Chapter III: Part 3

“The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th.”--_Croonian Lecture_, “_Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys_,” Philos. Trans., 1875, pp. 441-42.

“Exper. XVI., Feb. 5th, 1875.--This, though not successful as regards the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. The left occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at the posterior extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot wires, which were directed with a view to follow the inner aspect of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hæmorrhage from the sinus. During the operation, the animal was observed to make sighing respiration. The operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. The animal lay in a state of stupor for more than an hour, only making slight movements when disturbed, and then with its left limbs.

“7 p.m.--The animal lies quiet, but indicates consciousness by grunting discontentedly when moved. Struggles with its limbs, chiefly the left, but occasionally with the right. On testing the cutaneous sensibility with the hot iron, reaction was decisive over the whole of the left side, but quite abolished in the right. The animal occasionally opened its right eye, but the left remained permanently closed. The animal passed into a state of coma, and was found dead at 11.30 p.m. The following experiment is a repetition of the last, and was only partially successful.”--_Ibid._, p. 464.

“These ganglia (corpora quadrigemina) were subjected to experimentation in the following seven cases, viz., V., VI., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIII., with the results:--

“V. In this case the exploration was not sufficiently definite, as the exact position of the electrodes was not observed, and death occurred before a more careful exploration could be made. The application of the electrodes to the ganglia on the left side, caused the animal to utter various barking, howling, or screaming sounds of an incongruous character. The head was drawn back and to the right, and the right angle of the mouth was strongly retracted while the stimulation was kept up. The tail was raised and the limbs were thrown into contortions, but nothing further was ascertained as the animal died from hæmorrhage.”--_Ibid._, p. 429.

“Experiments on the lower animals, even on apes, often lead to conclusions seriously at variance with well-established facts of clinical and pathological observation.… The decisive settlement of such points must depend mainly on careful clinical and pathological research.… Experiments have led to different views in different hands.”--Ferrier (_Functions of the Brain_, Preface).

“Physiological experiments conducted in these regions are most indefinite. The usual plan of investigation, viz., that of applying stimuli to the brain substance, leads either to negative results, or, if electrical stimulation is used, to results which, owing to the unavoidable dispersal of the currents in numerous directions, are not sufficiently localised to form the basis for trustworthy conclusions. In place of exact observations after section and stimulation of different regions, we have here the far less refined method of observation after lesions--lesions induced in the most delicate and complicated organ of the body by means so absurdly rough that, as Ludwig has forcibly put it, they may be compared to injuries to a watch by means of a pistol-shot. The results obtained in this way are attributable to the most diverse causes; for, apart from the fact that it is impossible to localise the lesion itself, the results may be due to irritation of centres, paralysis of centres, stimulation of conducting apparatus, or paralysis of conducting apparatus, without our being able to say which. Hence the interpretation of even those phenomena which are constant in their occurrence is always uncertain. The third and best method of investigation which is possible is the observation of cases of disease in which the exact nature of the lesions is accurately ascertained after death.”--_Hermann’s Human Physiology_, translated by Professor Gamgee, London, 1878. (Chapter on the Functions of the Encephalon), p. 444.

=Fick, Adolf.= B. at Cassel, 1829. M.D., 1852, Extraordinary Prof., 1856, and later, Prof. of Physiology in ordinary Univ. Zurich; Prof. Physiol. at Wurzburg, 1868.

Author of “Die medicinische Physik,” Brunswick, 1857; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen mit Einschluss der Entwickelungageschichte,” Vienna, 1860; “Anatomie und Physiologie der Sinne,” Lahr, 1862; and numerous papers on physiology which have appeared under the title of “Arbeiten aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium der Würzburger Hochschule,” Wurzburg, 1874.

Made experiments on the influence of mechanical stimulation of the cerebro-spinal organs described in “Arch. of Anat. Physiol., 1867,” p. 198.

=Filehne, Wilhelm=, M.D. Prof. Extraordinary Univ. of Erlangen.

