Chapter II: Part 2

_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules and Asses; in 1879 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics (this Certificate not acted upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and also for Experiments without Anæsthetics. No experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses in either year._

=Budge, Julius= (Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs. Marburg, Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology Univ. Bonn, 1855; Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, 1856.

Author of “Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem,” Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1841-42; “Handbuch der Physiologie,” 1875; “Allgemeine Pathologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft basirt auf Physiologie,” Bonn, 1845; “Memoranda der Speciellen Physiologie des Menschen,” Weimar, 1850; “Über die Zwecke des Athems,” Weimar, 1860; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen,” Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber den Schmerz,” Leipsig, 1866.

“From observations on human patients we have already learnt that pain causes movements of the bladder. But we can also demonstrate this fact experimentally. Not always, but in many instances I have seen that in curarised animals in whom it is well known the sensibility of the nerves long outlasts their mobility, that the pressure of the water rose when I galvanized the trigeminal nerve, that is, if I placed the electrode on the eye or on the mucous membrane of the nose, or when I irritated the central end of a nervus vagus, which fact Oehl has also observed (C. r. 1865, II., p. 340). Also other sensitive nerves can occasion movements of the bladder,”--“_Über die Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge._” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. II., p. 515.

=Bufalini, Giovanni.= Prof. Siena University.

Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche Sperimentali;” Archives per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338.

Engaged with Luciani on experiments on inanition by the starvation of dogs.--_Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche_, Vol V., p. 338.

“A very interesting contribution to the doctrine of inanition. The authors present a graphic table, indicating the quantity of hæmoglobin in the blood, the temperature, and, according to daily observations on a bitch subjected for 43 days to an absolute fast with the exception of one ration of water. At the last there were quick oscillations in the temperature … an interesting fact, which deserves to be confirmed by further experiments, which the authors engage to make. A second series of experiments was made on fasting dogs, on which every three days was practised the transfusion of blood.”--_Archives Italiennes_, Tom. II., p. 253.

=Burkart, Rudolph.= M.D. Bonn, 1869.

Author of “Die physiologische Diagnostic der Nervenkrankheiten,” Leipsig, 1875. Contrib. “Ueber den Einfluss des N. Vagus auf die Athemsbewegungen,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. I., p. 107; “Studien ueber die automatische Thätigkeit des Athemcentrums, und ueber die Beziehungen derselben zum nervus vagus und anderen athemnerven,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. 427.

The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits, such as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with electricity on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the abdomen cut open to expose the action of the diaphragm. (In Exp. VII., after a continuation of the electrical excitement for 2h. 20m., the action of the diaphragm ceased.) Experiments on frogs are also recorded.

=Cadiat= (Dr.), 7, Rue du Bac, Paris. Agrégé Histol. Practical Courses.

=Capparelli, A.=, M.D. Lab. Physiol. Turin.

Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under chloroform; others curarized.--Communicated to Academy of Medicine, Turin, June, 1882.

=Cash, John Theodore.= M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879. M.B. and C.M., 1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and Leipsig); Lab. St. Barthol., London.

_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882-83. No experiments returned in 1881. Dr. Cash can also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, King’s College, London, and at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road._

=Cerradini, Giulio.= Prof. Univ. of Genoa.

=Chambard= (Dr.), 97, Rue Saint-Lazare, Paris. Phys. Hosp. Mental Dis.

=Charcot, Jean Martin=, Paris. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853; Phys. to La Salpétrière; Prof. Med. Faculty, Paris; Mem. Acad. of Med., Director of “Archives de Physiologie.”

Author of “De l’Expectation en Médecine,” Paris, 1857; “De la Pneumonie chronique,” Paris, 1860; “La Médecine empirique et la Médecine scientifique,” Paris, 1867; “Leçons cliniques sur les maladies des vicillards et les maladies chroniques,” Paris, 1868; “Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux,” 1873; “Leçons sur les maladies du foie; des voies biliaires et des reins,” 1877; Joint Editor of “Archives de Physiologie.” Contrib. “Galvanism and Hypnotism,” Brit. Med. Journ.

=Charles, T. W. Cranstoun=, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, S.E. M.D. and M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold Medal), Qu. Univ. Irel., 1869 (Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, etc.); 1st Schol. Qu. Coll. Belfast, 1865-69; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Lect. on Pract. Physiol. St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch.; late Med. Regist. and Demonst. of Physiol. St. Thomas’ Hosp.; formerly Demonst. and Asst. Lect. in Chem. Qu. Coll., Belfast. Contrib. “Medical Reports of St. Thomas’s Hosp.,” etc., etc.

_Held a license for Vivisection at St. Thomas’s Hospital Physiological Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned in 1879._

=Chauveau, A.=, 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyons. Chef des Travaux d’Anatomie et de physiologie à l’école Vétérinaire de Lyons.

Author of “De l’excitabilité de la moëlle épinière;” “Du nerf pneumogastrique,” &c.

Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’s _Journal de Physiologie_. The object was “to ascertain the excitability of the spinal marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that excitability.” His studies were made almost exclusively on horses and asses, who “lend themselves marvellously thereto by the large volume of their spinal marrow,” and he “consecrated 80 subjects to his purpose.” “The animal is fixed on a table; an incision is made on its back of from thirty to thirty-five centimetres; the vertebræ are opened with the help of chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal marrow exposed.” No mention of anæsthetics. Case 7. A vigorous mule. “When one pricks the marrow near the line of emergence of the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests the most violent pain.… Case 10. A small ass very thin, pricked on the line of emergence--_douleur intense_. Case 20. Old white horse lying on the litter, unable to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever point I scratch the posterior cord, I provoke signs of the most violent suffering.”--_Journal de Physiologie_, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48.

=Cheyne, Wm. Watson=, 6, Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. M.B. Edin., and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1875; F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.) 1879; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasbourg); Syme Surg. Fell., 1877; Boylston Med. Prizeman and Gold Medallist, 1880; Jacksonian Prizeman, 1881; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc; Asst. Surg., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. of Surg. King’s Coll.; Late Surg. Regist., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. Anat., Univ. Edin.; House Surg., Edin. Roy. Infirm. and King’s Coll. Hosp., London.

Author of “Antiseptic Surgery, its Principles, Practice, History and Results,” 1881; Art. “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating Wounds,” _Internat. Encyl. Surg._ Contribs. to Brit. Med. Journ., and Lond. Med. Record, &c.

