Chapter V: Part 5

Author of “Osservazioni fisio-patologiche sul sistema nervoso,” 1856; “Il Pancreas,” 1852: “Atropine e Belladonna,” 1852; “Patologia del Cervelletto,” 1856; “Sperienze sul gran-simpatico,” 1857; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1859; “Sur la fibrine du sang,” 1866; “Fisiologia della donna,” 1867; “Sui processi digestivi” 1868-69; “Fisiologia dei centri nervosi encefalici,” 1871; “Sui canali semicircolari, Richerche fisio-patologiche,” 1872; “Des centres moteurs encéphaliques,” 1877; “I movimenti del dolore,” 1878, &c.

=Lyon= (Dr.), St. Petersburg.

=Macewen, William=, 73, Bath Street, and 5, Ure Place, Montrose Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1874; (Glasg.); Mem. Nat. Hist., Path. and Chir., and Med. and Chir. Socs., Glasg.; Lect. on Chir. Surg., and Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm.; Casualty Surg. Glasg. City; late Disp. Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm., and Western Infirm., Glasg.; House Phys. Roy. Infirm. and Asst. Phys. City Asyl., Glasg.

Author of “Wounds, in relation to the instruments which produce them;” “Antiseptic Osteotomy for Genu Vulgum,” 1878; “Osteotomy, with an Inquiry into the Ætiology and Pathology of Knock Knee, Bow Legs, and other Osseous Deformities of the Lower Limbs,” 1880; “Observations concerning Transplantation of Bone,” 1881; “On the Immediate Treatment of Wounds,” 1881; “Chromic Gut and Chicken-bone Drainage Tubes,” 1881. Contrib. to “Glasg. Med. Journ.,” 1874; “Edin. Month. Med. Journ.,” 1875; “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1880.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School 1881 and 1882. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned in 1882._

=Mackay, J. Yule.= M.B.

_Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class-room, 1883._

=Maclagan, Douglas=, 28, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. 1833; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1864.; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1831 and 1833; Vice-Pres. F.R.S. (Edin.); Prof. of Med. Jurisp., Police and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; Surg. Gen. Queen’s Body Guard for Scotland; Surg.-Maj. Q.E.R.V.B.; Hon. Mem. Pharm. Soc. Gt. Brit., etc., etc.

Contrib. Papers on Mat. Med. and Therapeutics, Pract. of Med. and Med. Jurisp. in Edin. Med. Journs.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh Medical Jurisprudence Department in 1878 and 1879. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned._

=MacLeod, Neil=, Stoney Down, Walthamstow. M.D., 1883.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Licensee’s House, Stoney Down, Walthamstow, 1883._

=Maier, Rudolf.= B. Freiburg, 1824. Prof. Path. Med. Fac. Univ. Freiburg.

Author of “Experimentelle Studien ueber Bleivergiftung,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol XC. (1882), p. 435.

Fed rabbits and guinea-pigs with lead.

=Majendie, François.= B. at Bordeaux, 1783; d. at Paris 1855. M.D. Paris, 1808; Mem. Acad. Science and Med. 1821; held a Professorship of Medicine at the College of France, which he converted in 1830 into a Professorship of Experimental Physiology.

Author of “Traité élémentaire de la Physiologie,” 1816.

Majendie was the founder of the School of Experimental Physiology, and was so indifferent to the sufferings of the animals experimented upon that he has been called cruel by his fellow workers, and was even accused of having performed experiments on human beings. On the occasion of his first visit to England he was openly accused in Parliament, but was so warmly defended by James Mackintosh and a strong party, that the accusation led to no result.

“I recall to mind a poor dog, the roots of whose vertebral nerves Majendie desired to lay bare. The dog, already mutilated and bleeding, twice escaped from under the implacable knife, and threw his front paws around Majendie’s neck, licking him, as if to soften his murderer and beg for mercy. Vivisectors may laugh, but I confess I was unable to endure the heartrending spectacle.”--Dr. Latour, Lancet, No. 2,086, pp. 224-5.

=Malassez=, 168, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, M.D., 1873. Asst. Direc. Lab. Histol., College of France; formerly Res. Hosp. Phys.

Author of “De la Numération des globules rouges du sang, &c.” Paris, 1873. “Sur les perfectionnements les plus récents apportés aux méthodes et aux appareils de numération des globules sanguines, et sur un nouveau compte-gouttes,” Arch. de Physiol. norm. et path. 1880, p. 377; “Sur la digestion pancréatique,” _Gaz. Méd. de Paris_ No. 51, p. 1880, &c.

Extirpated the spleen of dogs; the result of these experiments being that the dogs became mangy, and had to be killed.--_Gaz. Méd. Paris_, 1878, p. 317.

=Mantegazza, Paolo.= B. at Monza, 1831. Stud. Med. Pisa, Milan, and Pavia; Prof. Chem. Tech. Sch., Milan; Prof. Path. Univ. Pavia; Prof. Anthrop. Inst. di Studii Superiori, Florence; Senator; Practised Med. in South America. On returning to Italy founded Lab. of Exper. Path. at Pavia, the first in Europe; founder Mus. Anthrop., Florence.

Author of “Sulla America Meridionale, lettere mediche,” Milan, 1859; “Rio de la Plata e Teneriffe,” _Ibid._, 1867; “Dell’azione del dolore sulla respirazione,” 1867; “Un giorno a Madere,” 1868; “Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna,” Milan, 1869; “Dizionario delle Scienze medicale” (jointly with A. Corradi and G. Bizzozzero). _Ibid._, 1869, etc.; “Enciclopedia Igienica popolare,” _Ibid._, 1870; “Fisiologia dell’ Amore,” _Ibid._, 1873; “Fisiologia del piacere,” _Ibid._, 1874; “Il bene ed il male,” _Ibid._, 1874; “Il Dio Ignoto,” Florence, 1877; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1880.

Inventor of a machine called “The Tormentatore,” capable of inflicting “intense,” “cruel,” “most atrocious” agony.

“The _Gazzetta Italiana di Milano_ contains an essay of Prof. Mantegazza on experiments carried on under his direction at the laboratory of experimental pathology of the University of Pavia. It will suffice to state that the experiments were intended to study the action of pain on digestion and nutrition. They were, as the Professor himself confesses, agonising to the animals subjected to them, and distressing to the experimenters, and simply proved that loss of appetite, great weakness, and a peculiar imbibition of moisture were the result of the pain inflicted. It is added that no alteration of the spinal marrow could be detected after the agony had been protracted for _one month_. Very meagre results of unpardonable cruelty.”--_Lancet_, March 25th, 1871, p. 415.

=Mapother, Edward Dillon=, 6, Merrion Square North, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Irel. (with 1st Honour and Gold Medal), 1857; F.R.C.S.I. 1862; L. 1854 (Richm. Hosp., Qu. Univ. and R.C.S. Irel.); Pres. Stat. Soc. Dub.; Prof. Physiol. and Ex.-Pres. R.C.S.I.; late Exam. Surg. Qu. Univ. Irel.

