Chapter LXIV: Appendix: O (1)

(P. 692.)

TERRITORIAL WATERS.

The articles adopted by the Institut de Droit International at Paris in 1894, and accepted with slight modifications by the International Law Association at London in 1895. [_Note._--The additions to and alterations of the Rules adopted at Paris, which were made at London, are indicated by italic type.]

L’INSTITUT,

Considérant qu’il n’y a pas de raison pour confondre en une seule zône la distance nécessaire pour l’exercice de la souveraineté et pour la protection de la pêche littorale et celle qui l’est pour garantir la neutralité des non-belligérants en temps de guerre;

Que la distance la plus ordinairement adoptée de trois milles de la laisse de basse marée a été reconnue insuffisante pour la protection de la pêche littorale;

Que cette distance ne correspond pas non plus à la portée réelle des canons placés sur la côte;

a adopté les dispositions suivantes:

ARTICLE PREMIER.--L’État a un droit de souveraineté sur une zône de la mer qui baigne la côte, sauf le droit de passage inoffensif réservé à l’article 5.

Cette zône porte le nom de mer territoriale.

ART. 2.--La mer territoriale s’étend à six milles marins (60 au degré de latitude) de la laisse de basse marée _ou de la ligne de laquelle il est parlé dans l’article 3_, sur toute l’étendue des côtes.

ART. 3.--Pour les baies, la mer territoriale suit les sinuosités de la côte, sauf qu’elle est mesurée à partir d’une ligne droite tirée en travers de la baie dans la partie la plus rapprochée de l’ouverture vers la mer, où l’écart entre les deux côtes de la baie est de _dix_ milles marins de largeur, à moins qu’un usage continu et séculaire n’ait consacré une largeur plus grande.

ART. 4.--En cas de guerre, l’État riverain neutre a le droit de fixer, par la déclaration de neutralité ou par notification spéciale, sa zône neutre au delà de six milles, jusqu’à portée du canon des côtes.

ART. 5.--Tous les navires sans distinction ont le droit de passage inoffensif par la mer territoriale, sauf le droit des belligérants de réglementer et, dans un but de défense, de barrer le passage dans ladite mer pour tout navire, et sauf le droit des neutres de réglementer le passage dans ladite mer pour les navires de guerre de toutes nationalités. _Il n’est pas dérogé par cet article aux dispositions de l’article 10._

ART. 6.--Les crimes et délits commis à bord de navires étrangers de passage dans la mer territoriale par des personnes qui se trouvent à bord de ces navires, sur des personnes ou des choses à bord de ces mêmes navires, sont, comme tels, en dehors de la juridiction de l’État riverain, à moins qu’ils n’impliquent une violation des droits ou des intérêts de l’État riverain, ou de ses ressortissants ne faisant partie ni de l’équipage ni des passagers.

ART. 7.--Les navires qui traversent les eaux territoriales se conformeront aux règlements spéciaux édictés par l’État riverain dans l’intérêt et pour la sécurité de la navigation et pour la police maritime.

ART. 8.--Les navires de toutes nationalités, par le fait seul qu’ils se trouvent dans les eaux territoriales, à moins qu’ils n’y soient seulement de passage, sont soumis à la juridiction de l’État riverain.

L’État riverain a le droit de continuer sur la haute mer la poursuite commencée dans la mer territoriale, d’arrêter et de juger le navire qui aurait commis une infraction _pénale_ dans les limites de ses eaux. En cas de capture sur la haute mer, le fait sera, toutefois, notifié sans délai à l’État dont le navire porte le pavillon. La poursuite est interrompue dès que le navire entre dans la mer territoriale de son pays ou d’une tierce puissance. Le droit de poursuite cesse dès que le navire sera entré dans un port de son pays ou d’une tierce puissance.

ART. 9.--Est réservée la situation particulière des navires de guerre et de ceux qui leur sont assimilés.

ART. 10.--Les dispositions des articles précédents s’appliquent aux détroits dont l’écart n’excède pas douze milles, sauf les modifications et distinctions suivantes:--

1^o Les détroits dont les côtes appartiennent à des États différents font partie de la mer territoriale des États riverains, qui y exerceront leur souveraineté jusqu’à la ligne médiane.

2^o Les détroits dont les côtes appartiennent au même État et qui sont indispensables aux communications maritimes entre deux ou plusieurs États autres que l’État riverain font toujours partie de la mer territoriale du riverain, quel que soit le rapprochement des côtes. _Ils ne peuvent jamais être barrés._

3^o _Dans les détroits dont les côtes appartiennent au même État, la mer est territoriale bien que l’écartement des côtes dépasse douze milles, si à chaque entrée du détroit cette distance n’est pas dépassé._

4^o Les détroits qui servent de passage d’une mer libre à une autre mer libre ne peuvent jamais être _barrés_.

ART. 11.--Le régime des détroits actuellement soumis à des conventions ou usages spéciaux demeure réservé.

INDEX.

Aberdeen, 84, 215, 227, 298, 407

Abreu y Bertodano on territorial sea, 559

Admiral, office of, 30, 31, 32, 41, 51, 52, 53, 54, 266, 329, 363,
364 n.

Admiralty, 18, 31, 248, 249, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266, 277, 280, 286,
288, 293, 318, 328, 520

Admiralty and “striking,” 277, 278, 380-383, 438, 455, 456, 472

Admiralty, High Court of, 54, 120, 122, 124, 243, 244 n., 251, 285,
358, 363, 369, 391, 465 n.;
and striking, 513;
decisions as to neutral waters, 553;
decisions as to three-mile limit, 576, 577

Admiralty jurisdiction, origin of, 6, 17, 30, 32

Admiralty, on extent of British Seas, 20, 438

Adriatic, 52 n.;
sovereignty of, 3, 4, 8, 16, 33, 107, 111, 339, 341, 350, 357, 361,
371, 539;
fisheries of, 659

Aerssen, François van, Dutch ambassador, 200, 336

_Africaine_, case of, 641 n.

Agincourt, 8, 35

_Agnes G. Donohoe_, case of, 663

Albemarle, Duke of. _See_ Monk.

Albertsz, Jan, Captain, 171, 173, 174

Alderney, 103

Alexander, Sir William, Secretary for Scotland, 219, 220, 225 n.,
227, 232

Alfred, King, 26

Algarve, fishery treaty with, 67

Algeria, 527;
territorial sea, 657

Allin, Sir Thomas, 468, 471, 477

Alverstone, Lord, 692

Alward, G. L., 711 n., 739 n.

Amboyna, 430

America, British North, fishery disputes with United States, 580;
fishery limit, 650;
ten-mile limit for bays, 626, 627, 628, 629;
six-mile limit for bays, 627, 629, 630;
fishery rights, 531, 532, 731, 731 n.;
Hague Tribunal on, 732 n.;
Mixed Commission to delimit bays, 628;
_modus vivendi_ with United States, 626, 628, 629;
treaties regarding fisheries, _See_ Treaties.

America, fisheries claimed for crown, 235

Amsterdam, 73, 132, 181, 183, 282, 368

Amsterdam Island, 194 n.

Ancient Britons and maritime dominion, 25, 26

Angelus, 351

Angevins, 8, 26, 29, 65, 207

Anglo-Saxons, 26, 27, 28, 541, 542

_Anna_, case of, 579, 641 n.

_Annapolis_, case of, 586 n.

Anne of Austria, 117

Anne, Queen, 161, 354, 520, 523

Anstruther Easter, 165, 175 n.

Antwerp, 49, 73, 148;
treaty of, 148, 344, 350

Appropriation of sea. _See_ Sea.

Aquitaine, 19, 213;
fisheries at, 67

Archer, Walter E., 736 n.

Argentine Republic, claim to great bays, 661;
claim to wide limit of exclusive fishery, 661, 662

Argyle, Earl of, 153 n.