Author of “Die Wirkungen des Amylnitrites,” Mueller’s Archives, 1879, Physiol. Abtheil; “Ueber Apnoë und die Wirkung eines energischen Kohlensäurestromes auf die Schleimhäute des Respirationsapparats und ueber den Einfluss beider auf verschiedene Krampfformen,” Reichert u. du Bois Reymond, Archiv für Anat. u. s. w. Jahrg. 1873, p. 361.

Made experiments in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen.

=Fiori, Andrea=, M.D. Assistant Prof. University, Modena.

=Fleming, William James=, 155, Bath Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1879; M.B. 1872; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1875; L. 1872; (Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Lect. on Physiol. Glasg. Roy. Infirm. School of Med.; Ext. Disp. Surg. Roy. Infirm.; Exam. in Physiol. F.P.S. Glasg.

Contrib. “Behaviour of Carbolised Catgut inserted among Living Tissues,” Lancet, 1876; “The Motions of the Brain” (with illust. graphic tracings), Glasg. Med. Journ., 1877; “Physiology of the Turkish Bath,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Pulse Dicrotism,” Ibid., Vol. XV.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to Kill in 1880, Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1883._

=Flint, Austin.= B. Northampton, Mass., U.S., 1836; M.D., Jeff. Med. Coll., 1857; Prof. Phys. Univ.; Buffalo, 1858; Professor of Physiology and Microscopy, Bellevue Hosp.; Medical College, New York, and Long Island College Hospital; Fell. New York Acad. of Med.; Resident Mem. of Lyceum of Nat. Hist., New York, &c.

Author of “Physiology of Man,” 4 Vols., New York, 1866, etc.; Essay on “The Excretory Function of the Liver,” which received the French Inst. prize of 1,500 fr.; contrib. to “American Journ. of Med. Science,” etc.

“… For some years the author has been in the habit of employing vivisections in public teachings.”--Preface to “_Physiology of Man_,” Vol. I., p. 8.

“We have long been in the habit, in class demonstrations, of removing the optic lobe on one side from a pigeon.… The experiment of dividing the sympathetic in the neck, especially in rabbits, is so easily performed that the phenomena observed by Bernard and Brown-Séquard have been repeatedly verified. We have often done this in class demonstrations.” “The cerebral lobes were removed from a young pigeon in the usual way, an operation … which we practice yearly as a class demonstration.” “Our own experiments, which have been very numerous during the last fifteen years, are simply repetitions of those of Flourens, and the results have been the same without exception.” We have frequently removed both kidneys from dogs and when the operation is carefully performed the animals live from three to five days.“--Dr. Flint’s _Report to the Medical Congress_, August, 1881.

“It is not desirable to administer an anæsthetic, and it is much more satisfactory to divide the nerve without etherising the animal, as the evidence of pain is an important guide in this delicate operation.”--_Text-Book_, p. 641.

Speaking of an experiment by which an animal was caused to vomit from a pig’s bladder which had been substituted for a stomach, Dr. Flint says in his “_Physiology of Man_,” Vol II., p. 300:--“These experiments were made simply for class demonstrations, and have never before been published.”

=Flourens, Jean Pierre Marie.= B. at Thezan (Hérault), 1794, D. at Mougeron, near Paris, 1867; M.D., Montpellier, 1813, pupil of De Candolle and Cuvier; Prof. at the Jardin des Plantes; Mem. of Inst. of France; Perpetual Sec. Acad. des Sciences; Mem. Academy of France; Commander Leg. of Hon.; Mem. of principal Litt. and Scient. Socs. of Europe.