Author of “A Manual of Physiology and of the Principles of Disease,” 3rd edit. 1832; “The Medical Profession and its Educational and Licensing Bodies” (1st Carmichael Prize), 1868; “Lectures on Public Health,” 2nd edit., 1867; “The Body and its Health, a Book for Primary Schools,” 4th edit.; “Lectures on Skin Diseases,” “Hip Joint,” 1853 (obtained Gold Medal of Path. Soc.) Contrib. to _Dublin Med. Journ._ and _Brit. Med. Press_, etc.

_Held a License far Vivisection at Royal College Surgeons Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No Experiments returned._

=Marey, Etienne Jules=, 11, Boulevard Delessert, Paris. B. at Beaune (Côte d’Or), 1830; stud. Med. at Paris; M.D. 1859; Prof. Nat. History College of France, 1869; Mem. of the Acad. of Med., 1872; and Mem. Acad. of Sci. 1878, in the place of Claude Bernard.

“To meet the views of M. Marey a physiological station is being established in the Bois de Boulogne. In his Laboratory at the College of France M. Marey has been able to make a number of researches on the physiology of the nerves and muscles; but from want of space, he has encountered difficulties when he required to study the functional movements of the various animals. The new physiological station of the Bois de Boulogne, which will have a roadway of 3,500 yards in length, will enable M. Marey to make interesting experiments on this subject.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, 19 Nov., 1881, p. 826.

Dr. Marey devoted himself to scientific Research, and founded a Free Lab. of Physiology, which was for some time the only one in France.

Author of “Recherches sur la circulation du sang à l’état physiologique et dans les maladies,” Paris, 1859; “Physiologie Médicale de la circulation du sang,” 1863; “Études physiologiques sur les caracterès graphiques des battements du cœur,” 1863; “Du mouvement dans les fonctions de la vie,” Paris, 1868; “Physiologie médicale de la circulation du sang basée sur l’étude graphique des mouvements du cœur,” Paris, 1868; “Expériences sur la résistance de l’air pour servir à la physiologie du vol des oiseaux,” Paris, 1869; “Mémoire sur le vol des insectes et des oiseaux,” 1869; “Mémoire sur le Torpille,” 1873; “La machine animale,” 1873; “Physiologie expérimentale,” 1875 (being an account of the works carried on in his laboratory); “La méthode graphique dans les Sciences expérimentales,” 1878.

“If it is necessary to register the movements of the heart a small instrument invented by M. Marey is very useful. The animal is fastened on its back to a wooden table, and its heart being laid bare, can be held level with the abdominal region by a pair of bent tongs.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, Béclard, Vol. II., p. 37.

=Martin, H. Newell.= M.A.; D. Sc.; Prof. Biol., John Hopkins’ University, Baltimore, U.S.

Author of “The normal respiratory movements of the frog, and the influence upon its respiratory centre of stimulation of the optic lobes,” _Journ. of Physiol._, 1878, p. 131; “On the respiratory function of the internal intercostal muscles,” jointly with E. Murray Hartwell, M.A., _Ibid._, Vol. II., No. 1, p. 24.

“After dividing the skin in the middle line, I have always removed a piece of the skull with a small trephine applied in a lozenge-shaped area which is seen to be bounded on the sides by four small vessels. The posterior edge of the opening thus made extends back to about opposite the posterior margin of the cerebral hemispheres, and the aperture was enlarged with scissors until the front edges of the optic lobes came into view. These were carefully and completely separated by a cataract knife from the parts of the brain in front of them, and the latter were removed from the cranial cavity; the incision in the skull being usually carried forwards to facilitate this removal. The edges of the skin were then brought carefully in contact, without sutures, and the animal placed in a dish containing a little water and left until the wound healed up … they were not fed, as experience showed me that for the week or two during which I desired to keep them, they did better without food; or at least without the exhausting struggle which the attempt to open their mouths called forth.”--_Journ. Physiol._, Vol. I., p. 155.

“Dogs and cats were employed in our experiments.”--_Journ. Physiol._, Vol. II., p. 25.

=Martin, Hippolyte=, 62, Rue de la Chaussée-d’Antin, Paris. Phys. Hos. Dis. Children.

“M. Hippolyte Martin has presented to the Biological Society of Paris, specimens of artificially excited tuberculosis in rabbits, resulting from the injection of apparently inert powders (lycopodium, etc.), into the peritoneal cavity.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, April, 2, 1881.

=Martini, Adolfo.= M.D. Asst. Prof. Pisa Univ.

=Matthias-Duval=, 11, Rue des Martyrs, Paris. Agrégé de la Faculté.

=Mayer, Sigmund.= Prof. Histol. Med. Fac. Univ. Prague.

Author of “Speciellen Nerven Physiologie” in “Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1879; “Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe;” “Ueber die Erscheinungen im Kreislaufsapparate nach zeitweiliger Verschliessung der Aorta,” Sitzber d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), Vol. 79, part III., 1879; “Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen ueber die Hemmung und Wiederherstellung des Blutstroms im Kopfe,” (11) Centralb. f. d. med. Wiss. No. 8 (1880), p. 129; “Zur Lehre von der Herzthätigkeit,” Prag. Med. Wockenschr., No. 14 (1880), p. 135; “Ueber ein Gesetz der Erregung terminaler Nerven-Substanzen,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), Vol. 81 (1880), p. 111.

=McBride, Peter=, 16, Chester Street, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. and C.M., 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879; L. 1876 (Edin. and Vienna); Mem. Edin. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Lect. on Dis. of Ear Edin. Sch. of Med., etc.

Contrib. to “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” “Lancet,” “Med. Times and Gazette,” etc., etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University, Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, in 1879 and 1880; Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1879 and 1880._

=McDonnell, Robert=, 89, Merrion Square, W. Dublin. A.B. and M.D. Dub., 1857; F.R.C.S.I. (Exam.), 1853; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub.; (Carm. Sch. and T.C. Dub.); F.R.S., M.R.I.A., Mem. Counc. Univ. Dub.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub., Roy. Zool. Soc. and Stat. Soc. Irel.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Surg. Dr. Steeven’s and Jervis St. Hosps.; late Med. Supt. Mountjoy Govt. Prison; Asst. Surg. Brit. Civ. Hosp. Smyrna and Civ. Surg. Med. Staff, Crimea; Ex.-Pres. R.C.S., Irel.

Author of “Lectures and Essays on the Science and Practice of Surgery;” “Lectures on Physiology of the Nervous System,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz.; “Observations on the Habits and Anatomy of the Lepidosiren Annecteus,” Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc.; “On the Functions of the Liver,” 1865. Contrib. “Physiology of Diabetic Sugar in the Animal Economy,” Dub. Quart. Journ.; “Observs. on the Operation of Trephining the Spine in Cases of Fracture,” _Ibid._, 1865; also to Dub. Hosp. Gas., Dr. Brown-Séquard’s Journal of Physiology, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc.; Editor of “Colles’s Works” (Syd. Soc.)