Arlington, Lord, 469, 483, 490, 497, 502

Armed Neutrality, 522, 563, 571, 572

Arundel, Earl of, 227, 239 n., 241, 314, 316, 477

Aschehoug, on territorial sea, 686, 688

Assize-herring, 82, 124, 138, 144, 152-154, 163-171, 180, 194-196,
203, 293, 346, 347, 352, 355;
proposal to levy from foreign fishermen, 124, 167;
demanded from Dutch, 180;
how to be levied from Dutch, 195, 196, 757;
paid by Dutch fishermen, 169;
value of, 195

Auber, on territorial sea, 691

Australia, pearl fisheries, 697

Austria-Hungary, territorial sea, 572, 658;
Customs jurisdiction, 594, 659;
reciprocal rights of fishery with Italy, 659

Ayrshire, fishermen of, 83

Azores, 106

Azuni, on territorial sea, 564, 565;
on range of vision, 546

Bacon, Lord, 73, 163 n., 189, 223

Bagg, Sir James, 280

Baldus, on territorial limit, 351, 360, 539, 540, 541

Balfour of Burleigh, Lord, 730

Ballantrae Bank herring fishery, 238

Balmerino, Lord, 187

Baltic, 61, 409, 432, 434;
as closed sea, 572 n.;
sovereignty over, 4, 33, 108, 350, 371, 377, 550, 552, 555;
territorial limits in, 655

Baltimore, 247

Barbary, 327

Barclay, Sir Thomas, 689 n., 690

Barebones Parliament, 428;
on sovereignty of sea, 13, 413

Barents Sea, foreign trawlers in, 713

Barking, 699

Barneveldt, Elias van Olden, 155, 157 n.

Barneveldt, J. van Olden, 152, 159, 162, 170, 173, 191

Barrère, on the freedom of the sea, 595

Barrett, Frank, 738 n.

Bartolus, on territorial limit, 351, 539, 541

Bates, Joshua, on bay of Fundy, 625

Batten, Sir William, 380, 382, 448, 456

Battle of the Downs, 330

Baty, Dr Thomas, Hon. Secretary, International Law Association, 673 n.

Bays. _See_ Territorial Sea.

Bayonne, 52 n.

Beaufort, de, Duke, Admiral of France, 463, 472

Beaufort, Henry, 56 n.

Beaufort, Sir Thomas, 40

Behring Sea, fishery disputes, negotiations with Russia, 581-585;
Russian ukase fixing 100-mile limit, 541;
gunshot limit accepted by Russia, 582, 585;
three-mile limit adopted by Russia, 585;
United States on Russian claim, 584;
Tribunal of Arbitration, 663, 664, 695, 695 n., 732;
Japanese sealers in, 696 n.;
whaling in, 585

Belgium, complaints against fishermen of, 615, 616;
territorial sea, 658

Bell Rock, territoriality of, 642

Bengal, Bay of, 625

Bergen, 109

Berkeley, Sir William, on striking, 472

Berwick, 49, 60, 73, 219

Beukelsz, invention of herring cure, 61, 426 n.

Beuningen, van, Dutch ambassador, 511

Beveren, van, Dutch ambassador, 302, 303, 304, 312, 315, 316, 317, 320

Beverning, Hieronymus van, Dutch ambassador, 415, 418, 433, 504

Beverwaert, van, Dutch ambassador, 449 n., 450

Binge, Raymond, 109 n.

Binning, Captain, 513

Binning, Lord, 80, 178, 179 n., 186, 187

Birch, 28

Bird, Sir William, 174 n.

Biscay, 255;
fishermen of, 67, 98;
whalers at Spitzbergen, 183 n.

Biscay, Bay of, 19, 510, 521;
fisheries in, 707, 713;
territoriality of, 625

Bishop of Isles, 242

Bishop of Ross, 77

Bishop, on territorial sea, 683

Black Book of Admiralty, 7,16, 39-42, 52, 53, 66, 410 n.

Blackburn, Lord, on territorial sea, 589

Black Sea, 371

Blackstone, on Sovereignty of Sea, 580 n.

Blake, General Robert, 408, 421, 422;
instructions to, regarding sovereignty of sea, 382, 383;
encounter with Tromp, 12, 207 n., 397, 398 n., 401, 403, 404;
correspondence with Tromp, 404 n., 772;
captures Dutch herring busses, 311 n., 406, 407

Blakeney, 49, 90 n.

Blockade, 209, 264, 265, 268

Bluntschli, on territorial sea, 682, 688

Blyth, 250

Board of Trade on fishery limit, 616;
and German territorial limits, 652

Bodin, on territorial limit, 540

Bohemia, 191, 197, 198

Bohemia, Queen of. _See_ Elizabeth.

Bohuslän, herring fishery at, 62

Bordeaux, 28, 61, 97

Boreel, Dutch ambassador, 482, 483, 485, 490

Boroughs, Sir John, Keeper of the Records, on Sovereignty of Sea, 25,
28, 39, 43, 64 n., 254, 364, 365, 366, 411;
discovery of rolls, 31, 213, 254;
on foreign fishermen, 132

Boston, 73

Boswell, Sir W., British ambassador at The Hague, 212, 213, 257, 258,
259 n., 264, 317, 318, 319, 321

Botetourt, Sir John de, 46 n., 60

Bothnia, Gulf of, sovereignty over, 4, 564

Boulogne, 104, 274, 281

Bourne, Rear-Admiral, meets Tromp, 400;
assists Blake, 403

Bouwensz, Joost, 294 n., 298 n., 304

Brabant, 49, 50, 70, 71

Bracton, 66, 362 n., 539

Bradshaw, 409

Braeckel, Captain, 476

Braems, Sir Arnold, 318, 515

Brazil, 327, 393, 430

Breda, conference at, 459, 464, 476;
treaty of, 465, 492, 501

Brederode, W. van, 81

Bremen, fishermen and merchants from, 126, 129, 130, 169, 227, 235, 327;
negotiations at, 110, 373

Bressay Sound, 129, 131, 215

Briel, 43, 73, 78, 142, 278, 511, 512

Bristol, 96, 108

Bristol Channel, territoriality of, 586, 725

British Colonies, territorial sea, 661

British fisheries, foreigners at. _See_ Fisheries.

British Seas. _See_ Sea.

British subjects in foreign service, 260, 359 n.;
in Dutch navy, 251 n.

Brittany, 36, 48, 54, 56, 67, 68, 69, 103, 213, 270

Britton, 539

Brixham, 699

Brood and spawn of fish, 213

Brouershaven, 77

Brown, James, 194

Brown, John, 166, 191 n., 194 n., 195, 195 n., 196;
sent to uplift the assize herrings from Dutch fishermen, 169, 170,
171;
seized by Dutch and carried to Holland, 172, 173;
released, 173;
Dutch apologise, 173;
counsel’s opinion on seizure, 174

Bruce, King Robert, 76

Bruce, Patrick, 181

Bruges, 43, 52 n., 71, 73;
fishing charter from Charles II., 460, 461, 504, 616, 617, 772

Brussels, 71, 318, 335

_Bucentaur_, 4, 567 n.

Buchan Ness, 131, 166, 227, 233, 321, 406

Buckingham, Duke of, 201, 266 n., 490, 497

Buckland, Frank, on inexhaustibility of fisheries, 636

Burchett, on Sovereignty of Sea, 311 n., 521

Burghs, Scottish, 216, 240

Burgundy, Duchess of, 71, 72

Burgundy, Duke of, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 158

Burgundy, House of, 49

Burgundy treaties, 69, 70, 72, 86, 112, 145, 146, 147, 158, 288, 312
n., 356, 370, 412 n., 425, 500

Burgus, P. B., on dominion of Ligurian Sea, 411, 550

Burnham, 90

Bushell, William, 284

Bynkershoek, Cornelius van, 21, 350, 538, 579, 591, 595, 650, 685, 686;
on territorial sea, 555, 556;
on range of vision, 546

Cadiz, 246

Cæsar, Sir Julius, 120, 146, 155, 156 n.

Caithness, 126, 227

Calais, 18, 29, 34, 37 n., 45 n., 49, 50, 65, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 103,
104, 204, 205, 266, 273, 274, 278, 280, 282, 327, 401, 440

Callis, Serjeant, on the appropriation of the sea, 54, 66, 358, 363

Calvo, on territorial sea, 340, 682, 688

Camden, 64, 142

Canada, fishery rights at. _See_ British North America.

Cancale, Bay of. _See_ Granville Bay.

Canning, George, on Behring Sea, 583

Cannon range limit, proposed by Dutch, 156.
_See_ Territorial Sea.

Canterbury, 41

Cape Bojador, 105

Cape de Verde, 106

Cape Finisterre, 270, 469, 478, 502, 505, 510, 515, 521

Cape of Good Hope, 105, 340, 343, 344

Cape St Vincent, 270, 434, 435, 465, 466 n., 469, 478, 502, 503,
508, 510

Cardinal Infant, 243, 318, 319, 335

Carew, Lord George, 202

Carleton, Sir Dudley, 128, 168, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 180, 185,
190, 192, 193, 197, 212;
on Grotius, 351

Carlisle, Earl of, 222 n., 227 n.