_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London Physiological Laboratory, also Certificates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in 1880-81-82-83._

“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from M. Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease. Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks containing serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous animals; and he has in some cases succeeded in producing tuberculosis by the injection of these cultivations into other animals. The material obtained from M. Toussaint was injected into three rabbits, two guinea-pigs, one cat, and one mouse, and of these seven animals six were under observation for a sufficient length of time for the development at least of local tuberculosis. In no instance did tuberculosis ensue. (In all the experiments detailed in this report inoculation was made into the anterior chamber of the eye whenever this was practicable; syringes purified by heat were employed for the purpose.) Cultivations of these micrococci were also made, and injected into nine rabbits, and three guinea-pigs. Of these, four rabbits and three guinea-pigs were under observation for a considerable time without the development of tuberculosis in any case. The total result is that thirteen animals were inoculated with the micrococci with which Toussaint works, and obtained from Toussaint himself, and in no case did tuberculosis occur.”--_Lancet_, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5.

“_Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882._--Experiment with pus from the wound of a patient suffering from pyæmia. The pus was thick and foul smelling.

“1. One minim was injected _into the left eye_ of a rabbit. Panophthalmos [inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] resulted and the animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually recovered, and in December was apparently well. It died on January 10th, 1883. Lived 64 days.” (P. 267.)

“_Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882._--The bacilli were rubbed up with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material was injected _into the right eyes_ of three rabbits. Into the _left eyes_ the following materials were injected:--

“No. 1.--One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with one part of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected into the left eye of No. 1.

“_Result in No. 1._--On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there was a well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris--the coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but apparently nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left eye was beginning to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right eye become converted into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This animal died on January 7th, 1883. Lived 66 days.” (P. 285.)--“Report to the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.”--_Practitioner_, April, 1883.

=Chirone, Vincenzo.= Prof. at Palermo.

Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of pirotoxine and cinchonidine.

Author of “Contribuzione sperimentale alla storia del Gloralio, Opuscolo,” Napoli, 1870; “Manuale di Materia medica e di Terapia, compilato secondo gli ultimi progressi della scienza,” Napoli, 1871--Presso V. Pasquale, nella R. Università; “Sul valore febbrifugo della chinina; studii sperimentali e clinici, Memoria di concorso, con medaglia di 1ᵃ categoria dalla Facoltá medica di Napoli, 1872”--Presso l’Autore; “Se la dilatazione patologica del cuore avvenga durante la diastole, Lettera al Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “L’infezione malarica e l’azione della chinina del Prf. Cantani. Considerazioni critiche (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “Meccanismo di azione della chinina sulla circolazione ed azione sulla fibra muscolare in generale. Esperienze eseguite nel laboratorio del Prof. A. Bernard nel Giardino della Piante, in Parigi;” “Parte prima (Lo Sperimentale), 1874; parte seconda (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Mécanisme de l’action de la quinine sur la circulation. Recherches expérimentales, executées au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Paris, 1875--Masson éditeurs; “Due parole sul nesso naturale tra le funzioni del pulmone e quelle del cuore. Lettera al Prof. F. Pacini (Lo Sperimentale),” 1874; “Due parole sull’ iniezione nelle vene dell’ idrato dictoralis. Lettera al Prof. Cav. Carlo Ghinozzi (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della ciclamina. Comunicazione preventiva (La Clinica),” 1876; “Azione comparativa degli alcooli omologhi ottenuti per fermentazione. Lezione dettata nella R. Università di Napoli, raccolta e redatta da Gaetano Materazzo (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La doppia attivitá muscolare e l’azione della chinina. Critica e sperimenti, Risposta ai Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (La Rivista clinica di Bologna),” 1876; “Due parole di risposta alla lettera dei Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (L’Osservatore, Gazzetta delle cliniche di Torino),” 1876; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della Ciclamina (Renditonto della R. Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli, fasc, di giugno),” 1877; “Azione fisiologica della chinina sulla circolazione del sangue, Esperienze fatte nel laboratorio di Fisiologia dell’ Università di Bruxelles” (1876), dal Dott. Leone Stiénon. “Rivista critica (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La Scienza e l’arte del ricettare, manuale pratico per gli studenti, pei medici e pei farmacisti.” Napoli, 1877, Presso l’Autore, L. 10; Collaborazione all’ “Enciclopedia Medica Italiana,” Articoli, Bettonica, Bezoardo, Bile, Brodo (monografia), Cainea, Calabar (Fava del), Calaguala, Calamo aromatico, Cammomilla, Campegio, Cedron, Cera, Cerato, Cerfoglio, Chelidonia, Chenopodio, Chermes animale, China (monografia), Chiodi di garofano, Cibozio, Cicoria, Circuta (monografia), Cioccolatte medicinali, Cloralio (monografia).

=Chossat, Charles Etienne.= B. 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820. Prof. Univ. Geneva. Mem. Soc. Nat. Geneva.

Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur l’inanition,” Paris, 1843; “De l’Influence du système nerveux sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1823.

“… During all the operations, and in a great number of thermometrical observations, the animal has been placed upon its back, the fore and hind feet secured to make certain that the body should remain motionless. This position, which is extremely convenient for the experimenter, is no doubt far less so for the animal experimented upon.… As Legallois had affirmed, probably from the results of his own experiments on rabbits, ‘that by tying an animal down on its back its temperature may be sufficiently lowered so as even to cause death, if it is kept long enough in that position,’ I thought I ought to repeat that experiment by prolonging its duration.”--_Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux sur la Chaleur Animale_, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12.

“After long and conscientious researches, M. Chossat concluded that the sympathetic nerve is the real heat-producing agent in animals. But if, after having cut the brain transversely in front of the pons varolis, after having suppressed all nervous action by a cerebral shock violent enough to cause death, after having cut both the pneumo-gastric nerves, after having made various sections of the spinal cord, after having dissected out the sympathetic nerve above the solary plexus, after having practised ligature of the aorta below the diaphragm; if after all this, the temperature of the animals submitted to these mutilations has been lowered and they have died, notwithstanding that pains were taken to keep up artificial breathing when natural respiration was becoming impossible, it cannot be right to affirm that these animals died from the effects of cold. In the experiments made by M. Chossat, the decreased temperature was evidently the consequence and not the cause of death.”--Gavarret, Art. “_Chaleur Animale_” _Dict. des Sciences Médicales_, Vol. XV., 1874, p. 27.