_Held a License far Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Rooms, at Laboratory Medical College, Dr. Steven’s Hospital, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned._

Those who desire to advance science should begin as soon as they have passed their final examination to experiment independently in the laboratory; did so himself, and has also made a very few experiments at his own house, 4, 514-7.--_Digest Ev. R. Com._, p. 33.

=McKendrick, John Gray=, University, Glasgow. M.D. Aberd. and C.M., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; LL.D., 1882; (Univs. Aberd. and Edin.); F.R.S. Edin.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ., Glasg.; Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst. Gt. Brit.; formerly Thomson Lect. on Nat. Sci. Free Church Coll., Aberd., 1879-80; Lect. on Insts. of Med. Extra. Acad. Sch., Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. Dick Vet. Coll., etc., etc.

Author of “Outlines of Physiology,” 1878; various Papers on Physiological Subjects in Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University, Glasgow, Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class Room; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80._

Experiments on the eyes of living birds and mammals.

Does not see how legislation can regulate vivisection (3953-4); and fears it would retard the advancement of science (4012); has a private laboratory himself (3960-5); and disapproves of licensing places as likely to inconvenience competent and earnest men.…--_Digest Ev. R. Com._, p. 30.

“On an etherized animal, the degree of reflex stimulation produced by an electric current of predetermined intensity in immediate contact with the skin was noted. Afterwards the exposed cerebral hemispheres were simultaneously stimulated, to observe whether the reflex action produced by the first stimulation increased or diminished. This method only led to uncertain results.”--Review of “On the inhibitory or restraining action which the encephalon exerts on the reflex centres of the spinal cord” by John McKendrick (_Edin. Med. Journ._, Feb., 1874, p. 733), “_Revue des Sciences Médicales_,” Vol. IV., No. 7, p. 64.

“At this stage of the inquiry we examined the action of light on the eyes of living animals.… We accordingly instituted a series of experiments which were practically very troublesome. We examined the eyes--(1) of the living cat; (2) of the living pigeon; and (3) of the living owl. In all cases the animals were deeply under the influence of chloroform during the experiments.

“1. The Cat.--The animal was securely fixed in Czermak’s rabbit-holder. The skin around the orbit was reflected. The zygomatic arch was snipped through by bone forceps, so as to expose as much as possible of the side of the orbit. The cellular tissue of the orbit was then pushed aside along the superior and the lateral aspect of the eyeball, so as to reach the optic nerve with as little disturbance as possible to the vascular arrangements of the eyeball. On exposing clearly the optic nerve, and staunching hæmorrhage, the nerve was cut through transversely with sharp scissors. When this was done the globe could be pulled downwards, inwards, and forwards, so as to expose a clear transverse section of the nerve. With the head firmly fixed, one narrow clay point was now placed on the cornea, while the other was in contact with the transverse section of the nerve.”--“On the physiological actions of light,” by Dr. McKendrick and Mr. James Dewar.--_Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin._, 1876, p. 160.

=McReddie, George.= M.D. India.

“Dr. McReddie (Proceedings of the N.W. Provinces Branch of the British Medical Ass., 1883), after injecting strychnine into dogs, has tried the effects of antidotes on the animals, using inhalations of chloroform, amyl nitrite, atropine, and eserine. He finds that all these remedies are inefficacious, neither preventing the fatal result nor arresting the convulsions.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, May 19th, 1883, p. 973.

=McWilliam, John Alexander=, Univ. Coll., Gower Street, W. M.D. Aberd. (highest Honours for Thesis), 1882; M.B. and C.M. (highest Acad. Honours and John Murray Medal and Schol.), 1880; Univs. Aberd. and Edin., Univ. Coll. Lond., and Univ. Leipsig; Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll. Lond.; late Teacher of Exper. Physics and Asst. Demonst. of Anat., Char. Cross Hosp. Med. Schl., and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Aberd.

Contrib. “Case of Renal Abnormality,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1882.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University College New Physiological Theatre and Rooms comprised in Physiological Laboratory, together with Curator’s Rooms, 1883; also Certificate for Experiments in Illustration to Lectures. No experiments returned._

=Meissner, G.= Prof. Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., Göttingen Univ.; Lec. Physiol. Instit.

=Meren, Giovanni.= M.D., Asst. Prof. Cagliari University.

=Metzdorf, R.= Prof. Lab. Vet. School, Breslau.

=Miescher, F.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Bâle Univ.

=Milne-Murray, Robt.=, 10, Hope Street, Edinburgh. M.A. St. And., 1875; M.B. Edin. and C.M. (Honours) 1879; M.R.C.P. Edin., 1881 (Univ. Edin.); Mem. Edin. Obst. Soc., late Res. Phys. Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin.

Author of “Chemical Notes and Equations;” Contrib. to _Edin. Med. Journ._, 1881 and 1882.

_Held a License for Vivisection, no place named, in 1882 and 1883; also Special Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics same years._

=Moleschott, Giacomo.= Rome Univ. Prof. B. 1822 at Herzogenbusch. M.D. Heidelberg (Univ. Heidelberg and Haarlem); Practised Med. Utrecht; Private Prof. of Physiol. Chem. and Anthropol. Heidelberg, 1847; later Prof. Physiol. Zurich; Univ. Turin 1861; naturalised Italian and Senator, 1876; Prof. Physiology Univ. Rome 1878.

Author of “Physiology of Food,” 1859; “Physiology of Transformation of Substances in Plants and Animals,” 1851; “Physiological Sketches,” 1861; and joint author (with Donders and Van Deen) of “Holländische Beiträge zu den anatomischen und physiologischen Wissenschaften.”

Founded a Physiol. Lab. at Heidelberg in 1853.

“M. Moleschott’s experiments consisted in taking the liver out of animals capable of resisting this mutilation (frogs, for instance, may survive from eight to fifteen days). More than one hundred frogs have been thus prepared by M. Moleschott.”--Note, Béclard’s _Traité de Physiologie_, p. 716, Vol. I., 1880.

=Mollière, Daniel.= Paris.

Contrib. to “Progrès Médical,” 1873, p. 163.

Cut the spinal nerves of rabbits and kittens to produce artificial deformity of the spine.

=Morgan, C. Lloyd,= Prof. Geol. and Biol. Univ. Coll., Bristol; formerly of Rondibosch, South Africa.

