [glyphs] KANÂNA, "_Canaan_". ^{36}

{139}PAMPHILIAN OBELISK, or the Obelisk of the PIAZZA NAVONA in Rome. This is a pseudo-Egyptian obelisk, cut by the Romans in the quarry of Syene. It was erected by the emperor Domitian, and re-erected by Innocent X. (Pamphili) in 1651 in its present position. There is a single column of poorly executed hieroglyphs on each face of it. ^{9}

PANOPOLIS. The Greek name of the capital of the IXth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian [glyphs] PER-KHEM·T, "_the city of the temple of (the god) Khem_". It was the seat of the worship of Khem, whom the Greeks identified with their Pan. ^{89}

PANTHEON OBELISK. The same as the Mahutean Obelisk, which see.

PAPYRUS. The Egyptian paper, made of thin slices of the papyrus plant, called in Egyptian [glyphs] THUFI. On it were written works on almost all subjects. The finest papyri are at present in the British Museum and the Museum of Bulak. ^{34}

PASHT. The Greek name of the Egyptian goddess Sekhet, which see. ^{92}

PELUSIUM. The classical name of a city near the site of the ancient Egyptian Avaris, which see. ^{92}

PENTAÛR. The Egyptian Homer, who described the exploits of Ramses II. in his war with the Hittites. His name is written [glyphs] PEN-TA-ÛR. ^{37}

PER-BA-NEB-DED·T. The Egyptian name of Mendes, which see. ^{92}

PER-BAS·T. The Egyptian name of Bubastis, which see. ^{92}

PER-KHEM·T. The Egyptian name of Panopolis, which see. ^{89}

PER-USAR·T. The Egyptian name of Busiris, which see. ^{92}

{140}PHARAOH. The Hebrew form of the Egyptian [glyphs] PER-Â, "_the great house_", or more correctly, as the Hieratic generally has it, [glyphs] PER-Â, "_he of the great double house_". This was the official title of the Egyptian kings. ^{1 2 5 6 7 16 19 20 22 25 29 37 38 46 48 53 57 58 60 61 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 79 84 87 89}

"PHARAOH OF THE OPPRESSION." All Egyptologists are agreed that this was Ramses II. ^{37 63}

"PHARAOH'S NEEDLE." The Arabic rendering for "obelisk". ^{79}

PHILAE. An island in the Nile near the Nubian boundary, belonging to the first nome of Upper Egypt. ^{4 7 9 10 22 84 86}

PHILAE OBELISK. A fragment of an obelisk which was erected, together with its companion, the Corfe Castle Obelisk (which see), in front of the temple of Isis by Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. and his sister Cleopatra II. It has one column of hieroglyphs on each face, and is at Philæ. ^{9}

PIÂNKHÎ. An Ethiopian king, of the XXIVth dynasty, who conquered Egypt at the close of the XXIId dynasty, when it was divided into thirteen petty kingdoms. His name in Egyptian is ^{21}

suten-kaut? Men-kheper-Râ sa Râ P-ânkhî

The king of Upper "The stable and the Sun's "He who
and Lower Egypt, creative Sun", offspring, lives."

PIAZZA DELLA MINERVA OBELISK. A small obelisk in Rome. It has only a single column of hieroglyphs on each face, and was probably erected by Psametik II. in Saïs. It was removed by the Romans and re-erected by Pope Alexander VII. in 1667, who had it placed on a marble elephant. ^{10}

{141}PIAZZA DEL POPOLO OBELISK. Another name of the Flaminian Obelisk, which see.