Author of “Analyse de la Philosophie Anatomique, où l’on considère plus particulièrement l’influence qu’aura cet ouvrage sur l’état actuel de la Physiologie,” Paris, 1819; “Recherches sur les fonctions du grand sympathique,” 1823; “Recherches expérir mentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans les animaux vertébrés,” Paris, 1824; “Expériences sur le système nerveux,” Paris, 1825; “Expériences sur l’action de la moëlle épinière sur la circulation,” Paris, 1829; “De l’instinct et de l’intelligence des animaux,” Paris, 1841; “Recherches sur le développement des os et des dents,” Paris, 1842; “Mécanisme de la respiration des poissons,” Paris, 1843; “Anatomie Générale de la peau et des membranes Muqueuses,” Paris, 1843; “Examen de la Phrénologie, réfutation des doctrines matérialistes de Gall, Spurzheim, et Brouissais,” Paris, 1842; “Théorie expérimentale de la formation des os,” Paris, 1847; “Nouvelles recherches touchant l’histoire de la circulation du sang,” Journal des Savants, 1849; “De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur la terre,” Paris, 1856; “De la vie et de l’intelligence,” Paris, 1858; “De la raison du génie et de la folie,” Paris, 1861; “Psychologie comparée,” Paris, 1864, and a great number of contributions to the “Comptes rendus de l’acad. des Sciences.”

Made numerous experiments on ruminating animals, on rabbits, on the brains of fishes, and on the semi-circular canals of the brains of ducks, fowls, and pigeons.

“The description given by Flourens of the phenomena resulting from the section of the semi-circular canals in rabbits, is almost entirely inaccurate.”--Cyon, “_Fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires_,” Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Paris, 1879, p. 51, note 2.

“Flourens supported his bold hypothesis almost solely by experiments on pigeons and other inferior animals. The few experiments on mammals, which he mentions, are very meagrely described and of trifling value.”--Goltz, “_Verrichtungen des Grosshirns_, p. 3.

“I heard M. Flourens, in one of his lectures, state the following:--‘Majendie sacrificed 4,000 dogs to establish the distinctions of the sensory and the motor nerves according to Charles Bell; then he sacrificed 4,000 more dogs to prove that he had made a mistake. I,’ added M. Flourens, ‘had to continue the experiments, and I have proved that Majendie’s first opinion was correct; the reflex motions, which he did not quite understand, had caused his doubts. To arrive at this result, I also have had to sacrifice a great number of dogs.’”--Blatin, _Nos Cruautés_, pp. 201-202.

=Foderholm, A.= M.D., Stockholm.

Made experiments on dogs and rabbits with carbon oxide.--_Scandinavian Med. Archives_, 1874.

=Fortunatow, A.= Physiol. Inst., St. Petersburg.

Author of “Ueber die Fettresorption und histologische Structur der Dünndarmzotten,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 285.

Experiments on the bile of frogs and lampreys.

=Foster, Michael=, Shelford, Cambridge. M.D. Lond., 1859; M.B., 1858; B.A., 1854; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1857 (Univ. Coll.); LL.D. (Hon.), Glasg.; M.A. (Hon.), Cantab.; F.R.S., F.C.S., F.L.S.; Fell. Univ. Coll., Lond.; Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Camb.; Fell, and late Praelect. of Physiol. Trin. Coll., Camb.; late Fuller Prof. Physiol. Roy. Inst., Great Britain; and Prof. of Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll., Lond. Member of the Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “Text Book of Physiology;” “Primer of Physiology;” joint author of “Elements of Embryology;” “Handbook of Physiological Laboratory.” Editor “Journ. of Physiol.” Contrib. Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory New Museum, also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, also Two Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill in 1878. No experiments returned._

=Fothergill, John Milner=, 110, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1865; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1865; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1865; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Com. Univ. Edin.; Assoc. Fell. Coll. Phys. Philadelphia; Phy. City of Lond. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest; late Asst. Phys. W. Lond. Hosp.; formerly Sen. Res. Med. Off. Leeds Dispensary.

Author of “Digitalis: its Mode of Action and its Use” (Hastings Prize Essay British Med. Assoc.), 1870; “The Heart and its Diseases, with their Treatment, including the Gouty Heart,” 2nd edit., 1879; “The Practitioner’s Handbook of Treatment; or the Principles of Therapeutics,” 2nd edit., 1880; “The Antagonism of Therapeutic Agents, and what it Teaches” (Fothergill Prize Essay, Med. Soc.), London, 1878; “Animal Physiology,” 1881, etc., and numerous contribs. to _Lancet_, _Brit. Med. Journal_, _Brain_, _Practitioner_, etc.