“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) have made experiments on pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and cats, and have arrived at this result--that the animals die when they have lost in weight thirty per cent., that is to say, one-third of their original weight.”… “M. Chossat subjected twelve animals to complete deprivation of food and drink, and abandoned them thus until they died. He examined them all every twenty-four hours at noon and at midnight.”--Gavarret’s “_Animal Heat_” p. 394.

=Chudzinski= (Prof.), Paris. Professor at the Institute of Anthropology.

=Ciaccio= (Prof.), Bologna. Scuola Veterinaria.

=Ciniselli, Giuseppe.= Prof. Pavia University.

=Cleland, John=, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1856; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Prof. of Anat. Univ. Glasgow; formerly Prof. of Anat. and Physiol. and Clin. Lect. Qu. Coll. Galway.

Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Directory for the Dissection of the Human Body,” 1876. Contrib. to Philos. Trans. and various other papers.

=Coats, Joseph=, 7, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasgow, 1870; M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1872; (Univ. Glasg., Leipsig, and Wurzburg); Hon. Sec. Med. Chir. Soc. Glasg. and Glasg. Br. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Path. and Chir. Soc., Glasg.; Lect. on Path. and Pathologist Glasg. Western Infirm.; Exam. in Path. Univ. Glasg.; Editor of Glasg. Med. Journal. Contrib. “Arbeit des Herzens,” Ludwig’s Arb., 1869; “Results of some Injections of Kidneys in Bright’s Disease,” Glas. Med. Journ., 1875, etc. etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments in 1882._

=Cocco-Pisano, Adolfo.= Prof. Sassari University.

=Cohnheim, Julius.= B. 1839, at Demmin, Pomerania; d. Aug. 14, 1884. Leipsig University Path. Institute. M.D. Berlin (Univs. Berlin, Wurzburg, Greifswald, and Prague); Assist. to Virchow at Path. Inst. Berlin, 1864; Prof. Path. Anat. at Kiel, 1868; Prof. Path. Anat. at Breslau, 1872, where was founded under his direction a new Pathological Institute. Accepted the Professorship of Gen. Path. and Anatomy at Leipsic, 1876.

Author of numerous articles in Medical Journals, “Lectures on General Pathology,” 1871; joint author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis Rechberg, of Zurich, of “Ueber die Folgen der Kranzarterienverschliessung für das Herz.”

Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy (_whom see_) “to elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which exists between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac hypertrophy.”

“If we now try to explain the striking phenomena which so invariably accompany our experiments, it is quite impossible not to conclude from the outset that they are the result of the closing of the coronary artery. It is quite true that less frequent beating of the heart, and even irregularities of the pulse, may occur spontaneously, and certainly without ligature of the coronary artery. Any one who has made frequent experiments on dogs in which the pressure of the blood has been noted down during a long period, knows very well that intermittent pulsation, and even greater irregularities, are not unfrequent occurrences in narcotised and bound or curarised animals--irregularities which disappear or re-appear, as the case may be. But the sudden ceasing of the diastolic beating of the heart may also occasionally be observed in dogs whose coronary arteries have not been touched. However, this only happens spontaneously (according to our experience) in dogs which have already been used for a long succession of experiments, which have resulted in the natural alteration of the action of the heart, and in whom the arterial pressure has been lowered to a great degree, more especially when for hours the thorax has been open, and experiments have been made on the greater vessels, or the functions of the heart, or on pericardial pressure, etc.… However, there can be no question that the manipulations of the heart, which are inseparable from our experiments, should be the cause of this result.” … (Here M. Cohnheim makes this naif remark), “Many observers have expressed surprise at the amount of pain which a dog’s heart can bear!”--“_Ueber die Folgen der Krauzarterienver schliessung für das Herz_,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21.

“The great majority of our experiments were made on dogs under curari with artificial respiration, but several were under morphia; with rabbits there is no particular difficulty in dispensing with all narcotics.”--Virchow’s _Archiv._

=Colasanti, Joseph.= M.D. Univ. Rome.

Author of “Researches on Uric Acid,” Atti della R. Accademia di Roma, 1881; “Action of Oxygenated Water in Poisoning Dogs;” “Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8, &c.

Made experiments with curare at the Physiological Institute at Bonn. “… For these experiments we used middle-sized dogs, with well developed muscles and little fat. The method of preparing them for the desired experiments was as follows:--The dog was fastened on to the vivisection table. The abdomen was opened by a long cut in the linea alba from the sternum to the symphysis oss. pub.; to the right and left of the linea alba the muscles of the skin and abdomen were cut across and separated, so as to leave space for the preparation of the aorta abdominalis and the vena cava ascendens. Both these vessels were dissected out of their sheaths, and the threads required for binding the canula passed under the artery. While the animal bleeds to death a canula, which is intended to supply defibrinised blood, is fixed into the aorta.…”--“_Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes._”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8.

=Colin, Gabriel Constant.= B. at Mollars, Haute Saône, 1825. Prof. Veterinary College, Alfort. Mem. Acad. of Med., Paris.

Author of “Expériences sur la secretion pancréatique chez les grands ruminants,” 1851; “Traité de physiologie comparée des animaux,” 1854-56; “Recherches sur une maladie vermineuse des moutons, due à la présence d’une linguitale dans les ganglions mésentériques,” 1861. Contrib. a number of articles to the “Receuil de Méd. Vétérinaire;” “les Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” “Les Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, &c.”

“The following are experiments practised by Messrs. Boulay and Colin:--Starve a horse, make an open wound in the æsophagus, and inject thirty grains of alcoholic extract of nux vomica, or from three to four grains of strychnine. At the end of a quarter of an hour the horse will die in characteristic convulsions.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, Béclard, p. 155.

=Cornil, André Victor=, 6, Rue de Seine, Paris. B. 1837. M.D. Paris, 1865, Prof. of Path. Med. Faculty; Physician to the Hospital de Lourcine.

Author of “Manuel d’histologie pathologique,” 1869-72; “Leçons élémentaires d’hygiène,” 1872; Editor (chief) of “Journal des Connaisances Médicales.” Joint author with M. Ranvier of “Manuel d’Histologie Pathologique.”

=Corona, Augusto= (Prof.) Director of Sassari University.

=Corrado= (Commandatore), Rome. Professor of Physiological Pathology Hospital of San Spirito.

=Couty= (Mons.), Rio Janeiro.