Caron, Sir Noel, Dutch ambassador, 151-154, 163, 165, 168-174, 201

Carrick, Earl of, 225 n.

Carteret, Captain, 291, 327

Casaregi, on territorial sea, 558

Castile, 32, 67

Castro, Francis Alphonso de, on dominion of sea, 341

Catalonia, 45

Cats, Dutch ambassador, 391

Cattegat, territoriality of, 653

Cavendish, 5

Cecil, Secretary Sir William, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 105, 114, 115, 128
n., 133, 204

Ceva, Cardinal de, 273 n.

Ceylon, pearl fisheries, 560, 697

Chaleurs, Bay of, 623, 624, 625, 627 n., 628, 629, 630, 692

Chamberlain, Joseph, 628

Champagne, on freedom of the sea, 595, 596

Chancellor, 181

Channel, English, 9, 18, 19, 21, 29, 42, 43, 209, 247, 250, 266,
269, 270, 276, 327, 407, 465;
extent of, 432, 465 n. 506 n.;
great avenue of commerce, 30;
importance of command of, 30;
fisheries in, 65 n., 68, 544;
licenses for fishing in, 65;
disputes with French fishermen, 607, 608;
mid-line limit, 542, 544;
sovereignty over, 6, 8, 16, 35, 36, 101, 103, 207, 208, 246, 432;
striking in, 117, 212, 469, 470

Channel Islands, 29, 36, 103

Charles the Bold, 72

Charles I., 17, 28, 31, 117, 119, 338;
asked to free the seas of Hollander busses, 211, 234;
opinion on importance of fisheries, 213;
initiates fishery association, 214;
plan of, 215, 216;
lays scheme before Council in Scotland, 218, 219, 220;
ill received in Scotland, 220;
opposed by Scottish Parliament, 222;
debates regarding, 224;
his great anxiety for, 225;
Scottish Commissioners appointed, 225;
his letters on, 232, 233;
Royal Fishery Society established, 239;
proceedings of, 241;
misfortunes and failure of Fishery Society, 241-243;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 10, 11, 119, 209-212, 251, 258;
proclamation regarding narrow seas and King’s Chambers, 251;
draft proclamation _re_ Sovereignty of Sea, 759;
personal policy, 253;
pretext for equipping a fleet, 253;
deceives his Council, 255;
secret agreement with Spain, 253, 255, 260, 264;
instructions to first ship-money fleet, 259;
failure of his policy, 275;
report of Admiralty as to employment of second ship-money fleet,
288, 762;
instructions regarding license money from foreign fishermen, 295;
proclamation forbidding unlicensed fishing by foreigners, 293, 294;
licenses to fishermen, 762;
negotiations with Dutch as to unlicensed fishing, 305, 306;
tries surreptitiously to induce Dutch to accept licenses, 317, 319,
321;
Dutch despatch a fleet to protect their fishermen, 321;
general dissatisfaction with his actions, 324;
his power on sea wanes, 328;
pretensions to sovereignty of sea flouted by Dutch, 328, 329;
battle of Downs, 335;
proceedings regarding Spanish fleet and Tromp, 331, 336

Charles II., his efforts to develop fisheries, 441;
Bill to encourage fisheries, 443;
directed against foreigners, 444, 444 n.;
establishes the Royal Fishery, 446-448;
failure of, 449;
Dutch embassy, negotiations concerning fishery question, 449,
450, 451, 455;
tries to prevent Franco-Dutch treaty, 454;
treaty with the United Provinces, 455;
disputes about striking, 455;
second Dutch war, 457, 458;
very popular, 458;
course of, 459;
terms of peace, 464;
claim to exclusive fishing withdrawn, 464;
question of striking, 464, 465;
extent of British seas, 465, 466;
licenses offered to Dutch fishermen, 460;
De Witt’s proposals as to striking, 468;
verbal arrangement with Louis as to striking, 471, 471 n.;
Triple Alliance, 474;
secret treaty of Dover, 474;
obtains a subsidy, 475;
ill-feeling against Dutch fomented, 476;
accuses De Witt of secret negotiations with Louis, 476;
recall of Sir William Temple, 476;
pretext for war in the “honour of the flag,” 476;
sends his yacht _Merlin_ to pick a quarrel over the salute,
477, 478, 479;
failure of the _Merlin_, 480;
dispute with Dutch as to striking, 482;
Dutch asked to acknowledge his dominion of the seas, 482;
the Dutch hoodwinked, 482;
rejects concessions of Dutch, 483, 484;
orders Dutch shipping to be seized, 484, 485;
failure of attack on Smyrna fleet, 486, 487;
declaration of war against States-General, 487;
declaration on the honour of the flag and sovereignty of the
sea, 487, 488;
arranges salute with Louis, 488;
terms offered the Dutch, 490;
demands payment for fishery, 491, 491 n.;
summons Parliament, 492;
subsidy granted, 493;
the war intensely unpopular, 493;
efforts to stir up animosity against Dutch, 494-498;
congress at Cologne, 498;
terms of peace offered, 498;
question of flag and striking, 498, 499, 501-503, 505, 506, 508;
question of fisheries, 498-500, 503-505, 508;
negotiations for separate peace, 504-508;
peace concluded, 508;
establishes a new fishery company, 516

Charles V., 74, 75, 78, 79, 81

Charteris, A. H., 586 n.

Chaterton, Sir Richard, 448

Chatham, 459, 476

Chelchethe, John de, 50

Chelmsford, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.

Chester, 96

Chili, territorial sea, 661

Chitty, on Sovereignty of Sea, 580 n.

Chitty, on territorial sea, 597

Christian V. of Denmark, prohibits fishing at Greenland, 528

Churchill, Lieutenant, 486 n.

Cinque Ports, 29, 32, 36, 55, 244, 247, 295, 381 n.;
complain about foreign fishermen, 144, 145;
fishermen of, 58, 90 n., 144;
jurisdiction on sea, 213, 544, 544 n.;
licenses to French fishermen, 65

Clarendon, Chancellor, 241, 457

Clee, 90

_Cleveland_ yacht, 511

Clyde, Firth of, foreign trawlers in, 647;
fisheries of, 83, 221 n., 233, 235, 239;

Cnut, King, and the sea, 26;
charter regarding Sandwich, 542

Cockaine, Sir William, 202

Cockburn, Lord Chief-Justice, on Bristol Channel, 586, 587, 588;
on territorial sea, 591, 591 n.

Cockraine, Captain, 437

Cod-fishing, 79, 131, 221 n., 672

Coke, Lord Chief-Justice, 17, 27, 43, 44, 44 n., 46, 66, 213;
on appropriation of sea, 363

Coke, Secretary, Sir John, 130 n., 227 n., 268, 269;
on the British seas, 20, 264 n.;
on the fishery scheme, 215-218, 232, 235-237, 239 n., 241, 243;
on sovereignty of sea, 20, 211, 212, 255-258, 264, 271, 302

Coke, Roger, 127 n.

Colbert, French ambassador, 471, 471 n.

Cologne, congress at, 264 n., 323 n., 347 n., 491 n., 498, 506, 510

Colomb, Admiral, 311 n.

