Chapter V (2)

Behold Pharaoh! He is Behold Pharaoh! He is Behold Pharaoh! He is
_the heavenly Horus, _the heavenly Horus, _the heavenly Horus,
the powerful bull, lifting the white the powerful bull, the
beloved of Mâ._ crown, beloved of Râ._ son of Râ._
---------------- ---------------- ----------------
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
He is _the king of He is _the king of He is _the king of
Upper and Lower Egypt, Upper and Lower Egypt, Upper and Lower Egypt,
Ramses II., the lord Thothmes III., the Ramses II., the lord
of the festivals like golden Horus, rejoic- of the Vulture_ and
his father Ptah._ He ing in_ his _strength, _Uræus diadems, who
is _the Sun's off- the vanquisher of the protects Egypt_ and
spring, Ramses II._ princes of the count- _smites_ all _the_
whom _Râ has begotten ries which are dist- foreign _nations._ He
in order to gladden ant._ He did this is _the Sun's off-
Heliopolis_ and _fill_ _because_ his _father spring, Ramses II.,
her _sanctuaries_ with Râ had_ so _commanded a king_ whose _hands
treasures. It is he him,_ and had given have done warlike
_who brought forth him _victories over deeds in full view of
himself_ as _lord of the entire world_, and the entire world._ He
the two countries, had placed _an abund- is _the lord of the
Ramses II., the Sun's ance of power on his two countries, Ramses
offspring. Ramses II., arm, so that he might II., the Sun's off-
who gives all life enlarge the boundaries spring, Ramses II.,
now_ and forever. of Egypt._ This was who gives all life
done by _the Sun's now_ and forever.
offspring, Thothmes
III., who gives all
life forever._

Long _life_ to _the gracious god, Ramses II_!
Long _life_ to _the gracious god, Ramses II_!
Long _life_ to _the gracious god, Ramses II_!
Long _life_ to _the gracious god, Ramses II_!

{79}CHAPTER VII

NOTES ON THE TRANSLATION AND THE CRABS.

§1. On looking over the translation of our obelisk, as set forth in the preceding pages, the reader will perhaps feel disappointed in the substance of its inscriptions. These contain, as has already been stated, only laudatory phrases and vainglorious titles, and furnish us with no historical data nor anything that would be of value to scholars. People have for many centuries suspected them of an utterly different meaning, and have given them the most fanciful and ludicrous explanations. For instance, Athanasius Kircher in his "_Oedipus_" (published in 1650), when speaking of our obelisk, says: "_It_ [the New York Obelisk] _sets forth the activity and functions of the twelve solar genii in the world's government, which result from their protection and presence, and with what rites and ceremonies each of them must be propitiated; for each in his tour around each of the four sides keeps watch over his particular quarter of the world, which he both guards against the attack of the evil genii and preserves_". All this, of course, is sheer nonsense. Besides this ridiculous explanation Kircher mentions that at the base of our obelisk were engraved the words [Arabic: MSLH FR`WN] "_Pharaoh's Needle_", which is both improbable and impossible, though, as a matter of fact, the obelisk always went by that name among the Arabs.

The most silly guess at a translation, however, is probably that of the Mohammedan writer Ibn-el-Vardi, who visited Alexandria and saw our obelisk there in 1340. He writes of it as follows:

{80}"_This is on it_ [the obelisk]: '_I, Ya`mer-ben-Shaddad, have founded this city, when old age did not yet overtake nor death disturb nor gray hairs trouble me, when stones were here in abundance, and men did not acknowledge masters. I have built its porticoes, and dug its canals, and planted its trees, and desired to embellish it with wonderful monuments and amazing structures. I have sent my servant El·Thabut-ben-Marrat, the `Adite, and Maqdam-ibn-El·`Amr-ben-abi-Re`al, the Thamudite, the caliph, to Mount Tarim, the red mountain, and they cut out of it two rocks and carried them both on their shoulders. Then one of the ribs of El·Thabut having been crushed, I caused the people of my kingdom to make reparation. Now these two_ [obelisks] _were erected for me by El·Fatan-ibn-Jarud, the Mutafakite, on an auspicious day._'"

The same writer then states: "_And this is the very obelisk which is in the corner of the city looking toward the East, while the other is seen further in the interior of the city._"

{81}This translation of our obelisk reads very strange and was, of course, only drawn by that ancient author from his own fertile imagination. Still it shows how much importance was even at that early time attached to our monolith. Almost every traveler of note mentions it and gives a description of it. All their scattered notices help us to trace the history of our obelisk through the last few centuries, without, however, our gaining any new or important knowledge from them.

NOTE. It may be of some interest to know that all the old writers agree in calling the _erect_ obelisk in Alexandria "_Cleopatra's Needle_"; in other words, this epithet was _only_ applied to the New York Obelisk in Central Park. The claim of the English that their obelisk in London was ever named after the famous queen rests on no foundation whatever.

§2. When the Romans transported our obelisk to Alexandria, its base was badly damaged. That it might still be erected without planing off the surface of the stone, they filled up the cavities with lead and put bronze crabs in the corners. The reason why they should have selected the crab or scorpion ([glyphs]) cannot be definitely given. It may have been due to the strange superstition of the Egyptians of the Ptolemaic period. The figure of the scorpion, the evil genius, plays an important part in the astrological and mythological inscriptions of that time. From what the Romans heard of this evil deity, and from a desire to propitiate it, they thought the crab the most appropriate ornament for the obelisk. They wished to convey a double meaning; first, that the obelisk, the emblem of the good god of light, should restrain and keep down the evil deity of darkness, and secondly, they made it appear, in order to flatter the evil genius, as though it was he who sustained the good god's throne and kept his {82}monument in proper position. Still, whatever the reason may have been, the crabs are altogether out of place beneath our monolith.

The crabs at present supporting the obelisk are new, and were cast at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. What is left of the old ones is preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Central Park (cf. page 72). The following inscriptions were engraved on the eight claws:

FIRST CRAB, FIRST CLAW:

L. [Greek: Ê KAISAROS] _ANNO VIII_
[Greek: BARBAROS ANETHÊKE] _AVGVSTI CAESARIS_
[Greek: ARCHITEKTON OUNTOS] _BARBARVS PRAEF_
[Greek: PONTIOU] _AEGYPTI POSVIT_
_ARCHITECTANTE PONTIO_

[The corrected form and the translation of these inscriptions are given
on page 73 and 74.]

FIRST CRAB, SECOND CLAW:

QUARRIED AT SYENE, EGYPT; ERECTED AT
[glyph] HELIOPOLIS, EGYPT, BY THOTHMES III IN THE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY B. C.

SECOND CRAB, FIRST CLAW:

REMOVED TO ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT, AND ERECTED
THERE B. C. 22 BY THE ROMANS.

[The date should be B. C. 12. Cf. page 73.]

SECOND CRAB, SECOND CLAW:

REMOVED TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A. D.
1880, AND ERECTED IN NEW YORK CITY JANUARY 22,
1881.

THIRD CRAB, FIRST CLAW:

PRESENTED TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
BY ISMAIL, KHEDIVE OF EGYPT.

{83}THIRD CRAB, SECOND CLAW:

RUTHERFORD BURCHARD HAYES, PRESIDENT; WILLIAM
MAXWELL EVARTS, SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE
UNITED STATES.