=Coyne, Paul,= M.D., Paris. Formerly Resident Hospital Physician. Prof. Med. Faculty, Lille. Director of the Laboratory of Histology of the Hospital La Charité, Paris.

Author of “Recherches sur l’Anatomie normale de la muqueuse des larynx et sur l’anatomie pathologique des complications laryngeés de la rougeole,” Paris, 1874. Contrib. to Gaz. Med. de Paris.

=Cryan, Robert,= 54, Rutland Square West, Dublin. F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1873; L. 1849; L.M. 1861; L.R.C.S.T. 1847 (Richm. Hosp., Carm. Sch. Dub. and Univ. Glasg.); Phys. St. Vincent’s Hosp.; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Cath. Univ.; M.R.T.A. Mem. Med. Soc., Coll. Phys. Irel., Surg. Soc. Irel. and Path. and Obst. Socs. Dub.; late Lect. on Anat. and Physiol. Carm. Sch.

Author of various Contributions to Path. Soc. Dub.; _Dub. Quart. Journ., and Med. Press and Circular_.

_Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory of Catholic University, Dublin, in 1878, and Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures._

=Cunningham, Daniel John=, University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1876; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours) 1874, Edin.; F.R.S., Edin.; Senior Demonstrator of Anat. (late Asst. and Junior Demonst. of Anat.), Univ. Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. Roy. Vet. Coll., Edin.

Author of “Dissector’s Guide,” Parts I. and II. Contrib. several Articles to _Journ. Anat. and Physiology_, etc.

_Held License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh, in 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations to Lectures in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. No experiments in 1878, 1880, and 1882._

=Curci= (Signor).

Engaged with Chirone in experiments on pirotoxine and cinchonidine.--_Archiv. Ital._

=Currie, Andrew Stark=, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. M.B. Edin., 1874; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1874.

_Held License for Vivisection at Glasgow University Physiological Laboratory, 1878._

=Cyon, Elias de=, 99, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. Prof. Physiology Univ. St. Petersburg; Mem. Acad. of Med. St. Petersburg.

Author of “Die Lehre von der Tabes dorsualis kritisch und experimentelle erläutert,” Berlin, 1867; “Principes d’électrothérapie,” Paris, 1867; “Methodik der physiologischen Experimente und Vivisectionen, mit Atlas,” Giessen, Leipsig, 1876; “Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires et sur leur rôle dans la formation de la notion de l’espace,” Paris, 1878; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, section des Sciences Nat., Vol. XVIII., Art. 1--(Experiments on pigeons, dogs, rabbits, and lampreys made in the laboratory of Claude Bernard.)

Experimented in his private Laboratory at St. Petersburg in 1874; also in Ludwig’s Laboratory at Leipsig; in his own Laboratory, and that of Claude Bernard, at Paris. To observe the action excited by barometrical pressure upon the organism, he placed animals in the iron cylinder invented by Paul Bert, but improved upon the latter in such a way that the arteries of the animal were brought into communication with a manometer placed outside, and the nerves of the animal could be acted upon by an electric current.

… “The effect of such a division of the semi-circular canals is appalling. It is impossible to convey any exact idea of the unceasing movements of the pigeon; it can neither stand, nor lie down, nor fly, nor perform any systematic movements whatever, nor retain for an instant even any position in which it may be placed.…. To keep alive pigeons which have been thus operated upon I have wrapped them in a napkin, so as to prevent even oscillations of the head. Thus pinioned I placed them in a hammock, specially constructed for pigeons having had the semi-circular canals severed. Notwithstanding these precautions, it has frequently happened that I have found the pigeons dead in a corner of the laboratory.… So violent were the muscular contractions, that though enfolded in a napkin, the pigeons still managed to throw themselves out of the hammock, and roll on to the ground till fatal injuries to the brain ended their sufferings.”--“Functions des canaux,” etc.; _Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles_, Vol. XVIII., pp. 45-46.

“The medical man who speaks with horror of the torture of animals in physiological experiments, will do well to remember how often he has prescribed most repulsive, and not always safe treatment for a patient, in order to obtain some insight into how it was likely to act. Many a surgical operation is performed, _less for the benefit of the patient than for the service of science;_ and the utility of the knowledge aimed at thereby is often _much more trifling_ than that attained by Vivisection of an animal.”--_Methodik_, p. 8.

“The true vivisector must approach a difficult vivisection with the same joyful excitement, with the same delight, with which a surgeon undertakes a difficult operation, from which he expects extraordinary consequences. He who shrinks from cutting into a living animal, he who approaches a vivisection as a disagreeable necessity, may very likely be able to repeat one or two vivisections, but will never become an artist in vivisection. He who cannot follow some fine nerve-thread, scarcely visible to the naked eye, into the depths, if possible sometimes tracing it to a new branching, with joyful alertness for hours at a time; he who feels no enjoyment when at last, parted from its surroundings and isolated, he can subject that nerve to electrical stimulation; or when, in some deep cavity, guided only by the sense of touch of his finger-ends, he ligatures and divides an invisible vessel--to such a one there is wanting that which is most necessary for a successful vivisector. The pleasure of triumphing over difficulties held hitherto insuperable is always one of the highest delights of the vivisector. And the sensation of the physiologist, when from a gruesome wound, full of blood and mangled tissue, he draws forth some delicate nerve-branch, and calls back to life a function which was already extinguished--this sensation has much in common with that which inspires a sculptor, when he shapes forth fair living forms from a shapeless mass of marble.”--_Methodik_, 1876, p. 15.

“The description given by Cyon of the method of operation (_Methodik_, p. 510) is as follows: ‘The rabbit is firmly fastened to the ordinary vivisecting table by means of Czermak’s holder. Then the rabbit’s head is held by the left hand, so that the thumb of that hand rests on the condyle of the lower jaw. This is used as a _point d’appui_ for the insertion of the knife.… To reach the hollow of the temple the instrument must be guided forward and upward, thus avoiding the hard portion of the temporal bone and leading the knife directly into the cranial cavity.… The trigeminus then comes under the knife. Now holding the head of the animal very firmly, the blade of the knife is directed backwards and downwards, and pressed hard in this direction against the base of the skull. The nerve is then generally cut behind the Gasserian ganglion, which is announced by a violent cry of agony (_einen heftigen Schmerzensschrei_) of the animal.’”

