Chapter LXV: Appendix: O (2)

Mary, Queen, 64, 88, 91, 117, 141, 206

Mary, Queen, of Hungary and Bohemia, 80 and n.

Mary Stuart, Queen, 79, 81, 83

Mason, Capt. John, 153 n., 167 n., 216, 219 n., 220 n., 241, 364 n.;
grant of assize herrings to, 165, 166, 167 n.

Massé, on territorial sea, 602

Masson, Professor, 195 n.

Masterman, Captain Walter S., 711 n.

Masterman, Dr A. T., 735 n.

Maurice, Count, 173

Maximilian of Austria, 72

Meadows, Sir Philip, on sovereignty of sea, 397, 428 n., 510, 524, 694;
proposes a convention for fishery limits, 525

Mechlin, 71

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 142

Mediterranean, 28, 30, 134, 143, 340, 347, 372, 389, 437, 457, 485;
striking in, _See_ Striking.

Meerman, Dutch ambassador, 483

Melrose, Earl of, 179 n.

Mendoza, 107

Merchant Adventurers, 160, 292

Merchant Associations to secure the peace of the sea, 6, 30

_Mercurius Politicus_, 410

_Merlin_, the King’s yacht, 15, 477-482, 510;
encounter with Dutch fleet, 479;
inquiry by Sir Leoline Jenkins on, 480

Mervin, Sir Henry, 284, 287, 296, 297, 300, 327

Mexico, Customs jurisdiction, 594;
pearl fisheries, 697;
treaties with, 679 and n.

Mid-line (_Thalweg_), 3, 101, 102, 111, 226, 361, 373, 541, 542, 652

Miles, Scots, 233 n.

Milton, John, 410, 428 n., 524

Minch, 230

_Mirror of Justice_ and mid-line, 542

Molloy, on sovereignty of sea, 514;
on striking, 557

Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 408;
on Dutch commerce, 457, 459

Monson, Sir William, 130 n., 132, 135, 143, 202, 204, 205, 206 n.,
208, 216, 219 n., 259

Montague, General. _See_ Earl of Sandwich.

Monteith, Earl of, 224, 225 n., 239 n.

Moore, on sovereignty of sea, 580 n.;
on territorial sea, 691 n.

Moray Firth, 233, 235, 239;
prohibition of trawling within, 718, 720;
foreign trawlers in, 647, 720-728;
Norwegian-registered trawlers in, 721, 727;
prosecution and conviction of foreign trawlers, 722, 723, 724, 727;
case of _Catalonia_, 722;
of Emmanuel Mortensen, 722, 724-727;
of Martin Olsen, 722;
of _Niobe_, 722, 724;
of _Pinewold_, 723;
of _Verbena_, 723;
High Court of Justiciary decides prohibition applies to foreigners,
722, 724-727;
protest by Norway, 727, 728;
Norway favours a convention, 728, 730;
and warns Norwegian trawlers to cease fishing in Moray Firth, 728;
actions against British subjects on foreign trawlers, 728, 729;
views of Foreign Office, 729, 730;
proposal of International Council, 737;
territoriality of, 723-728, 729, 732, 734;
opinions of Scottish judges as to territoriality of, 724-727

Moray Firth, herring fishery in, 61

Morocco, 5, 256, 668;
trawling at, 713

Morton, Earl of, 225 n., 239 n.

Moser, on territorial sea, 562

Muncke, Levinus, 155, 156 n.

Mundesley, 247

Murray, Captain David, 172, 195 n., 196

Muscovy Company, 160;
whale fishery of, 181, 182, 183, 184, 194 n.

Musselburgh, 175 n., 445

Nansen, Dr Fridtjof, Norwegian Minister, 673 n., 728

Nantes, 97

Narrow seas, the, 8, 18, 19, 26, 29, 30, 34, 36, 113, 212, 213,
214, 253, 256, 260, 261, 270, 274, 287, 324 n., 327, 328, 361,
363, 381, 408, 430, 458, 459 n.;
description of, 18;
herring fisheries in, 67;
hostilities prohibited in, 261, 262, 263;
prizes taken in, 359 n.;
striking in, 204-206, 270, 402.
_See_ Channel.

National Sea Fisheries Protection Association, 667 n., 706, 728 n., 740

Naval Salute. _See_ Striking.

Navare, Michel de, 49

Navigation, freedom of, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 20, 33, 34, 35, 43, 67, 86,
106, 158, 341, 346, 358, 360, 365, 421, 497, 676

Navigation Act of 1651, 391 and n., 392, 413, 416, 419;
of 1660, 441, 451, 464

Navy, 2, 5, 10, 11, 22, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 58, 68, 91, 92, 113, 117,
134, 246, 251, 252, 255, 257, 286, 288, 379, 428, 475, 517, 523;
under Charles I., 246;
under Edward III., 33, 36, 38;
under Henry IV., 68;
under Henry VI., 38;
complaint of Commons on, 38

Navy and fisheries, 428

Needham, Marchamont, 410, 411

Netherlands, 21, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 93 n., 94, 105, 112, 125,
126, 127 n., 138, 144, 168, 185, 200, 203, 312, 380, 397;
prohibit their fishermen from fishing within two leagues of Scottish
coast, 605, 606;
territorial sea, 658.
_See_ Dutch.

Neutral waters, 22, 119, 120, 359 n., 548, 586, 622, 641 n., 665, 685,
775;
decrees regarding, 569-571;
limit of, 546;
proclamations and decisions regarding, 553, 554;
Scandinavian limit of, 568;
treaties regarding, 571, 572;
usage in seventeenth century, 552, 553, 554

Newcastle, 34 n., 96, 114, 248, 249, 252, 273 n., 428

Newfoundland, 86, 88, 92, 97, 113, 219, 589;
fishery rights at, 531, 532

Nicholas, Secretary of Admiralty, 44 n., 213, 262, 263, 275 n., 278,
292, 295, 318, 322

Nicholl, Sir John, on territorial sea, 586 n.

Nicolas, Sir N. H., 37, 45 n., 46 n., 53, 56

Nieuport, 60, 327, 400

Nieuport, William, Dutch ambassador, 395, 415, 417, 433

Nootka Sound, 573

Nordland, 108

Norfolk, 46 n., 63, 90, 94, 101, 162, 248

Norham, 60

Norman Conquest, 6, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 59, 372

Normandy, 29, 36, 43, 48, 50, 59, 62, 69, 74, 97, 103, 129, 213

Northampton, Earl of, 138, 353

North Cape, 58, 86, 478, 502, 503

North-east passage, 343

Northmen, sea power of, 26, 28

North Sea, 21, 22, 43, 246, 247, 382, 432, 434, 465, 466 n.;
fisheries, 43, 60, 87, 89, 130, 131, 133, 408, 470;
Conference at Hague on, 1881, 632;
Fishery Convention, 1882, 634, 637, 638, 639, 644, 721, 722,
725, 726, 735, 737;
defects in definitions, 641;
question of limit of exclusive fishing on other coasts, 643, 644,
645, 646;
Sweden and Norway decline to join, 636;
development of trawling in, 699, 700;
impoverishment of fishing-grounds in, 706-710, 711, 738, 739 n.

Northumberland, Earl of, 131, 243, 264, 266 n., 278, 279, 319, 320,
322, 323, 327, 379, 380, 388, 425, 426, 557;
appointed admiral of second ship-money fleet, 287;
instructions of Admiralty, 289, 290;
instructions from Charles, 295;
proceedings of fleet in Channel, 290, 291;
proceedings of fleet against Dutch fishermen, 295-300, 307-311;
forces licenses on Dutch fishermen, 12, 291, 296, 297, 298, 299,
300, 301, 308;
appointed admiral of the third ship-money fleet, 319;
appointed Lord High Admiral, 329

Norway, 34, 45, 169 n., 339, 527;
area of fishing-grounds, 738;
Customs jurisdiction, 594;
declines three-mile limit, 633, 678;
declines to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636, 783;
disputes with England as to fisheries, 108, 110;
fisheries, 92;
fisheries in Vestfjord, 672, 677;
fishery limit early fixed, 528;
special fishery limits, 671, 672, 678, 679;
foreign trawlers seized for illegal fishing, 680;
registered trawlers in Moray Firth, 721, 727, 728;
sovereignty of sea of, 4;
territorial sea, 653, 669-681, 685;
method of computing, 653, 655, 669, 670, 676, 678, 685;
respected by foreign fishermen, 677, 678

Norwegian Sea, sovereignty over, 4, 16

Nottingham, Earl of, 206, 353

Nova Zembla, 184

Okhotsk, Sea of, foreigners fishing in, 585

Oldenbarneveldt. _See_ Barneveldt.