PIAZZA NAVONA OBELISK. Another name for the Pamphilian Obelisk, which see. ^{22}

PLINY, surnamed "the Elder". A famous Roman naturalist and author (23-79 A. D.). ^{36}

"POMPEY'S PILLAR." The only important monument of antiquity at present in Alexandria. It is a shaft of granite from the quarry of Syene rising, with the pedestal, to the height of 104 ft., and erected by the Roman prefect Pompeius in honor of the emperor Diocletian. ^{91}

PONTIUS. The architect who transported the two obelisks of Heliopolis to Alexandria in 12 B. C. He may have possibly also removed the Flaminian and Campensis Obelisks (which see) to Rome for the emperor Augustus in 20 B. C. ^{39 73 74 82}

PORTA DEL POPOLO OBELISK. Another name of the Esmeade Obelisk, which see. ^{11}

PRIOLI OBELISK. A small obelisk in the gardens of the Sultan in Constantinople. Nothing is known of it, as its inscriptions have never been published. ^{9}

PSAMETIK II. A king of the XXVIth dynasty, the son of Psametik I. He conquered Ethiopia and reigned for six years. His son Hophra is mentioned in the Bible. His name in Egyptian is ^{7 9 10 22}

suten-kaut? Nefer-ab-Râ sa Râ Psemthek

The king of Upper "the kind-hearted the Sun's "Psametik."
and Lower Egypt, Sun", offspring,

PSEUDO-EGYPTIAN, that is, having the appearance of being Egyptian, but not so in reality. A number of the extant obelisks belong in this category. ^{4}

{142}PTHAH [pronounced tá]. The chief deity of Lower Egypt, an emanation of Râ. He is generally represented as a deformed child holding two serpents and stepping on two crocodiles. In Upper Egypt he was worshipped under the form of an upright mummy ([glyphs]). His name in Egyptian is [glyphs] PTAH. ^{65 69 90}

PTAH-SOKAR-OSIRIS. A form of Ptah, peculiar to Memphis, and represented as a deformed child. His Egyptian name is [glyphs] PTAH-SEKER-USAR. ^{29}

PTAH-TATHUNEN. A title of Ptah of Memphis. The Egyptian form of the word is [glyphs] PTAH-TATHUNEN, meaning perhaps "_Ptah of the stable earth_". ^{65}

PTOLEMIES. The descendants of Ptolemy Sôtêr, a general of Alexander the Great, and forming the XXXIIId dynasty of Egyptian kings. Each of them married his sister. Their reign extended from 305 to 30 B. C., and was characterized by infamy, tyranny, murder, and poisoning. ^{9 21 22}

PTOLEMY IX. EUERGETES II. A weak king of the XXXIIId dynasty, married to and reigning for a time with his sister Cleopatra II. and his niece Cleopatra III. His name in Egyptian is ^{7 10}

suten-kaut? Nuter-per-ââ-en-Ptah-sotep-en-âr-maâ-Amen-Râ-sekhem-ânkh
The king of "The Epiphanes, the heir of Ptah, the chosen of Amen-Ra,
Upper and dispenser of justice, conqueror, living",
Lower Egypt,

sa Râ Ptûlmîs-ânkh-zeta-Ptah-mer
the Sun's "Ptolemy, living forever, beloved of Ptah."
offspring,

PUNT. The Egyptian name of the southern part of Arabia, which see.

{143}PYLON. The large mass of masonry of an Egyptian temple, resembling two truncated pyramids with the gate between them. A picture of one is given on page 20. Its hieroglyph is perhaps [glyphs]. ^{20 24}

PYRAMIDION. The apex of an obelisk which resembles a miniature pyramid. It was sometimes inscribed with pictures and hieroglyphs, and covered with a capping of gold-metal or electrum (which see). ^{18 19 21 22 26 47 50 51 52 53 54 55}

PYRAMIDS. The enormous masses of stone built by various kings, especially those of the fourth dynasty, and serving as their tombs. There are quite a number of them in and near ancient Memphis, the largest being that of Khufu, called the Great Pyramid, which is 480 ft. high. The usual Egyptian word for "pyramid" is [glyphs] ABMER. ^{12 27 91}

QEBTI·T. The Egyptian name of Coptos, which see. ^{88}

QEM·T. The common Egyptian designation of Egypt, which see. ^{61 66 70 84}

QURNAH. A modern village marking the site of a part of the necropolis of ancient Thebes, situated on the west shore of the Nile. Here are the ruins of the grand temple begun by Seti I., and completed by Ramses II. ^{88}