FOURTH CRAB, FIRST CLAW:

THE COST OF REMOVING FROM EGYPT AND PLACING
ON THIS SPOT THIS OBELISK, PEDESTAL, AND BASE,
WAS BORNE BY WILLIAM H. VANDERBILT.

FOURTH CRAB, SECOND CLAW:

LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER HENRY H. GORRINGE,
UNITED STATES NAVY, DESIGNED THE PLANS FOR AND
SUPERINTENDED THE REMOVAL AND RE-ERECTION.

{84}CHAPTER VIII.

EGYPT: ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND ITS CITIES.

Egypt, called by its former inhabitants [glyphs] QEM·T, "_the black land_", on account of the richness and color of its soil, and by the Greeks [Greek: Aiguptos] [Aiguptos], has been correctly and appropriately described by the ancients as "a gift of the river Nile", which flows throughout its entire length. Lying between two vast tracts of desert land, and encompassed by immense ranges of mountains, the Nile is its only source of life and means of support. The country was divided from time immemorial into two large sections, Upper and Lower Egypt. The Hebrew name of Egypt, [Hebrew: MITSRAYIM] [Mizrayim], being a dual form, forcibly reminds us of this division. These two sections were at various times of Egyptian history independent principalities, and governed by different Pharaohs. Whenever the two sections had one and the same ruler, he was always called [glyphs] SUTEN-KAUT?, "_the king of Upper and Lower Egypt_", Upper Egypt as the more important of the two always being mentioned first. These sections were again subdivided into "_nomes_" (from the Greek word [Greek: nomos] [nomos] "_a province_"), and each of them had its capital, governor, local deities, sacred animals, and sacred trees.

{85}

{86}UPPER EGYPT, called by the Egyptians [glyphs] PA TA RES "_the land of the South_", began in the south at the island of Philæ and extended as far as the Delta in the north. It is called "Upper", being bounded by mountains and highlands, as opposed to the low land of the north or "Lower" Egypt. This section of the country comprised 22 nomes. Following the course of the Nile some of the principal places and cities are:

_Philæ_, in Egyptian [glyphs] AAREQ·T or [glyphs] PIREQ, one of the
southern islands of the First Cataract, with the ruins of the magnificent
temple of the goddess Isis, the fragment of an obelisk, and other
monumental structures.

_Elephantine_, in Egyptian [glyphs] ÂB·T "_the ivory-island_", the
northernmost island in the First Cataract, opposite the modern Assuân. On
it was situated the capital bearing the same name, ÂB, with the famous
Nilometer and a splendid temple of Khnum, the local deity of the island.

_Syene_, in Egyptian [glyphs] SUN·T, now Assuân, which was the site of
the vast quarries, from which were taken most of the obelisks and statues
scattered throughout Egypt.

_Ombos_, in Egyptian [glyphs] NUBI·T, "_the gold-city_", with the road
leading to the Nubian gold mines, was noted for its temple of the
crocodile-headed god Sebek-Râ, its local deity. The modern name is
Kôm-Omboo.

_Silsilis_, the old Egyptian [glyphs] KHENNU, "_the sailor-city_", is
known for its tombs which are cut into the mountain-side, its quarries,
and its annual festivals in honor of the rise of the Nile at the time of
inundation. The modern name of this part of the country is Jebel
Selseleh.

_Redesieh_, a modern village, was formerly the starting-point of an
important road leading to Asia and the Red Sea. On this road is a temple
of Seti I. and a {87}famous well, [glyphs] TA KHNUM·T MÂ-MEN-RÂ "_the
well of Seti I._", constructed by order of the same Pharaoh.

_Edfu_, in Egyptian [glyphs] DEB·T, "_the city of transfixion_"
(referring to the legend of the battle between Horus and Set, the devil,
in which the latter was pierced by the avenging spear of the son of
Osiris), was the renowned city of the sun-god Horus. Because of his
supreme worship it was also called [glyphs] HUD·T "_the city of the
winged sun-disk_ [[glyphs]]". Here are to be found in a tolerably good
state of preservation some of the grandest temple-buildings of Egypt. The
temple of the hawk-faced sun-god, Horus, rivals in magnificence that of
any other god.

_El-Kab_, near the ancient city of [glyphs] NEKHEB·T, the Eileithyiapolis
of the Greeks, contains the many dedicatory inscriptions to Nekheb, an
otherwise rarely mentioned goddess, and a number of tombs.

_Esneh_, in Egyptian [glyphs] SENI·T, was the seat of the Khnum-worship,
and still contains the ruins of the temple of the ram-headed god
([glyphs]).

_Hermonthis_, in Egyptian [glyphs] AN-MENTH, the modern village of
Erment, was at one time a most important city of Egypt, surpassing even
Thebes. Now we find here only a few ruins of the temple of the sun-god
Menthu, the local deity of the place.

_Thebes_, in Egyptian [glyphs] US·T "_the city of the Us-sceptre_", or
[glyphs] NU·T AMEN "_the city of_ the god _Amen_", was situated on the
land occupied at present by {88}the villages of Karnak and Luxor on the
east, and Drah-abul-Neggah, Dêr-el-baheri, Qurnah, Medinet-Habu, and
others on the west bank of the Nile. It was undoubtedly the largest city
of the ancient world, and the principal seat of the worship of Amen or
Amen-Râ. During the greater part of Egyptian history it was the capital
of all Egypt. Nowhere on the face of the earth are so many ancient
monuments gathered together as here. Suffice it to mention the wonderful
temples of Karnak and Luxor in the city proper, which was called [glyphs]
APIU·T "_the city of thrones_" (from which with the prefixed feminine
article TA the word "Thebes" is derived) and a number of obelisks, and
the Tombs of the Kings with their mausolea, especially the Memnonium of
Ramses II., the monster statues of Amenophis III., and many other
monuments in western Thebes.

_Coptos_, in Egyptian [glyphs] QEBTI·T, the modern Kuft, at the end of
the road leading from Kossêr on the Red Sea, was formerly a place of
great commercial activity, and became a mart for the products of Arabia
and the far East. On this road to Kossêr are the extensive quarries of
Hammamât, the ancient [glyphs] DU EN BEKHEN "_the mountain of the
bekhen-stone_".

_Denderah_, in Egyptian [glyphs] AN·T, "_the city of pillars_", or
[glyphs] TA-EN-TA-RER·T, with the grand and well-preserved temple of
Hathor, [glyphs].

_Abydos_, in Egyptian [glyphs] ABDU or [glyphs] ABDU·T, was especially
famous for the temple of Seti I. Here also was said to be the tomb of the
god Osiris near which it was the highest honor to be buried.

{89}_El-Khargeh_, in Egyptian [glyphs] KENEM·TI, an oasis to the west of
Thebes, at one time belonging to the VIIth nome of Upper Egypt.

_Thinis_, in Egyptian [glyphs] THENI·T, was according to tradition the
home of the first Egyptian Pharaoh, Menes. Its site is now probably
occupied by the village of El-Tineh.

_Panopolis_, the Greek designation for the city called [glyphs]
PER-KHEM·T, "_the city of the temple of the god Khem_", the modern
Akhmîm, was the seat of the worship of Khem whose festivals were
conducted with various gymnastic exercises, especially that of climbing
smooth poles represented thus: [glyphs].

_Sioot_, the modern name of the ancient [glyphs] SAÎU·T, is at present
the largest city of Upper Egypt. A number of rock-tombs are in the
neighborhood. Its local deity was the jackal-headed god Anubis.