Oldys, 127 n.

Oleron, Laws of. _See_ Laws.

_Onward Ho!_ case of, 657 n.

Oppenheim, on territorial sea, 688

Oquendo, Don Antonio de, 330-334

Orange, Prince of, 190, 197, 303, 306, 314, 315 n., 384, 387, 422,
430, 433, 434, 460, 462, 490, 491, 492, 503, 517

Orfordness, 49, 277, 553

Orkney, 88, 108, 126, 165, 169, 180, 201, 215, 221, 227, 230, 234, 406

Orkney, Earl of, 169 n.

Ormonde, Marquis of, 450

Ortolan, on territorial sea, 601

Orwell, 54

Ossory, Lord, 485, 486 n.

Ostend, 43, 309

Ouwers, Egidio, 273 n.

Overbury, Sir Thomas, 127 n.

Over-Yssel, 81

Owen, Captain, 382

Oxford, 358

Oyster fisheries, special treatment of, 657;
question of territoriality of Irish, 620, 621;
reserved for French, 612, 619, 620

Pacius, on Venetian dominion of sea, 351

Palatinate, 198, 199, 210, 253, 265, 271, 274, 275, 286, 302, 305,
306, 314, 315, 316, 331

Papal Bulls, 5, 105, 106, 107, 339, 342, 344, 372

Pardessus, 41, 42

Parliament, 67, 77 n., 116, 211, 214, 367, 409, 414, 443, 449, 457,
458, 475, 483, 492, 493, 503, 506, 532;
on safeguarding the sea, 34;
petitions for dues on navigation of Channel, 35;
on navy, 38

Parliament of Ireland, 33, 63

Parliament of Scotland, 82, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225

Parry, Sir Thomas, 155

Pauw, Adrian, Dutch ambassador, 405, 414

Pearl fisheries, 697;
Vattel on, 560

Pedrogue, John de, 45 n., 49, 50

Pembroke, Earl of, 227, 239 n., 240-244, 446

Pendennis Castle, 280

Penn, Sir William, 383, 408, 456

Pennington, Sir John, 208, 212, 244, 259, 261, 264, 274, 275 n.,
287, 290, 296, 297, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328, 379, 403;
instructions as to striking, 261-263, 276, 277;
suggestion as to neutral waters round a King’s ship, 262;
on striking, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283;
action at Battle of Downs, 329-335

Pepys, Samuel, 312 n., 513, 514;
on Fishery Society, 447 n., 448, 449;
on striking, 456;
on second Dutch war, 458, 459;
on state of navy, 517

Perels, on territorial sea, 652, 684, 688

Perkins, Sir Christopher, 146, 155

Perre, Van de, Dutch ambassador, 391, 415

Petersen, Gisbert, fishing license to, 460

Philip, Archduke of Austria, 72

Philip the Fair, 44

Philip II., 64, 81, 107, 141, 205, 425, 426, 544

Philip III., 350

Philip IV., 350

Phillimore, 312 n.;
on territorial sea, 682

Picardy, 29, 62, 74, 88, 103, 130

Picaroons, 273, 276

Pilchard, 134, 143, 227, 235, 447

Piracy, prevalence of, 4, 5, 7, 30, 43

Pirates, 68, 72 n., 78, 79, 82, 91, 247, 253, 254, 260, 269, 274,
284 n., 291, 292, 327, 339, 390, 421, 456, 471

Pistoye and Duverdy, on territorial sea, 602

Pitt, on fishery arrangements with France, 532

Pittenweem, 59, 175 n.

Plague, 299 n.

Plancius, 183

Plantagenets, 8, 11, 30, 43, 75, 209, 211, 213, 258, 368, 421

Plegher, 80

Plowden, on sea of England, 102, 111, 361, 543

Plumleigh, Captain, 208, 277, 280

Plymouth, 33, 117, 267, 268, 327

Poland, 61;
claim to Baltic, 4, 371, 377

Political Lent, the, 87, 88, 89, 112, 114

Pontalis, on fishery question, 453 n.

Pontanus, J. I., on Selden’s _Mare Clausum_, 376, 550

Pope, the, 28, 105, 106, 107, 212, 277 n., 339, 371

Popham, Col. Edward, 382

Porpoise, 88

Portland, 267

Portland Castle, 256, 279

Portland, Earl of, 239 n., 241, 253

Portsmouth, 114, 408

Portsmouth, Duchess of, 475

Portugal, 91, 268;
area of fishing-grounds, 738;
fishermen visit British coasts, 129;
and Irish coast, 98;
fishery treaty with, 67;
foreign trawlers at, 713;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 5, 86, 105-108, 112, 340, 343, 344, 350;
territorial sea, 569, 664, 668

Pradier-Fodéré, on territorial sea, 684, 688

Prerogative of crown, 236

Pribilov Islands, 695

Privateers, 462

Prize, law of, 359 n.

Prussia, 34, 216;
fishermen on British coasts, 605

Prynne, Keeper of the Records, 17, 25, 27 n., 39, 43, 44 n., 213,
326 n., 352 n., 367 and n.;
on the sovereignty of the sea, 493

Puffendorf, on territorial sea, 551

Quarantine Acts, 594

Rainsford, Richard, 64, 138, 141, 142, 145, 159

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 127 and n., 136, 204, 413

Raleigh tract. _See_ Keymer.

Ramsgate, 699

Range of guns, Grotius on, 349;
range of modern guns, 21;
range of gun limit, 549;
range of guns and salute, 473 n.;
range of vision, 175, 193, 544;
claimed by Denmark, 529;
Grotius on, 347;
old English law, 544;
prescribed by Philip II., 544
_See_ Land-kenning and Territorial sea.

Rapin, 167 n., 311 n.

Rayneval, on range of vision, 546;
on territorial sea, 596

Reddie, on territorial sea, 600

Reformation, 67;
influence of, on fisheries, 75, 87, 89, 92

Reprisals between Scots and Dutch, 77, 78, 79, 84;
between traders, 53, 54

Reserved waters. _See_ Scotland.

Restoration, the, 14, 441

Revocation, Act of, 226

Rhé, Isle de, 246, 290

Richard I., 32, 40, 41, 51, 52

Richard II., 33, 62, 363

Richard III., 63, 72 n.

Richelieu, Cardinal, 12, 210, 246, 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275,
276 n., 283, 291, 314, 526

Right of fishery. _See_ Fishery.

Right of search, 13, 330, 389, 393

Rio de la Plata, territoriality of, 663

Ripperda, Joachim, Dutch ambassador, 449

Rivalry in trade between English and Dutch, 10, 441, 457

Rochelle, 97, 267, 276 n., 290

Roe, Sir Thomas, 240, 276, 303, 306, 314, 315, 316 n., 323, 324

Roman law as to sea, 3, 344, 353, 356, 360, 539;
as to fishing, 66

Romans and sovereignty of sea, 26

Rool d’Oleron. _See_ Laws of Oleron.

Rose, Richard, 324 n.

Rosny, Sieur de, 204

Rostock, 195

Rotterdam, 79, 171, 327, 397 n., 511

Rouen, 61

Royal fishery, Pepys on, 447 n., 448

Roxburgh, Earl of, 225 n., 239 n.

Rupert, Prince, 382, 493

Russia, 29, 61, 110, 142, 158, 358;
Behring Sea question, 581, 582;
Company, _see_ Muscovy Company;
Customs limit, 656, 657 n.;
territorial sea, 656

Ruyter, Captain, 298 n., 304

Rye, 33, 54, 65, 145 n., 483

Ryley, William, Keeper of the Records, 409, 410 n.

Ryswick, 466 n.

Saen, Joris van der, 402, 404

St Andrews, 352

St George’s Channel, 142

St John, Lord Chief-Justice, 72;
proceeds to The Hague, 384;
negotiations with Dutch, 385-390;
his proposals for alliance and coalescence, 385;
_Intercursus Magnus_ taken as basis of treaty, 386, 387;
his seven articles, 387;
the Dutch thirty-six articles, 388;
abstract of, 764;
as to fishing, 388, 389;
Dutch proposals as to sovereignty of sea, 389;
for a joint fleet to police the seas, 389, 395;
Dutch withdraw proposal as to striking, 390;
failure of negotiations, 390;
leaves The Hague, 391

St Lo, Captain George, on fishery limit at Yarmouth, 546 n.