Columbus, 106, 340

Commerce, 53, 91, 106, 107, 134, 135, 143, 163, 210, 255, 339, 340,
342, 390, 391, 395, 408, 413, 457;
in middle ages, 3, 5, 6, 7, 29, 30, 34 and n., 43, 44, 67, 69, 86;
monopoly of, 5, 106

Commercial enterprise, expansion of, 6, 339, 340, 342, 533

Commercial jealousy of Dutch, 10, 422, 441, 457

Commonwealth, instructions as to striking, 380, 381;
relations with United Provinces, 384;
negotiations for alliance, 384, 385;
St John’s mission to The Hague, 384-390;
Navigation Act, 391;
seizure of Dutch ships, 391;
letters of reprisal against the Dutch, 391, 392, 393;
renewed negotiations, 392-396;
thirty-nine articles considered, 393, 764;
differences as to sovereignty of sea, 393, 394;
question of striking, 394, 395;
question of fishery, 394, 396;
question of right of visitation and search, 396;
negotiations interrupted, 397;
indignation against States-General for attack on Blake, 404;
terms offered to Pauw, 405;
Dutch ships seized and preparations for war, 405;
declaration on sovereignty of sea, 409;
_Mare Clausum_ to be translated and printed, 410;
peace negotiations with Dutch, 414-435;
terms offered, 415;
Dutch propose the _Intercursus Magnus_ as basis, 416;
liberty of fishing offered, 417;
the twenty-seven articles proposed, 419;
proposal for fusion of English and Dutch, 416, 417, 418, 419;
question of dominion of the sea, 418, 419, 423, 433, 436;
of extent of British seas, 429, 431-436;
of fishing, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422, 423, 424, 425, 427, 430, 436;
of guarding the sea, 421-424, 431, 436;
of limitation of Dutch fleet, 421, 422, 423, 436;
of the Prince of Orange, 422, 430, 433, 435;
of striking, 417, 419, 420, 424, 429, 431, 432, 436;
Dutch propose a “regulation” for, 405, 418, 424, 429, 431, 433;
Dutch propose to strike in all seas, 432;
of visit and search, 420-424, 431, 436;
treaty signed, 435

Conception Bay, territoriality of, 588, 589

Conringius, 550

Conway, Viscount, 268, 269, 284 n.

Cook, George M., 728 n.

Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, 429.
_See_ also Lord Shaftesbury.

Cope, Sir Walter, 128 n., 138

Corinth, Gulf of, 661

Cornish, James, on spawning of fish, 610

Cornwall, pilchards, 134, 143

Cornwallis, Lord, 360

Cottingham, Sir Francis, 227 n.

Cottington, Lord, 253, 263

Courcel, Baron de, on three-mile limit, 664 n., 696 n.

Coventry, Lord, 254, 255, 286

Craig, Sir Thomas, 359 n.;
on the right of fishery, 357

Crail, 84, 175 n., 242

Craudon, 54, 55, 56

Cromarty, 227

Cromer, 90, 296

Crompton, Sir Thomas, 146

Cromwell, Oliver (_see_ also Commonwealth), 13, 28, 65, 72, 337,
378, 404, 410 n., 414, 451, 495, 505;
arguments for exclusive fishery, 425;
clandestine negotiations with Dutch, 414, 415, 417, 430 n.;
on sovereignty of sea, 419, 423, 424, 435;
renews fishing licenses for Zowe, 440

Cromwell, Richard, on extent of British seas, 438

Crow, Captain, 479, 480

Cuba, territorial limit, 665

Cunæus, Professor Petrus, 375

Customs limit. _See_ Territorial sea.

Dana, on territorial sea, 683

Danby, Earl of, 516

Danegeld, 26

Dantzic, 216, 242

Dartmouth, 267

David I., 59

Davidson, Thomas, 84

Davis’ Straits, 184

Deal Castle, 279

Dean, Major-General, 382, 406, 408

Decay of English fisheries. _See_ Fisheries.

Decay of havens and sea-coast towns, 89, 90, 98, 446

Dee, Dr John, 27 n., 95, 111, 125, 203, 214 n., 364 n.;
on sovereignty of sea, 99, 101

Delaware Bay, claimed by United States, 574, 599, 629

Delfshaven, 294 n., 298 n.

Delft, 73, 397 n.

Demetrius, Emanuel, 156

Denmark, 26, 45, 54, 464, 527;
claim to cod-fishing at Iceland, 528;
to whaling at Greenland, 527;
fisheries of, 92;
fishermen on British coasts, 605;
claims to sovereignty of sea, 4, 8, 16, 33, 86, 105, 112, 158,
339, 340, 358;
opposed by Queen Elizabeth, 107, 108, 109, 110;
on striking, 470, 471, 473;
territorial sea, 528, 529, 653, 655, 664;
range of vision claimed, 529, 545;
inclusion in Cromwell’s treaty with Dutch, 433

Deptford, 266

De Ruyter, 408, 456, 457 n., 458, 459, 463, 472, 479, 481, 489, 493

De Seneterre, 302

Desjardins, on territorial sea, 685, 688

“De Superioritate maris” roll, 8, 31, 41, 43, 44 and n., 45, 49, 50,
54, 363, 740, 744

Devonshire, Earl of, 138

De With, 408, 437

De Witt, Cornelius, 459

De Witt, John, 398, 414, 422, 433, 434, 449;
secret negotiations with Cromwell, 430 n., 434, 435;
secret negotiations with France regarding fishery and flag, 451-454,
471, 476;
attitude on sovereignty of sea, 450, 451, 454, 468, 470;
on fishery claim, 450, 451-457;
on striking, 14, 452, 457, 467, 468, 470, 471;
on striking to a frigate or ketch, 470, 477, 509;
on striking to French, 463, 464;
assassinated, 491

Dieppe, 49, 50, 61, 65, 116, 440, 473

Digby, Sir Kenelm, 292, 375

Digges, Sir Leonard, 96

Digges, Thomas, on foreshore and bed of sea, 362

Dogger Bank, 131, 407 n., 699, 700

Dominion of Sea. _See_ Sovereignty of Sea.

Dorchester, Viscount, 212. _See_ Carleton.

Dorp, van, 273, 274, 300, 312, 313, 321

Dorset, Earl of, 227 n.

Dort, 73

Dover, 49, 73, 103, 145 n., 204, 205, 265, 400;
straits of, 6, 8, 16, 18, 36, 104, 273, 330, 397, 401, 515

Downing, Sir George, English ambassador at The Hague, 454, 482, 483, 488

Downs, The, 120, 245, 259, 260, 265, 268, 270, 274, 290, 323, 330, 331,
332, 334, 335, 336, 400

Drake, Sir F., 5, 107

Drechsel, C. F., Captain, 647 n., 707 n.

Dudley, Sir Henry, 116

Dues levied at Scarborough Castle, 64

Dunbar, 59, 153 n., 166, 221 n.

Dunedin, Lord, Lord Justice-General, on territorial sea, 724

Dunfermline, Earl of, 80, 179 n., 223

Dunkirk, 73, 125, 215, 242, 267, 278, 282, 327;
blockade of, 253, 265, 266, 268, 270, 273-275, 276, 290, 327, 330, 334

Dunkirk privateers, 11, 243, 247-250, 261, 263, 265, 273, 282, 289,
291, 296, 302, 304, 318, 322, 327, 328, 330

Dunn, Sir Daniel, 146, 155

Dunwich, 90 n.

Durham, 133

Dussen, E. van der, Dutch ambassador, 185 n.

Dutch, 5, 69, 77, 79, 81, 143, 217, 243, 253, 255, 261, 263, 275, 289;
commercial jealousy of, 10, 125, 142, 413;
encouraged to settle in England, 515;
growth of fisheries and commerce, 10, 62, 87, 143;
fisheries, growth and extent of, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 142;
on British coasts, 62, 64, 605;
on Scottish coast, 82, 83, 187 n., 201;
statistics of, 125-132, 158, 190, 438, 439 and n., 534;
strength of fishing fleet, 98, 101, 125, 126, 127, 129, 144, 321;
value of, 125, 131, 132, 142, 292, 366, 515;
exports of fish, 87, 135;
embargo on, 460, 462, 489;
supply England with fish, 93;
herring fishery, 10, 61, 78-85, 87, 93, 95, 112, 122, 125, 131,
134-137, 143-145, 157, 208, 214, 215, 247, 250, 273, 277, 296,
316, 407, 415, 424, 428, 449, 450, 451, 515, 534;
description of, 131;
exports of herrings, 132, 134;
herring fleet attacked by Blake, 406, 407;
whale fishing, 194 n., 181, 183, 184, 185, 407, 528;
fishermen, frugality and industry of, 137, 141;
settled at Stornoway, 216, 221, 237;
complaints against, 144, 154, 168, 175, 177, 187, 234, 257, 292,
301, 438;
proposal to tax, 141, 214;
assize herring, 169-171, 197, 198;
licenses to be forced on, 264, 300;
proceedings with reference to Northumberland’s fleet, 301-305,
312, 313;
payments for licenses to fish, 309, 310, 311;
attempt to distribute licenses, 320, 321.
_See_ also Fisheries and Sovereignty of Sea.

Dutch, first war with England, 405;
second, 457;
third, 474

Dutch fleet to protect fishermen, 321

Dutch East India Company, 185, 343, 344

Dutch Republic. _See_ United Provinces.