_Tel-el-Amarna_ is the present site of a city founded by Amenophis IV.,
which he named [glyphs] KHU EN ATEN, "_the glorious house of the sun-god
Aten_". It was this king who introduced the sole worship of the sun-disk
and was ever after considered a heretic. Cf. the picture on page 30.

_Bersheh_ is a modern village with the remnants of some tombs. In one of
them is the picture showing the mode of transporting a colossus (cf. page
15).

_Beni-Hassan_ is noteworthy for its beautiful sepulchral grottoes of the
XIIth dynasty.

_The Fayoom_ is a large tract of fertile land {90}extending into the
Libyan desert. It was called [glyphs] TA SHETI, "_the land of the sea_",
and the present name is derived from the Coptic word [Coptic: phiom]
[phiyom], "_a sea_". In it was the world-famous Lake Moeris, which the
Egyptians named [glyphs] MER ÛR, "_the great sea_" (whence the name
"Moeris"). This was really a large reservoir constructed by Amenemhât
III. Besides this we find here the ruins of the so-called Labyrinth, the
palace of the same king, not far from the pyramid of El-Lahoon. The
Greeks called the place Crocodilopolis from the crocodile-headed god
Sebek, who was its local deity.

_Meydoom_ is situated on the site of the ancient [glyphs] MER-TUM·T,
"_the favorite city of the god Tum_", and is famous for its quaintly
terraced pyramid.

LOWER EGYPT, called by the Egyptians [glyphs] TA MEHηT, "_the land of the flax plant_" or only simply [glyphs] MEH·T, "_the north_", comprises the so-called Delta from the city of Cairo to the Mediterranean Sea. The Delta, intersected by the seven arms of the river Nile, was called [glyphs] PA TA MERA·T, "_the land of the inundation_", and was so named from its resemblance to the Greek letter Delta, [Greek: D], our D. It was composed of 20 nomes or provinces.

The following are the principal cities of Lower Egypt:

_Memphis_, in Egyptian [glyphs] MEN-NEFER·T, "_the good place of rest_",
which became in Coptic [Coptic: memphi] [Memphi], has left us hardly any
vestige of its former greatness. It was the capital of Lower Egypt and
the main seat of the worship of the god Ptah. Nothing remains to mark the
site of the famous Memphis of old {91}except the colossus of Ramses II.
at the village of Mîtrahîneh and the mighty pyramids. The latter consist
of the following groups: 1) the three great Pyramids, namely, the Great
Pyramid, "the Splendid", of king Kheops; the Second Pyramid, "the Great",
of king Khefren; the Third Pyramid, "the Superior", of king Mycerinus:
all these being at Gizeh: 2) the Pyramids of Abûsîr, four in number; 3)
the Pyramids of Saccarah, the largest of which is called the Pyramid of
the Steps on account of its strange form; 4) the Pyramids of Lisht and
Dashûr. These pyramids served as mausolea or tombs of the kings who
erected them. The stones of ancient Memphis were converted into
building-stones for modern Cairo.

_Tura_, the present site of the quarries of Memphis from which the stone
for the pyramids was taken. It received the name of Troja [Troy] from the
Greeks.

_Heliopolis_, the ancient [glyphs] AN and the modern Matarîyeh, was the
famous city of the Sun or the "City of Obelisks". Here stood the New York
Obelisk in front of the temple of the Sun [Râ]. The only monument to be
seen there still is the obelisk of Usertesen I.

_Alexandria_, the famous city founded by Alexander the Great on the site
of the ancient [glyphs] RÂQEDηT, the Rhakôtis of the Greeks, is situated
near the north-west corner of Egypt. To the south of it is the Lake
Mareotis, in Egyptian [glyphs] MERηT. Alexandria can boast of no ancient
monument whatever, as its two obelisks have been conveyed to London and
New York, and Pompey's Pillar is not of Egyptian workmanship.

_Rosetta_ is a considerable town at the mouth of the Rosetta branch of
the Nile. Its world-wide fame is due {92}to the fact that here a French
engineer, Boussard, discovered in 1799 the stone which furnished the key
for the interpretation of the Egyptian hieroglyphs.

_Sais_, in Egyptian [glyphs] SA·T, whose site is at present marked by the
lofty mounds of Sa-el-Hajar, was the seat of the worship of the goddess
Neith, and the capital of all Egypt under three dynasties of kings.

_Busiris_, in Egyptian [glyphs] PER-USAR·T, "_the house of Osiris_", now
Abu-Sîr, was situated on the Damietta branch of the Nile and had Osiris
for its local deity.

_Tanis_, in Egyptian [glyphs] ZÂN·T, was situated to the south of Lake
Menzaleh. At present there are only a few remnants of the many
magnificent temples left to mark the site of that ancient city. It was
the favorite residence of the Shepherd Kings or Hyksos.

_Mendes_, in Egyptian [glyphs] PER-BA-NEB-DED·T, "_the house of the ram,
the lord of stability_", was the seat of government under one dynasty of
kings. Its sacred animal was the ram, which was the Egyptian emblem of
the soul.

_Bubastis_, in Egyptian [glyphs] PER-BAS·T, was the principal seat of the
worship of the lion-faced goddess Bast or Pasht ([glyphs]). The ruins of
her grand temple can still be partially seen near the present Tel-Basta.

_Pelusium_ lies at the mouth of the most easterly branch of the Nile and
was built either on or else near the site of the ancient Avaris, the
Egyptian [glyphs] HA·T-ÛAR·T. This was the last stronghold of the Hyksos
before they were driven out of Egypt.

{93}A GLOSSARY

OF NAMES AND TERMS OCCURRING IN THIS BOOK AND PERTAINING TO EGYPTOLOGICAL SUBJECTS.

_The small numerals at the end of each item refer to the pages of the book._

AAREQ·T. The Egyptian name of the island of Philæ. ^{86}

ÂB, ÂB·T, or ÂBU·T. The Egyptian name of the city and island of Elephantine. ^{24 86}

ABDU or ABDU·T. The Egyptian name of Abydos. ^{88}

ABUSIMBEL. Also called Ipsambul. The ancient Aboccis or Abuncis. A place in Nubia, situated on the Nile, and famous for its stupendous rock-temple of Ramses II., the largest in the world. Each of the four statues at the entrance represents the king himself, and is about seventy feet high. ^{27}

ABÛSÎR. A village near the site of ancient Memphis. Here we find four pyramids, one built by Sahurâ, and another by Userenrâ, kings of the vth dynasty. This place must not be confounded with that of the same name in the Delta. ^{91}

ABU-SÎR. The modern name of the ancient Busiris. ^{92}

ABYDOS [pronounced ábidos]. The capital of the VIIIth nome of Upper Egypt. ^{88}

A. D. The Latin _Anno Domini_ "in the year of our Lord".

`ÂDITE. A person belonging to the ancient Arabic tribe of Âd. [The first sign ` is an Arabic gutteral which cannot be pronounced in English.] ^{80}

AKHMÎM. The present site of the ancient Panopolis. ^{89}

ALBANI OBELISK. A small obelisk of Roman workmanship, formerly in the Villa Albani near Rome, and at {94}present preserved in the _Glyptothek_ at Munich, Germany. On it and its companion in Naples, the Borgian Obelisk, we read the Roman names Tacitus ([glyphs]), Sextus ([glyphs]), and Africanus ([glyphs]). It was probably erected in the time of Domitian. ^{10}

ALEXANDER THE GREAT, or Alexander III. The son of Philip II., king of Macedon. He was born B. C. 356 and died B. C. 323, and was one of the greatest military conquerors the world has ever seen. His triumphant entry into Egypt took place in 332, when he was welcomed by the Egyptians as their liberator from the Persian yoke. He died while preparing for an expedition against Arabia. His name in Egyptian is ^{32 91}

suten-kaut? Amen-mer-sotep-en-Râ sa Râ Aleksandres

The king of Upper "The beloved of Amen, the Sun's
and Lower Egypt, the chosen of the Sun", offspring, Alexander.