“I will now briefly describe the nature of my experiments:--

1. Condensing a sunbeam on various parts of the scorpion’s body.…

2. Heating in a glass bottle, as this admits of most careful watching. I have killed some twenty or thirty individuals in this way.…

3. Surrounding with fire or red-hot embers.…

4. Placing in burning alcohol.…

5. Placing in concentrated sulphuric acid.… The creature died in about ten minutes.…

6. Burning phosphorus on the creature’s body. I placed a small pellet of phosphorus near the root of the scorpion’s tail, and lit the phosphorus with the touch of a heated wire.…

7. Drowning in water, alcohol, and ether.

8. Placing in a bottle with a piece of cotton-wool moistened with benzine.

9. Exposing to sudden light.…

10. Treating with a series of electric shocks.

11. General and exasperating courses of worry.”

“I think it will be admitted that some of these experiments were sufficiently barbarous (the sixth is positively sickening) to induce any scorpion who had the slightest suicidal tendency to find relief in self-destruction. I have in all cases repeated the experiments on several individuals.”--C. Morgan Lloyd, in _Nature_, Feb. 1st, 1883.

=Moriggia= (Prof.), Rome University.

=Mosso, Angelo.= Prof. Physiol. Univ. Turin. B. at Turin, 1846. For two years Mosso assiduously attended Schiff’s Laboratory, afterwards he studied two years at Leipsig under Ludwig. Then he studied at Paris. From thence he returned to accept the chair of Materia Medica at Turin, and soon after with a subsidy from the Government and his University, he founded the first Laboratory of experimental Chemistry in Italy. When the Professorship of Physiology became vacant by the translation of Moleschott to Rome, Mosso accepted it.

Author of “Movimenti dell’œsofago,” Experimental Researches (Turin, 1872); “Sopra alcune nuovæ proprieta delle pareti dei vasi sanguini,” 1873; “Sull’ azione dell’ emetico,” 1874; “Sui movimenti dell’ iridi,” 1874; “Critica sperimentale della diastole attiva del cuore,” 1874; “Sopra un nuovo metodo per iscrivere i movimenti dei vasi sanguigni nell’ uomo,” 1875; “Sull’ azione fisiologica dell’ aria compressa,” 1875; “Sopra Palternarsi del campo della visione,” 1875; “Sull’ azione del cloralio,” 1875; “Tre memorie intorno alla circolazione del sangue nel cervello dell’ nomo,” etc.

Made experiments with nitrite of amyl in the Lab. of experimental Pharmacology of the Univ. of Turin (_Gaz. Méd. de Paris_, 1878, p. 174); also jointly with Guarechi injected extract of putrified human brain into animals.

=Mott, Frederick Walker=, 65, Grove Street, Liverpool. M.B., London (Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in For. Med., 1st Honours in Med.) and B.S., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1880 (Univ. Coll. and Vienna); Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll., Liverpool; late House Phys. and Opht. Asst. Univ. Coll. Hosp., Lond.

Contrib. “Bacteria, or their Antecedents in Healthy Tissues,” Journ. of Physiol.

_Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, Liverpool School of Medicine in 1883; also Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill._

=Munk, Immanuel.= B. 1839. Assist. Demonst. Chem. Micros. Physiol. and Histol. Med. Fac. Univ.; Assist. Vet. School, Berlin.

Author of “Ueber die Resorption der Fettsäuren, ihre Schicksale und ihre Verwerthung im Organismus,” Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesell. zu Berlin, Vol. XIII., 18 Ap., 1879; “Die physiologische Bedeutung und das Verhalten des Glycerins im Organismus,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. LXXVI. (1879), p. 119; “Ueber den Einfluss sensibler Reizung a. d. Gallenausscheidung;” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. VIII.; “Physiologie des Menschen und der Säugethiere,” Berlin, 1881.

Experiments on rabbits. Biliary fistula established. The animals then submitted to electric stimulations.

=Munk, Hermann.= Prof. exper. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Berlin.

Author of “Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der Nervenerregung,” Leipsig, 1868; “Ueber die Sehsphäre und die Riechsphäre der Grosshirnrinde,” Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1880, p. 449; “Ueber die Functionen der Grosshirnrinde,” Berlin, 1880.

Made experiments on dogs and monkeys. After the destruction of their frontal lobes, dogs showed no signs of impaired intellect, but disturbances were produced in their hind quarters. They turned round in the direction of the lesion, and a cat-like bending of the spine took place. Sometimes during the first weeks the dogs held their heads down, could scarcely seize their meat; monkeys lost their power of springing, but their intelligence remained unimpaired. Also experimented with electricity on the exposed muscles.--_Berl. Akad. Sitzungsber_, 1882, p. 36.

=Murrell, William=, 38, Weymouth Street, Portland Place, W. M.D., Brussels, 1879; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; L. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1875; L.S.A. 1874 (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap. (late Lect. on Pract. Physiol. and Med. Regist.), Westm. Hosp.; formerly Sharpey Physiol. Schol. and Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll.; Obst. Asst. Univ. Coll. Hosp. and Res. Clin. Asst. Consump. Hosp. Brompton.

Author of “Nitro Glycerine as a remedy for Angina Pectoris,” 1880; “What to do in cases of Poisoning,” 1882 (jointly with Dr. Ringer); “Action of Atropia on the Nervous System”; “Journ. Anat. Physiol.,” 1877; “Physiological Action of Aconitia,” Ibid., 1877, etc. Contrib. to “Lancet,” “Practitioner,” etc.

Has made numerous experiments jointly with Dr. Sydney Ringer to test the actions of various drugs on cats and frogs.

“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations clinically. To eighteen adults--fourteen men and four women--we ordered ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce of water, and of these seventeen declared that they were unable to take it.… One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering from a little rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he ‘felt giddy,’ as if he would ‘go off insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands turned blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before he dared move. His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing pains in the head. _He was urged to take another dose, but declined on the ground that he had a wife and family._ Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the dose, and said that it ‘took all his strength away.’ He, too, seemed to think that the medicine did not agree with him.… The women appear to have suffered more than the men.… One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first dose--she did not try a second--she felt a trembling sensation all over her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there, she perspired profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed violently, until she thought they would burst.… Another woman said she thought she would have died after taking a dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration, and in less than five minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed for hours; it upset her so much that she was afraid she would never get over it. The only one of the fourteen patients _who made no complaint_ after taking ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect on these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to increase the dose.”--Drs. Ringer and Murrell in _Lancet_, Nov. 3, 1883.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, Physiological Theatre in 1878._

=Nasse, Hermann.= Prof. Med. Fac., Univ. Marburg.

Author of “Ueber die Ausfluss geschwindigkeit des Blutes aus den Halsgefässen der Hunde und über die modification derselben durch Infusion von Kochsalz in die Gefässe,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XXII., p. 513.