Safe-conducts for fishing, 7, 33, 74

Salisbury, Earl, 64, 130 n., 150, 151, 155, 159, 223, 227 n., 359 n., 360;
on 100-mile limit, 541

Salisbury, Marquis of, on territorial sea, 592, 731

Salisbury, Miss E., 45 n.

Salmon fishing, 26, 233, 234, 235

Salute. _See_ Striking.

Sandwich, 73;
Knut’s grant of, 542

Sandwich, Earl of, 438, 463, 472

Saracens, 5, 339

Sarpi, on territorial sea, 547

Savage, Viscount, 239 n.

Savoy, Duke of, 540

Scania, 34, 362 n.;
decline of herring fishery at, 61

Scarborough, 49, 89, 108, 142, 247, 250, 256, 273, 274, 322;
castle, 64

Scaw, three-mile limit at, varies, 640 n.

Schaep, Dutch ambassador, 391

Schelde, 28

Scheveningen, 460

Schiedam, 78, 79, 318, 397 n.

Schmalz, on territorial sea, 597

Scilly Isles, 269, 390, 398, 399

Scotland, 48, 49, 59, 88;
Draft Treaty of Union with England, 1604, 84, 192, 223, 227, 228,
230, 232, 694;
fish exported from, 61;
fisheries of, 93;
importance of, 76;
claim to, 76, 82;
exclusive spirit as to, 76;
policy towards, 82;
treaties regarding, 75-82;
foreigners at West Coast fishings, 83, 130;
jealousy of foreign fishermen, 77, 124;
fishing in bays and lochs prohibited, 202;
attacks on Dutch fishermen, 77;
complaints against Dutch fishermen, 144, 168, 177, 201, 234, 301;
complaints against French fishermen, 606, 617;
Dutch edicts _re_ fishing, 201;
old fishery limits, 226-229;
old limit against Dutch, 83, 84;
herring fishery in, 59, 61, 76, 79, 83, 143, 221 n.;
extra-territorial jurisdiction in, 698;
instructions of Privy Council _re_ assize herrings, 757;
fishery Acts, 76;
fishery scheme, 225, 227;
fishery society, 444;
fishing in lochs claimed, 218;
“land fishing” described, 222 and n.;
land-kenning, _see_ Land-kenning;
limits of territorial sea, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230;
limit of 14 miles in Draft Treaty of Union, 223;
limit of two leagues fixed by Dutch, 605, 606;
reserved waters, 77, 84, 209, 211, 218, 220, 222, 223, 226-230, 234,
236-238, 445, 547

Scotland, royal burghs, 76, 216, 217, 220, 221;
ask that the Dutch be removed within a land-kenning, 221;
and fishery society, 445;
oppose assize herrings, 166;
territoriality of firths, 692;
trawling restrictions on, 715, 716;
Fishery Board empowered to restrict, 717;
Bill to extend prohibition of, 720;
Act fixing thirteen-mile limit for, 720;
treaties with the Dutch, 188 n.

Scotland, Sea Fisheries Regulation Act, 1895, 592

Scott, Thomas, 284

Scott, Sir William. _See_ Stowell, Lord.

Scottish Seas, the, 226

Scudamore, Lord, 272

Sea, appropriation of, 537, 539;
in Middle Ages, 3;
reasons for, 5;
Roman law on, 539, 541;
opinions of Italian jurists, 101, 104;
opinions of modern jurists on, 552;
Bynkershoek, 555;
Callis, 363;
Lord Chief-Justice Coke on, 363;
Gentilis on, 358, 359;
Graswinckel on, 411, 412;
Loccenius, 550;
Puffendorf, 550;
Lord Salisbury on, 361;
Selden, 370-374;
Lord Stair, 545 n.;
Vattel, 560

Sea, exhaustibility of. _See_ Fisheries.

Sea, “High Seas,” 50, 54

Sea, insecurity of, 5, 6, 30, 53, 54, 57, 70, 247-257

Sea, measures for guarding, 31, 32, 33, 34

Sea, sovereignty of. _See_ Sovereignty.

Sea of England, 7, 8, 9, 11, 20, 31, 41, 101, 209;
extent of, 15, 16, 54, 55, 56;
seizure of ships in, by Grimbald, 49, 50;
sovereign lordship of, 43, 46, 51, 54, 55;
Callis on, 363;
Plowden on, 102;
terms applied to, 16, 17;
the “Two Seas,” 17;
the “Three Seas,” 17;
the “Four Seas,” 17, 18, 251

Sea, property in bed of, 362

Seaforth, Earl of, 216, 220, 221, 222 n.

Sealing, 695, 696

Seals, 88

Seas, British, extent of, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 26, 208, 264 and n.,
381, 418, 419, 429, 431-437, 459 n., 465, 466 and n., 469, 470,
477, 495, 505, 506 and n., 510, 515, 521;
Admiralty on, 437, 438;
reluctance of Admiralty to define, 20, 264 and n.;
boundaries intentionally left undefined, 20;
Dee on extent of, 101-103;
dispute as to extent of, 437;
Richard Cromwell on extent of, 438;
Thurloe on extent of, 434;
Trinity House on extent of, 20, 477, 478;
on striking in, 469, 470, 501-505;
claim to, gradually died out, 21

Sebastian, King, 107

Secretary for Scotland, 219, 227 n., 232

Seine, 26, 28

Seines, Bill to prohibit, within ten miles, 444 n.

Selden, 11, 17, 20, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45 n., 48,
49, 55, 56, 62, 64 n., 66, 119 n., 183, 186 n., 213, 251, 254,
258 n., 279, 286, 305, 352 n., 353, 363, 410 n., 456, 469, 546,
550, 551;
controversy with Graswinckel, 411, 412;
imprisonment and release of, 367;
requested by Charles to write _Mare Clausum_, 366;
on British seas, 19;
on English sovereignty of sea, 373, 374;
on exhaustibility of sea, 372;
_Mare Clausum_, 11, 20, 254, 258 n., 315 n., 330, 389, 425, 456,
502, 504, 509 n., 543;
history of, 365, 366;
publication of, 288, 367;
political importance of, 368, 369;
importance of, in English law, 369, 374;
satisfaction of Charles with, 368, 369;
arguments of, 369-374;
anxiety in Holland about, 374, 375;
translated, 410

Semeyns, Meynert, 242 n.

Servat, William, 50

Seven Stones Rocks, territoriality of, 642, 643

Shaftesbury, Earl of, 492;
on the Dutch, 506

Sheerness seized by Dutch, 459

Shetlands, 4, 76, 88, 89, 90 n., 108, 113, 126, 129, 131, 151, 165,
169, 180, 201, 215, 221, 227, 230, 234, 238, 241, 406, 443, 534

Shields, 84

Ship-money, 324, 329, 379

Ship-money fleet, first, 256, 259 n.;
object of, 260, 264, 265;
proceedings of, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274;
failure of, 274, 275.
_See_ Lindsey.
Second, 286;
its object, 287, 288;
opinion of Admiralty on convoying foreign vessels, 288, 289, 762;
on protecting foreign licensed fishermen, 288, 762;
proceedings of fleet, 290, 291, 295-301, 307-311;
failure to meet with French, 290;
instructions of Charles as to foreign fishermen, 295;
licenses distributed to Dutch herring busses, 298, 300, 308;
amount received as convoy and license-money, 309, 310, 311.
_See_ Northumberland.
Third, 319, 323.
Fourth, 327.

Ship-money writs, 36 n., 211, 253, 254, 286

Ships, impressment of, 32

Shookius, 550

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 520

Shrewsbury, Duke of, 520

Sicily, 29

Skagerrack, 438 and n.;
territoriality of, 636, 653

Sleeve, the, 260

Slingsby, Capt., 327

Sluys, battle of, 36, 37, 38

Smeerenburg, 194 n.

Smith, Captain John, 312 n., 494

Smith, Lieut. Thomas, dismissed for forcing French to strike, 521

Smith, Northumberland’s Secretary, 328, 331, 332

Smith, Simon, 242 n., 244 n., 442, 443 n., 448

Smyrna fleet, 485, 486, 487

Society of Fishing Merchants, 138, 159

Solebay, battle of, 489

Solinus, 25

Somerset, Earl of, 56 n.

Sommelsdijck, Lord of. _See_ Aerssen.