ALEXANDRIA. The modern name of Rhakôtis, founded by Alexander the Great in B. C. 332. Its main attractions were the tomb of Alexander, the palace of the Ptolemies, a museum, the temple of Serapis (a Græco-Egyptian deity, a combination of Osiris and the bull Apis), the world-famous Library, and the Pharos or light-house, which was 400 feet high and one of the seven wonders of the world. The city flourished until the Mohammedans gained possession of it A. D. 650. On December 22d of that year the Library was burned by Amru, the general of the caliph Omar. All antiquities in the city were then destroyed except the two obelisks and Pompey's Pillar, which have come down to us, the latter, however, being the only object of interest still in Alexandria. The city at present has nothing to attract the antiquarian as it is altogether too modern in appearance. ^{8 39 40 41 42 43 72 73 79 81 82 91}

{95}ALEXANDRIAN OBELISK. The former name of the obelisk at present in London. It was the _prostrate_ one at Alexandria, which had been presented to the English as early as 1820, but was removed in 1877, arriving in London on January 20, 1878. The money for its removal, amounting to £10 000, was furnished by Prof. Erasmus Wilson, of London. ^{8 10 41 81}

ALNWICK CASTLE OBELISK. Perhaps the same as the Sion House Obelisk. It was erected by Amenophis II., and only one face bears an inscription. It was brought to England in 1840.--Alnwick Castle is situated to the north-west of the town of Alnwick in Northumberland, England. ^{10}

AMEN. In Egyptian [glyphs] AMEN, "_the hidden god_". The Latinized form is Ammon. He was the tutelary god of Thebes, and was addressed as "_the king of the gods_". As such the Romans identified him with their Jupiter. He was worshiped only in Upper Egypt, and is represented on the monuments with a head-dress of two plumes or feathers, called SHENTI; thus [glyphs]. Although at first the invisible or hidden deity, he was afterwards merged into Amen-Râ (which see). ^{35 63 87 88}

AMENEMHÂT III. A powerful king of the XIIth dynasty. To guard against a time of drought and excessive inundation, he converted the Fayoom into a vast reservoir of fresh water, which was known to the ancients as Lake Moeris. Besides this he built two pyramids and a palace, the so-called Labyrinth, near this lake. His name in Egyptian is ^{90}

suten-kaut? Râ-en-Mâ·t sa Râ Amen-em-hâ·t

The king of Upper "The Sun the Sun's "Resolute of
and Lower Egypt, of Truth", offspring, purpose".

{96}AMEN-MER-RÂ-MESES-SU. The family name of Ramses II. ^{7 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71}

AMEN-MER-ÛSARKEN. The family name of Osarkon I. ^{38 72}

AMENÔPHIS II. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty, the son and successor of Thothmes III. He reigned for about seven years, at one time besieged Nineveh, made an expedition into Mesopotamia, and conquered the desert-tribes of Asia. His tomb is at Abd-el-Qurnah in Thebes. In Egyptian his name reads ^{6 10}

suten-kaut? Râ-â-kheperu sa Râ Amen-hotep-nuter-heq-An

The king of Upper "The Sun, great in the Sun's "The peace of Amen,
and Lower Egypt, transformations", offspring, the god, the prince
of Heliopolis".

AMENÔPHIS III. The successor of Thothmes IV, a king of the XVIIIth dynasty, a great warrior, a bold lion-hunter, and the builder of the two large figures (colossi) of himself in the desert to the west of Thebes, one of which was called by the Greeks the Vocal Memnon. His name in Egyptian is written ^{16 88}

suten-kaut? Râ-Mâ-neb sa Râ Amen-hotep-heq-Us

The king of Upper "The Sun, the the Sun's "The peace of Amen, the
and Lower Egypt, lord of Truth", offspring, prince of Thebes".

AMENÔPHIS IV. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty, the son and successor of Amenophis III. The worship of the Sun under the form of ATEN or ATEN-RÂ was forcibly introduced by him. His temple at Tel-el-Amarna was torn down by his successors, who considered him a heretic. His name in Egyptian is ^{29 30}

suten-kaut? Râ-nefer-kheperu-uâ-en-Râ sa Râ Amen-hotep-nuter-heq-Us

The king of "The Sun, beautiful in the Sun's "The peace of Amen,
Upper and transformations, the one offspring, the god, the prince
Lower Egypt, Sun", of Thebes."

This he changed, after introducing the Aten-worship, to

suten-kaut? Râ-nefer-kheperu-uâ-en-Râ sa Râ {97}
Khu-en-Aten

The king of Upper "The Sun, beautiful in the Sun's "The glory
and lower Egypt, transformations, the offspring, of Aten".
one sun",

AMEN-RÂ. In Egyptian [glyphs] AMEN-RÂ, "_the hidden Sun_". The supreme deity of the Egyptians and really identical with the sun-god Râ. Before the time of the XVIIIth dynasty he was worshiped as AMEN simply, and especially at Thebes. Some of the grandest hymns in the Egyptian literature are addressed to this god. In painted inscriptions his body is generally colored light-blue. Cf. above under Amen. ^{29 37 88}

AMENTI. In Egyptian [glyphs] AMENTI, "_the concealed land_", and undoubtedly related to [glyphs] AMENTI, "_the West_", as the Egyptians thought that the Lower World lay toward the west where the sun set. It is the region below the earth or Hades, where the departed spirits assembled, and was said to be the dominion of the god Osiris. It was divided into "the field of the blessed", called [glyphs] AANURU or AAHLU (the Greek Elysium), "the place of rest", called [glyphs] KHER-NUTER, and "the place of the condemned", called [glyphs] RUSETI. In "the hall of the two Truths" the deceased was brought before Osiris, his heart weighed, and judgment pronounced on him. Besides the various gods, such as Osiris, Horus, Thoth, and Anubis, we also find here the four genii of Hades, [glyphs] AMSETH (with the head of a man), [glyphs] HEPI (with the head of a monkey), [glyphs] DÛAMUTF (with the head of a jackal), [glyphs] QEBEHSENEF (with the head of a hawk). To these were attached "the forty-two assessors", generally represented with the heads of various animals, who typified the negation of the forty-two {98}sins [cf. Negative Confession] of the Egyptian moral code. The book which treats in full of everything pertaining to the Egyptian Hades is the so-called Book of the Dead or the Ritual, which has been found in innumerable copies in the tombs and with the mummies. ^{28 30}

AMYRTAEUS OBELISKS. Two small obelisks of a king of the XXVIIIth dynasty, who revolted against Artaxerxes I., the king of Persia, but was conquered and driven into the Delta. His two obelisks, which are made of dark green basalt, are at present in the British Museum. His name in Egyptian is ^{10}

nuter nefer User-mâ·t-Râ-sotep-en-Amen neb taui Amen-rud-Amen-mer

The gracious "Strong in Truth, the Sun, the lord of "Amyrtæus, beloved
god, chosen of Amen", the two of Amen".
countries,

