Chapter II

GENERAL ADOPTION OF THE THREE-MILE LIMIT.

Cannon-range and three-mile limit as its equivalent introduced into
English Jurisprudence in 1800, 1801--Lord Stowell’s decisions
regarding the _Twee Gebroeders_ and the _Anna_ in British High
Court of Admiralty--Restricted to questions of neutrality--The
practice of Great Britain and the United States leads to
general adoption of three-mile limit--First applied to fisheries (of
North America) by Great Britain--Treaty of 1818--Negotiations
concerning Behring Sea--Russian claim of 100 miles--Adoption of
gunshot or three miles--Judicial decisions as to extent of territorial
sea--The Bristol Channel--Conception Bay--Statutes relative
to territorial waters--Foreign Enlistment Act--Territorial
Waters Jurisdiction Act--The _Franconia_ case--Three-mile
limit restricted to the open coast for certain purposes only--Bays
excluded--The Hovering Acts--Customs’ jurisdiction--Quarantine
Acts--Opinions of publicists of earlier part of nineteenth
century--Rayneval, Chitty, Schmalz, Klüber, Wheaton, Kent,
Manning, Heffter, Reddie, Ortolan, Hautefeuille, Pistoye and
Duverdy, Massé--Summary--Most accept cannon-range--Few
accept the three-mile limit 576