Chapter IV

THE MODERN PRACTICE OF STATES AND THE OPINIONS
OF RECENT PUBLICISTS.

Apparent discrepancy between general practice and
the opinions of publicists--No state has formally
defined the extent of its territorial sea--Practice in
Germany--Denmark--Two limits enforced--Russia--The White
Sea--France--Belgium--Netherlands--Austria-Hungary--Italy--Greece--British
Colonies--Japan--United States of
America--Chile--Argentina--Uruguay--Three-mile limit
generally adopted for fisheries--Exceptions in four European
states--Spain and Portugal claim six miles--Repudiated by
British Government--Discontent in Spain and Portugal--Norway
and Sweden--Special Scandinavian limits--Fjords
reserved--Vestfjord--Varangerfjord--Discussion of Norwegian
limit--Rejection of three-mile boundary--Recent Norwegian laws--The
three-mile limit is an Anglo-American doctrine--Opinions of modern
publicists--Calvo, Bluntschli, Phillimore, Halleck, Lawrence, Bishop,
Woolsey, Dana, Twiss, Fiore, Pradiere-Fodéré, Perels, Ferguson,
Desjardins, Kleen, Aschehoug, de Martens, Hall, Oppenheim--The
limit under the Law of Nations is the range of guns--Declarations
of the International Law Association and the Institut de Droit
International--Three miles insufficient--Six miles proposed for
fisheries, &c--The zone or line of respect for neutrality to be
declared by each state 650