Chapter II: Appendix: Iv—list of Plants 738

GLOSSARY 741

INDEX 749

GENEALOGICAL TABLES.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. Toda Man. Full Face 19 2. Toda Man. Side Face 20 3. Toda Woman. Full Face 21 4. Toda Woman. Side Face 22 5. The Village of Taradr, showing two Dairies in the Foreground and three Houses in the Background 25 6. The Village of Taradr, showing the Houses surrounded by a Wall, in which there is one Opening in the Middle 27 7. The chief House of the Village of Kiudr 28 8. The Village of Peivòrs, showing a Double Hut (in the Background). The two Buildings on the Left are Dairies, and the Structure in the Centre is a Calf-House 29 9. A Toda Man, Siriar (20), with his Wife and Child, showing the ordinary Method of wearing the ‘Putkuli’ 30 10. Kòdrner performing the Salutation called ‘Kaimukhti.’ His Right Arm is bared (‘Kevenarut’), and he has removed his Turban 31 11. Women Pounding and Sifting. The Broom is on the Ground to the Right 33 12. The ‘Kalmelpudithti’ Salutation taking place at the Village of Nòdrs. On the Left is the House; on the Right is the less important Dairy of the Village (the ‘Tarvali’), and in Front of it is the Stone called ‘Menkars’ 35 13. The Conical Dairy of Nòdrs. The Stone at the Right-Hand End of the Wall is the ‘Teidrtolkars’ 44 14. The lower part of the Conical Dairy of Nòdrs, which is hidden by the Wall in Fig. 13. The ‘Wursol’ is shown eating ‘Al’ from a Leaf-Plate 46 15. Òd (26) Churning 51 16. The morning Milking at the Village of Molkush. In the Background is a modern ‘Tu’ made of Wooden Palings 53 17. A Milking Scene 54 18. The chief Dairy Vessels 59 19. The ‘Wursol’ of Nòdrs carrying the ‘Adimu’ and ‘Patatpun’ to fetch Water 63 20. The ‘Palikartmokh’ Saluting the Threshold of the Dairy at Kiudr, ‘Pavnersatiti’ 65 21. The ‘Kudrpali’ of Kars, with the ‘Kudrpalikartmokh’ standing on the Wall. In the Foreground is the Mound called ‘Imudrikars.’ In the Background on the Right is the Calf-House 67 23. The ‘Wursol’ of Kars, Kernpisi (56), standing by the side of his Dairy 75 24. The ‘Kugvali’ of Taradr. On its Left is the ‘Kwotars,’ and on the extreme Right, under the Tree, is the ‘Kush.’ The flat Stone to the Right of the ‘Kugvali’ is the ‘Püdrshtikars’ 77 25. The ‘Poh’ of Kanòdrs. The two Walls are shown 80 26. Showing the General Plan of the Ti Dairy 87 27. The ‘Palol’ Karkievan, saluting at Mòdr. He is standing in the ‘Pepkarmus.’ The Building next to the ‘Palol’ is the ‘Ti poh’; that on the Right is the ‘Karenpoh’ and between it and the ‘Ti poh’ can be seen the Hut where the Inhabitants of the ‘Ti mad’ sleep 95 28. To show the Attitude adopted by the ‘Palol’ when Praying 96 29. To show the Method of carrying the Contents of the Dairy. The boy Kalmad (64) is carrying the ‘Patatpur’; Karsüln (15) the ‘Ertatpur.’ In front of Kalmad is the entrance of the Pen at Kars called ‘Althftu’ 125 30. 1. A. The ‘Madth.’ B. A ‘Patat.’ C. Another ‘Patat.’ D. The ‘Parskadrvenmu.’ E. The ‘Irkartpun.’ 2. A. The axe. B. The fire-sticks. C. The ‘Majpariv.’ D. The ‘Pòlmachok.’ E. The ‘Ertatpun.’ F. A ‘Tek.’ G. The lamp 127 31. The Dairy of Kiudr with the ‘Palikartmokh’ Etamudri (58); on the Right of the Dairy above and to the Left of the head of Etamudri is the Stone called ‘Neurzülnkars,’ by which the ‘Patatmani’ is laid 129 32. The ‘Neurzülnkars’ of Kiudr, by the side of which the ‘Ertatmani’ are laid 130 33. The four ‘Neurzülnkars’ at Mòdr. Behind the Stones on the Right is Karkievan, the ‘Palol’ of the ‘Tiir’; on the Left is Nerponers, the ‘Palol’ of the ‘Warsir’; in the Centre is the ‘Kaltmokh,’ Katsog, carrying a sickle-shaped Knife 141 34. Punatvan (53) drinking during his Ordination as ‘Palikartmokh’ of Karia 146 35. Imitation Buffalo Horns 190 36. Midjkudr and Mongudrvan Divining at a Funeral 253 37. Punatvan and Pichievan attempting to make Fire at the ‘Erkumptthpimi’ Ceremony 277 38. Punatvan uttering the ‘Erkumptthpimi’ Prayer. He is holding the ‘Erkumptthkud,’ and one of the ‘Tudr’ Leaves in his hand can be distinctly seen 279 39. Stroking the back of the Calf with the ‘Toashtitudr.’ Punatvan is beginning the third Movement, and one of the Branches of Leaves can be seen on the Ground behind the Calf 280 40. Punatvan and Pichievan cutting up the Calf. In the Background Kòdrner is sharpening up the ‘Ko’ 281 41. Roasting the pieces of the Calf 283 42. The ‘Irnörtkars’ at Kars. In the Background is the ‘Wursuli’ 299 43. Gap in the Wall at Nòdrs through which the Calf is driven at the ‘Irnörtiti’ Ceremony 301 44. The ‘Nersatiti’ Salutation 304 45. The ‘Puzhars’ at Molkush 314 46. Tersveli sitting at the Door of the ‘Puzhars’ at Karia with her face turned from the Sun 325 47. Sintagars drinking at the ‘Marthk maj atpimi’ Ceremony. The boy, Pongudr, is sitting behind her 328 48. Funeral Hut round which women are lamenting. Several pairs are pressing their foreheads together. The Hut is not within a stone circle, showing that the Funeral is not being held at an old Funeral Place 339 49. The ‘Puzhutpimi’ Ceremony. In the Centre is the Corpse. The foremost man on the Left is kneeling down preparatory to throwing Earth 346 50. The ‘Puzhutpimi’ Ceremony. Throwing Earth backwards on the Corpse 347 51. The Wooden ‘Teiks’ at Inikitj 350 52. Leading the Buffalo to be Killed 353 53. The Corpse by the head of the dying Buffalo 355 54. Saluting the dead Buffalo 357 55. The Mourners round the Body 358 56. Kotas playing Music at a Toda Funeral 364 57. Keinba and Perpakh; the former is holding in his hand the imitation Bow and Arrow and has his Cloak over his Head 393 58. Bough of the ‘Tudr’ Tree. (From Marshall.) 434 59. The Memorial of Keirevan 440 60. Kuriolv and Pilimurg 552 61. Showing Methods of wearing the Toda Garments and of doing the Hair 573 62. Tilipa (12) wearing his Hair long on account of a vow made at a Hindu Temple 575 63 and 64. To show Method of Shaving the Head of a Child 577 65. Karol (64), the ‘Wursol’ of Taradr, making Fire 582 66. To show a Stage in the construction of a Hut 584 67. (From Breeks).—The first Man on the Left is holding a Bow and Arrow; the second a Club (probably the ‘Nanmakud’) in his Right Hand, and the ‘Tadri’ in his Left; the third Man is carrying a Club, and the fourth Man is playing the ‘Buguri’ 587 68. (From Breeks).—The five Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills 629 69. A Badaga greeting a Toda 631 70. A view of Nòdrs. The Stone in the Foreground on the Left is the ‘Nerovkars’; that on the Right is the ‘Uteiks.’ In the Background in the Centre is an old ‘Tu.’ The lower part of the Conical Dairy can be seen between the Boy and the ‘Uteiks’ 646 71. The Stones at Pishkwosht called ‘Teuar’ 657 72. The Village of Umgas, showing the ‘Nadrkkars’ in the Centre. Behind the Stones is the ‘Poh’ of this Village, and on its Right are the Dwelling-Huts 673 73. Plan of ‘Etudmad’ 689 74. Plan of Ancient Toda Villages 690 75. (From Breeks).—A Cairn on the Nilgiri Hills 711 76. Various objects found in the Nilgiri Cairns, taken from Breeks 713