Sound, the sovereignty over, 4, 8, 16, 108;
toll levied at the, 4, 8, 35, 91, 108, 110, 154, 190, 339, 501

South America, territorial sea, 661

Southampton, 68, 73, 94

Southwold, 90 n., 534

“Sovereign of the Seas,” the, 28, 326

Sovereignty of the sea, among ancients, 371 n., 373

Sovereignty of sea, decadence of claim to, 15, 517, 522, 523, 566

Sovereignty of sea, juridical controversies about, 5, 410-413;
liberty of navigation, 8, 11, 33, 34, 54.
_See_ Navigation.

Sovereignty of the sea, meaning of, 2;
striking as a symbol of, 39

Sovereignty of sea, treatises on, 364 n.

Sovereignty of the sea, Barrère on, 595;
Blackstone, 580 n.;
Boroughs, 364-366;
Champagne, 595, 596;
Chitty, 580 n.;
Secretary Coke, 272;
Cromwell, 423, 424;
Dr Dee, 99, 103;
De Witt, 454, 468, 470;
Evelyn, 514;
English writers, 493, 494, 513;
Gentilis, 359;
Hall, 580 n.;
Hargrave, 580 n.;
Italian jurists, 6;
Jenkins, 484 n.;
Loccenius, 550;
Molloy, 514;
Moore, 580 n.;
naval historians on, 521;
Selden, 370-374;
Stubbe, 496-498;
Wicquefort, 495;
Baltic, 4, 33, 552;
Bothnian Gulf, 4

Sovereignty of sea, Denmark, 4, 8, 16, 33, 105, 108, 158, 339, 371,
376, 530, 552, 567;
contested by Elizabeth, 86;
England, origin of English claims, 6, 29, 30;
nature of, 8, 30;
defects of, 33;
early history of, 25;
under ancient Britons, 25, 26;
under Romans, 25, 365;
under Anglo-Saxons, 26;
under King Edgar, 27;
before Norman Conquest, 27;
after Norman Conquest, 29;
under Plantagenet Kings, 30, 40, 51, 52;
rolls concerning, 8, 43, 44, 45, 740, 744;
not claimed, by Tudors, 86, 111;
importance of claim under Stuarts, 9, 10, 118;
claimed as a prerogative of the crown, 211;
aimed against Dutch, 10, 125;
extravagant claims under Charles I., 209, 251, 264, 274;
under the Commonwealth, 378-382, 394, 395, 409, 412;
under Charles II., 441, 458, 487, 488;
decadence of claim, 15, 517, 522, 523;
of France, 287;
of Genoa, 4, 339, 341, 371;
of Norway, 4, 16, 530;
of Pisans, 371;
Poland, 4, 377;
Portugal, 5, 105-108, 112, 338, 339, 341, 371, 552;
Spain, 5, 105-108, 112, 118, 158, 330, 339, 341, 371, 552;
Sweden, 4, 350, 552;
Tuscans, 371;
Venice, 3, 4, 8, 16, 33, 338, 339, 341, 350, 351, 351 n., 371, 552, 566

Sowe. _See_ Zowe.

Spain, 20, 30, 33, 45, 57, 87, 91, 95, 107, 189, 198, 199, 203,
205, 212, 245, 247, 253, 255, 264, 266, 268, 275, 286, 304, 493;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 5, 86, 105-108, 112, 118, 188, 339;
fisheries, 92;
area of fishing-grounds, 738;
foreign trawlers at, 713;
fishermen of, on British coasts, 67, 129, 150;
peace with England, 125, 358;
war with United Provinces, 9, 119, 139, 148, 201, 243 n., 251;
territorial sea, 644-668;
limits of, 569, 664;
Customs limit, 594;
disputes with Great Britain and United States as to territorial
sea, 664, 665

Spaniards forced to strike, 117, 206

Spanish Netherlands, 266, 272, 275

Spanish whalers at Spitzbergen, 182, 183 n.

Spelman, 27

Spitzbergen, 4;
whaling at, 112, 164, 181, 182-185, 193, 194, 194 n., 198, 199,
200, 527.
_See also_ Greenland.

Spragge, Sir Edward, 485, 489

Sprat fishery, 133

Stair, Lord, on territorial limit, 545 n.

Star Chamber, 243

Start, the, 260

State merchant, 136

States-General of the United Provinces, 84, 178, 186, 190, 192, 258,
292, 343, 351, 415, 481;
conclude treaty with James VI., 81;
conclude peace with Spain, 148;
consider James’s proclamation on unlicensed fishing, 148, 150;
decide to maintain freedom of fishing on British coast, 151;
send embassy to James about, 155;
arguments used, 155, 159;
proclamation suspended, 159;
apologise for the capture of Brown, 173;
send the Captain responsible to London, 174;
publish an edict forbidding their fishermen to interfere with
Scottish fishermen, 179:
negotiations with James, 189;
disputes as to whale fishing at Spitzbergen, 181-185;
send another embassy to London, 185;
no instructions as to fishery question, 188, 189;
order their fishermen to keep out of sight of shore, 193;
send another embassy to James, 199;
again without instructions as to fishery question, 199, 200;
renew their edicts and order their fishermen not to go too near
Scottish coast, 201;
proceedings regarding licenses of Charles I., 301, 302, 303, 304,
305, 312, 313, 314, 315;
instructions to Evertsen as to striking, 399;
to Tromp, 399, 402 n., 405;
send Van Dorp to protect the busses from Northumberland, 300;
order Van Dorp to prevent acceptance of licenses, 312, 313;
send Aerssen van Sommelsdijck as ambassador, 336;
on Selden’s ‘Mare Clausum,’ 375;
resolve to increase their fleet, 393;
and question of striking, 390, 392;
attitude to the Parliament, 381;
send ambassador to London, 384;
negotiations with St John, 384-391;
another embassy to London, 391;
consider and postpone question of striking, 392, 399;
resolve to strengthen their fleet, 393;
negotiations interrupted by Tromp’s encounter with Blake, 397;
disown Tromp’s action, 405;
instruct him to strike, 405;
send the Grand Pensionary to London, 405;
recall ambassador and prepare for war, 405, 406;
send four deputies to the Parliament, 415;
negotiations for peace, 414-435;
peace concluded, 435

States-General and Charles II., action on fishery Bill, 449, 450, 451;
embargo on fisheries, 460, 462;
propose freedom of fishing during war, 461, 462;
differences with France as to, 463;
decision as to striking, 469, 481;
orders to their men-of-war on striking, 473;
drawn into dispute about striking, 482;
yield as to striking, 483, 484;
sue for peace, 490;
terms offered, 490;
reject terms, 491;
negotiations for peace, 498-506;
peace concluded, 508

States-General. _See_ Dutch, Netherlands, United Provinces.

States of Holland, 151, 155, 190, 303, 375, 384, 398, 407, 414

Stebbing, 127 n.

Stephens, Violet, 139

Stewart, Lord Robert, 169 n.

Stirling, Viscount, 239 n.

Stornoway, 216, 242

Stowell, Lord, decisions respecting territorial limit, 577, 578,
641 n., 681, 682;
on three-mile limit, 641 n.

Straddling, Captain, 207 n., 282, 327

Straits of Dover. _See_ Dover.

Strange, Lady, 283

Stratherne, Earl of, 239 n.

Strauchius, 550

Strickland, Walter, 384, 392, 429

Striking as an acknowledgment of maritime sovereignty, 3, 210;
origin of, 7, 42, 207;
first instance of, 43;
John’s ordinance on, 39-43;
under Tudors, 116;
under Henry VIII., 116;
opposed by French, 117;
under Elizabeth, 117, 204;
under James I., 204-208

Striking under Charles I., 11, 12, 210, 212;
becomes very prominent, 276;
arrogance of English officers regarding, 280, 281, 282;
under Commonwealth, 378, 380, 381;
under Charles II., 496;
James II. and after, 552;
decay of claim to, 327, 518, 519, 522;
abandoned after Trafalgar, 15, 523;
Admiralty instructions concerning, 260, 261, 277, 278, 380-383, 456,
469, 523 n.