Dyer, Sir Edward, 103

Dymes, Captain John, 216, 217 n.

East India Company, 194

East Indies, 105, 184, 185, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 257, 339, 340,
343, 350, 393, 430, 457, 482

Eastland Merchants Company, 160

Eddystone, territoriality of, 641, 642, 643

Edgar, King, 26, 27, 28, 141, 158, 326, 365, 409

Edinburgh, 216, 228, 298, 324, 351

Edmonds, Sir Thomas, 243

Edward I., 7, 32, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 58 n., 60, 66, 67, 213,
214, 363, 365

Edward II., 52 n., 56, 67, 254

Edward III., 7, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 53, 64, 66, 67,
211, 254, 365, 409

Edward IV., 63, 71, 110

Edward VI., 88, 89, 116

Elbe, 28

Elector Palatine, 198, 271, 303, 315, 316, 320

Elizabeth, Queen, 17, 65-85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 96, 102, 104, 115, 117,
118, 124, 136, 204, 246, 361, 433;
asserts freedom of seas, 5, 108-112, 118;
opposes claims of Denmark in northern seas, 86, 108-112;
opposes Spanish and Portuguese claims, 86, 107;
opposes _mare clausum_, 105, 338;
made no claim to sovereignty of seas, 107, 108;
policy to foster fisheries, 93;
fishing declared free, 111;
fishery disputes with Denmark, 106-112;
policy regarding territorial waters, 111, 543

Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 167 n., 198, 303, 305, 314, 315, 316,
321, 385

Emden, 129, 130, 195

England, Sea of. _See_ Sea.

English, new spirit of commercial enterprise in, 124, 136;
irritation against Dutch, 134;
jealous of their commerce, 413;
fisheries, yield of, 215;
condition of, 133;
decay of, 75, 112, 358;
description of, 133;
fishermen, indolence of, 91, 137, 516;
at Iceland, 108, 109, 110;
at Norway, 108;
molested by Dutch, 438

Enkhuisen, 139, 170, 171, 173, 298 n., 397 n., 439 n.

Entick, on Sovereignty of Sea, 311 n., 522

Essex, Earl of, 128 n., 473

Ethelred, King, 26

Evelyn, John, 312 n., 508;
on Sovereignty of Sea, 514 and n.

Eversley, Lord, 702 n.

Evertsen, Vice-Admiral Jan, 399, 408

Exeter, 96

Exton, Sir Thomas, 513

Faeröe Isles, 175, 176, 528, 529, 545, 647, 711

Fair Isle, 126, 131

Fairlea, 65

Fairlight, 65, 402

Fajardo, Don Louis, 206 n.

Falkland Islands, 650

Falmouth, 276

Farne Isles, 618

Farrer, Sir T. H., 646

Fast-days, 58, 87

Fenton, John, 194, 195, 196 and n., 197, 757

Ferguson, on territorial sea, 684

Fielding, Captain, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324

Fife, 59, 166, 175 n., 445;
fishermen of, 61, 83, 165

Finmark, 108, 109, 568

Fiore, on territorial sea, 684

Fish, abuses in trade in, 112, 113

Fish, commerce in, 61, 82, 88, 112, 134, 141;
exports, 61, 132 n., 133, 134, 214;
imports, 67, 113, 145, 442;
prices regulated, 91

Fish days, 58, 87, 88, 90, 92 and n., 93, 94, 99 n., 114, 115, 136, 444

Fish, demand for, in early times, 58

Fish, destruction of spawn of, 608, 609, 610

Fish for victualling army and navy, 58

Fish, fresh, distribution of, 58

Fish, preservation of brood of, 213, 607, 608, 609, 610

Fish, protection of breeding-grounds of, 610

Fish, royal, 66, 362 n., 363

Fish, spawning of, 610

Fish, taxation of imported, 88, 441, 442, 446

Fish tithes, 59, 101, 141, 142, 203, 214, 242, 355

Fish, undersized, 444 n., 608, 636, 704, 706, 707, 708-710

Fisheries, appropriation of, 102

Fisheries, as nursery for navy, 87, 113, 134, 213

Fisheries, charter to Bruges, 461, 772

Fisheries, claim to wide limit by Argentina, 661, 662

Fisheries, claimed for crown, 57, 62, 288, 289, 292

Fisheries, closure of areas, 662, 720.
_See_ Territorial Sea, Extra territorial.

Fisheries, cod-fishing at Lofoten Isles, 672 and n.

Fisheries, Conference at Hague, 1881, 632

Fisheries, decay of English, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 115;
of Dutch, 534

Fisheries, disputes in North Sea, 631;
at Iceland, 110;
in North America, 621, 622-630

Fisheries, distant voyages, 57

Fisheries, Dutch, 93, 94, 96, 125-130.
_See_ Dutch.

Fisheries, Dutch regulations on British coast, 605, 606 n.

Fisheries, early English law as to, 66

Fisheries Enquiries--Anglo-French in 1837, 611;
by Royal Commissions in 1863, 701;
in 1878, 702;
in 1883, 702;
by Select Committee of House of Commons in 1817, 610 n.;
in 1833, 607-610; in 1893, 691, 707, 714 n.;
by Select Committee of House of Lords in 1904, 710, 711 n.;
by Mr Higgin as to disputes in North Sea, 1880, 631

Fisheries, estimated profits of, 137

Fisheries, exclusive limit for, 632, 633

Fisheries, exhaustibility of, 348, 355, 372, 546, 550, 559, 602

Fisheries, for coral, 659, 669, 684, 695;
sponges, 659, 669;
oysters, 612, 621, 697;
pearls, 697

Fisheries, for “floating” fish, 698

Fisheries, freedom of fishing during war, 440, 461, 462, 489, 636

Fisheries, herring, 29, 34 n., 43, 58, 59, 71, 73-75, 90, 97, 130,
143, 157, 187, 190, 193, 197-200, 203, 214-218, 221 n., 238, 241,
264, 265, 272, 273, 302, 336, 378, 462, 491, 605, 698;
importance of, 59, 61;
at Bohuslän, 62;
at Scania, 61;
in Channel, 68;
Dutch, _see_ Dutch;
French, on British coasts, 606, 607, 608, 618;
treaties granting liberty for, 67

Fisheries, importance of, 57;
in Scotland, 76;
for navy, 58, 86, 87, 200, 219, 428;
in relation to international territorial limits, 693

Fisheries, impoverishment of grounds, 701, 702, 704, 706-711, 713,
714 n., 733, 738, 739 n.

Fisheries, in Channel, 65, 607

Fisheries, in North Sea. _See_ North Sea.

Fisheries, increase of shipping due to, 135

Fisheries, industries dependent on, 135

Fisheries, International Conference, London, 1890, 706

Fisheries, international investigations proposed, 707 n.;
begun, 735, 736, 740;
instructions to British delegates, 735, 736 n.;
criticism of, 736 and n.

Fisheries, international regulations, 614, 618, 619, 630, 631, 636,
638, 645 n., 648, 704, 729;
German proposal to protect fry and small fish, 636

Fisheries, liberty of fishing granted to Sweden, 427

Fisheries, liberty of fishing guaranteed by treaties, 8, 66-74

Fisheries, license for fishing at Zowe, 65, 749

Fisheries, old Scandinavian rights, 677

Fisheries, old Scots Acts regarding, 82, 83

Fisheries, policy of Scottish kings, 59

Fisheries, promoted by Charles I., 213, 214

Fisheries, proposals to develop English, 136, 138

Fisheries, protective legislation and regulation, 88, 91, 92, 93,
94, 112, 113, 213, 442, 533, 608 n.