PHONETIC SYSTEM

The following is the phonetic system which has been used in this book. The use of many of the signs is more fully described in Chapter XXV.

Vowels.

â, the a of father.
a, the u of hut.
ä, the a of hat.
ê, the ei of their.
e, the e of met.
î, the ee of meet.
i, the i of hit.
ô, the o of post.
o, the o of pot.
ö, the o of word.
ò, the aw of law.
û, the oo of moon.
u, the u of full.
ü, the German vowel.
ai, the i of bite.
au, the ou of house.
ei, the a of date.
eu, the French diphthong.
oi, the oy of boy.

Consonants.

b, as in English.
ch, the ch of church.
d, used in the text for the English sound and also
for the lingual consonant ḍ. [1]
f, as in English.
g, the g of sing.
gg, the g of finger.
gh, the ch of ich.
h, used for a sound of doubtful nature (see p. 611).
j, as in English.
k, as in English.
kh, the ch of auch.
l, used in the text for the English sound and for the
lingual consonant ḷ.
m, as in English.
n, as in English.
ñ, a nasal n, as in French.
p, } as in
r, } English.
s, a sound resembling the English s.
sh, as in English.
t, as in English and also for the lingual ṭ.
th the th both of though and throw.
v, } as in
w, } English.
z, the z of zeal.
zh, the si of occasion.

Sounds represented by ch, s, sh, and th, very frequently inserted euphonically in Toda words, have usually been omitted. I have also omitted the signs showing the long vowels whenever a word occurs frequently throughout the book, and the glossary should be consulted to ascertain the correct method of pronouncing such words. Similarly, Appendices III and IV should be consulted to ascertain the proper pronunciation of the names of places and plants.

I do not use the plurals of Toda words, either in the English form or in that proper to the Toda language; thus, I write “the two palol” and not “the two palols” or “the two palolam.”

MAP.

The names printed in the same type as Kârs are those of Toda villages; the names in italics, as Nanjanad are those of Badaga villages; the names in small black type, as Ootacamund are those of towns with a general population, or of dâk bungalows.

THE TODAS