Striking, rules and customs of, 206-208, 277, 278, 398, 463, 464, 466,
469-472, 481;
not well understood, 277, 456, 466, 469, 470, 478, 479

Striking at foreign ports and coasts, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 327,
381, 473, 477, 557;
before forts, 256, 279, 280, 472;
in British seas, 502, 503;
in Mediterranean, 327, 413, 456, 468, 473, 488;
in narrow seas, 206, 207 n., 208, 277, 402

Striking by merchant vessels, 206, 207, 282, 513;
British, 260, 275, 283, 284, 285, 519;
foreign, 207, 275, 513

Striking by Danes, 266, 282;
claim to, by Danes, 473, 520;
by Dunkirkers, 275, 282, 327

Striking by Dutch, 12, 13, 117, 204, 205, 208, 267, 269, 270, 276,
277, 279, 280, 281, 300, 327, 328, 330, 334, 383, 390, 392,
397, 398, 400-403, 437, 438, 449, 452, 455-457, 466-469, 472,
473, 477-481, 485, 486, 490, 491 n., 495, 501, 510-513, 520;
States-General consider question, 390, 392, 397;
De Witt’s proposals regarding, 467, 468, 469, 470;
on striking to a frigate or ketch, 468-470;
question of whole fleet to single ship, 477, 478, 479, 482;
terms offered Dutch, 490, 491 n.;
offer to strike in all seas, 432, 505, 506, 510;
by Dutch to French, 276 and n.;
by English to Dutch, 512

Striking by French, 117, 204, 212, 267, 270 and n., 271, 272, 275,
276, 279, 280, 283, 291, 313, 327, 332, 333, 471, 477, 488, 512,
513, 518, 520, 521;
French demand salute from English vessels, 212;
force English merchant vessels to strike, 268, 277, 283, 327;
by Hamburgers, 117;
by Spaniards, 205, 327, 330, 477;
by English to Spaniards, 512;
by Swedes, 382, 455, 456 n., 520

Striking, Bynkershoek on, 556;
Jenkins on, 480, 481;
jurists on, 557;
Molloy on, 515;
Wicquefort on, 495;
Duke of York on, 469

Striking, treaties regarding, 382, 455, 508, 517, 522-572 n.

Striking, arrangement between Charles and Louis, 488

Striking, arrangement between France and the United Provinces proposed, 452

Striking, differences between French and Dutch as to, 452, 463

Striking, French edicts on, 513

Striking, Richelieu’s proposals, 271, 272

Striking, Tromp’s memorandum on, 398, 770

Stuarts, the, 9, 57, 65, 118, 378

Stubbe, Henry, on sovereignty of sea, 496, 497, 498

Sturgeon, 66, 88, 363

Stypmannus, 550

Suffolk, 63, 94, 101, 248, 462

Suffolk, Earl of, 227

Sully, Duke of, 204

Sunderland, 249

Sweden, 60, 62, 142, 158, 358, 474, 490, 498;
asks for and obtains liberty of fishing in British seas, 427;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 4, 350, 377;
and striking, 208, 382;
territorial sea, 653, 664, 669, 674, 675;
method of computing, 669;
Customs limit, 594;
declines to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636

_Taurus_, case of, 640

Taxation of foreign fishermen, 203

Teind fish, 195, 196

Temple, Lady, 478, 479, 480

Temple, Sir William, 470, 481;
on striking, 467, 468;
concludes Triple Alliance, 474;
recalled from The Hague, 476;
negotiates peace, 508;
on the article regarding striking, 509, 510

Territorial sea, agreements between Great Britain and Germany, 634, 652;
Anglo-Danish Convention concerning Iceland and Faroes, 647, 648;
boundaries begin to be fixed, 554, 573;
by treaty, 526, 565;
Gulf Stream as a boundary, 575, 650;
British Foreign Office on, 665, 667 and n., 730, 731, 732, 738;
wishes territorial waters in North Sea to remain undefined, 632,
633, 634;
Parliamentary Committee recommend extension of, 707 and n.

Territorial sea, bays, and gulfs, 77, 348, 544, 545, 547, 548, 552,
574, 575, 581, 585, 589, 598, 599, 601-603, 610, 614, 619 n.,
622-630, 632-634, 639, 649, 652, 666, 668, 670, 678, 718, 723,
725, 726, 730;
of Bengal, 625;
Biscay, 564, 625;
Bothnia, Gulf of, 564;
Cancale, _see_ Granville;
Chaleurs, 623, 624, 628, 629, 630, 692;
Conception, 588, 589;
Delaware, 574, 599, 629;
Fundy, 623-625;
Granville, 612, 619, 692;
Hudson’s, 561;
of Argentina, 661;
Norway, 670, 672, 674, 677;
Scotland, firths, 222, 223, 230, 233, 239, 545, 622, 692;
Moray Firth, 721.
_See also_ Fisheries and King’s Chambers.

Territorial sea, British Foreign Office on, 629, 730, 731 and n., 732, 733;
delimitation of North American, 622, 627-630;
French Government on, 632;
Hague Tribunal on, 732;
Institut de Droit International on, 691, 775;
International Law Association on, 691, 775;
_inter fauces terræ_, 544, 547;
measurement of, 639;
old English law regarding, 547;
omitted in Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 593;
principles regarding, 548;
six-mile line for, 627, 629, 630, 632, 730, 731;
treaty stipulation in 1521, 548;
usage regarding, 547, 548

Territorial sea, closed seas, 339, 564, 572, 582, 584, 585, 598, 657;
straits, 547, 561, 564, 586, 692, 776

Territorial sea, Dano-Swedish limit in Baltic, 655;
decisions of law courts as to extent of, 585-592;
definitions in Acts, 589, 591, 718;
in Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 591, 592

Territorial sea, not absolutely defined by any State, 651, 652, 657, 660

Territorial sea, not defined by Great Britain, 593

Territorial sea, discussion between Spain, Great Britain, and United
States, 665

Territorial sea, discussion as to limit in North Sea, 632, 633, 634

Territorial sea, distinction between limit under international law and
in treaties, 644;
between exclusive fishery limit and territorial limit, 644, 660;
distinction between “coasts” and “bays,” 622;
meaning of “coasts,” 641 n.

Territorial sea, historical evolution of, 537

Territorial sea, in peace and war, 636, 651, 665

Territorial sea, in relation to fisheries, 693;
for “floating” fish, 698;
for coral, 684, 695, 697;
oysters, 611, 612, 619, 620, 621, 697;
pearls, 560, 697;
seals, 662, 663, 695, 696;
whales, 674, 695, 696;
exclusive fishery limit, 639;
on British and Irish coasts, 646, 647;
outside the North Sea, 643, 644, 645, 646;
extra-territorial regulations, 657, 661, 662, 663, 695, 699, 704,
707, 708, 716, 720, 725, 726, 727;
international regulations, 733, 734, 735;
trawling, 698, 707, 735;
jurisdiction for Customs, 593-595, 609, 665, 676, 679 n.;
for public health and slave-ships, 593-595;
under common law of England, 546;
over foreigners, 589, 590, 591;
navigation in, 78, 676

Territorial sea, need of distinguishing different rights in, 690;
neutral waters, decrees respecting, 569-570;
proposed limit for, 690, 775

Territorial sea, possession of opposite shores, 35, 43;
principle of thalweg or mid-line, 541-544

Territorial sea, proposals of International Law Association, 690-692, 774;
question of banks and flats, 633, 634, 635, 639, 640 and n., 641 n.;
of consistency of soil, 641 n.;
of depth, 562;
of islands, 618, 634, 639, 641 n.;
of rocks and islets, 641-643, 649;
of tide-marks, 579, 641, 652, 659, 661, 666, 669 and n.;
of true boundary of, 539;
Scottish firths, 692;
statutes referring to, 589-594

Territorial sea, usage in seventeenth century, 552;
in eighteenth, 566;
modern, 650

Territorial sea, modern usage, Algeria, 657;
Argentine Republic, wide claim by, 661, 662, 663;
in Rio de la Plata, 663;
Austria-Hungary, 572, 658;
in Behring Sea, 585, 695 and n., 696;
Belgium, 658;
Chili, 661;
Cuba, 665;
Denmark, 528, 529, 530, 538, 567, 568, 653, 655, 664;
in Cattegat, 653;
Iceland and Faroes, 647, 648;
Skagerrack, 636, 653;
France, 657;
Germany, 652;
Great Britain, origin of, 538;
in Bristol Channel, 586-588;
at Bell Rock, 642;
at Eddystone, 641, 642, 643;
at Seven Stones Rocks, 642, 643;
British colonies, 661;
British N. America, 531;
Greece, 661;
Italy, 659;
Japan, 661;
Netherlands, 658;
in Zuiderzee, 635, 636;
Norway, 457, 528, 538, 568, 653, 664, 669-681, 685;
method of measuring, 669, 670, 685;
rejects three-mile limit, 633, 636, 678, 681;
reasons for wide limit, 676, 677;
in Varangerfjord, 674;
in Vestfjord, Lofotens, 672-674, 677;
special limits in, 671, 672, 678, 679;
Portugal, 538, 569, 664, 668;
Russia, 656;
White Sea, 564, 657;
Scandinavian limit, 528, 567 and n., 653, 655;
Spain, 538, 569, 664-668;
South America, 661;
Sweden, 538, 653, 664, 669, 674, 675;
method of computing in, 669;
United States, 661;
various limits claimed by, 575;
Uruguay, 663;
Venice, 571