Fisheries, regulations beyond three-mile limit, 614, 618, 619, 621,
661, 662, 666, 688, 691, 697, 698, 734, 735;
of oyster beds, 621

Fisheries, rise of British, 534

Fisheries, Scottish treaties regarding, 75-82

Fisheries, sealing regulations, Argentina, 662;
Uruguay, 663

Fisheries, small-fish grounds, 705, 708

Fisheries, the “Belgian devil,” 631

Fisheries, trawling, 134;
methods, 699, 700, 701, 708, 714;
development of, 680, 698-701, 711, 713, 739 n.;
enterprise of British trawlers, 713;
by British vessels on foreign coasts, 680, 711, 712, 713, 730, 735,
737;
in Barents Sea, 657, 713;
at Faröes, 711;
at Finmarken, 680;
French West Africa, 713;
Iceland, 647, 648, 711;
Morocco, 713;
Spain and Portugal, 667 and n., 668 n., 713;
foreign trawlers on Scottish coast, 647;
damage by foreign trawlers, 631;
destruction of undersized fish, 714 n.;
Board of Trade empowered to restrict, 717;
German proposals to restrict in North Sea, 636;
restrictive regulations, 662, 698, 714, 733;
in England, 715;
prohibited beyond ordinary limits in Adriatic, 659;
Argentina, 662;
Austria-Hungary, 715;
Italy, 71;
Ireland, 715, 716;
Norway, 680, 715;
Portugal, 666-668;
Scotland, 716-720;
Spain, 666-668;
bill to prohibit within eight miles of coast, 444 and n.;
German proposal to restrict, 636;
restrictions desired by English trawlers, 702, 704-710;
ten-mile limit desired by English trawlers, 707;
voluntary closure of Continental area, 704, 706;
international agreement necessary, 732, 734, 735, 738;
recent views as to extension of limits, 735, 737

Fisheries, tribute from foreigners proposed, 101, 138, 139, 295

Fisheries, truce for fishing during war, 74, 75

Fishermen, early frequent distant seas, 86

Fishermen, foreign--
On British coasts, 29, 33, 57, 59-62, 65, 69, 76, 83, 91, 92, 98,
101, 126, 129, 145-150, 227, 288, 533, 544 n., 605-608, 611,
615, 617, 618, 631;
Belgian, 615-618;
Dutch, 60, 62, 64, 77-79, 82-85, 94, and _see_ Dutch;
Flemish, 29, 59-62, 83, 101;
French, 59-62, 65, 83, 101, 150, 544 n., 606-608, 611, 617,
618, 631;
Portuguese, 129;
Spanish, 67, 129, 150;
cause of increase of, 61;
complaints against, 94, 95, 100, 101, 144, 604, 605, 631;
against Belgian, 615, 616;
Dutch, _see_ Dutch;
French, 29, 544 n., 606-608, 611, 617, 618, 631;
encouraged in England, 75;
prohibited to fish, 9, 33, 150, 202, 227, 293, 294;
licenses for, 62, 65, 150, 294;
tax on proposed, 101, 138, 139, 214, 295;
protection of, 63
On Irish coasts, 33, 92, 98, 101, 150

Fishermen, guardians of, appointed, 63

Fishery Conventions, 604, 693;
Anglo-Belgian, of 1852, 61;
Anglo-French, of 1839, 612, 613, 644;
of 1867, 618, 619, 630, 633, 634, 645;
North Sea, of 1882, 634, 637-639;
Norway and Sweden decline to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636

Fishery, reciprocal right of, 626, 627, 658, 659, 665, 666;
old Scandinavian rights, 677

Fishery, right of, Boroughs on, 364;
Callis, 363;
Craig, 357;
Digges, 362;
Fiore, 684;
Graswinckel, 412;
Grotius, 346, 351, 356;
Hall, 688;
Hautefeuille, 601, 602;
Wicquefort, 495;
Malynes, 358;
Meadows, 525;
Pontanus, 376;
Puffendorf, 551;
Rayneval, 596;
Sarpi, 547;
Selden, 372, 373;
Stubbe, 497;
Vasquius, 341;
Vattel, 560, 561;
Welwood, 354, 355;
Wheaton, 599;
Wolff, 559

Fishery rights, British North America. _See_ America.

Fishery Societies and Associations, 96, 97, 124, 128 n., 136-140,
160-162, 202, 203, 211, 214, 218, 222, 225, 227, 230 n., 232,
235-243, 266, 267, 292, 301, 328, 346, 439, 442, 444, 494, 515,
516, 533, 534

Fishing boats, 33;
question of neutrality of, during war, 636

Fishing boats, varieties of, 63, 90, 126, 129

Fishing, old limit on Scottish coast, 79

Fishing, safe-conducts for, 62, 71, 72, 79

Fishing vessels, armed, 34 n., 43, 70

Fitton, Sir Henry, 64

Fitzmaurice, Lord, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial
sea, 630, 730, 731

Flag, “honour of.” _See_ Striking.

Flanders, 29, 30, 34, 43, 45, 52 n., 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69,
70, 71, 72, 75, 83, 88, 92, 101, 125, 209, 253, 255, 329

Fleta, 539

Fletcher, George, 225 n., 239 n.

Flushing, 142

Fogg, Captain, 322, 323

Foggo, Robert, 78

Folkestone, 33, 145 n.

Foreign Enlistment Act, 589

Foreshore, ownership of, 361-363

Forth, Firth of, 221 n., 273 n., 298;
herring fishery, 59, 61, 77

Four Seas, 17, 18, 119 n., 251, 363

France, 8, 12, 14, 20, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 44, 50, 57, 60,
61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 83, 88, 92, 97, 101, 103, 105,
117, 127, 129, 134, 151, 158, 189, 212, 246, 264, 265, 269,
275, 286, 413, 426, 451, 452, 463;
Customs jurisdiction, 594;
differences with United Provinces as to striking, 452, 463;
regulation of fisheries beyond three miles, 657;
territorial sea, 657;
treaty with Dutch regarding fishery question, 451-454

Francis I. of France, 74, 75

_Franconia_, case of, 580 n., 590, 591

Frankland, 311 n.

Freiras, F. S. de, on _Mare Liberum_, 350

French fishermen on British coasts, 101, 129, 130, 150, 605;
whalers at Spitzbergen, 182, 183 and n.

Frezno, Marquis of, 508

Friesland, 28, 45, 60, 62, 75, 81, 92, 104

Froissart, 32

Fryer, C. E., 619 n.

Fundy, Bay of, 623, 624, 625

Fyvie, Lord President, 223

Galiani, on territorial sea, 563;
first to suggest three miles as equivalent to range of guns, 563

Galicia, 98, 469

Gama, Vasco da, 340

Garde, Baron de la, 116

Gelderland, 81

Genoa, 30, 45, 45 n., 402, 476, 504;
sovereignty of Ligurian Sea, 4, 158, 339, 341, 371, 411, 473;
limit of territorial sea, 570

Gentilis, on appropriation of sea, 122, 358, 359

Gentleman, Tobias, 128 and n., 129, 132, 134, 137, 358, 364 n.

Gerbier, 318

German Ocean, 19, 209

Germany, 45, 61, 197, 198, 199, 216, 373, 377;
territorial waters of, 652, 653

Ghent, 71, 73;
negotiations at, 581

Ghent, van, 462, 479, 480, 481, 482

Glanville, 539

Glückstadt, 473

Goch, Johan van, 185 n.

Godey, on range of vision, 546

Godolphin, 52 n., 53, 515

Godsdue, Richard, 162

Gondomar, Count of, 206, 208

Goodwin Sands, territoriality of, 640, 640 n.

Gorée, 477, 478, 490, 511

Goring, George, 314

_Grange_, case of, 574

Granville Bay, 612, 619, 697

Graswinckel, Dirck, 305, 354 n., 366 n., 375, 376 n., 411, 412, 550

Gravelines, 68, 282, 327

Greece, territorial sea, 661

Greenland, 4, 28, 108, 181, 184, 199, 257, 376, 393, 407, 430, 437;
whale fishery at, 200, 527

Grey, Sir Edward, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial
sea, 732, 733

Grimaldi, Reyner. _See_ Grimbald.

Grimbald, Reyner, 44 n., 45 and n., 47-51, 54, 409, 740, 744

Grimsby, 32, 699;
trawlers of, in Moray Firth, 722, 727-729

Groningen, 81

Groningen-Watt, 578

Groot, de, 504

Groot, Cornets de, 344 n.

Groot, Hugo de. _See_ Grotius.

Grotius, 5, 105, 118, 148, 157 n., 158 n., 173, 174, 185 n., 190,
191 n., 256 n., 353, 366, 370, 530, 538, 546, 591;
appearance of, _Mare Liberum_, 338, 342;
object and genesis of, 342, 343, 344;
arguments of, 344-350;
defends a Dutch _mare clausum_, 340, 356;
‘Rights of War and Peace,’ 347 ;
on appropriation of sea, 356;
on Portuguese and Spanish claims, 339;
on range of gun limit, 157 n., 158 n., 549;
on Selden’s _Mare Clausum_, 375;
on Welwood, 356

Grotius and James I., 346, 347 n., 351, 357

Guard for fishing fleet, 248

Guernsey, 36

Guiccardini, 125

Guise, Duke of, license to fish at Zowe, 65, 426

Gulf of Nuevo, 661

Gulf of St George, 661

Gulf of San Matias, 661

Guns, range of. _See_ Territorial sea.