“Our object was to verify the assertions of several authors, but more especially those of Fothergill, who asserts that digitalis occasions a contraction of the small arteries; which he has noticed occurs in the web of a frog’s foot. The experiments which I have made in connexion with this fact have given negative results. With a view to observe this action, I have often examined the webs of frogs’ feet for hours under the microscope without succeeding in observing any change in the small arteries.”--_Pflüger’s Archiv._, Vol. V., p. 168.

=Foulis, D.=, Glasgow. Lect. Path. Roy. Inf. Med. School; M.D.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1881. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill, 1881. No experiments returned._

=Fox, Wilson=, 67, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1855; B.A., 1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1866; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Phys. Extraordinary to H. M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to their R. I. H. the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh; Fell. of Univ. Coll.; Holme Prof. Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; and Phys. Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Corr. Mem. Phys. Med. Gesellschaft, Warzburg.

Author of “Diseases of the Stomach;” “On the Artificial Production of Tubercle” (Lect. R.C.P.), and various contrib. to Med. Chir. Trans., Phil. Trans., etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, New Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory and Curator’s Rooms, in 1882 and 1883; also same years a Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No Experiments returned._

“It is not without historical interest that Dr. Wilson Fox has formally confessed his belief in the fallacies of his former experiments, and basing this opinion upon the results of a careful series of similar investigations carried out, at his request, by Dr. Dawson Williams, in Dr. Burdon-Sanderson’s laboratory, he has expressed his belief in the specific nature of the tubercular virus. Dr. Fox has found, on repetition of his former experiments, that any injury to rodents does not cause tubercle, but that it is only produced by the inoculation of tubercular material.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1298.

“Wilson Fox operated on a considerable number of animals (117 guinea-pigs and 12 rabbits), and he experimented with every variety of matter whether tuberculous or not.”--_Arch. de Méd._, 1883, Vol. XI., p. 48.

=Fraenkel, Albert.= M.D.; Assistant at the Medical School and Private Lecturer at the University, Berlin.

Contrib. to “Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift,” 1883, No. 37, and to Allgem. Med. Central-Zeitung, 1883, Nos. 11 and 62.

Verified the experiments published by Paul Bert in his “Pression barométrique.”

=Franck, François=, 5, Rue Saint-Philippe-du-Roule, Paris. Prof. Nat. Hist. of Organic Bodies and Physiol., Coll. France.

Author of “Effet des excitations des nerfs sensibles sur le cœur et la circulation artérielle, dans Travaux du Lab. de M. Marcy,” 1876; “Recherches, expérimentales sur les effets cardiaques, vasculaires et respiratoires des excitations douloureuses,” “Comptes rendus” l’Acad. des Sci., 1876-1878. Contrib. Art. “De la Dissociation des filets irido dilatateurs et des nerfs vasculaires au dessus du ganglion cervical supérieur;” to Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 1878, p. 378, “experiments on dogs.” Contrib. “Physiologie expérimentale: innervation du cœur,” Gaz. Hebdom. No. 15, (1879), p. 230; No. 16, p. 246; No. 18, p. 277; No. 19, p. 295; No. 21, p. 326; “Système Nerveux physiologie générale,” Dict. encyclop. des Sciences Médicales, Paris, 1879; also various articles to Gazette Médicale de Paris; Comptes rendus de la Soc. de Biol., and Journal de l’Anat. et de Physiologie.

Inventor of an apparatus for submitting animals to rapid or slow variations of temperature.--_Gaz. Méd. de Paris_, June 7th, 1879.

=Fraser, J. L.=, Edinburgh. M.D.; Lab. Vet. College, Clyde, Street; Physiol. Class Room.

=Fraser, Thomas Richard=, 37, Melville Street, and University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1869; M. 1868; (Edin.) F.R.S. Lond. & Edin.; Corr. Mem. Therap. Soc. Paris, etc. Prof. of Mat. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.

Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of the Calabar Bean:” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Vol. XXIV.; “An Investigation into some previously undescribed Tetanic Systems produced by Atropia in cold blooded Animals,” etc., and various other papers to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Practitioner, etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, Materia Medica Department, in 1878-79-81-82. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics, in 1878-79-81-82. Two Certificates for the same purpose in 1878. No experiments returned in 1878-81-82._

[In Return for 1881 entered as J. L. Fraser.]

=Fredericq, Léon.= M.D., Prof. in Ord. Univ. of Liège, Belgium.

Author of “Expériences sur l’innervation respiratoire;” Supp. Du Bois Raymond’s Arch., 1883, p. 51; Contrib. to Du Bois Reymond’s Archives, 1883.

Experiments on the innervation of respiratory centres; also on the effects of ice on the exposed spinal cord of rabbits. Has used dogs, rabbits, and ducks for his experiments.

=Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor.= Born 1819, at Aurich. In 1838 studied at Göttingen; 1842, practised medicine at Aurich, where he acquired some renown as an oculist. Studied also at the Institutions of Prague, Vienna, Holland, Belgium, and France. Private Prof. of Med. in Göttingen. Director of the Academical Hospital, Kiel. Conducted two ambulance hospitals during the Schleswig-Holstein War. Prof. of Pathology and Therapeutics, Breslau, 1851. Professor of clinical medicine and director of La Charité, Berlin, 1859; councillor and member of the Scientific Deputation for medical affairs.

Author of “Ueber Gallert oder Colloidgeschwülste,” Göttingen, 1847; “Ueber die Brightsche Nierenkrankheit,” Brunswick, 1857; “Klinik der Leberkrankheiten,” Brunswick, 1859-62 (translated into French, English, and Italian). Contrib. numerous articles to Liebig’s, Poggendorf’s, and Wöhler’s Dictionaries of Chemistry, etc.

=Fritsch, Gustav Theodor.= M.D. B. at Kottbus, 1838. Studied in Berlin, Breslau, and Heidelberg. Anat. Inst. Berlin, 1867. Extraordinary Prof. same Univ., 1874.

Author of “Drei Jahre in Süd Afrika,” Breslau, 1868; “Ueber das stereoskopische Sehen im Mikroskop,” Berlin, 1873; “Untersuchungen ueber den feineren Bau des Fischgehirns mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Homologien bei anderen Wirbelthierklassen,” Berlin, 1878. Joint author with E. Hitzig of “Ueber elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns,” in Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. Wissensch. III., 1870, p. 300-332.

“By means of perfected electric apparatus G. Fritsch and E. Hitzig were enabled to satisfy themselves that the surface of the brain in the rabbit reacted under the influence of the electric current. They then made a series of experiments on dogs, and published results which did not perhaps attract sufficient attention, and which were in opposition to the opinions till then accepted.”--_Art. “Cerveau,” Encyclopédie des Sciences Médicales_, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 210.

=Fubini, Simon.= B. 1841. M.D. Turin; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Turin; Prof. Univ. Palermo.

Author of “Sulla Condrina, Osservazioni di Moleschott e Fubini, Annotazione sopra la saliva parotidea e sopra il sudore;” “Gemelli xiphoide juncti,” Giornale della R. Accademia di medicina, No. 1 e 2, 1878, &c. Editor of Turin Medical Gazette.

=Funke, Otto.= B. at Chemnitz, 1828. Studied Univ. Leipsig, 1846; Prof. Physiol. Leipsig, 1854; Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Breslau, 1860; Mem. Academy of Saxony.

Author of “Atlas der physiologischen Chemie,” Leipsig, 1858; last part of “Günther’s Lehrbuch der Physiologie für Akademische Vorlesungen,” Leipsig, 1870; “Lehrbuch der Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1880.

