Chapter XXXIII

ARCTIC VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY, FROM BAFFIN TO M’CLINTOCK.

Buchan and Franklin.--Ross and Parry (1818).--Discovery of
Melville Island.--Winter Harbor (1819–1820).--Franklin’s
first land Journey.--Dreadful Sufferings.--Parry’s second
Voyage (1821–1823).--Iligliuk.--Lyon (1824).--Parry’s third
Voyage (1824).--Franklin’s second land Journey to the Shores
of the Polar Sea.--Beechey.--Parry’s sledge Journey towards
the Pole.--Sir John Ross’s second Journey.--Five Years in the
Arctic Ocean.--Back’s Discovery of Great Fish River.--Dease
and Simpson (1837–1839).--Franklin and Crozier’s last Voyage
(1845).--Searching Expeditions.--Richardson and Rae.--Sir
James Ross.--Austin.--Penny.--De Haven.--Franklin’s first
Winter-quarters discovered by Ommaney.--Kennedy and Bellot.--
Inglefield.--Sir E. Belcher.--Kellett.--M’Clure’s Discovery
of the North-west Passage.--Collinson.--Bellot’s Death.--
Dr. Rae learns the Death of the Crews of the “Erebus” and
“Terror.”--Sir Leopold M’Clintock. 344

CHAPTER XXXIV.

KANE AND HAYES.

Kane sails up Smith’s Sound in the “Advance” (1853).--
Winters in Rensselaer Bay.--Sledge Journey along the Coast
of Greenland.--The Three-brother Turrets.--Tennyson’s
Monument.--The Great Humboldt Glacier.--Dr. Hayes crosses
Kennedy Channel.--Morton’s Discovery of Washington Land.--
Mount Parry.--Kane resolves upon a second Wintering in
Rensselaer Bay.--Departure and Return of Part of the Crew.--
Sufferings of the Winter.--The Ship abandoned.--Boat Journey
to Upernavik.--Kane’s Death in the Havana (1857).--Dr.
Hayes’s Voyage in 1860.--He winters at Port Foulke.--Crosses
Kennedy Channel.--Reaches Cape Union, the most northern known
Land upon the Globe.--Koldewey.--Plans for future Voyages to
the North Pole. 365

CHAPTER XXXV.

NEWFOUNDLAND.

Its desolate Aspect.--Forests.--Marshes.--Barrens.--
Ponds.--Fur-bearing Animals.--Severity of Climate.--St.
John’s.--Discovery of Newfoundland by the Scandinavians.--
Sir Humphrey Gilbert.--Rivalry of the English and French.--
Importance of the Fisheries.--The Banks of Newfoundland.--
Mode of Fishing.--Throaters, Headers, Splitters, Salters, and
Packers.--Fogs and Storms.--Seal-catching. 376

CHAPTER XXXVI.

GREENLAND.

A mysterious Region.--Ancient Scandinavian Colonists.--Their
Decline and Fall.--Hans Egede.--His Trials and Success.--
Foundation of Godthaab.--Herrenhuth Missionaries.--
Lindenow.--The Scoresbys.--Clavering.--The Danish
Settlements in Greenland.--The Greenland Esquimaux.--
Seal-catching.--The White Dolphin.--The Narwhal.--
Shark-fishery.--Fiskernasset.--Birds.--Reindeer-hunting.--
Indigenous Plants.--Drift-wood.--Mineral Kingdom.--Mode of
Life of the Greenland Esquimaux.--The Danes in Greenland.--
Beautiful Scenery.--Ice Caves. 382

CHAPTER XXXVII.

THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN.

Comparative View of the Antarctic and Arctic Regions.--
Inferiority of Climate of the former.--Its Causes.--The
New Shetland Islands.--South Georgia.--The Peruvian
Stream.--Sea-birds.--The Giant Petrel.--The Albatross.--
The Penguin.--The Austral Whale.--The Hunchback.--The
Fin-back.--The Grampus.--Battle with a Whale.--The
Sea-elephant.--The Southern Sea-bear.--The Sea-leopard.--
Antarctic Fishes. 391

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

ANTARCTIC VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY.

Cook’s Discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean.--Bellinghausen.--
Weddell.--Biscoe.--Balleny.--Dumont d’Urville.--Wilkes.--
Sir James Ross crosses the Antarctic Circle on New Year’s
Day, 1841.--Discovers Victoria Land.--Dangerous Landing on
Franklin Island.--An Eruption of Mount Erebus.--The Great Ice
Barrier.--Providential Escape.--Dreadful Gale.--Collision.--
Hazardous Passage between two Icebergs.--Termination of the
Voyage. 401

CHAPTER XXXIX.

THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN.

Description of the Strait.--Western Entrance.--Point
Dungeness.--The Narrows.--Saint Philip’s Bay.--Cape
Froward.--Grand Scenery.--Port Famine.--The Sedger River.--
Darwin’s Ascent of Mount Tarn.--The Bachelor River.--English
Reach.--Sea Reach.--South Desolation.--Harbor of Mercy.--
Williwaws.--Discovery of the Strait by Magellan (October 20,
1521).--Drake.--Sarmiento.--Cavendish.--Schouten and Le
Maire.--Byron.--Bougainville.--Wallis and Carteret.--King
and Fitzroy.--Settlement at Punta Arenas.--Increasing Passage
through the Strait.--A future Highway of Commerce. 408

CHAPTER XL.

PATAGONIA AND THE PATAGONIANS.

Difference of Climate between East and West Patagonia.--
Extraordinary Aridity of East Patagonia.--Zoology.--The
Guanaco.--The Tucutuco.--The Patagonian Agouti.--Vultures.--
The Turkey-buzzard.--The Carrancha.--The Chimango.--
Darwin’s Ostrich.--The Patagonians.--Exaggerated Accounts
of their Stature.--Their Physiognomy and Dress.--Religious
Ideas.--Superstitions.--Astronomical Knowledge.--Division
into Tribes.--The Tent, or Toldo.--Trading Routes.--The
great Cacique.--Introduction of the Horse.--Industry.--
Amusements.--Character. 417

CHAPTER XLI.

THE FUEGIANS.

Their miserable Condition.--Degradation of Body and Mind.--
Powers of Mimicry.--Notions of Barter.--Causes of their low
State of Cultivation.--Their Food.--Limpets.--_Cyttaria
Darwini._--Constant Migrations.--The Fuegian Wigwam.--
Weapons.--Their probable Origin.--Their Number, and various
Tribes.--Constant Feuds.--Cannibalism.--Language.--
Adventures of Fuegia Basket, Jemmy Button, and York Minster.--
Missionary Labors.--Captain Gardiner.--His lamentable End. 425