Guthrie, Lord, on territorial sea, 623

Haas, Captain Adrian de, 486

Haddington, Earl of, 179 n.

Hagaland, 110

Hague, The, 81, 152, 172, 176, 212, 256, 305, 314, 335, 351, 367, 384,
414, 426, 474, 479, 482, 488;
Conference at, 1881, 632;
Tribunal N. American Fisheries Arbitration, 732 n.

Hale, Lord Chief-Justice, 18, 66, 363, 374, 543

Halifax Commission, 627

Halifax, Viscount, 490

Hall, H. van, 605 n.

Hall, on Sovereignty of Sea, 48 n., 312 n., 580 n.;
on territorial sea, 687

Halleck, on territorial sea, 683

Halsbury, Lord, on territorial sea, 522, 730

Halse, Sir Nicholas, 130, 132, 142, 162 n., 292

Hamburg, 129, 130, 140, 195, 235, 485, 528;
conference at, 336

Hamburgers, 117, 126, 141, 178 n., 227, 255

Hamilton, Marquis of, 186, 225 n.

Hamilton, Sir Thomas, 179 n., 223

Hampden, 324

Hansards, 30, 61, 62, 73

Hardy, Sir T. Duffus, 41

Harfleur, 70

Hargrave, 374;
on Sovereignty of Sea, 580 n.

Harris, Captain Joseph, condemned to death for striking to Spaniard, 512

Harvey, Sir William, 162

Harwich, 274, 699

Hastings, 33, 40, 41, 145 n., 544 n.

Hatherly, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.

Hautefeuille, on territorial sea, 601

Hawkins, Sir John, 5, 117

Hay, Sir George, 186

Hay, Sir John, 217, 218, 220 n., 221, 225 n., 227, 239 n.

Headland doctrine, 360, 622, 624.
_See_ Bays.

Heath, Attorney-General, 252

Heaton, Captain, 437

Hebrides, 153 n., 230, 234, 241 n., 301

Heemskerk, Jacob van, 5, 118, 183, 343

Heffter, on territorial sea, 600;
on range of vision, 546

Helgeland, 108

Heneage, Lord, 728 n., 739

Henrietta Maria, Queen, 380, 382

Henry I., 16, 29, 31, 40, 41

Henry II., 28

Henry II. of France, 117

Henry III., 31, 66

Henry III. of France, 117

Henry IV., 43, 56, 67, 68, 69, 70

Henry IV. of France, 159, 204

Henry V., 8, 34, 41, 42, 43, 70, 108

Henry VI., 38, 70, 109

Henry VII., 63, 72, 73, 109, 387

Henry VIII., 62, 73, 75, 89, 109, 116

Henry, Prince, of Scotland, 81, 169

Herbert, Captain, 512

Herbert, Sir John, 146

Hermetra, 241 n.

Herring busses, 74 n., 162, 447

Herring fishery. _See_ Fisheries, herring.

Herrings, commerce in, 61, 132, 242;
price of, 97

Herschell, Lord, on territorial sea, 592 n., 731

Hervey, Lord, 202

Heywood, Thomas, 326 and n.

Higgin, W. H., inquiry on North Sea fishery disputes, 631

Highlanders, 216, 242

Hitchcock, Captain Robert, 64, 95, 105, 125, 133, 136, 138, 203, 364 n.

Hoek, Dr P. P. C., 707 n.

Holland, 45, 60, 62, 64, 71, 72, 74 n., 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 92,
94, 95, 104, 125, 129, 132, 135, 139, 144, 151, 171, 172, 175,
190, 195, 197, 215, 292, 374, 384, 407, 433, 450, 460

Holland, Earl of, 77

Holland, fishery treaty with, 71, 72

Holland, Prof., 359 n.;
on territorial sea, 691 n.

Hollanders. _See_ Dutch.

Holmes, Captain Sir Robert, 455, 456 n., 458, 484, 485, 486

Hoorn, Simon van, 449 n.

Horn, Andrew, 542

Hovering Acts, 593

Howard, Lord William, 117

Hübner, on territorial sea, 562

Hull, 43, 94, 96, 108, 194 n., 699

Humber, 133

Hume, 311 n.

Huxley, Professor, 702 n.

Hythe, 145 n.

Iceland, 4, 28, 86, 88, 97, 108, 109, 112, 113, 133, 145, 247,
248, 339, 376;
area of fishing-grounds at, 739;
English fishermen attacked by Danes, 109, 110;
English traffic with, 339;
Danish claims at, 528, 529, 567;
fisheries at, 57, 94;
English at, 87, 89, 90, 113, 408;
foreign trawlers at, 700, 707, 711, 714 n.;
fishery dispute between Denmark and United Provinces, 529;
fishery limit at, 647, 648;
seven-mile limit, 739, 740 n.

Idle persons, 98, 115, 116

Impressment of ships, 32

Indies, 107, 135, 215, 257, 341, 360, 457

Insecurity of sea, 247, 248, 249, 253

Institut de Droit International, on territorial sea, 689-692;
articles on, 774

_Intercursus Magnus_, treaty, 72, 73, 80, 86, 157, 158, 256 n., 368,
386, 388, 394, 416, 425, 430, 449, 500

International fishery investigations. _See_ Fisheries.

International Law Association, on territorial sea, 689-692, 774;
Articles on, 774

Inveraray, 83 n.

Ipswich, 247

Ireland, 29, 70, 88, 97, 98, 143, 201, 226, 257, 359;
fisheries, 92;
oyster fisheries, 697;
foreigners prohibited from fishing at, 33, 63;
restrictions on trawling beyond three-mile limit, 716;
Spanish fishings at, 67, 98;
territoriality of oyster-beds, 620, 621

Irgens, J., Norwegian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 673 n.

Isabel of Portugal, 70

Islay, 230

Isle of Man, fishery regulations, 698

Isle of May, fishing tithes, 59, 76

Italian jurists, 6, 35, 101, 347, 360, 539

Italian Republics, 3, 6, 340

Italy, 358;
Customs jurisdiction, 594, 661;
reciprocal rights of fishery with Austria, 659;
territorial sea, 659

James I., 9, 17, 62, 73, 75, 81, 136, 257, 346, 347 n., 351, 353, 357

James I., a new policy, 118;
antecedents of, 124;
proclamation forbidding hostilities in King’s Chambers, 9, 119,
360, 750;
concludes peace with Spain, 125;
proclamation restraining foreigners from fishing on British
coasts, 9, 145-148, 150, 541, 755;
remit of Council on, 146;
deliverance of Committee on, 147;
attitude of French towards, 151;
negotiations with Dutch, 151, 155-159, 170, 178-180, 185-194,
197, 198;
proclamation suspended, 159;
orders records to be searched, 162, 179, 187;
grants of assize herrings, 165, 166;
instructs assize herrings to be levied from foreign fishermen,
168, 757;
indignation at capture of Brown, satisfaction demanded, 172, 174;
forbids Scottish fishermen to fish within a land-kenning at the
Faroes, 176;
requests Dutch not to fish within sight of land, 176;
requests Scottish Council to prevent the Hollanders fishing within
sight of land, 178;
again demands assize herrings from Dutch, 180;
claims seas around Spitzbergen as British, 183;
appoints commissioners to treat with Dutch envoys, 186;
Dutch ambassadors without power to treat of herring fishery, 188, 189;
indignation with Dutch ambassadors, 189;
again gives way on the herring fishery question, 192;
requests Dutch to prohibit fishing within fourteen miles, 192;
negotiations with Dutch as to whale fishery, 193;
Carleton advises fixing a limit, 193;
Dutch agree to keep out of sight of shore, 193;
orders assize herrings to be again collected, 194, 196;
Dutch embassy appointed, 198;
Dutch ambassadors without instructions to deal with fishery
question, 199;
speech to Dutch ambassadors, 199;
indignation against Dutch, 200;
Dutch ambassadors advise States-General to settle fishery
question, 200;
failure of policy of assize herring, 203

James II., 517

James III. of Scotland, 83

James V. of Scotland, 77, 78, 83, 218

James VI. of Scotland, treaty with Dutch, 80, 81

Jan Mayen, sealing at, 695;
whaling at, 527

Japan, territorial sea, 661

Jenkins, Sir Leoline, judge of the High Court of Admiralty, judicial
decisions regarding neutral waters, 553;
plenipotentiary at Cologne, 498;
on case of the _Merlin_, 480;
on confiscation of Smyrna fleet, 486;
on sovereignty of sea, 484 n.;
on striking, 477, 480, 481, 501-503, 511, 512, 513

Jenkinson. _See_ Lord Liverpool.