=Gamgee, Arthur=, Owen’s Coll., Manchester, and Oaklands, Bowdon, Cheshire. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; M. 1871 (Edin.); F.R.S. London; Brackenbury Professor of Physiol. and Histol. and Dean of Med. Department Owen’s College, Manchester; Exam. in Physiol. Univ. London; late Lecturer on Physiol. Surg. Hall; Physician Roy. Hosp. for Sick Children, and Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “A Text Book of the Physiological Chemistry of the Animal Body,” 1880; Translator and Editor “Hermann’s Elementary Human Physiology;” Joint Editor Journ. of Physiol., Cambridge; also of numerous Papers in various Journs. and Trans. of Learned Socs.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, in 1878-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1878. No Experiments returned in 1881. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses._

“(Q. 5412.) (Viscount Cardwell.) You are of opinion that in inflicting operations, in themselves very painful, upon living animals, curare ought not to be trusted as taking away sensibility to pain? I should think not. I would add this: I do not believe that physiologists use it for that purpose. It is used in order to eliminate a series of fallacies which obtrude themselves in physiological experiments.”--_Ev. Roy. Com._, London, 1876.

“Nor was I guilty of the want of taste and judgment with which she (Miss Cobbe) taunts me and English physiologists in general, of exonerating themselves at the expense of their continental confrères. ‘Unquestionably’ I said ‘there have been brutal things done by physiologists, _never_ as far as I am aware by English and _very rarely_ by continental physiologists.’”--_Manchester Guardian_, Feb. 13, 1883.

=Gaskell, W. H.=, Cambridge. M.A., M.D.

Author of “On the Vasomotor Nerves of Striated Muscles,” Studies of the Physiol. Lab. Univ. Cambridge, p. 132.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1880-81 and 1882._

“15th February, 1878.--Terrier bitch, quite young, weighs 7½ kilogrammes (about 16½ lbs.). Extensor vein prepared on both sides; ligature placed under left crural nerve. Morphia and curare given. Artificial respiration.” &c.

“31st January, 1878.--Dog, weight 8 kilogrammes (about 17⅔ lbs.). Morphia and curare. Artificial respiration. Right extensor vein and right crural nerve prepared.” &c.

“20th February, 1878.--Terrier bitch, weight 6¼ kilo (about 13¾ lbs.). Morphia given. Left extensor vein prepared, and left crural nerve cut and ligatured at 4.2 p.m. Between 3.40 and 4.7 p.m., 0·015 grms. curare were injected into jugular vein; artificial respiration.” &c.

“February 18, 1878.--Large sheep dog, weight 20·5 kilo, (about 45¼ lbs.). Morphia given, 0·075 grms. curare, injected into jugular vein. Abdomen opened in middle line, and left abdominal sympathetic trunk cut and ligatured about the fourth lumbar ganglion.” &c.

“March 4, 1878.--Spaniel bitch, weight 13¾ kilo, (about 30¼ lbs.). After the termination of the curve given in Fig. 3, 0·06 grms. curare were injected into the jugular vein; artificial respiration was performed, and the left crural nerve was laid free.” &c.--“Further Researches on the Vasomotor Nerves of Ordinary Muscles,” by W. H. Gaskell, M.A., Trin. Coll. Camb., “_Journ. Physiol._” Vol. I., pp. 265-6, 276, 228, 295.

=Gautier, E. J. Armand=, 72, Rue d’Assas, Paris. B. at Narbonne. M.D., 1862; Agrégé de Clinic., Med. Fac.; Member Acad. de Méd.

Author of “Études sur les fermentations proprement dites et les fermentations physiologiques et pathologiques,” Paris, 1869; “Chimie appliquée à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à l’hygiène et les méthodes de recherches les plus nouvelles,” Paris, 1874.

“Made experiments with the venom of snakes (_Naja tripudians_).”--_Archiv. de med._, Vol. 2, 1881, p. 360.

=Gavarret, Louis-Denis Jules=, 73, Rue de Grenelle, Paris. B. 1809. M.D., 1843; Prof. Med. Physics at Med. Faculty; Mem. Acad. of Medicine, 1858; Inspector-General of Public Instruction for Medicine, 1879.