Territorial sea, opinions of publicists in first part eighteenth
century on, 565, 566;
of recent publicists, 603, 605, 681, 688, 689

Territorial sea, opinions of Abreu y Bertodano, 559;
Aschehoug, 686, 688;
Auber, 691;
Azuni, 564, 565;
on Bays, 565;
Bishop, 683, 689;
Bluntschli, 682, 688;
Bodin, 540;
Burgus, 550;
Bynkershoek, 555, 556;
on range of vision, 546;
Calvo, 682, 688;
Casaregi, 558;
Lord Chelmsford, 586;
Chitty, 597;
Conringius, 550;
Baron de Courcel, 664 n.;
Craig, 357;
Dana, 683, 689;
Desjardins, 685, 688;
Lord Dunedin, 724;
Ferguson, 684, 689;
Fiore, 684, 689;
Lord Fitzmaurice, 630, 730, 731;
Galiani, 563;
Gentilis, 540;
Graswinckel, 550;
Sir Edward Grey, 732;
Grotius, 549;
on range of vision, 545;
Lord Guthrie, 723;
Chief-Justice Hale, 543;
Hall, 687, 689;
Halleck, 683, 689;
Lord Halsbury, 592;
Lord Hatherly, 586 n.;
Hautefeuille, 601, 688;
Heffter, 600, 689;
Lord Herschell, 692 n.;
Holland, 691;
Hübner, 562;
Kent, 599, 689;
Kleen, 685;
Klüber, 597, 688;
Lord Kyllachy, 725;
Lampredi, 563;
Latour, 595, 685;
Lawrence, 683, 688;
Leoni Levi, 664 n.;
Loccenius, 550;
Lord Loreburn, 732;
Lushington, 586 n.;
Manning, 600, 689;
Massé, 602, 688;
de Martens, 686, 688;
G. F. von Martens, 563;
on bays, 564;
on straits, 564;
Moore, 691 n.;
Moser, 562;
Sir John Nicholl, 586;
Oppenheim, 688;
Ortolan, 600, 688;
Perels, 684, 688;
Phillimore, 682, 688, 689;
Pistoye and Duverdy, 602, 688;
Pontanus, 550;
Pradier-Fodéré, 684, 688;
Puffendorf, 550;
on bays and gulfs, 551;
Rayneval, 596;
Reddie, 600;
Lord Salisbury, 592;
Sarpi, 547;
Schmalz, 597, 688;
Shookius, 550;
Lord Stowell, 641 n.;
Strauchius, 550;
Sir Travers Twiss, 683, 689, 691 n.;
Valin, 562;
Vattel, 560, 689;
on bays, 561;
on straits, 561;
Lord Wensleydale, 586 n.;
Westlake, 691 n.;
Wheaton, 598, 689;
Wolff, 559, 689;
Woolsey, 683, 689;
opinions of early English lawyers, 539;
of early Italian jurists, 539;
of Institut de Droit International, 689-692, 774;
of International Law Association, 689-692, 774;
of judges in _Franconia_ case, 590

Territorial Sea. Various limits proposed or adopted for different purposes:
_Three-mile limit_, proposed by Galiani, 563;
by Azuni, 565;
introduced for neutrality by United States, 573, 574;
introduced into English jurisprudence, 576, 577;
originated in neutral rights, 694;
applied to fisheries, 581;
confusion of, with range of guns, 591 and n., 598, 682, 683, 689;
not equivalent to range of guns, 21, 576;
discussion on, 650-652;
generally adopted through influence of the United States and Great
Britain, 21, 681;
an Anglo-American doctrine, 681, 684;
not generally accepted by publicists, 580, 680, 681, 688, 775;
common adoption of, 21, 650;
in some international fishery conventions, 581, 612, 614, 617, 619,
621, 634, 635, 647, 649, 652;
generally for fisheries, 616, 647, 663, 680;
inadequacy of, 21, 604, 615, 617, 651, 679, 682, 683, 686, 687,
690, 693, 694, 707 and n.;
in relation to next great maritime war, 22;
British Government on, 730, 732;
refuses to recognise jurisdiction beyond three miles, 663, 667 and
n., 738;
wishes three-mile limit extended in war, 665;
rejected by four European States, 664;
refused by Norway, 633, 636, 678, 681;
complex on Norwegian coast, 672, 676
_Four-mile limit_, 653;
_five miles_, 575, 665, 691, 698, 715;
_six miles_, 559, 563, 565, 566, 575, 582, 605, 606, 664, 665, 690,
691, 694, 775;
adopted by International Law Association for Fisheries, 690, 775;
limit for Dutch on Scottish coast, 605, 606;
_eight miles_, 665, 694;
_nine miles_, 563, 564 n., 608 and n., 611, 618, 679, 679 n., 691,
698, 737;
on French coast, 608 n., 609;
recommended by English trawlers for North Sea, 702;
_ten miles_, 665, 668, 687, 694, 696, 698, 707, 737;
in Argentina, 661;
recommended for North Sea by English trawlers, 702;
_twelve miles_, 575, 593, 594, 662, 665, 668, 715;
_thirteen miles_, 703, 720, 738;
for fishery on Scottish coast, 720;
_fourteen miles_, 77, 84, 192, 193, 545, 694;
_twenty-eight miles_, 77, 84, 545;
_thirty miles_, 572, 696;
_forty miles_, 178, 585;
_sixty miles_, 3, 540, 696;
_eighty miles_, 79, 355;
_100 miles_, 3, 169, 353, 360, 373, 539, 541, 559;
claimed by Russia in Behring Sea, 582
_Range of guns_, 21, 349, 549, 552, 593, 646, 658, 660, 676, 681,
685-687, 690, 716;
first proposed by Dutch ambassadors, 156, 549;
Bynkershoek’s dictum on, 556;
merits of, 558;
fixed in treaties and decrees, 570-572;
generally adopted, 576;
incorporated in international law, 558;
generally accepted by publicists, 688;
the true principle of delimitation, 595, 602, 603;
and neutral rights, 557, 559, 571, 572;
and salute, 556, 557;
as “zone of respect,” 690, 775
_Range of vision_, 175, 193, 347, 544-546, 571, 574, 596, 602, 694;
defects of, 546;
adhered to by Dutch, 546;
claimed by Denmark, 529, 545;
proposed by some modern publicists, 546, 565, 600 (_see_ Land-kenning);
subsistence limit of Sarpi, 547

Territorial waters. _See_ Territorial sea.

Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 580 n., 590, 591, 592, 717, 718, 731

Teutonic invaders, seafaring habits of, 26

Texel, 18, 409; battle of, 498

Thalweg. _See_ Mid-line.

Thames, 49, 60, 76, 131, 133, 219, 443, 444, 459, 462, 472, 476

Thanet, 49, 68

Thorpe, 27, 28

Three-mile limit. _See_ Territorial sea.

Three seas, 17

Thurloe, 432, 434, 436, 497, 498 n.

Tithes of fish. _See_ Fish.

Tlieff, Captain Andrees, 171, 174, 175

Top-sails, lowering of. _See_ Striking.

Tordesillas, treaty of, 5, 106

Traders, hostilities between, 53, 54

Trafalgar, 15

Trawling. _See_ Fisheries.