AN. The Egyptian name of Heliopolis. ^{51 52 53 56 58 69 91}

ANDROSPHINX. A Greek word ([Greek: Androsphinx]), which means "man-sphinx". This is the figure of a lion with the head of a man, and typifies the Pharaoh as the incarnation of divine wisdom. The Egyptian figure of the androsphinx is [glyphs]. ^{46}

ANIMALS, SACRED. Zoölotria or animal-worship was carried on extensively in Egypt from the earliest times down to the Christian era. The Apis-bull was sacred to Ptah, the Mnevis-bull to Osiris, the cat to Bast, the cobra or Uræus-snake to all deities, the cow to Hathor, the crocodile to Sebek, the cynocephalus-monkey and the ibis to Thoth, the eel to Tum, the latus-fish to Isis, the frog to Heqet, the hippopotamus to Taûrt, the jackal to Anubis, the lapwing to Osiris, the lion to Sekhet, the ram to Ptah and Khnum, the scarabæus-beetle to Kheper-Râ, the scorpion to Selq, the sparrow-hawk to Horus, the shrew-mouse to Buto, and the vulture to {99}Mut. The worship of these animals was in some instances, however, confined to a province or city, for while an animal would be worshiped in one district, it would be hunted down and killed in another. Some of these sacred animals were also embalmed as mummies, especially the Apis-bull, the ibis, and the cat.

ÂNKH. The Egyptian word for "life", written [glyphs]. This refers to terrestrial as well as celestial life and carries with it our notion of "eternal life". The sign resembles the St. Anthony's cross, and is called the _crux ansata_ "the cross with a handle"). It occurs in almost every Egyptian inscription and is represented as the most precious gift of the gods to man. ^{29 46}

AN-MENTH. The Egyptian name of Hermonthis. ^{87}

AN·T. The Egyptian name of Denderah. ^{88}

ANTEF THE GREAT. A king of the XIth dynasty of whom we know almost nothing. He erected a few small obelisks and was buried at El-Assasîf in Thebes. He was a great hunter and delighted in dogs. His name in Egyptian, according to Lepsius, is ^{9 11}

suten-kaut? Sekhem-Râ-ap-mâ·t sa Râ Antef-â

The king of Upper "The image of the Sun, the Sun's "Antef the
and Lower Egypt, the proclaimer of Truth", offspring, Great".

ANUBIS. In Egyptian [glyphs] ANPU. He was one of the chief gods in the Lower World and was represented as a jackal-headed man. He was the deity of the embalmers and the guardian of the mummies of the dead and their tomb, whence his picture [glyphs]. The Book of the Dead in the chapter on the "last judgment" portrays him in the act of weighing a person's heart on a scale with reference to Truth ([glyphs] MÂ). If it was found {100}wanting, the person was condemned to return to the earth as an unclean beast; if found truthful, he enters into "the fields of the blessed". The sacred animal of Anubis was the jackal. ^{89}

APIS. In Egyptian [glyphs] HEP. This bull was the sacred animal of Ptah [others say Osiris], and was worshiped in Memphis. Its color was black, but on the forehead was a white spot, on its back a mark like a sickle, and under its tongue a lump of flesh similar to the sacred beetle ([glyphs]) or scarab. It was worshiped for twenty-five years, when it was drowned and another Apis sought. When found, it was escorted to the temple by the priests and the rejoicing multitudes. The Apeium was the name of the temple in which it was worshiped, and the Serapeum that of the building where its sarcophagi were stored.

APIU·T. The Egyptian designation of the eastern part of Thebes or "_the throne_" of Amen-Râ. It was the city proper, while the western part was given up totally to the dead. Out of this word, with the prefixed feminine article [glyphs] TA [TA APIU·T], the Greeks formed the word Thebes. ^{88}

ARABIA. This country was well known to the ancient Egyptians, especially the southern part, which they called [glyphs] PUN·T. In the inscriptions of queen Mâkarâ, published by Dümichen, we find the country and its precious product of spices mentioned. An active trade was carried on between it and Egypt from the earliest times. ^{88}

ARLES OBELISK. This obelisk at Arles, a city in southern France, is uninscribed. Zoëga conjectures that it was brought to Arles by order of Constantine the Great in A. D. 315. It is very doubtful, whether this obelisk is {101}of Egyptian workmanship at all, as the rock resembles that of the quarries near by. It is now in front of the City Hall at Arles, and only contains inscriptions in honor of Louis XIV. and Napoleon III. ^{10 22}

ASIA. This has no Egyptian name. The Asiatic tribes, however, gave no end of trouble to the Egyptian kings, and a continual warfare was kept up against them. Prominent among them were the Kharu, the Rotennu, the Zahi, and the Kheta or Hittites. The Hyksos were perhaps also Asiatics. ^{86}

ASSUÂN. The modern name of the ancient Syene, near the southern boundary of Egypt, and situated on the First Cataract. Most of the Egyptian granite was taken from its famous quarries. Its Egyptian name is [glyphs] SUN·T which may be rendered "the city which _gives entrance_ into Egypt". ^{11 13 23 24 86}

ASSUÂN OBELISK. The monster-obelisk still in the quarry of Syene and not yet detached from its native rock. It would have been the largest obelisk in existence. Three of its sides are finished, but have no inscriptions. ^{11}

ATEN or ATEN-RÂ. In Egyptian [glyphs] ATEN, "the sun's disk". This deity was represented as the sun stretching out many hands which carried the symbol of life, [glyphs] ÂNKH. At one time, under Amenhotep IV. and his queen Thiî, it became for a short time the supreme deity of Egypt, but after that was worshiped as only a form of Râ, and sank back to a secondary place. ^{62 63 89}

ATMEIDAN OBELISK. It was erected by Thothmes III., perhaps in Heliopolis. A single column of hieroglyphs extends down each face, and the lower end is broken off. Constantine the Great [A. D. 306-337] seems to have had it removed to Alexandria, where it remained until its transportation to Constantinople in the reign of {102}Theodosius the Great [A. D. 379-395]. It is now in the Atmeidan or Hippodrome in Constantinople. ^{9}

ATUM. In Egyptian [glyphs] ATUM (the last sign being here only a determinative). Another form of Tum. ^{29 51}

AUGUSTUS CAESAR. The first Roman emperor whose full name was Caius Julius Cæsar Octavianus. He reigned from B. C. 30 to A. D. 14, and, besides his many grand achievements, ordered the two obelisks in Heliopolis (at present in London and New York) to be erected in Alexandria. His name in Egyptian is ^{8 25 32 39 72 73 74 82}

nuter neb taui Auteqreder sa Râ neb khâu

The god, the lord of "Autocrator," the Sun's the lord of
the two countries, offspring, diadems,

Qîsers-ânkh-zeta-Ptah-As·t-mer

"Cæsar, living forever,
beloved of Ptah and Isis".