Author jointly with M. Andral of “Investigations sur la nature du sang et l’organisation physique de l’homme,” 1840-43; “Sur la chaleur produite par les corps vivants,” 1853. “Des Images par reflexion et par refraction,” Paris, 1856. “Physique biologique, les phénomènes physiques de la Vie,” Paris, 1869, etc., etc.

=Gergens, E.= M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg.

Author of “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 340; “Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung mit dem Influenz-Apparat,” Pflüger, Vol. XIV., p. 65. Joint author (with E. Baumann) of “Ueber das Verhalten des Guanidin, Dicyanidin, und Cyandin im Organismus,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 205. Assisted Prof. Goltz in his work, “Ueber Verrichtungen des Grosshirns.”

Made experiments jointly with E. Baumann on dogs and rabbits, also on the brains of the former.

“… I dissected out the above-mentioned nerves in some of the animals I had used before, and tried direct stimulation. Naturally even a weak current must have a powerful effect, when in immediate contact with the nerve, and the result was as I had anticipated. The animals croaked once and made the wildest efforts to escape.…”--“_Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung_,” pp. 67-68.

=Gerlach, Leo.= M.D., Erlangen.

Author of “Ueber die Beziehungen der N. Vagi zu den glatten Muskelfasern der Lunge,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII., p. 491.

Made experiments on curarised dogs and rabbits in the Laboratory of Prof. Kühne, in Heidelberg, also in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen.

=Gibbes, Heneage=, 94, Gower Street, W.C. M.D., Aberd., 1881, M.B. and C.M., 1879; L.R.C.P., Lond. 1879; (Univ. Aberd. and St. Barthol.); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Aberd.; Fell. Roy. Micros., Med., and Zool. Socs.; Mem. Path. Soc., Phys. Met. Disp.; Lect. on Physiol. and Histol. West. Hosp.; late Curator Anat. Mus., King’s Coll.

Author of “Practical Histology and Pathology,” 2nd edit. Contrib. various papers to Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., Lancet, etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory and Outhouse in the garden, 94, Gower Street, W.C., 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill same year. Dr. Gibbes could also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre, King’s College, London._

=Gibson, George Alexander=, 1 Randolph Cliff, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. Edin., and C.M. 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879 (Edin. Dub. and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Edin.; F.R.S.E.; F.G.S. Lond.; Hon. Mem. (late Pres.) Dialec. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Brit. Association for Adv. of Sci.; and British Med. Assoc.; Lect. on Med. Anat. and Phys. Diagnosis, Edin. Sch. Med.; formerly Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin.

Contrib. to _Lancet_, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for Adv. of Sci., Nature, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh Laboratory and Physiological Class Room in 1879, and at University Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, in 1880. Certificates for Testing previous Discoveries in 1879 and 1880. No experiments returned in 1879._

=Gierke= (Dr.) Asst. Prof. Physiol. Inst., Breslau University.

=Glaevecke, Ludwig Christian H. J.= M.D. First Asst. Clin. Hosp. at Kiel, 1881.

Author of “Ueber die Ausscheidung und Vertheilung des Eisens im thierischen Organismus,” Kiel, 1883.

Made experiments on animals to ascertain the effects of subcutaneous injections of iron.

=Gluck, Theodor.= M.D. Asst. Inst. Clinic. Surg. Univ. of Berlin.

Extirpated sections of lungs in rabbits and dogs, and hopes to persuade the medical profession to sanction extirpation and resection of the lungs as a method of operative surgery.--_Archiv. fuer Klinische Chirurgie von Langenbeck, Billroth, Gurlt_, Vol. 26, p. 916, Berlin, 1881. (See Block.)