RÂ. The Sun, the Supreme Being, and the organizer of the world according to Egyptian mythology. He was worshipped in the entire country, but especially in Heliopolis. He is always represented with the face of a hawk. With the fifth dynasty the Pharaohs began to call themselves the incarnation of Râ, or [glyphs] SA RÂ, "_the son of the Sun_", which title they retained until the time of the Roman emperors. The Egyptian name of the sun is [glyphs] RÂ. ^{21 22 27 30 31 36 37 38 39 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 82 91}

{144}RÂ-HOR-KHUTI. A name of the sun-god, written in Egyptian [glyphs] or [glyphs] RÂ-HOR-KHUTI, "_the Sun, the hawk of the two horizons_". ^{28 29 30 46 47 49 55 58 59 60}

RAMSES II. One of the greatest monarchs the world ever saw, the son of Seti I., and a king of the XIXth dynasty. He conquered most of the then known world, built magnificent temples, erected obelisks, and perpetuated his name on almost every Egyptian monument. His Egyptian name is ^{7 8 9 10 16 36 37 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 88 91}

suten-kaut? User-Mâ-Râ-sotep-en-Râ sa Râ Amen-mer-Râ-meses-su

The king of "Strong in truth, the Sun's "Beloved of Amen, the
Upper and the Sun, chosen offspring, Sun, begetting himself."
Lower Egypt, of the Sun",

RAMSES III. A famous king of the XXth dynasty, who conquered the Hittites, Syrians, and the tribes of Palestine. His name in Egyptian is ^{112 131}

suten-kaut? User-mâ-Râ-Amen-mer sa Râ Râ-meses-heq-An

The king of Upper "Strong in truth, the the Sun's, "The Sun's child,
and Lower Egypt, Sun, beloved of Amen", offspring, prince of
Heliopolis."

RÂQEDηT. The Egyptian name of Alexandria (which see), called Rhakôtis by the ancients. ^{91}

REDESIEH. A modern village in what was formerly the first nome of Upper Egypt. ^{68}

RED SEA. This was called in Egyptian [glyphs] MUQED·T. ^{86 88}

RHAKOTIS. The Greek name of the town on whose site Alexander the Great built Alexandria (which see). ^{91}

RISING SUN. The god Râ. ^{22}

ROME. The capital of the ancient world. Its Egyptian name occurs on the Barberini Obelisk as [glyphs] HARM·T. ^{5 7 9 20 22 23 25}

{145}ROSETTA. A modern town at the mouth of the Bolbitinic arm of the Nile. It was the ancient Bolbitiné. ^{91}

ROSETTA STONE. Without a doubt this is the most important monument of antiquity that has come down to us. It is a stelé of black basalt, bearing an inscription in Hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Greek. It contains a decree of the priests in honor of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, which was issued on March 27, 195 B. C. This stone, discovered in 1799, furnished the key for deciphering the hieroglyphs, and is now preserved in the British Museum. ^{92}

ROTENNU. A Syrian people who were repeatedly defeated and subjugated by kings of the XVIIIth and later dynasties. They were subdivided into the Upper and Lower Rotennu, and their Egyptian name was [glyphs] RETHENNU. ^{36}

SACCARAH. A modern village near the site of ancient Memphis with a number of famous pyramids. The name is undoubtedly derived from that of the god Ptah-_Sokar_-Osiris. ^{91}

SA-EL-HAJAR. The modern name of Saïs. ^{92}

SAÏS. The capital of the fifth nome of Lower Egypt, the Egyptian [glyphs] SA·T, and the Coptic [Coptic: sai] [saï]. Nothing now remains but a mass of débris. ^{4 10 92}

SAÎU·T. The Egyptian name of Sioot, which see. ^{89}

SALLUSTIAN OBELISK. An obelisk in Rome standing opposite the church of Santa Trinita dei Monti. It is a poor Roman copy of the Piazza del Popolo Obelisk, and has three columns of hieroglyphs on it, together with the cartouches of Seti I. and Ramses II. It was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1789. ^{9}

SÂN. The modern name of Tanis, which see. ^{11}