AUTOCRATOR. The Greek [Greek: Autokratôr] "absolute ruler". This was a title of the Roman emperors and is our "autocrat". The Egyptians placed the word in either of the two cartouches of the emperors, and wrote it in many different ways; for instance, [glyphs] (Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius), [glyphs] (Caligula), [glyphs] (Nero), [glyphs] (Trajan), [glyphs] (Caracalla), &c. ^{39}

AVARIS. A city on the Bubastic branch of the Nile in the Delta, near the ancient Pelusium. Its Egyptian name was [glyphs] HA·T-ÛAR·T. It was the last fortified stronghold of the Hyksos which was besieged and taken by Aahmes I., a king of the XVIIth dynasty. ^{92}

BANNER-SHIELD. The oblong that contains the one established royal title and which, in all inscriptions of importance, must precede the cartouches, [glyphs]. It occurs twelve times on our obelisk. ^{56 57 58 59 60 62 63 65 66 67 68 70}

{103}BARBARUS. A prefect or governor of Egypt. According to Prof. Merriam his full name is Publius Rubrius Barbarus. History is silent about him. ^{39 73 74 82}

BARBERINI OBELISK. Other designations for it are: Monte Pincio Obelisk, Veranian Obelisk, and the Obelisk della Passeggiata. It was cut in Egypt by order of Hadrian [A. D. 118-138] and erected in honor of Antinoüs, who drowned himself in the Nile in order to avert the fulfillment of an evil oracle from the emperor. Pope Urban VIII. (Barberini) found it broken in three pieces, and it was placed in its present position on the Monte Pincio in Rome by Pius VII. in 1822. It has two columns of hieroglyphs on each face. ^{9}

BAST. The Egyptian lion-headed goddess of love, also called Pasht or Sekhet (which see). ^{92}

B. C. An abbreviation for "Before (the birth of) Christ".

BEJIJ. Also called Ebjij. A city in the western half of the XXIst nome of Upper Egypt, whose Egyptian name was [glyphs] HA-SEBEK, "_the home of the god Sebek_", the Crocodilopolis of the Greeks and Romans. ^{5 11}

BEJIJ OBELISK. A prostrate and broken obelisk of Usertesen I. at Bejij in the Fayoom. It resembles more a stelé than an obelisk, as it has two large and two small faces and a rounded top, which is the usual form of a stelé. ^{11}

BELZONI, Giovanni Battista. One of the most successful Egyptian explorers [died Dec. 3, 1823]. He was the first to penetrate the second large pyramid of Gizeh. ^{13}

BENEVENTO. A city of Italy, north-east of Naples. Its Egyptian spelling on the obelisks erected by the emperor Domitian is [glyphs] BENEMTHESTI. ^{8 10}

BENEVENTO OBELISKS. Two obelisks bearing the cartouche of the emperor Domitian [A. D. 81-96]. One of {104}them, having only a single column of hieroglyphs on each face, is erected in a public square, while the other is imbedded in the wall of a house in Benevento. The names of Domitian, Titus, and Lucilius Lupus appear in the inscriptions. ^{10}

BENI-HASSAN. The present name of the place where the sepulchral grottoes of the XIIth dynasty were situated. These rock-tombs were in the XVIth nome of Upper Egypt, the most famous one of them being that of [glyphs] KHNUM-HOTEP. ^{89}

BERSHEH. The modern name of a place in the XVth nome of Upper Egypt, the site of many rock-tombs. ^{15 89}

BOBOLI GARDENS OBELISK. A small obelisk at present in the Boboli Gardens at Florence, Italy. It was probably erected in Heliopolis by Ramses II. and removed to Rome by the emperor Claudius [A. D. 41-54]. How it got to Florence is not known. ^{10}

BONOMI, Joseph. An English Egyptologist [died 1808]. ^{11}

BOOK OF THE DEAD. Also called the Egyptian Ritual. A collection of chapters treating of the future state of the blessed in the realm of eternal life. It is also in part a catechism with questions and answers. Innumerable copies of it have been found written on papyrus and linen, some of them displaying beautifully executed pictures and vignettes. The first complete copy (of Turin, Italy) was published by Lepsius in 1842, the last by Naville in 1886. ^{33 34}

BORGIAN OBELISK. A small obelisk in the Museum of Naples, Italy, bearing a single column of hieroglyphs. It was perhaps erected by Domitian, and had an inscription similar to that of the Albani Obelisk (which see). It was found at Præneste near Rome in 1791 and was formerly in the Borgian Museum at Velletri. ^{10}

{105}BOUSSARD. A French engineer in the army of Napoleon I., who discovered the Rosetta Stone at Fort St. Julien in 1799. ^{92}

BRUGSCH, Heinrich. The greatest living Egyptologist and disciple of Lepsius. He was born in Berlin on Feb. 18, 1827, and is at present Professor of Egyptology in the same city. ^{26}

BUBASTIS. Now Tel-Basta. The capital of the XVIIIth nome of Lower Egypt, the [Hebrew: PIY-VESET], _Pi-Beseth_, of the Bible (Ezek. xxx: 17), and called by the Egyptians [glyphs] PER-BAS·T, "_the home of the goddess Bast_". The temple of this deity, the goddess of love, is now a mass of ruins. ^{92}

BÛLÂK. The port of Cairo. Here is the famous "Musée Boulaq", the national Egyptian Museum, founded by the French Egyptologist Mariette (died 1881). ^{38}

BUSIRIS. Now Abu-Sîr, situated about half-way down the Damietta branch of the Nile. The capital of the IXth nome of Lower Egypt, called in Egyptian [glyphs] PER-USAR·T, "_the house of Osiris_", and by the Copts [Coptic: pousiri] [Pûsiri], whence the Greek Busiris. ^{92}

BYZANTIUM. An ancient Greek city on the Bosphorus, now occupied by the city of Constantinople. It was founded about B. C. 667, and was for a long time the capital of the Eastern Greek Empire. ^{8}

CAESAR. At first the surname of the Roman gens (or house) Julia, but after the time of Augustus the title of the Roman emperors. The word was applied indiscriminately to all the emperors, but stands for Augustus on our obelisk-crab. ^{73 74 82}

CAESAR-ÂNKH-ZETA-PTAH-AS·T-MER. The family name of the emperor Augustus (which see). ^{39}

CAESAREUM. A temple in Alexandria dedicated to the {106}Roman emperors, where divine honors were paid them. ^{39}

CAIRO. The capital of Egypt, situated twelve miles above the place where the Nile resolves itself into its seven branches. It was founded about A. D. 973 on the site of the former town of Fostât ([Arabic: ALFSTAT]). The stones of ancient Memphis helped to build up the city. The Arabic name of Cairo is El-Kâhira ([Arabic: ALQAHRH] "_the victorious city_"). ^{1 5 11 36 38 90 91}

CAIRO OBELISK. This is said to have formed part of a gate-way in Cairo. It has now disappeared, but may be identical with one of the Amyrtæus Obelisks. ^{11}

CALIGULA, Caius Cæsar. The third Roman emperor (A. D. 37-41), whose name in Egyptian is ^{8}

suten-kaut? heq-hequ-Autegreder-Ptah-As·t-mer

The king of Upper "The lord of lords, Autocrator,
and Lower Egypt, the beloved of Ptah and Isis",

sa Râ Qaîs-Kaîseres-Kermanîqis-ânkh-zeta

The Sun's offspring, "Caius Cæsar Germanicus, living forever".