Treaties, England and Burgundy, 1405, 1408, 69;
1417, 70;
1439, 70;
1467, 71;
1478, 72;
1496 (_Intercursus Magnus_), 72;
1499, 73;
1506, 73;
1515, 73;
1520, 73;
and Castile, 1351, 67;
and Denmark, 1468, 110;
1490, 109;
1523, 109;
1583, 110;
and Flanders, 1320, 55;
and France, 1303, 44-46, 49;
1403, 67;
1471, 72;
1528, 75;
and Portugal, 1353, 67;
1439, 70;
and United Provinces, 1585, 433;
Scotland and the Emperor, 1541, 78;
1550, 79, 179;
Scotland and the Netherlands, 1291, 1321, 1323, 1371, 1401, 1407,
1412, 1416, 76;
1531, 1541, 188 n.;
and United Provinces, 1594, 81, 157, 169, 173, 188 n., 257, 388;
Great Britain and Belgium, 1852, 617, 645;
1882, 637;
and Denmark, 1882, 637;
1901, 647, 740;
and France, 1686, 526, 622;
1786, 572;
1839, 612;
1867, 619;
1882, 637;
and Germany, 1882, 637;
and Mexico, 1888, 679 n.;
and the Netherlands, 1625, 433;
1654, 435, 436, 455;
1662, 455;
1674, 508;
1689, 517;
1784, 522;
1882, 637;
and Russia, 1825, 583;
and Spain, 1630, 425;
1790, 573;
and Sweden, 427;
and United States, 1783, 622;
1794, 574, 622;
1814, 581;
1818, 581, 627;
1854, 625;
1871, 627;
1888, 628;
Denmark and Sweden, 1780, 572 n.;
1899, 655, 675;
France and Algeria, 1689, 527, 573;
Burgundy, 1468, 71;
the Emperor, 1521, 74, 119;
Russia, 1787, 572;
and United Provinces, 1635, 276;
1662, 453;
Norway and Mexico, 1886, 594, 679;
Porte and Naples, 1740, 546;
Russia, Denmark, and Sweden, 1780, 572 n.;
and the two Sicilies, 1787, 572;
and the United Provinces and Prussia, 1781, 572 n.;
Spain and Morocco, 1861, 668;
and Portugal, 1494, 106;
1878, 1885, 1893, 665, 666;
and Tripoli, 1784, 572;
and the United Provinces, 1609, 148, 344, 350 n.;
United States and Morocco, 1785, 572;
and Russia, 1824, 583

Treaties concerning fishery, British North America, 526, 531, 532,
574, 622, 625, 627, 628

Treaties guaranteeing liberty of fishing on English coasts, 66-74

Treaty of Antwerp, 148, 344, 350 n.;
of Breda, 464, 465;
of Dover, 475;
of Ryswick, 466 n.;
of Southampton, 388;
of Tordesillas, 5, 106;
of Troyes, 8, 35;
of Union, England and Scotland, 1604, 192, 545;
of Utrecht, 531

Treport, 65, 426

Trinity House, 114, 120, 447;
on limits of King’s Chambers, 9, 753;
on extent of British Seas, 20, 465 n., 477, 478;
on jurisdiction of Cinque Ports in Channel, 544;
on striking, 477

Triple Alliance, 467, 471, 474, 476, 481, 483, 490

Tromp, Lieut.-Admiral Martin Harpentz, 329, 390, 395, 408, 411 n.,
415, 422, 436, 477, 511;
attacks Oquendo in the Straits of Dover, 330;
in the Downs, 245, 331;
strikes to English, 330, 334;
his letter to Pennington, 334;
commands Dutch fleet, 329;
puts to sea to prevent search of Dutch vessels, 397;
no instructions as to striking, 397, 399;
his memorandum on striking, 398, 770;
reluctance to strike, 400, 401, 403, 404;
encounter with Blake, 12, 207 n., 397, 403, 404, 421;
correspondence with Blake, 404 n., 771;
story of broom, 408, 409

Tudors, 85, 86, 87, 118

Tunny fishery, 142, 504

Tweedmouth, Lord, 691, 720

_Twee Gebroeders_, case of, 576, 577, 641 n.

Twiss, Sir Travers, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52 n., 53, 312 n., 689, 691 n.

Two seas, 17

Tynemouth, 214

Tyrrhenian Sea, sovereignty of, 371

United Provinces, 9, 12-14, 81, 119, 125, 126 n., 151, 157, 170,
179, 187, 191, 197, 198, 201, 243 n., 246, 251, 253, 257,
264, 265, 275, 288, 301, 302, 304, 340, 342, 364, 384, 399,
405, 416, 441, 454, 460, 470, 474, 517, 527-529.
_See_ States-General, Dutch, Netherlands.

United States of America, disputes and negotiations regarding British
North American fisheries, 532, 581, 621-630, 731 and n.;
regarding Behring Sea, 541, 583, 584, 695 n.;
territorial sea, 599, 661;
fixes three miles for neutrality, 21, 93, 573, 574;
various limits claimed, 574, 575, 650;
influence of, in adoption of three-mile limit, 650

Uruguay, territorial sea, 663

Ushant, 103, 290, 399, 437

Utrecht, 81; treaty of, 531, 582

Vagabonds, 98

Valck, Jacob, 81

Valin, on territorial sea, 562

Vane, Sir Henry, 269, 414, 422 n., 439

Varangerfjord, 674, 695

Vardö, or Vardöhuus, 86, 97 n., 108, 109, 110

Vasquez. _See_ Vasquius.

Vasquius, Ferdinand, on dominion of sea, 341, 351, 353

Vattel, on territorial sea, 560;
on appropriation of fisheries, 561

Venice, 30, 91, 186 n., 191;
sea sovereignty of, 3, 4 and n., 16, 33, 54, 107, 158, 339, 341,
350, 351, 361, 371, 540, 547, 552;
limit of territorial sea, 571

Vestfjord, 672, 677

Vic, M. de, Vice-Admiral of France, 204

Violation of ports, 247, 249, 250

Virginia, 388

Visit and search and gun range, 557

Visitation of English ships, 268

Wagenaar, 80, 167 n., 311 n.

Walderswick, 90 n.

Walker, Sir Richard, 280

Walmer Castle, 279

Warbeck, Perkin, 72, 387

Wardhouse. _See_ Vardö.

Warwick, Earl of, 206 n, 276, 379, 380

Wash, the, 18

Washington, George, 573, 681

Wells, 90

Welwood, William, 342 n., 343, 371, 546, 551;
on appropriation of the sea, 353;
dominion of the sea, 354;
exhaustibility of sea, 355;
on Grotius, 352;
on limit for Dutch on Scottish coast, 79, 84;
sea laws of Scotland, 352;
attack on, by Graswinckel, 412

Wensleydale, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.

Wentworth, Viscount, 227 n.

West Friesland, 453

Westlake, Professor, on territorial sea, 691 n.

Westmoney Islands, 109, 247

Weston, Lord, 227, 239 n., 241, 281

Weymouth, 268

Whale-fishing, 187, 189;
in Behring Sea, 585;
at Greenland, 407, 527-530;
at Jan Mayen, 527;
at Spitzbergen, 112, 164, 181-184, 193, 194 n., 200, 527;
in Varangerfjord, 674;
regulations, 695

Whales, right to, 66, 363

Wharton, 312 n.

Wheaton, on territorial sea, 598

Whestone, Admiral, 520

Whitby, 462

Whitelock, 414

White Sea, sealing at, 695;
territoriality of, 657;
trawling at, 680

Whitstable Fishery, case of, 586 n.

Wicklow, 63

Wicquefort, on sovereignty of sea, 495

Wilkins, 27

Willes, John, 43

William of Malmesbury, 27

William III. and sovereignty of sea, 517-520

William the Lion, King, 59

Williamson, Sir Joseph, plenipotentiary at Cologne, 496, 497, 498, 511

Willoughby, 181, 183

Wilson, Thomas, 163 n.

Wimbledon, Viscount, 227 n.

Winchelsea, 37, 49, 50, 73

Windebank, 243, 250, 253, 263, 267, 287, 295, 302, 319, 320, 322, 323

Winwood, Sir Ralph, 130 n., 152, 162, 168, 172

Wolff, on territorial sea, 559

Wolseley, Sir Charles, 429

Wolsey, Cardinal, 74, 119, 548

Woolsey, on territorial sea, 683

Worcester, 27

Worcester, Earl of, 56 n.

Worsley, Dr Benjamin, 515

Wotton, 162

Wreck, right to, 66, 362, 363, 542

Yarmouth, 34 n., 46 n., 49, 58, 60, 62, 73, 90, 96, 97 n., 100, 108,
126, 129, 130 n., 131, 133, 134, 143-145, 151, 162, 214, 247, 248,
249, 295, 307, 308, 391 n., 438, 455, 461, 462, 463, 515, 546

York, Duke of, 446, 448, 456, 457, 458, 469, 472, 485, 493, 516

Yorkshire, 133

Young, Captain, 207 n., 401, 402

Ypres, 71

Zealand, 45, 60, 62, 64, 71, 72, 73, 74 n., 75, 81, 88, 92, 94, 95, 125, 195

Zierikzee, 45 n.

Zorgdrager, 194 n.

