Chapter I: Preface

It has been my object in writing this book to make it, not merely a record of the customs and beliefs of a people, but also a demonstration of anthropological method. The great need of anthropology at the present time is for more exact method, not only in collecting material, but also in recording it, so that readers may be able to assign its proper value to each fact, and may be provided with definite evidence which will enable them to estimate the probable veraciousness and thoroughness of the record.

With this idea in my mind I have tried to describe as fully as possible the way in which my account has been built up, and have been careful to point out the different degrees of trustworthiness of different portions of my story. Perhaps I have been so anxious to make it clear when my record is of doubtful value that sometimes I may have laid undue stress on its uncertainties and deficiencies.

I have tried to make a clear distinction between my description of Toda custom and belief, and any theoretical conclusions drawn by myself, and have kept the latter for sections at the ends of chapters or for special chapters, of which those numbered xi, xix, xxix and xxx are the most important.

It may be thought by some that the book is unduly loaded with minute detail, and I am myself aware that I have often complicated, perhaps even obscured, the story I am telling by the mass of detail with which it is accompanied. I have had, however, no scruples on this score, partly because I wished my readers thoroughly to grasp the nature of the material on which my account is based, but still more, because details which may seem insignificant or trivial are often of great importance in the comparative study of custom and belief.

I have not attempted such a comparative study of Toda institutions. It was often very tempting to suggest resemblances with the practices of other peoples of the present or the past, but the result would have been to swell the book to unwieldy dimensions, and perhaps to have obscured the description of the life of the people. In giving parallels for Toda custom I have therefore limited myself to examples from other parts of India, and even here I have only dealt with a few resemblances which illustrate certain suggestions made in the final chapter on the origin and affinities of the Toda people.

In conclusion, I am very glad to express my gratitude for help received from many sources. The researches on which the book is based were undertaken in consequence of the award to myself of the income of the Gunning Fund of the Royal Society for the years 1901–2, and my work was also assisted by a grant from the British Association. In India I received every assistance from those whose official positions gave them the means of helping me, and my thanks are especially due to Mr. Edgar Thurston, whose kind interest and assistance I cannot sufficiently acknowledge. I owe much to the care and attention with which my two interpreters, P. Samuel and Albert Urrilla, performed their duties, and I am greatly indebted to the managers of the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society at Ootacamund for the services of the former, and to Mr. C. M. Mullaly and Mr. Hadfield for giving the latter leave from his forest duties in order that he might help me.

Of friends in England I am especially indebted to Dr. C. S. Myers, who kindly read nearly the whole of the book in proof; to Syed Ali Bilgrami for information on various points connected with Indian custom; to Don M. da Zilva Wickramasinghe for reading Chapter xxv, dealing with the language; and to Mr. H. N. Webber for help, especially in the revision of the genealogical tables.

Most of the illustrations in the book are from photographs taken under my direction by Messrs. Wiele and Klein of Madras, and I am indebted to H. M. India Office for permission to make use of illustrations from “An Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilagiris,” by the late J. Williamson Breeks (1873), and to Messrs. Longmans Green and Co., for permission to make use of illustrations from “A Phrenologist amongst the Todas,” by the late Colonel William E. Marshall (1873).

W. H. R. R.

CONTENTS

PAGE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER II
THE TODA PEOPLE 18

CHAPTER III
DAIRIES AND BUFFALOES 38

CHAPTER IV
THE VILLAGE DAIRY 56

CHAPTER V
THE TI DAIRY 83

CHAPTER VI
BUFFALO MIGRATIONS 123

CHAPTER VII
ORDINATION CEREMONIES 144

CHAPTER VIII
SPECIAL DAIRY CEREMONIES 166

CHAPTER IX
THE TODA GODS 182

CHAPTER X
PRAYER 213

CHAPTER XI
THE DAIRY RITUAL 231

CHAPTER XII
DIVINATION AND MAGIC 249

CHAPTER XIII
SACRIFICE AND OFFERINGS 274

CHAPTER XIV
BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD CEREMONIES 313

CHAPTER XV
FUNERAL CEREMONIES 337

CHAPTER XVI
FUNERAL CEREMONIES (continued) 372

CHAPTER XVII
SACRED DAYS AND NUMBERS 405

CHAPTER XVIII
SACRED PLACES AND OBJECTS 417

CHAPTER XIX
THE TODA RELIGION 442

CHAPTER XX
GENEALOGIES AND POPULATION 461

CHAPTER XXI
KINSHIP 483

CHAPTER XXII
MARRIAGE 502

CHAPTER XXIII
SOCIAL ORGANISATION 540

CHAPTER XXIV
ARTS AND AMUSEMENTS 570

CHAPTER XXV
LANGUAGE 602

CHAPTER XXVI
PERSONAL NAMES 619

CHAPTER XXVII
RELATIONS WITH OTHER TRIBES 628

CHAPTER XXVIII
THE CLANS OF THE TODAS 643

CHAPTER XXIX
TEIVALIOL AND TARTHAROL 679

CHAPTER XXX
THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE TODAS 693

APPENDIX I 719

APPENDIX II—BIBLIOGRAPHY 731

APPENDIX III—LIST OF VILLAGES 734