“Exper. No. 121, was made on a dog of about 14 kgr. weight, very thin, whose blood was particularly poor. Blood was drawn from the carotid artery, the jugular vein, and the vena cava superior at the same time, the last drops of which already thickened in the glass cannula. Respiration had ceased. Only once after a long rest, did the dog draw a deep breath with open mouth as usually happens immediately before death. The pulsations of the heart were scarcely perceptible. I then tried electric stimulation of the nervus vagus, after dissecting it out, but without causing any pulsation of the heart or breathing, either during the stimulation or when it ceased. Death was undoubtedly near. I then injected into the jugular vein a solution of common salt. Tetanus followed each injection--immediately afterwards the heart began to beat again and the blood streamed out of the arteries. When the bleeding ceased, I again injected the solution rather weaker than at first. No cramps followed but the flow of blood continued. The third injection produced the same result, but death followed soon after. The whole experiment had lasted an hour and a-half.”--“_Ueber die Ausflussgeschwindigkeit d. Blutes_,” _etc._, Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXII., pp. 547-8.

=Naunyn, Bernhardt.= B. in Berlin, 1839. Studied at Bonn and Berlin. Asst. Med. Clin., Berlin, under Prof. Frerichs, 1863; Prof. Med. Clinic. Dorpat, 1869; Prof. Berne, 1871; Prof. Med. Fac. Univ., Königsberg, 1872.

Co-editor with Klebs and Schmiedeberg of “Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie.” Author of “Handbuch der Intoxicationen” and “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie,” jointly with R. Boehm, 1874; jointly (with Schreiber) of “Experiments on compression of the brain,” Arch. f. exper. Pathol. u. Pharmak., Vol. XIV., No. 2, p. 1. Contrib. various articles to “Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv.”; also to Ziemssen’s “Cyclopædia of Medicine.”

“The authors [B. Naunyn and Schreiber] have experimented upon dogs. A trephine is applied to the parietal bone. A tube is inserted into the opening thus made. Besides this another tube is brought into communication with the cerebro-spinal cavity on a level with the swelling formed by the meninges round the cauda equina. For this purpose it is sufficient to take out a few of the spinal apophyses of the corresponding vertebræ. One obtains thus, as it were, two receptacles communicating by the intermediary of the cephalo-spinal liquid, and it becomes easy to augment the pressure of this liquid.… Pain is one of the very first results produced, and it is the more intense, if the pressure be immediately brought to its greatest height. Soon, convulsions follow. These seldom are epileptiform.… Breathing becomes slower, then irregular, then disappears.”--_Archives Générales de Médecine_, VIIᵉᵐ. Série, Vol. I., 1882, p. 743.

=Nepveu, G.= Surgeon, Paris; form. Res. Hosp. Sur., La Pitié Mem. Chir. Soc. Paris.

=Newman, David=, 18, Woodside Place, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasg. (with high commendations), 1883; M.B. Glasg. and C.M. 1878; F.F.P.S. Glasg. 1881 (Univs. Glasg. and Leipsig); Mem. Philos. Path. and Clin. and Med. and Chir. Socs. Glasg.; Exam. in Physiol. and Path. Univ. Glasg.; Extra. Disp. Surg. Western Infirm.

Contrib. “Some Physical Experiments relating to the functions of the Kidneys,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological Laboratory in 1879-81-82-83. Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned at the above place. Mr. Newman might also perform experiments at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School, and under his Certificates was not limited to a registered place._

=Nicolaides, R.= M.D.; Prof. of Physiol., Athens Univ. Contrib. to Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, for 1882. Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab., Athens.

=Nothnagel, Herrmann.= B. 1841 in Alt, Lietzgöricke, Brandenburg. Studied at Berlin; Asst. of Leyden at Königsberg, and Instruct. at Univ., 1863; Prof. Univ. Berlin, 1868; Prof. Breslau, 1870; Prof. Freiburg, in Baden, 1872; Prof. Clin. Med. and Path. Med. Fac. Univ. Jena, 1874.

Author of “Ueber den epsileptischen Anfall,” 1870; “Ueber Neuritis in diagnostischer und pathologischer Beziehung,” 1870; “Die symptomologie der Darmgeschwüre,” 1881. Contrib. to “Handbuch der Krankheiten des Nerven systems,” 1874; and to “Ziemssen’s Cyclopædia of Medicine.”

“Nothnagel considers himself justified in concluding from his experiments on rabbits that all the will fibres, without exception, traverse the lenticular nucleus. This is denied by the French investigators, who attribute the complete annihilation of voluntary movement, which Nothnagel achieved by the injection of caustic solutions into both lenticular nuclei, to a simultaneous destruction of the internal capsule which, owing to the small size of the lenticular nuclei in the rabbit, might easily have been overlooked on dissection. Nothnagel, however, has lately published a brief statement, in which he adheres to his original assertion.”--Kussmaul, “_On Disturbances of Speech_,” _Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of the Pract. of Med._, Vol. XIV., London, 1878, p. 680.

“Unfortunately, the results of experiments upon animals, as respects the exact localisation of lesions, cannot be transferred directly to the case of man, except that we have reason to believe, through an important experiment of Hitzig’s upon an ape, that the motor centres for the nerves of the extremities and the cranial nerves lie in the gyrus præcentralis, or centralis anterior (Huschke, Ecker), in other words, that affections of the cortical substance of this convolution may produce motor paralysis.”--Nothnagel, “_Anemia of the Brain_,” _Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of the Pract. of Med._, Vol. XII., London, 1877, p. 152.

=Oehl, Eusebio.= B. 1827, at Lodi. Laureate in Med., Pavia, 1850; studied Vienna, Paris, and Berlin; Prof. extraord. of Histol., Pavia, 1860; Prof. of Exper. Physiol., 1864.

Author of “Indagini di anatomia miscroscopica per servire allo studio della cute e dell’ epidermide palmare della mano,” Milan, 1856; “Sui cristalli di emoglobina,” Florence, 1862; “Contribuzione allo Fisiologia del pneumogastrico,” Naples, 1863; “Della influenza che il 5ᵒ pajo cerebrale dispiega sulla pupilla,” Florence, 1863; “Sull’ ormento di temperatura dei nervi eccitati,” Milan, 1865; “Manuale di Fisiologia per Medici e studenti,” Milan, 1868-77, &c.

=Ogston, Alexander=, 252, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Aberd. 1866; M.B. and C.M. 1865; Surg. Aberdeen Roy. Infirm.; Regius Prof. of Surg. Univ. Aberdeen.

Author of “On the functions of the semi-circular canals, &c.,” 1869.