“When I published my treatise on physiological methods and the art of vivisection four years ago, several of my colleagues of the English Universities entreated me not to announce my work in any of the English newspapers, as they feared that public opinion might be still more aroused.”--Letter to the _Gaulois_, December, 1881.

=Czermak, Johann Nepomuk.= B. at Prague in Bohemia, 1828; Med. and Chir. Doct.; formerly Prof. Univs. Cracow and Pesth; Prof. Univ. Prague, 1860; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Jena, 1865; Prof. Univ. Leipsig, 1870; founded Physiological Laboratories in each of the above Universities; inventor of the laryngoscope, and also of several instruments for securing animals during vivisection.

Author of “Beschreibung einiger Vorrichtungen zu physiologischen Zwecken,” Vienna, 1865; “Nachweis der Erscheinung der sogenannten Pulsverspätung beim Frosche, und das Verfahren der selbe wahrzunehmen,” Vienna, 1865; “Populäre physiologische vorträge gehalten im akademischen Rosensaale zu Jena,” 1867-1869; “Die Physiologie als allgemeines Bildungselement,” Leipsig, 1870; “Ueber Schopenhauer’s Theorie der Farbe,” Vienna, 1870; “Der electrische Doppelhebel,” Leipsig, 1871; “Ueber das Herz u. den Einfluss des Nervensystems auf dasselbe,” Leipsig, 1871; “Nachweiss echter hypnotischen Erscheinungen bei Thieren,” Vienna, 1873; “Ueber das Ohr und das Hören;” “Ueber das physiologische Privat-Laboratorium an der Universität Leipsig,” Leipsig, 1873.

=Dareste, Camille,= 37, Rue de Fleurus, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1847; Prof. Nat. Hist., Lyceum of Versailles; Prof. Zool., Fac. Sci. Lille, 1864; Direct. of Lab. of Teratology Med. Fac., Paris.

Author of “Recherches sur la production artificielle des monstruosités ou Essais de tératogénie expérimentale,” 1877 (with maps). M. Dareste has made a special study of Animal Monstrosities, and articles by him on this subject have appeared in several journals, including the “Comptes Rendus of the Académie des Sciences.”

=Dastre= (Prof.), Paris. D. Sc.; Prof. Nat. Hist. Lycée Louis le Grand; Prof. (Suppléant) of Physiol. Fac. Sci.; Prof. of Physiol., La Sorbonne, Paris.

Has translated from the English “Des lésions des nerfs et leurs conséquences,” by Dr. Weir-Mitchell; Edited “Chaleur Animale,” by Claude Bernard.

=Davidson, Alex. Dyce=, 224, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.A. Aberd., 1863; M.D. 1870; M.B. and C.M. (both with highest Honours), 1866; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1866; (Univ. Aberd. and Paris); Lect. on Opth. Surg. and Ophthalmoscopy Univ. Aberd.; Opth. Surg. Roy. Infirm. Aberdeen; Surg. Aberd. Opth. Inst. Blind Asyl., and Female Orphan Inst.; Professor of Materia Medica Univ. Aberdeen; Phys. Hosp. for Incurables. Contrib. several Papers, etc., to Annales d’Oculietique and other journals.

_Held License for Vivisection unrestricted as to place in 1878, also in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83._

=Davison, James=, 45, Sandy’s Terrace, South Circular Road, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Ireland, 1869 (Belfast and Dublin).

_Held License for Vivisection at Physiological Room, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, and 45, Sandy’s Terrace, Dublin, 1881, and at the Laboratory, Drimatergh House, Queen’s County, 1883._

=Deahna, Dr. A.= Prof. Physiol. at Freiburg, in Bresgau; Phys. on Staff of Saxon Sanitary Corps, 1879.

Joint author (with Dr. Joh. Latschenberger) of “Beiträge zur Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässemuskeln,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, Vol. XII., p. 157.

Experiments on rabbits, dogs, and cats. The animals were all curarised, and had various nerves cut and excited by electricity.

=De Paoli, Giovanni.= Prof. Genoa University.

=Descoust= (Dr.), 16, Rue Hérold, Paris. Prof, of Pract. Med. Jurisp. Med. Faculty.

=Desfossez= (Dr.), Boulogne-sur-Seine. Phys. Hosp. Ophthalmology.

=Desgranges= (Dr.), 55, Place de la République, Lyons. Prof. of Surgery Med. Faculty.

=Dittmar, Carl.= M.D. 1867, Phys. at Hildesheim; Mem. of Acad. of Sci. of Saxony.

Author of “Ueber die Lage der sogenannten Gefässnervencentrums in der Medulla oblongata;” “Ein neuer Beweiss für die Reizbarkeit der centripetalen Fasern des Rückenmarks” (Ber. der. Sächs. Gessellschaft d. Wiss., 1870).

=Donders, Frans-Cornelius.= B. 1818. Studied at the Military Medical School of Utrecht. Was Military Surgeon at the Hospital of Hague. Professor of Physiol., Histol., and Ophthalmol. at the University of Utrecht, 1847. In 1863 received from his Government a grant of money for the construction of a modern Physiological Laboratory, which was inaugurated 1867. Corr. Mem. Academy of Medicine, Paris, 1873, and Institute of France, 1879.

Author of “Lehre von den Augenbewegungen,” 1847; “Onder Zockingen gedaan in het physiologisch laboratorium,” etc., Utrecht, 1849, 1857, 1867, etc.; and of several articles in Graefe’s “Archiv. für Ophthalmologie.”

“MM. Snellon and Donders took a rabbit, cut the nerve on the right side of the cervical region, made a wound in each ear, and inserted a fragment of glass into the sore, which was then sewn up. At the end of six days a tumour was set up in the left ear. At the end of twelve days the wound on the right ear was opened by tearing its borders.… In the other ear meanwhile the swelling had considerably increased, and a vast purulent abscess was formed in its interior.… Here are some more curious results. Cut the right nerve in the neck of a rabbit, and when the vessels of the globe of the eye are dilated pour concentrated acetic acid on both eyes. The sight is instantly violently distressed; the epithelium being cauterised soon becomes detached, … and at the end of four weeks the pupil of the eye can no longer be seen.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, Béclard, 1862, p. 1,019.

=Dowdeswell, George Francis=, Physiol. Lab. New Museum, Oxford. M.A., F.C.S., F.R.S., &c.

Contrib. “On the structural changes which are produced in the liver under the influence of the Salts of Vanadium,” “Journal of Physiology,” Vol. I., Nos. 4 & 5, p. 257.