Jennings, Edward, 115

Jersey, 36

Joachimi, Dutch ambassador, 155, 256, 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 384

John’s ordinance, 6, 16;
on striking, 39-43, 278, 365, 409

Johnsen, Hans, on Moray Firth, 728 n.

Jongestal, Dutch ambassador, 415, 417, 433

Jonson, Ben, 115, 196 n.

Juridical controversies about sovereignty of sea, 338-340, 410-413

Kanin, Cape, 657, 713

Kemble, 27, 28

Kennet, 311 n.

Kent, on territorial sea, 599

Kerouaille, Mademoiselle de, 475

Ketelby, Captain, 281

Keymer, John, author of the “Raleigh” tract, 126, 127, 128 n., 131, 358

Killigrew, Sir William, 280

King James’s Newland, 183

King John’s ordinance. _See_ John.

King, Thomas, 446, 448

King’s Chambers, 50, 54, 209, 260, 262, 263, 359, 360, 373, 539, 553,
598, 622, 723 n.;
declaration of Trinity House as to limits of, 753;
description of, 120;
defined by James I., 9, 118, 120;
extent of, 122, 251;
proclamation concerning, 251, 750;
question of validity of, 576, 577;
restricted to neutrality, 122, 251, 548;
violation of, 10, 245, 247, 255, 256, 258, 259, 326, 328, 330-333, 336

Kirkelee, 49

Kishinouye, Dr, 661 n.

Kleen, on territorial sea, 685

Klüber, on territorial sea, 597

Kronberg, striking at, 473, 520

Kyllachy, Lord, on territorial sea, 725

Lake, Sir Thomas, 359 n.

Lampredi, on territorial sea, 562

Lampreys, 244

“Land-fishing” in Scotland, 222, 226

Land-kenning in Scotland, 77, 84, 144, 154, 175, 176, 177 n., 178,
192, 193, 211, 218, 221, 222 n., 223, 228, 235, 545, 546;
at Faroes, 175.
_See_ Territorial Sea, Range of Vision.

Land-van-Staten, 506, 508, 510, 515

Larrey, 311 n.

Latour, on territorial sea, 595, 685

Laud, Archbishop, 243, 306, 314, 316, 368, 376 n.

Lauderdale, Lord, 187, 483, 507

Laughton, Professor, 521 n.

Law, early English, as to fishing, 66

Lawrence on territorial sea, 683, 688

Laws of Oleron, 6, 40, 42, 44 n., 51, 52, 54, 213, 363, 365

Laws of the Sea, old, 30, 52 n.

Lawson, Vice-Admiral Sir John, 437, 456, 457 n., 463, 472

_Leda_, case of, 586 n.

Lediard, 167 n., 311 n.

Lefevre, Mr Shaw. _See_ Lord Eversley.

Leghorn, 402, 473

Leicester, Earl of, 96, 264 n.

Lennox, Duke of, 130 n., 166, 168, 170, 172, 186, 195 and n., 230 n.,
353, 461;
grant of assize herrings to, 166, 168

Lent, 75, 87, 88, 114, 136, 214, 242, 244;
difficulties in enforcing observance of, 114, 115;
laxity of observance of, 88, 89;
measures to enforce observance of, 88, 114.
_See also_ Political Lent.

Leon, 32

“L’Espagnols sur Mer,” battle of, 37, 67

Levant, 340

Levi, Leoni, on territorial sea, 664 n.

Lewes, 216, 217, 220, 221, 224, 227, 234, 235, 237, 241, 242

Lewis, 216, 217 and n.

Leybourne, Lord William de, 45 n.

Leyden, 73, 342

Libelle of Englyshe Polycye, 18, 30, 37, 38 n.

Licenses for foreign fishermen, 62, 63, 111, 141, 210, 235, 257,
264, 288, 292, 294, 425, 426, 430, 453;
for Dutch, 272, 488, 489;
distributed to the busses, 300;
sums received for, 309, 310, 311;
offered to Dutch, 317;
to French, 440, 454;
to Swedes to fish in British seas, 427;
Danish to fish at Iceland and northern seas, 108-112

Liens, Joachim, Dutch Ambassador, 185 n.

Ligurian Sea, sovereignty of, 4, 339, 341, 371, 411

Lindsay, Thomas, 242

Lindsey, Earl of, 250, 256, 257, 267, 270, 271, 275 n., 282, 284,
286, 287, 380;
appointed Admiral of the first ship-money fleet, 259;
his instructions from the Admiralty, 260;
private instructions from Charles I., 264;
to force licenses on Dutch fishermen, 264;
punctilios of, as to flags, extent of British Seas, 264, 265,
266, 269;
dissatisfaction of Charles with, 268;
and the Dutch herring busses, 272;
proceedings of the fleet, 259-274

Lisle, Viscount, 428, 429

Liverpool, Lord, on neutral rights, 596

Lizard, 103, 122, 269, 437

Loccenius, on territorial sea, 550

Loch Broom, 83

Loch Fyne, 83, 153 n.

Loch Maddy, 241 n.

Lofoten Isles, 672

Logan, Sir Robert, 77 n.

London, 7, 49, 50, 61, 88, 94, 96, 114, 124, 140, 189, 198, 199,
214, 223, 241, 266, 299 n., 330, 358, 384, 396, 404, 407, 428,
439, 443, 446, 448, 449;
consumption of fish in, 87, 97;
fish supply of, 131, 134, 144, 241 n.;
and Fishery Society, 443;
fishmongers of, 89

Long Parliament, 336, 414;
attitude towards Sovereignty of Sea, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382

Lord Mayor, 115, 202, 214, 443, 448

Loreburn, Lord, on territorial sea, 732

“Lords of the Sea,” English kings as, 8, 28, 35, 36, 38 n., 39, 209,
210, 211, 244, 373

Lothian, Firth of, 153 n., 233, 235, 239

Lottery for Fishery Society, 244, 446, 447

Louis of Nassau, 449 n.

Louis XIV., 463, 465, 474, 476, 483, 490, 493, 503, 518, 526;
on fishery question, 453;
intrigue with Charles, 459;
reveals to Charles De Witt’s negotiations, 471;
his policy, 474;
declares war against States-General, 488;
on striking, 518

Low Countries, 73, 77, 94;
fisheries of, 98;
fishermen of, 94, 100, 144.
_See also_ Dutch and Netherlands.

Lowestoft, 249, 307, 469

Lucas farthing, 470 n.

Lundy, Laird of, 188

Lushington, Dr, on territorial sea, 586 n.

Lynn, 49, 77 n., 90, 108, 247

Mackerel fishery, 134, 150

MacLeod, Sir Reginald, 667 n., 673 n.

Madrid, 150, 201, 253, 318

Mainwaring, Sir H., 65 n.

Malynes, Gerard, 128 n., 130 n., 138 n., 160;
on the appropriation of the sea, 358

Manning, on territorial sea, 600

Mansel, Sir Robert, 219 n.

_Mare Clausum_, 11, 19, 20, 251, 254, 257, 258 n., 286, 287, 288,
289, 302, 315 n., 330, 365, 369, 375.
_See_ Selden.

_Mare Liberum_, 255, 256 n., 257, 338, 340, 342, 374, 410.
_See_ Grotius.

Margaret of Savoy, 73

Marine laws, 51, 52, 54

Maritime laws, 41, 42, 44

Marlborough, Duke of, 486 n., 531

Marion, Professor A. F., 667 n.

Marten, Sir Henry, 155, 174, 244 n., 251, 263, 264, 278, 283, 288, 295

Martens, F., 194 n.

Martens, G. F. von, on territorial sea, 563

Martens, Professor de, on territorial sea, 686, 688

Martin, Martin, 241 n.

Martin, Sir Henry, 39, 119 n., 762