_Held a License for Vivisection at 252, Union Street, Aberdeen, 1880-81-82. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1880-81-82. No Experiments returned in 1882. At the expiration of Dr. Ogston’s License the above address ceased to be registered for the performance of Experiments._

“To ascertain the influence of pus alone, injections were first of all made with that from cold abscesses, which contained no organisms.… Introduced under spray into a pure subcutaneous syringe, quantities varying from one to ten minims were injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the back in chloroformed guinea-pigs, white mice, and wild mice. In all twenty such injections were made, with the invariable result that no illness or abscess ensued.… But a very different effect was produced when similar injections were made with pus containing micrococci. In every instance, with the qualifications to be presently made, well-marked disease was set up. Quantities varying from one to three minims produced in the animals already mentioned symptoms of blood-poisoning, lasting from two to five days. The animals refused food, sat cowering in a retired place in their cage, were listless and apathetic, their coat was disordered and sometimes wet, their eyes were kept closed save when startled; and the mice showed the purulent conjunctivitis and glueing together of the eyelids described by Koch in his experiments on septicæmia.”--_Report on “Micro-Organisms in Surgical Diseases,” Brit. Med. Journ._, March 12, 1881, p. 371.

=Ollier, Louis Navier Edouard Léopold=, Lyons. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1856; Chief Surgeon Hôtel Dieu, and Prof. Clin. Chir. Med. Faculty Lyons, 1850; Corr. Mem. Acad. Med., 1874; Corr. Mem. Institute of France.

Author of “Des moyens chirurgicaux de favoriser la reproduction des os,” 1859; “Recherches expérimentales sur la production artificielle des os,” 1859; “Des résections des grandes articulations,” 1870; “De l’occlusion inamovible comme méthode générale de pausement des plaies,” 1874; “De l’éléphantiasis du nez et de son traitement,” 1876; “Traité expérimental et clinique de la régénération des os et de la production artificielle du tissu osseuse,” 1867; “Recherches expérimentales sur la greffe osseuse” in Journal de Physiologie de Brown-Séquard, Vol. III., 1867.

=Oreste, Cavaliere Pietro=, Naples. Scuola Veterinaria.

=Orfila, Matthieu Joseph Bonaventure.= B. at Mahon (Minorca), 1787. D. at Paris, 1853.

Studied the effects of narcotine on animals.

“Orfila poisoned 6,000 dogs.”--Blatin, _Nos. Cruantés_, p. 206.

=Osawa, K.=, Tokio, Japan.

Author of “Untersuchungen über die Leitungsbahnen in Rückenmarke des Hundes.” Jointly (with E. Tiegel) of “Beobachtungen über die Functionen des Rückenmarks d. Schlangen.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XVI., p. 90.

Made experiments in physiological laboratory at Strasburg; also in the physiological laboratory of Tokio, on the spinal marrow of serpents; spinal marrow cut through, and burning coals afterwards applied to the skin of the animals.

=Ott, Isaac.= Fell. in Biol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, U.S.A. Late Lect. on Exper. Physiol., Univ. Pennsylvania.

Author of “Observations on the physiology of the spinal cord,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II., p. 42; “On crossed hyperæsthesia,” Ibid., Vol. III., 160; “Notes on Inhibition,” Ibid., p. 163.

“Method.--The animals employed were young cats with unpigmented feet: These not only bear the operations better than older animals, but sweat more easily, and the secretion is more readily observed. In cases where the cord was to be exposed, the animal was placed belly downwards, with a block of wood under its abdominal surface to elevate the vertebræ, and make them more accessible. The muscles having been separated from the vertebral arches, and held at a distance by means of weighted hooks, the spinous processes were cut off, and a small trephine employed to make openings, about half an inch apart through the arches. The intervals between these openings were subsequently broken through by means of strong cutting forceps.… To stimulate the nerves, or the central nervous systems, a Du Bois coil was used, with Helmholtz’s arrangement to prevent unipolar action. Tetanizing currents were employed.”--_Journ. of Physiol._, Vol. II., p. 42.

=Paladino, Giovanni.= B. 1842, at Potenza. Studied at Naples and in all the principal physiological laboratories of Europe, under Ludwig, Du Bois Reymond, and Leukart. Prof. Physiol. Univ. Naples, 1867; Prof. Anat. and Exper. Physiol. Vet. School, same place.

Author of “Istituzioni di Fisiologia,” Naples, 1878; “Lezioni d’Istologia e Fisiologia Generale,” 1871; joint author (with Lanzilotti Buonsanti) of “Sulla minuta struttura e sulla fisiologia dei peli tattili,” in “Bulletino dell’ Assosazione dei Medici e Naturalisti di Napoli,” 1871, No. 7.

“Paladino and Lanzilotti Buonsanti have studied the tactile hairs of the various domestic animals, and of the mouse.… Section of the nervous facialis (in the horse) and stimulation of its peripheral end produces action of the tactile hairs. Simultaneous section of the trigeminus reduces considerably the energy of the action caused by stimulation of the facialis.”--_Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissensch._, 1874, p. 116.

=Panum, P. L.= B. 1820. Prof. Physiol. and Direct. Physiol. Lab. Copenhagen, 1863; formerly Direct. Phys. Lab. at Kiel.

Author of “Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Veränderungen der Mengenverhältnisse des Blutes und seine Bestandtheile durch die Inanition,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, 1861; “Haandbog i Menneskels Physiologie,” Copenhagen, 1872; “Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der Misbildungen zunächst in den Eiern der Vögel,” Kiel, 1860.

Has principally experimented on transfusion, feeding, and starvation. Has starved dogs four weeks till death occurred. A whelp was bled till death convulsions set in and then revived by transfusion; then again bled till even reflex movements could no longer be excited by touching the cornea, and again revived by transfusion. This was repeated four times; but the dog died half an hour after the last transfusion.--_Scandinavian Med. Archives_, 1875.

“On a dog of middle size I opened the trachea and inserted into it a glass tube.… Then I dissected out and isolated the nervi vagi; the animal was laid on its back and the thorax opened by cutting through the cartilage of the ribs and entirely removing the sternum. The pericardium was now opened … and artificial respiration introduced. Partly through the suffocation and partly through pain and terror, the movements of the heart grew very slow, small, and irregular … but after the artificial respiration had commenced, they got more vigorous.… Five minutes after I cut asunder both nervi vagi, at which operation the animal uttered no sign of pain. A minute after the movements of the heart were so greatly accelerated that it became difficult to count them.… It struck us that the heart seemed to have grown smaller than before we cut asunder the nervi vagi.… Then I stimulated (irritated) the peripheric ends of the cut nervi vagi with Neif’s electric apparatus. Almost immediately the heart stood still in diastole.… The movements of the heart recommenced and grew more rapid and vigorous than ever, but this soon passed away. The ends of the nervi vagi were for a second time stimulated … and this proceeding was repeated six times, always with the same result.… The pain, which otherwise results from the nervi vagi being cut asunder, was eliminated, because the far greater pain, occasioned by the opening of the thorax, had, as every very painful operation will do, diminished the sensitiveness of the animal so much that it gave no evidence of pain at the cutting asunder of the nervi vagi. Without introducing artificial respiration at the opening of the thorax, I have repeated this experiment scores of times, and always with the same result.”--Panum, _Scand. Medical Bibl._, 1857.