_Held License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, and University College Physiological Laboratory in 1878-79-80; also at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory, besides former places in 1881-82-83. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879; Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1880; Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, and Asses in 1881-83, and Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1878, 1879, and 1880. No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses._

=Du Bois Reymond, Emil.= B. Berlin, 1818. Studied Geology at Bonn; Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin under J. Müller; Ph. D. 1843 (Bonn and Berlin); Prof. Physiol. Univ. Berlin (successor to J. Müller), 1858; Mem. and Perpetual Sec. of Imp. Acad. of Science, Berlin, 1867.

Author of “Untersuchungen ueber thierische Elektricität,” Berlin, 1848, etc.; “Ueber Thierische Bewegung,” Berlin, 1851; “Ueber die Grenzen des Naturerkennens,” Leipsig, 1872; “Abhandlungen über allgemeine Muskel und Nervenphysik,” 1877; “Der physiologische Unterricht sonst und jetzt,” Berlin, 1878; “Culturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft,” Leipsig, 1878. Since 1857, co-editor, with Reichart, of Müller’s Archives of Anatomy.

In 1841 he experimented on animal electricity, and published the results in “Poggendorf’s Annals” (1843).

It was Du Bois Reymond who said: “Standing on the loftiest summit of Doubt, the man of science bravely disdains to fill the yawning desert around him with phantoms of his imagination. He looks without terror into the merciless machinery of Nature, utterly devoid as it is of any spark of Deity.”--_Dr. Nordwall’s Address to Scandinavian League_, 1883.

=Du Castel= (Dr.), 14, Rue de Bellechasse, Paris. Phys. Hospital, Teuon.

=Durham, Arthur Edward=, 82, Brook Street, W. F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1860; M. 1858 (Guy’s) 1st M.B. 1857; Prizem. 1854, Univ. Lond.; F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Chairm. Bd. of Exam. R.C.S. Eng.; Mem. Path. Clin. and Hunt. Socs.; Surg. and Lect. on Surg.; late Lect. on Anat. and Lect. on Use of Microscope, Guy’s Hosp.; Con. Surg. St. Alban’s Hosp. and Disp.; late Demonst. of Anat., Lect. on Nat. Philos., and Surg. Regist. Guy’s Hosp.; late Pres. Quekett Micros. Club.

Late Editor Guy’s Hosp. Reps.; Author of “Sleeping and Dreaming,” an Essay on Physiological Science; “The Physiology of Sleep,” etc.

“… It occurred to me that the artificial exposure of the brains of living animals might afford opportunity for more definite observation and further inquiry. With this idea I made numerous experiments and observations.… It was suggested to me that the perforation of the skull placed its contents in an unusual condition with regard to atmospheric pressure, and that thus an unnatural state of the circulation might be induced.… To obviate this and other possible objections, I replaced the portions of bone removed by accurately fitting watch glasses, and rendered the junction of their edges with the bone air-tight, by means of inspissated Canada balsam.… I satisfied myself of the accuracy of these observations by repeated experiments upon different animals. My experiments upon dogs were the most satisfactory; those upon rabbits least so.”--From “_Physiology of Sleep_” Guy’s Hospital Reports, Vol. VI., 1860, p. 153, &c.

“The method employed by Donders and Ehrmann was the same as that employed by Durham in the experiments he made upon animals to verify the observations of Blumenbach, Caldwell, and others, on human patients.”… “The results obtained by physiological experimentation, to prove that sleep is accompanied by cerebral congestion, according to some, and according to others by cerebral anemia, are not more valuable than the results of clinical observation. Firstly, the animals upon which the experiments have been made have been wounded more or less severely, and thereby both excitement and pain have been caused; all have, therefore, necessarily been placed under pathological conditions. It is impossible to wound the head and open the skull without causing a severe shock to the system of the animals, and a more or less violent irritation of the brain; that is to say, not without producing a certain amount of pain. And we know the influence that pain can have, not only on the functions of the great organic apparatus (circulation, respiration, animal heat), but also on the anatomical and physiological state of the nerve centres. Another influence which, according to our idea, very considerably diminishes the value of the results of physiological investigation, is that sleep has always been produced by narcotics and anæsthetics in the animals submitted to experimental observations.”… “We conclude from this study that the real state of cerebral circulation, during natural sleep, does not seem to have been arrived at, notwithstanding the great number of observations and experiments lately made on this interesting subject.”--DR. MARVAUD, _Gazette Médicale de Paris_, 1878 (p. 81-2).

=Eckhard, C.= M.D. Prof. Univ., Giessen.

Author of “Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie,” Giessen; “Die Bildung und Prüfung des Arztes;” “Experimental physiologie des Nervensystems;” “Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen.”

“It is known that there is no unity of opinion amongst the observers of the phenomena which occur during artificial respiration in animals poisoned by strychnine, and that furthermore those who agree about the facts insist upon giving these different meanings.”--“_Ueber den Strychnintetanus während der Künstlichen Respiration_,” “Beiträge,” p. 37.

“Expansion of the walls of the chest and abdomen by injection of gas into the lungs. First I cut away so much of the larynx through the open mouth of a frog that the animal can no longer close it at will. Then I sew the under jaw firmly to the upper jaw. I stop up the one nostril by forcing into it a short thick piece of wire. Then a similarly short and thick canula which is in communication with the gasometer is fixed into the other nostril. As soon as the frog shows symptoms of strychnine cramps, its lungs are set in communication with the gasometer by opening the tap; a side offshoot of the tube leads to the hdrg. manometer.”--“_Strychnine, &c._” p. 48.

=Eichhorst, Hermann.= M.D.; Prof. Clin. Med., Univ. of Göttingen.

Author of “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie für practishe Aertzte und Studirende;” “Die trophischen Beziehungen der Nervi vagi zum Herzmuskel,” in Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1879; “Lehrbuch der Physikalischen Untersuchungs-Methoden innerer Krankheiten,” Brunswick, 1881; “Ueber Nervendegeneration und Nervenregeneration,” Archiv. für path. Anat., Vol. LIX., 1874, p. 7.

Made experiments on birds.

=Ellenberger= (Prof.) Prosector Veterinary Sch., Berlin.