CALIPH. A title of a high dignitary among the Mohammedans. The Arabic form is [Arabic: KHLYFH] _Khalifa_, which means "the successor of the Prophet (Mohammed)". ^{80}

CAMBYSES. A king of Persia who conquered Egypt in 527 B. C., overthrowing and putting to death Psametik III. He was a ruthless destroyer of Egyptian monuments and acted like a demoniac. His name is ^{1}

suten-kaut? Mesuth-Râ sa Râ Kembathet

The King of Upper "The son the Sun's "Cambyses".
and Lower Egypt, of Ra", offspring,

CAMPENSIS OBELISK. Also called the Monte Citorio {107}Obelisk in Rome. It stood formerly on the Campus Martius, whence its name. Erected by Psametik II. in Heliopolis, and removed by the emperor Augustus in 20 B. C. to Rome, it was found broken in five pieces in 1748, and was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1792. Unlike the other obelisks it has two columns of hieroglyphs on each face. ^{9} (^{25})

CARKHEMISH. A city on the Euphrates and the capital of the vast Hittite empire, now called Jerablûs. It is also mentioned in the Bible (Isa. x:9; Jer. xlvii:2; II Chron. xxxv:20). Many important battles were fought at this place. On the Egyptian monuments it is called [glyphs] KARUKAMSHA. ^{36}

CARTOUCHE [pronounced kartoósh]. An oval ring or seal containing the Pharaoh's name. The Egyptian figure of it is [glyphs] REN, which means "a name". Every king had two such cartouches, the first being his royal or divine name which he adopted on his accession to the throne, and the second being the family name which he bore as prince. The first is generally introduced by the phrase "_The king of Upper and Lower Egypt_", and the second by "_The son of Ra_". The cartouches may be written in vertical or horizontal lines; thus [glyphs] or [glyphs] This is the usual form though variants are not of infrequent occurrence. These cartouches would also sometimes contain the names of gods, goddesses, queens, princes, and princesses, when the phrases introducing them were changed accordingly. [Also spelled _cartouch_.] ^{36 37 38 39 49 57 71}

CATANIA OBELISK. A small obelisk standing on a stone elephant and set up in front of the Cathedral in {108}Catania, Sicily. It is only a Roman imitation, having eight sides and four columns of hieroglyphs in all. ^{10}

CATARACTS OF THE NILE. There are a number of cataracts formed by the Nile, where it passes over rocks and boulders, the largest and longest being the First Cataract. This forms the southern boundary of Egypt, and lies between Syene and Philæ. ^{24 86}

CHRONOLOGY, EGYPTIAN. The ancient Egyptian chronology is hopelessly tangled. Some of the dates may be correct, especially those of the later dynasties, but when we turn to the early history of Egypt we are confronted by such a confusion of facts and dates, that makes the fixing of dates for the earlier dynasties an impossibility. There is a difference of more than 3000 years between the dates assigned by various Chronologists to the reign of the first king of Egypt, Menes; Böckh setting it down as B. C. 5702, Unger as 5613, Mariette and Lenormant as 5004, Brugsch as 4455, Lauth as 4157, Lepsius as 3892, Bunsen as 3059, Poole as 2717, and Wilkinson as 2691. No scheme of chronology can be deduced from the monuments, for the ancient Egyptians cared nothing about history, a fact that is proved by the carelessness with which they recorded historical events. The big numbers above result from the supposition that the various dynasties reigned in succession, while some were undoubtedly contemporaneous. An important list of kings together with their dates, written in the third century B. C. by Manetho, an Egyptian priest, has come down to us. We herewith give his list as systematized by Lepsius.

MYTHOLOGICAL PERIOD.

TWO DYNASTIES OF GODS. 13 870 YEARS.

ONE DYNASTY OF DEMI-GODS. 3 650 YEARS.

ONE DYNASTY OF PREHISTORIC KINGS OF THINIS. 350 YEARS.

{109}HISTORICAL PERIOD.

I. OLD EMPIRE. 1.-11. DYNASTIES. B. C. 3892-2380.

1ST DYNASTY OF THINIS, 3892 TO 3639.

_Kings_: Mena (Menes). Teta. Ateth (Athothis). Ata. Hesepti (Usaphaïs).
Merbapen (Miëbis). Semenptah (Semempses). Qebeh.

2D DYNASTY OF THINIS, 3639 TO 3338.

_Kings_: Bazaü (Boëthos). Kakaü (Kaiëkhos). Baënnuter (Binothris).
Uaznes. Senda (Sethenes). Perabsen. Neferkarâ (Nepherkheres).
Neferkaseker (Sesokhris). Hezef.

3D DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 3338 TO 3124.

_Kings_: Zazaî. Nebka. Zeser (Tosorthros). Teta. Sezes. Zeserteta
(Tosertasis). Ahtes (Akhes). Nebkarâ. Neferkarâ (Nekherophes).

4TH DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 3124 TO 2840.

_Kings_: Snefru (Soris). Khufu (Suphis or Kheops). Khâfrâ (Sophris or
Khephren). Menkaürâ (Menkheres, Mycerinus). Dedefrâ. Shepseskaf.
Sebekkarâ (Seberkheres).

5TH DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 2840 TO 2592.

_Kings_: Userkaf (Userkheres). Sahurâ (Sephres). Neferarikarâ
(Nepherkheres). Shepseskarâ (Sisires). Neferkhârâ (Kheres). Rânuser
(Rathures). Menkaüher (Menkheres). Dedkarâ (Tankheres). Unas (Onnos).

6TH DYNASTY OF ELEPHANTINE, 2744 TO 2546.

Contemporaneous with the fifth dynasty. _Kings_: Teta. Atî (Othoës). Pepî
(Phiops I.). Heremsaf. Pepî (Phiops II.). Netaqerti (Nitokris).

7TH DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 2592 TO 2522.

8TH DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 2522 TO 2380.

9TH DYNASTY OF HERACLEOPOLIS, 2674 TO 2565.

10TH DYNASTY OF HERACLEOPOLIS, 2565 TO 2380.

The kings of these four dynasties were more or less contemporaneous. The
exact position of their names in the lists cannot be given. _Kings_:
Neferka. Neferseh.... Ab. Neferkaürâ. Kharthî (Akhthoës). Neferkarâ.
Neferkarânebî. Neferkarâkhendu. Merenher. Seneferka. Kanrâ.
Neferkarâtererel. Neferkaher. Neferkarâpepîseneb. Neferkarâânnu.
Neferarkarâ.

11TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 2423 TO 2380.

Contemporaneous with the eighth and tenth dynasties. _Kings_: Antef I.
Menthuhotep I. Antef II. Antef III. Antef IV. Antef V. Sarâanâ. Antuf.
Antufâ. Antef the Great. Anantef. Seneferkarâ. Userenrâ. Nebnemrâ.
Menthuhotep II. Menthuhotep III. Menthuhotep IV.

II. MIDDLE EMPIRE. 12.-17. DYNASTIES. B. C. 2380-1591.

12TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 2380 TO 2167.

_Kings_: Amenemhât I. (Ammenemes I). Usertesen I. (Sesortasis I.).
Amenemhât II. (Ammenemes II.). Usertesen II. (Sesortasis II.). Usertesen
III. (Sesortasis III.). Amenemhât III. (Ammenemes III.). Amenemhât IV.
(Ammenemes IV.). Sebekneferurâ (Sebeknophris).

13TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 2136 TO 1684.

14TH DYNASTY OF XOIS, 2167 TO 1684.

The kings of these two dynasties reigned contemporaneously. _Kings_:
Sebekhotep I. Sebekhotep II. Sebekhotep III. Sebekhotep IV. Neferhotep.
Sebekhotep V. Sebekhotep VI. Sebekhotep VII. Aï. Sebekhotep VIII.