“26th Ex.: I had opened the thorax of a dog and kept its life up by artificial respiration, having also cut the nervi vagi. Everything had gone as we desired. The heart worked vigorously and regularly, and the animal had full consciousness and sensitiveness. On applying the electrodes of Neif to the heart, its regular movements ceased immediately.”--_Ibid._, p. 134.

Prof. Panum states that he has “employed” a great number of animals in experiments of transfusion and injections of putrid humours. For experiments on death by embolism he has employed some eighty dogs and rabbits.--“_Experimental Observations_,” _Virchow’s Archiv._, Vol. XXIX., 1864.

=Pasteur, Louis.= B. at Dole (Jura), 1822. Studied at Besançon; M.D., 1847; Prof. Physics, Lyceum, Dijon, 1848; Prof. Strasburg, 1852; Dean Fac. Sciences, Lille, 1854; Scien. Dir. Norm. Sch., Paris, 1857-1867; Prof. Geol. Physics and Chem. École des Beaux Arts, 1863; Prof. Chem. Sorbonne, 1867; Mem. Acad. Sci., 1862; Direct. Lab. of Chem. Research, Fac. Sci., Paris; Med. (2) Roy. Soc. of Gt. Brit.; received Prize of 10,000 fls. from Austria, and another of 12,000 frs., and a State annuity for his works on silk-worms, beer, wines and vinegar.

Author of “Nouvel exemple de fermentation déterminé par des animalcules infusoires, pouvant vivre sans oxygène libre,” 1863; “Études sur le vin, ses maladies, causes qui les provoquent, etc.,” 1866; “Études sur le vinaigre, ses maladies, moyens de les prévenir, etc.,” 1868; “Études sur la maladie des vers à soie,” 1870; “Études sur la bière,” 1878; “Les Microbes,” 1878, jointly with M. Tyndall, etc. Contrib. paper on “The attenuation of the virus of rabies,” Académie des Sciences, May 19, 1884.

“M. Vulpian injected under the skin of rabbits saliva collected at the very moment of the experiment, from perfectly healthy individuals, and this injection killed the rabbit so inoculated in forty-eight hours. The blood of these rabbits was found to be filled with microscopic organisms; among which was a special organism discovered by M. Pasteur in the course of his experiments with inoculation of the saliva of a child who had died of rabies. One drop of this blood, diluted in ten grammes of distilled water, and injected under the skin of other rabbits, also brought on the death of these animals; the blood of which was similarly filled with microscopic organisms. These singular results, of which the interpretation is by no means easy, present also the no less singular peculiarity of not being stable. Rabbits placed in identical conditions, and inoculated with the same saliva, experienced no ill effects from their inoculation, and continued in excellent health. It would therefore appear that experimental microbiology is not yet on the way to become either an easy or clear science, notwithstanding M. Pasteur’s _fiat lux_.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, April 9, 1881, p. 571.

“The question of spontaneous generation I will not attempt to treat here as it would require special discussion. The experiments of M. Pasteur have only shown that under the experimental conditions with which he surrounded himself, conditions which were far from natural, he did not detect any spontaneous organisation of matter. Moreover, all those who have devoted themselves to science, with the sole aim of seeking the truth, as G. Bernard, Huxley, Häckel, etc., while admitting that M. Pasteur’s experiments had been properly conducted within the very narrow circle they occupied, have unanimously rejected the assertions and generalisations drawn from them by that savant himself.”--Dr. Jousset de Bellesme, _Progrès Médical_, Vol. X., 1882, p. 340.

“It is now four years since the study of rabies was first commenced in my laboratory, and it has been continued without any other interruption than the enforced cessations which depend on the conditions of the enquiry, conditions which are very unfavourable. The incubation of the disease is always of long duration. There are never sufficient facilities to enable one at a given moment to multiply experiments. In spite of these material hindrances, which however the French Government, in its care for the great scientific interests involved, has done everything in its power to remove, the experiments which we, my fellow-workers and I, have carried out, have nevertheless passed beyond the possibility of numbering them.… If you take any street-dog you please and inoculate rabies in this manner by trephining, using as inoculating-material a portion of the bulb of an animal which has died of the disease, you will invariably convey rabies. The dogs to which the disease has been communicated in this manner are to be counted by hundreds. The method has never failed. The same operation has been performed on hundreds of guinea-pigs and on a yet greater number of rabbits, without a single failure.”--_Pasteur’s_ “_Address Delivered at the International Med. Congress at Copenhagen_,” Aug. 11th, “_Med. Times and Gazette_,” Aug. 23rd, 1884.

“In the case where rabies is produced by a bite, or by hypodermic injection, interference with the length of the incubation period must be chiefly ascribed to the great variation which is possible in the amount, always indefinite, of inoculated poison which reaches the central nervous system. If then we wish to determine the intensity of the virus from the length of the incubation period, it is unavoidably necessary to have recourse to inoculation by trephining, which is absolutely certain in its effects, and to employ larger quantities than such as would be necessary simply to produce rabies. When we operate in this way, irregularities in the length of incubation with the same virus will show a tendency to entirely disappear, because we always obtain the maximum of effect which the virus can produce; that maximum corresponding to the minimum duration of incubation. Thus we have at length obtained a method which has enabled us to enquire into the possible existence of varying degrees of virulence, and to mutually compare them. The only secrets in this method, I repeat, are to inoculate by trephining, and to use a quantity of virus, which, although very weak, is more than sufficient to produce rabies in and by itself.”--_Ibid._

“As he says substantially in his published report on the subject of canine madness, which he read before a meeting of the Academy of Sciences on May 19, the first experiments he has made give him almost certain hope of success. But, notwithstanding his sanguine views as to the finally favourable results of his investigations, and their unqualified benefit to mankind, he has to ‘multiply the proofs _ad infinitum_ on different species of the brute creation.’ When this shall have been done he will then try the remedy on man.”--_Report of a Conversation with M. Pasteur_, “_Daily Telegraph_,” June 6, 1884.

=Pavy, Frederick Wm.=, 36, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1853; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1860; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Anat. Paris, and Med. Chir. Soc. Edin.; Mem. (formerly Vice-Pres.) Paris Med. Soc.; Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Phys. and Lect. on Med. (formerly Lect. on Physiol. and on Comp. Anat.) Guy’s Hosp.; Goulston Lect. R.C.P. Lond., 1862 and 1863; Croonian Lect., 1878; Lettsom Lect. on Physiol. Med. Soc., 1859.

Author of “Researches on Sugar Formation in the Liver,” Philos. Trans., 1861; “Immunity of Stomach from being Digested by its own Secretion during Life,” Ibid., 1863; “Remarks on Physiological Effects of Strychnia and the Woorali Poison,” Guy’s Hosp. Reps., 1856; “Lesion of the Nervous System producing Diabetes,” Ibid., 1859; “Lettsom Lectures on certain points connected with Diabetes,” “Lancet,” 1860; etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1878._

“Has always illustrated his lectures by experiments (2108); but believes he was the first physiological lecturer in London who did so (2033).… For purposes of experiment uses dogs, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and frogs (2089-90); which are bought in the ordinary way at Leadenhall Market (2101-4); during the season about 20 dogs and 10 rabbits are used (2096).”--_Digest Ev. Roy. Com._, p. 19.