“Professor Ellenberger, of Dresden, cut through the facial nerves of five old and emaciated horses. In the fifth it is stated ‘that it showed signs of considerable pain during the operation.’ The others were apparently so exhausted that even this operation made little impression on them. Claude Bernard once made the same operation on a horse, and gave as the result that the nostrils are no more capable of opening, and thus the animals die of suffocation, since they breathe only through the nostrils. This explanation has been hitherto accepted but is now disputed by Ellenberger, who maintains that there is no danger for animals so operated on if kept quiet, but only if they exert themselves, and he recommends if paralysis of these nerves occurs, as is not unfrequently the case, that one shall leave the cure to natural means.”--_Archiv. f. Thierheilkunde_, vii., 4.

=Emery, C.= Prof. of Zoo., Univ. Bologna.

Joint editor, with A. Mosso, of “Archives italiennes de Biologie,” Paris, 1882, &c.

Studies on the kidneys of fishes.

=Engelhardt, Gustav= (Dr.) Prof. at Nuremberg.

Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Bewegungen der Iris,” in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in Wurzburg,” 1869, p. 308.

Experiments on the eyes of rabbits.

=Engelmann, Theodor W.= Prof. at Utrecht.

Author of “Physiologie des Ureters,” “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Protoplasma,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., “Beiträge zur allgemeinen Muskel und Nerven Physiologie,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. III.; “Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XXIII., 1880; “Ueber Reizung Contractilen Protoplasmas durch plötzliche Beleuchtung,” Onderzack, Physiol. Lab. Utrecht, 1880; “Ueber die Bewegungen der Oscillarien und Diatomeen,” Ibid; “Ueber Degeneration von Nervensfasern, Ein Beitrag zur cellular physiologie,” Pflüger, Vol. XIII., p. 474.

Experiments with electricity on the exposed ureters of rabbits; also on curarized frogs.

=Ercolani, Count Giovanbattista.= B. at Bologna, 1819. Prof. at the Veterinary Institute of the University of Bologna. Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute. Member of many learned Societies, and of the Institute of France. Exiled from Florence for political causes he repaired to Turin, where he devoted himself to scientific studies and experiments, Director of the Veterinary School of San Salvario. Rector of the Univ. of Bologna from 1868 to 1871, &c., &c. Mem. Inst. of Rome, and of Acad. of Berlin and St. Petersburg.

Author of “Sulla Transformazione degli Elementi Istologico Nell’ Organismo Animale,” Bologna, 1864; “Metamorfosi delle Piante,” Bologna, 1878, &c., &c.

=Erichsen, John Eric=, 6, Cavendish Place, W. F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.), 1845, and Mem. Council (Univ. College); F.R.S.; Mem. various Socs. home and foreign; Surg. Extraordinary to H.M. the Queen; Emerit. Prof. of Surg. and Clinical Surg., Univ. Coll.; Cons. Surg., Univ. Coll. Hosp.; late Exam. in Surg., Univ. Lond., Roy. Coll. Phys., Lond. Roy. Coll. Surg., and Univ. Durham; late Pres. R.C.S., Eng., and Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc.

Author of “Science and Art of Surgery,” 8th Edit.; “Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” 2nd Edit. for which the Roy. Humane Soc. awarded the Fothergill Gold Medal, value 50 guineas; “A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Scalp;” “Observations on Aneurism, &c.” (Sydney Society); “Railway Injuries of the Nervous System,” 1868; “Hospitalism and the Causes of Death after Operations and Surgical Injuries,” 1874; “Concussion of the Spine,” 2nd Edit., 1882. Contrib. various papers on surgical subjects to Lancet, Med. and Chir. Trans., Med. Gaz., and Edin. Med. Surg. Journal.

“‘Experiment 9. Three mongrel terriers, A, B, C, were properly secured.… One of the jugular veins of the centre dog was then exposed, and a ligature was passed under it, so that it might be punctured so as to avoid the occurrence of plethora and apoplexy when the carotid arteries of the two lateral dogs were connected with the corresponding vessels of the central one.… The central dog began to struggle.… The lateral dogs were both alive, but evidently enfeebled by loss of blood.’”--_Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal_, Vol. LXIII., Art. 1, “An experimental Inquiry into the Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” by John E. Erichsen.

=Esbach=, Dr., 6, Place de Valois, Paris. Lab. Hosp. de Necker.

=Ewart, J. Cossar=, Univ., Edin. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1878; M.B. and C.M. (Honours), 1874; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; Regius Prof. of Nat. Hist. Univ. Edin.; Director Scott. Zool. Station; formerly Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin.: Conserv. Mus. Univ. Coll. London, and Lecturer on Anat., Edin. Sch. of Med.

Author of “Manual of Pract. Anat.,” Part 1, 1879. Contrib. Journ. Anat. and Physiol. Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.

_Held License for Vivisection at Aberdeen University; Physiological Laboratory, and Materia Medica Department, Marischal College, in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics 1881 and 1882. No Experiments returned in 1882._

=Exner, Sigismund.= Asst. Prof. at the Physiol. Inst. Vienna.

Author of “Zur Lehre von den Gehörsempfindungen,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, Vol. XIII., p. 228.

=Falchi= (Dr.) Chef de Clinique Ophthalmogique, Turin.

Very numerous experiments, injecting tubercular matter into the eyes of animals.

=Fano, J.=, M.D., Free Prof. and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Florence.

Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre automatique dans le tractus bulbo spinal,” “Arch. Ital. de Biol.,” 1883, Vol. III., p. 365.

Experiments on turtles, toads, and fishes.

“On turtles alone I have made more than fifty experiments. The experiments on fishes I have only just commenced, and they do not allow me to draw from them any valid conclusions on the subject. My attempts to extend my researches to the superior vertebrates--that is to say, to mammals and birds--are limited to two experiments on unweaned puppies and one experiment on a pigeon.”--_Arch. Ital. de Biol._, Vol. III., 1833, p. 367.