15TH DYNASTY, THE HYKSOS, 2101-1842.

Contemporaneous with the thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties. _Kings_:
Apehutiset. ...banân (Banon). Abehenkhepesh. Apepa (Apophis).

{110}16TH DYNASTY, THE HYKSOS, 1842 TO 1591.

Contemporaneous with the thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties. _Kings_:
Apepa. Aqenenrâ.

17TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 1684 TO 1591.

Contemporaneous with the sixteenth dynasty. _Kings_: Seqenenrâ I.
Seqenenrâ II. Seqenenrâ III. Kames. Aähhotep. Aähmessapaär.

III. NEW EMPIRE. 18.-30. DYNASTIES. B. C. 1591-340.

18TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 1591 TO 1443.

_Kings_: Aähmes I. (Amosis). Aähmesnefertari (Nephris). Amenhotep I.
(Amenophis I.). Thothmes I. (Tûthmosis I.). Thothmes II. (Tûthmosis II.).
Mâkarâ (Mephre). Thothmes III., the Great (Tûthmosis III.). Amenhotep II.
(Amenophis II.). Thothmes IV. (Tûthmosis IV.). Amenhotep III. (Amenophis
III.). Amenhotep IV. Sâqanekhtkheperurâ. Tutânkhamen. Aî. Heremheb
(Horos).

19TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 1443 TO 1269.

_Kings_: Ramses I. (Ramésses I.). Setî I. (Sethos I.). Ramses II., the
Great (Ramésses Miammûn). Merenptah I. (Menephthes). Amenmeses. Setî II.
(Sethos II.). Merenptah II. (Menephthes Siphthas). Setnekht
(Sethnekhthes).

20TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 1269 TO 1091.

_Kings_: Ramses III. (Ramésses III.). Ramses IV. (Ramésses IV.). Ramses
V. (Ramésses V.). Ramses VI. (Ramésses VI.). Ramses VII. (Ramésses VII.).
Ramses VIII. (Ramésses VIII.). Ramses IX. (Ramésses IX.). Ramses X.
(Ramésses X.). Ramses XI. (Ramésses XI.). Ramses XII. (Ramésses XII.).
Ramses XIII. (Ramésses XIII.). (Ramésses XIV.)

21ST DYNASTY OF TANIS, 1091 TO 961.

_Kings_: Samenthu (Smendes). Pasebkhânu I. (Phusemes). Asehrâ (Osokhor).
Amenemapt (Amenophis). Pasebkhânu II. (Psinakhes). _Opposition-kings of
Thebes_: Herher. Païnezem I. Païnezem II. Païnezem III.

22D DYNASTY OF BUBASTIS, 961 TO 787.

_Kings_: Sheshenq I. (Sesonkhis I. or Shishak). Osarkon I. (Osorkhon I.).
Takelot I. (Takelothis I.). Osarkon II. (Osorkhon II.). Sheshenq II.
(Sesonkhis II.). Takelot II. (Takelothis II.). Sheshenq III. (Sesonkhis
III.). Pamaî. Sheshenq IV. (Sesonkhis IV.).

23D DYNASTY OF TANIS, 787 TO 729.

_Kings_: Pedusabast (Petsybastis). Osarkon III. (Osorkhon).

24TH DYNASTY OF SAIS, 729 TO 685.

_King_: Bakenrenf (Bokkhoris). _Opposition-kings of Ethiopia_: Piânkhî I.
Piânkhî II.

25TH DYNASTY OF ETHIOPIA, 716 TO 664.

Contemporaneous with the twenty-fourth and twenty-sixth dynasties.
_Kings_: Shabaka (Sebikhos). Shabataka (Sebitikhos). Taharqa (Teärkhos).
Amenrud.

26TH DYNASTY OF SAIS, 685 TO 525.

Partly contemporaneous with the twenty-fifth dynasty. _Kings_: Psametik
I. (Psametikhos I). Nekaü (Nekhao II.). Psametik II. (Psametikhos II.).
Uahabrâ or Apries (Uaphris). Aähmes II. (Amosis). Psametik III.
(Psametikhos III.).

27TH DYNASTY, THE PERSIANS, 525 TO 405.

Contemporaneous with the twenty-eighth dynasty. _Kings_: Kembathet or
Cambyses (Kambyses). Antarîush or Darius I. (Dareios Hystaspes).
Khshîarush or Xerxes I. (Xerxes the Great). Artakhshashs (Artaxerxes).
Anthrîsh or Darius II. (Dareios Xerxes).

28TH DYNASTY OF SAIS, 525 TO 399.

_Kings_: Amenrud or Amyrtæus (Amyrteos I.). Khabbash.

29TH DYNASTY OF MENDES, 399 TO 378.

_Kings_: Niafâurud (Nephorites I.). Hager (Akhoris). Psimut (Psamuthis).

{111}30TH DYNASTY OF SEBENNYTUS, 378 TO 340.

_Kings_: Nekhtherheb or Nectanebo I. (Nekhtharebes). Taher (Teos).
Nekhtnebef or Nectanebo II. (Nekhthanebos).

_Manetho's list ends with this dynasty, the names of the following dynasty having been added by some other writer. All the names here given in parentheses are from his list._

IV. EGYPT UNDER FOREIGN RULE, B. C. 340-A. D. 395.

31ST DYNASTY, THE PERSIANS, B. C. 340 TO 332.

_Kings_: (Okhos). (Arses). (Dareios). These names do not occur on the
Egyptian monuments.

32D DYNASTY, THE MACEDONIANS, B. C. 332 TO 305.

_Kings_: Aleksandres or Alexander the Great. Phîulîupûs or Philippus
Aridæus. Aleksandres or Alexander II.

33D DYNASTY, THE PTOLEMIES, B. C. 305 TO 30.

_Kings_: Ptolemy I. Soter I. Ptolemy II. Philadelphus. Ptolemy III.
Euergetes I. Ptolemy IV. Philopator I. Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. Ptolemy VI.
Eupator. Ptolemy VII. Philometor. Ptolemy VIII. Philopator II. Ptolemy
IX. Euergetes II. Cleopatra III. Ptolemy X. Soter II. Ptolemy XI.
Alexander I. Berenice III. Ptolemy XII. Alexander II. Ptolemy XIII. Neos
Dionysios. Cleopatra VI. Ptolemy XVI. Cæsarion.

34TH DYNASTY, THE ROMANS, B. C. 30 TO A. D. 395.

_Emperors_: Augustus. Tiberius. Caligula. Claudius. Nero. Galba. Otho.
Vespasian. Titus. Domitian. Nerva. Trajan. Hadrian. Antoninus Pius.
Aurelius. Verus. Commodus. Severus. Caracalla. Geta. Decius. ..........
A. D. 251.

Egyptian history ends here as far as the monuments are concerned, for Decius is the last Roman emperor mentioned by them. Prominent among the succeeding emperors are Gallienus, Aurelian, Probus, Diocletian, Constantine the Great, Constantius, and Theodosius the Great. The emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, called the Byzantines, rule over Egypt from A. D. 395 to 638. The Mohammedans then conquer the country in 638, and have remained in possession until now. One of the best of these rulers or Khedives was the late Ishmael Pasha.

"CITY OF OBELISKS." A designation of Heliopolis. ^{1 91}