“Through an opening in the stomach of a dog, Bernard introduced, while digestion was going on, the hind legs of a living frog. The legs were dissolved away, the animal continuing all the while alive.… I have repeated this experiment myself, and obtained a similar result.”… “I performed an experiment, substituting the ear of a rabbit for the legs of a frog.…. At the end of two hours the ear was withdrawn, and several spots of erosion were observed on its surface, but nowhere was it eaten through. On being replaced for another two-and-a-half hours, the tip to the extent of about half or three-quarters of an inch was almost completely removed, a small remnant of it only being left attached by a narrow shred to the remainder of the ear.”--_Lancet_, No. 2,070.

=Pawlow, S.=, St. Petersburg.

Author of “Folgen der Unterbindung des Pancreasganges bei Kaninchen;” “Zur Lehre ueber die Innervation der Blutbahn,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XX., p. 210, etc.

Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory at Breslau; also in the Laboratory of Prof. Ustimowitsch at St. Petersburg.

“The _Journal of Anat. and Physiol._ for May, 1869, contains a short communication by Prof. Rutherford relating to the action of the section of the vagus on the blood pressure. According to Rutherford’s experiments the results of section of the vagus depend upon the condition of the alimentary canal; when the canal is full, the section of the nerves occasions heightened pressure, whereas in starving animals this operation causes no alteration in the blood pressure. Rutherford thinks this phenomenon is caused by the depressory distention of the intestinal vessels by the food contained in them. He supposes that the sensory nerves ending in the vagus root are stimulated by the food. The division of these ducts occasions a reflex narrowing of the vessels and hence heightened pressure. This important hypothesis of Rutherford’s (neither the amount nor the duration of blood pressure has been given, nor the time of feeding, etc.), has, as far as we know, not been tested experimentally, although the fact is often brought forward. This was the chief incentive which prompted me to make the following experiments:--All the experiments (twenty in all) were made exclusively on dogs, the directions given by Rutherford being carefully followed. The animals were immediately placed under the effects of curare.… The nervus vagi were cut through one after the other … other sensory nerves (mostly the Nervus dorsalis pedis) were cut.… The results of the experiments made by me in this manner were, excepting in two cases, diametrically opposed to the results described by Rutherford.”--_Zur Lehre ueber die Innervation der Blutbahn_, Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XX., p. 210.

=Pekelharing, C. A.= Prof. of Physiol., Utrecht Veterinary School, formerly Prof. at Leyden Univ.

Author of “Ueber die Harnstoffbestimmung,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., p. 602; “Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Peptons,” Ibid., Vol. XXII., p. 185.

=Pellacani Paolo.= Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Turin; formerly Prof. Univ. Libera, Ferrara, and Modena.

Author of “De l’action physiologique de quelques substances sur les muscles de la vessie des animaux et de l’homme,” Archives Ital. de Biol., Vol II., 1882.

Made experiments in the Pharm. Lab., Strasburg, also at Physiol. Lab., Turin, on the exposed bladders of dogs. The bladders were _sometimes_ “left in the abdominal cavity.”--_Arch. Ital._, Vol. II., p. 303. Also experimented on the effects of curare and strychnine.

=Perroncito= (Prof.), Turin. Scuola Veterinaria.

Made experiments with the virus of anthrax on sheep and oxen.

=Peyrani= (Prof.), Parma University.

=Pflüger, Emil.= B. at Hanau, 1829. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Bonn University, Geheim. Med. Rath.

Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre der Respiration” in “Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie, 1875;” Editor of “Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und des Thiers,” Bonn, 1868, etc.

=Picard, P.=, Lyons. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Faculty.

Made experiments on the action of morphine in dogs.--_Gaz. Med. de Paris_, No. 12, p. 143.

=Pierret= (Mons.), Lyons. Prof. of Path. Anat. Med. Faculty.

=Pitres, A.=, Paris.

Author (jointly with M. F. Franck) of “Recherches graphiques sur les mouvements simples et sur les convulsions provoquées par les excitations du cerveau,” Travaux du lab. de M. Marey, 1878-79, p. 413.

Dogs trepanned, the brain stimulated, muscles of the paw dissected out, eyelids hooked back to study the change of the diameter of the pupil during electric stimulation of the brain.

=Platt, W. B.=, Baltimore. M.D. (Harvard), M.R.C.S. (Eng.).

Made experiments on the action of Resorcin on dogs, rabbits, and frogs.

“Exp. 3.--A black and tan male dog, weight 4,675 grammes, injected at 5.08 p.m. April 10th, 1882, with 1·5 grammes dissolved in distilled water.… This is injected in 5 places beneath skin of abdomen.… Up to 5.24 very restless.… 5.29. Same, seems very unhappy, tremor of hind legs. 5.30. Back arched as he moves about; holds up left fore-paw high in the air, quivering.… 5.44. Staggers, tumbles, steps about constantly.… 11th--Dog of yesterday seen at 3.20 p.m.… Drags hind legs after him, as if paraplegic, with much difficulty manages to stand. A viscid saliva drops from mouth.…. 3.40. Froths copiously at mouth; lies down as if to sleep.… 6.14. Gasps, barks, foams at mouth, eyes glare, jaws snap.… 6.36. Struggles further, a violent spasm, head drawn back at right angles to body, intermittent jerking of limbs.… 7.22. Dog appears almost normal, with slightly rapid respiration. Still does notice noises or objects; greatly exhausted; animal _now left_.” “12th.--At 6 a.m. animal found dead after at least 26 hours.”--“_Observations on the Action of Resorcin_,” _Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci._, Jan., 1883, p. 100.

=Piso-Borme= (Prof.), Cagliari University.

=Popoff, Leo.= Phys. and Prof. Univ. St. Petersburg.

Author of “Ueber die naturliche pathologische Injection der Gallengänge und einige andere, nach der Unterbindung des Ductes choledochus bei Thieren beobachtete pathologische Erscheinungen,” Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. LXXXI. (1880), p. 524; “Ueber die Folgen der Unterbindung der Ureteren und der Nierenarterien bei Thieren, im Zusammenhang mit einigen anderen pathologischen Prozessen,” Ibid., Vol. LXXXII., p. 40.

Made experiments on rabbits and dogs.

=Pouchet, Félix Archimède.= Born at Rouen, 1800. Died at Rouen, 1872. M.D. Paris, 1827; Prof. Nat. Hist. Museum of Rouen; Prof. Med. Sch. Rouen, 1838; Member of several Learned Socs.