=Fayrer, Sir Joseph=, K.C.S.I., 53, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1859; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1858; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. 1847; LL.D. Edin., 1878; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; F.R.G.S. Lond.; Vice-Pres. Zool. Soc., Lond.; Pres. Epidem. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med Chir. and Obst. Socs., etc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Asiat. Soc. Bengal; Fell. Acad. Sci. Philadelph.; Hon. Phys. to H.M. the Queen and to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh; Phys. to Sec. of State for India in Council; Pres. Med. Board, India Office; Mem. Army Sanit. Commiss.; Mem. Senate Army Med. Sch., Netley; late Prof. Med. Coll. and Sen. Surg. Med. Coll. Hosp. Calcutta; late Pres. Med. Fac. Univ. Calcutta; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “Clinical Surgery in India,” 1866; “Clinical and Pathological Observations in India,” 1873; “On the Physiological Action of the Poison of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes (conjointly with Dr. L. Brunton),” etc. etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1878. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses._

“The experiments, of which this is a summary, were commenced in October, 1867, and have been continued as regularly since, at such intervals as time and other and more important avocations permitted.… The living creatures experimented on have been the ox, horse, goat, pig, dog, cat, civet, mongoose, rabbit, rat, fowls, kites, herons, fish, innocent snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, snails.”--“_Summary of Experiments on Snake Poison_,” by J. Fayrer, M.D., C.S.I., Med. Times, April 1st, 1871, p. 374.

“After careful consideration, fully admitting that in permanganate of potash we have an agent which can chemically neutralize snake-poison, I do not see that more has been done than to draw attention to a local remedy already well known as a chemical antidote, the value of which depends on its efficient application to the contaminated part (which Dr. Wall has pointed out is too uncertain to be reliable). We are still, then, as far off an antidote as ever, and the remarks made by me in 1868 are as applicable now as they were then. They were as follows:--‘To conceive of an antidote, as that term is usually understood, we must imagine a substance so subtle as to follow, overtake, and neutralise the venom in the blood, and that shall have the power of counteracting or neutralising the poisonous or deadly influence it has exerted on the vital force. Such a substance has still to be found, nor does our experience of drugs give hopeful anticipations that we shall find it.’”--_Sir J. Fayrer_, “_Address to Medical Society of London_,” _British Medical Journal_, Feb. 2, 1884.

=Fede, Francesco.= Prof. Naples University.

=Fehleisen, F.= M.D.; Private Lecturer Clinical Institute Berlin, 1877.

Author of “Die Aetiologie des Erysipels,” Berlin, 1883.

“The beautiful experiments of Fehleisen, on erysipelas, have definitely established the fact that this disease is due to the growth of micrococci in the lymphatic vessels of the skin. He succeeded in cultivating these organisms in gelatinised meat-infusion, and inducing the disease by the cultivated micrococcus in rabbits, and also in man.”--_British Medical Journal_, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1208.

=Feltz= (Prof.) Nancy Med. Faculty; Prof. Path. Anat. and Physiol. Med. Fac., Nancy.

=Ferrari, Italo.= Assist. Prof. at the Physiol. Lab. Univ., Parma.

=Ferrier, David=, 16, Upper Berkeley Street, Portman Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1870; M.B. and C.M. (Highest Honours), 1868; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M. 1872; M.A. Aberd. (Double First), 1863; LL.D. (Edin. and Heidelberg); F.R.S.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Clin., Paris; Accad. Reale de Med., Turin; Lauréat de l’Institut de France, 1878; Prof. Forensic Med. King’s Coll.; Asst. Phys. King’s Coll. Hosp.; Marshall Hall Prizem., 1883; Prof. of For. Med. King’s Coll.; Phys. Nat. Hosp. for Paralysed and Epileptic, etc.; Lecturer on Physiol. Middlx. Hosp. Med. Sch. and Exam. For. Med. Univ. Edin. and Univ. Lond.

Author of Gold Medal Thesis on “The Comparative Anatomy of the Corpora Quadrigemina,” 1870; “Experimental Researches in Cerebral Physiology and Pathology,” W. Rid. Med. Reps. 1873; “The Localisation of Function in the Brain;” “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” (Croonian Lecture), Phil. Trans., Part II., 1875, etc., etc. Joint Author of “Guy’s Forensic Medicine;” “The Functions of the Brain;” Gulst. Lects. on Localisation of Cerebral Disease; Joint Editor of “Brain,” and author of various Papers therein.

_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological Laboratory, in 1882-83, with Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill in same years._

Made experiments at Wakefield in regard to the examination of various parts of the skull.--_Ev. Roy. Com._, p. 169.

(Q. 3326.) “I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments in his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters live in the country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and that would entirely prevent them from carrying on research.--(3327.) Do you think that there are many such persons? Yes.--(3328.) And who are practising in their own laboratories, and unconnected with medical schools do you mean? I used to do so when I lived in the country, in Suffolk, at Bury St. Edmunds. I performed experiments there for my own purposes of research.”

…

(3331.) “Then you experiment at your own house as well as at King’s College, do you? Yes; it would interfere with my professional work if I were obliged to go such a distance from home to perform my experiments.”--_Ibid._, p. 173.

(3245.) “Now with regard to original research, how would you express yourself on that subject? I should say, that, wherever it is possible to avoid the infliction of pain on animals subjected to experiments, the means should be adopted either by chloroform or ether, or opium or other anæsthetic; but that where the administration of an anæsthetic would prejudice the object for which the experiment was conceived, that the experiment is still justifiable, notwithstanding the fact that it might inflict a certain amount of pain on the animal.”--_Ibid._, p. 170.

“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he had operated upon some months previously.… In striking contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the middle of January, the left motor area having been destroyed. There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia” (paralysis of the right half of the body) “with conjugate deviation of the eyes and head” (eyes and head permanently twisted). “Facial paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the animal was able to lift it up. The arm it never had been able to use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralyzed limb had been coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of all auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, as by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to the head.”--_Lancet’s_ Report of the Proceedings at the International Medical Congress, Oct. 8, 1881.

“Exper. IV., June 18th, 1873.--The right hemisphere of a monkey had been partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of localising the region of electric stimulation. The part exposed included the ascending parietal and postero-parietal convolutions, the ascending frontal, and the posterior extremities of the three frontal convolutions. After having been under experimentation for eight hours, the animal recovered sufficiently to sit up and take food. The wound was sewn up, and the animal placed in its cage.

“June 19th.--The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating and drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No change was perceptible during the whole of this day.

“June 20th.--The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active; but there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary motion. It closely watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made attempts to catch them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer from choreic spasms of the left angle of the mouth and of the left hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal was apparently annoyed by the spasmodic actions of its mouth, and frequently endeavoured to still them by holding its mouth with the other hand. Towards the close of the day the spasms frequently repeated, became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic nature, the convulsions on the left side of the body becoming general. This state continued till.…

“June 23rd.--…

“June 24th.--Hemiplegia is complete on the left side, hand, foot, and face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging the right after it.