Zouch, 515

Zowe, fishing-bank, 65 and n., 189 n., 276 n., 426 n., 440, 544, 749

Zuiderzee, territoriality of, 635

THE END.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The possession by Venice of this maritime sovereignty was symbolised each year for many centuries by the picturesque ceremony of “espousing” the Adriatic. On Ascension Day the Doge was rowed to the strains of music in a magnificent gilded state barge, the _Bucentaur_, to the channel of Lido, where he cast a ring into the water, exclaiming as he did so, “We espouse thee, O Sea, in sign of a real and perpetual dominion” (“Desponsamus te mare in signum veri perpetuique dominii”). The Papal nuncio and representatives of other states assisted at the ceremony.

[2] Twiss, _The Law of Nations in Time of War_, 142. Maine, _International Law_, 76.

[3] Twiss, _op. cit._, 143, 144. Reddie, _Maritime International Law_, i. 41.

[4] Nicolas, _Hist. Navy_, i. 157.

[5] “Il sera banny hors dAngleterre et de mer appartenant au roi dAngleterre,” Article in _Black Book_, i. 58, ascribed to the reign of Henry I. (A.D. 1100-1135); “Ad piscandum in mari nostro, prope Jernemuth,” Edward I., A.D. 1295, _Fœdera_, ii. 688; “la meer Dengleterre,” A.D. 1306, _Chanc. Rolls, Misc. Treaties_, &c., Bd. 14, No. 15; “super mare Anglicanum” (_Rot. Pat._, 14 Edw. II., pt. ii. m. 26, d.), A.D. 1320, &c., &c.; “partibus maris infra regnum nostrum Angliæ,” _A.D._ 1317, Edw. II., _Fœdera_, iii. 469; A.D. 1406, Hen. IV., giving freedom of fishing, “ubicumque supra mare, per et infra dominia, jurisdictiones, et districtus nostra”; “Seigneur de la mer,” A.D. 1320, _Fœdera_, iii. 852; “reges Angliæ domini maris Anglicani circumquaque,” A.D. 1336, _Rot. Scot._, i. 442; “domini maris et transmarini passagii,” A.D. 1336, _Fœdera_, iv. 721; “le roi de la mier,” A.D. 1372, _Rot. Parl._, ii. 311; “seigneurs del meer,” A.D. 1420, _ibid._, iv. 126, &c., &c.

[6] _Fœdera_, xvi. 395; _State Papers, Dom._ 1604, 11, 40; _Fœdera_, xix. 211; _Libelle of Englyshe Polycye_; Dee, _General and Rare Memorials_, 6; _State Papers, Dom._ 1662, 66, 50, “It is a fundamental Maxime of England, that the sea flowing about the Isle of Great Britaine is of the same dominion with the isle”; “the dominion of the ambient seas.”

[7] _Rot. Escheat._, 41 Hen. III., A.D. 1259, referred to by Coke, 1. 107_a_; Bracton, _Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ_, lib. v. c. xxx. fol. 437 (A.D. _circa_ 1259); _Statutes of the Realm_, 18 Edw. I. Stat. 4 (A.D. 1290); _Rot. Parl._, 13 Ric. II., “deinz les quatre miers Dengleterre,” &c.

[8] Hall, _On the Rights of the Crown in the Sea Shores of the Realm_, p. 1.

[9] “The guardian of his Majesty’s three seas” (A.D. 1607). _Cæsar Papers, MS. Brit. Mus. Lansd._, 142, fol. 373.

[10]

“Thene here I ende of the comoditees
Ffor whiche nede is well to kepe the sees;
Este and weste, sowthe and northe they be;
And chefely kepe the sharpe narowe see,
Betwene Dover and Caleise.”

[11] _Acts of the Privy Council of England_, N.S., i. 232, 242.

[12] Winwood’s _Memorials_, iii. 50.

[13] _Mare Clausum_, ii. c. xiii.

[14] Selden, _Mare Clausum_, lib. i. c. viii., lib. ii. cc. ii.-viii.

[15] _Polyhistor._, c. xxiv.

[16] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xi.

[17] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xii. “Canutus autem Rex suæ ditionis esse Oceanum Britannicum verbis expressissimis item est testatus.” Prynne uses the same argument. _Animadversions on Coke’s Fourth Institute_, 88.

[18] Ed. Petrie, 395.

[19] _Gesta Regum Anglorum_, i. 235; Eng. Hist. Soc. “Ego Edgarus totius Albionis Basileus nec non maritimorum seu insulanorum Regum circumhabitantium.”

[20] “Ego Edgardus Anglorum Basileus omniumque Regum insularum, Oceanique Britanniam circumjacentis cunctarumque nationum quæ infra eam includuntur Imperator et Dominus,” &c. Dee, _General and Rare Memorials_, 58, 60; Selden, _Mare Clausum_, ii. c. xii. (quoting from a charter of Inspeximus, _Rot. Pat._, 1 Edw. IV., m. 23); Prynne, _op. cit._, 87.

[21] _Concilia_, i. 432.

[22] _Ibid._, i. 239.

[23] _Codex Diplomaticus_, ii. 404, vi. 237.

[24] _Diplomatarium Anglicum Ævi Saxonici_, 211.

[25] _Cartularium Saxonicum_, iii. 377.

[26] “Insularum oceani quæ Brytanniam circumjacent.”

[27] Worsaae, _An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and Ireland_; Depping, _Histoire des Expéditions maritimes des Normands_; Beamish, _The Discovery of America_.

[28] Burrows, _Cinque Ports_, 62, 81.

[29] Cunningham, _The Growth of English Industry and Commerce during the Early and Middle Ages_, 173.

[30] Twiss, _The Law of Nations in Time of Peace_, 244; ibid., _In Time of War_, 142.

[31] See p. 51.

[32] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xiv.

[33] “Pour garder la mere,” “la garde du meer,” “la sauve garde du meer,” “pro custodia maris,” “de custodia maritimæ,” &c. See _Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England_; Nicolas, _History of the Royal Navy_; Prynne, _Animadversions_.

[34] _Fœdera_, i. 861; Nicolas, _op. cit._, i. 279, 437.

[35] Twiss, _The Law of Nations in Time of Peace_, 245.

[36] _Vide_ Twiss, _Black Book of the Admiralty_, i. 420.

[37] _Op. cit._, lib. ii. c. xviii.

[38] Twiss, _ibid._, i. 64.

[39] Nicolas, _op. cit._, i. 131, 231, ii. 45, 84, 130, 176; _Rot. Pat._, 65 (1206); _Fœdera_, i. 96 (1208).

[40] _Chronicles_, ii. 497.

[41] _Op. cit._, lib. ii. cc. xiii., xx.

[42] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 46b; Nicolas, _op. cit._, ii. 260-280; Laughton, _Studies in Naval History_, 16-22. The Yarmouth herring fishing suffered severely in these years, and the fishermen equipped and armed vessels for their own defence,--_Chronicon Angliæ, ab_ A.D. 1328 _usque ad annum_ 1388, p. 170, Rolls Series.

[43] _Op. cit._, lib. ii. c. xv.

[44] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 63b, 391a; _Fœdera_, vii. 220. “C’este l’ordinance et grante par l’advis des Marchaundz de Londres, et des autres Marchaundz vers la North, par assent de touz Communes de Parlement par devant le Comte de Northumberland et le Meair de Londres, pur la garde et tuicion du Mier,” &c. The specified dues throw some light on the commerce and fisheries of the period: (1) all vessels or crayers navigating the seas within the limits of the admiralty of the north were to pay a duty of sixpence a ton-tight, going and returning, with the exception of those bringing wines and goods from Flanders to London, or carrying wool and skins to Calais; (2) vessels laden with goods belonging to merchants of Prussia, Norway, or Scone (Scania) were to pay sixpence a last; (3) vessels carrying coals from Newcastle were to pay sixpence a ton every three months; (4) sixpence a-week per ton was to be paid by all vessels fishing for herrings within the said admiralty, and sixpence every three weeks per ton by boats fishing for other fish.

[45] A.D. 1420, _Rot. Parl._, iv. 126. “Item, priount les ditz Communes, que par l’ou nostre très soverain seignour le Roy et ses nobles progenitours de tout temps ount esté seignours del meer, et ore par la grace de Dieu est venuz que nostre dit seignour le Roy est seignour des costes d’ambeparties del meer d’ordeigner que sur toutz estraungers passantz parmye le dit meer tiel imposition à l’oeps nostre dit seignour le Roy apprendre qui à luy semblera resonable, pur la salve garde del dit meer.”