=Golding-Bird, Cuthbert Hilton=, 13, St. Thomas Street, London, S.E. B.A. Lon. (Honours), 1867; M.B. (Honours, Gold Medal in For. Med.), 1873; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1874; L.R.C.P. Lond., 1872 (Guy’s and Paris); Prizem. 1869-71-72; Gold Medallist in Chir. Med., and in Chir. Surg., 1873; Mem. Path. and Chir. Socs.; Assistant Surg. and Demonst. of Pract. Physiol., Guy’s Hosp. Contribs. to _Lancet_, _Brit. Med. Journ._, _Guy’s Hosp. Reps._, &c.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital School Buildings in 1881; also Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1881. No Experiments returned._

=Golgi, M. C.= Prof., Pavia.

Experiments on cerebral localization.--_Archiv. Ital._

Author of “Di una reazione apparamente nera delle cellule nervose ottenuta col bicloruro di mercurio.”--_Arch. p. l. scienze mediche_, Vol. III., 1879, N. 11.

=Goltz, Friedrich.= Direct. of Inst. for Exper. Physiol., Strasburg; formerly prosector Univ. Königsberg, Prussia.

Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des Frosches,” Berlin, 1869; “Verrichtungen des Grosshirns,” 1881; “Wider die Humanaster,” 1883; “Ueber die physiologische Bedeutung der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., p. 172.

“I owe the fundamental idea of my method of experimentation to the memory of my experience as prosector at Königsberg. I have often dissected out the arteries of the brain filled with torpid matter.… I resolved to try whether it would be possible to rinse out the living brain and spare the larger veins. The very first effort was so successful that it encouraged me to proceed, and that was the origin of this work.… All my experiments were made on dogs which I chloroformed before the operation. To bare the skull, I generally made first a cut in the centre and separated the skin on one side, so that the muscles of the temples were visible. Then according to the experiment I wished to make, a portion of the muscle was cut away to expose the place in the bone where the hole was to be bored. According to the requirements of the case, one, two, or still more holes were bored, and after making a cut in the head skin, the brain matter was rinsed out. I generally used spring water, heated to the temperature of the blood.… At all events till now, as far as my knowledge of the literature of this subject goes, no one has succeeded in making such extensive destruction of the brain and still preserving life. I have succeeded in a series of experiments made at different intervals, in so seriously injuring one hemisphere, that all the circumvolutions that touched the skull had disappeared. The animal lived for weeks with its crippled brain, and served for many observations.”--_Verrichtungen des Grosshirns_, pp. 3-8. (A work dedicated to his “English Friends.”)

“It is not often that two physiologists agree in matters relating to the physiology of the brain.”--_Ibid._, p. 9.

“I do not by any means claim that my researches can be of any value in themselves for the pathology of the human brain. Let the pathologists continue steadily to collect facts, then the apparent contradictions between the experiments on animals and the observations at the bedside will soon be reconciled.”--_Ibid._, p. 176.

“The fact that both in tortoises and in toads, the extirpation of the cerebellum and the superior two-thirds of the bulbus _does not abolish_ the sense of equilibrium, proves that the too widely generalised theory of Goltz which localises this sense in the cerebellum, as also that of Vulpian, who in the inferior vertebrates, places the seat of this sense in the part corresponding to the annular protuberance of the superior vertebrates, are both equally inexact.--Florence, June, 1883.”--FANO, “_Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre automatique dans le tractus bulbo-spinal._”--_Arch. ital. de Biol._, Vol. III., p. 368.

“It is self evident, that Goltz’s experience, when quoted against the localizations of functions in the cortex of the brain is of no worth.”… (p. 11). “Professor Goltz’s assumption that irritation sets up inhibitory processes, having their seat in the cerebrum, which cause, through paralysis of certain centres situated in the cerebellum and its connections, all the non-permanent disturbances,--this assumption is inadmissible” (p. 13).--Munk, _Ueber die Functionen der Grosshirn-Rinde._

“After I had laid bare the bone behind the ear of the pigeon, I bored out, bit by bit, with the help of a sharp hollow chisel, the ear labyrinths on both sides of the head. The bleeding caused by this operation is very considerable. In those cases where I endeavoured to destroy entirely both labyrinths, the birds died soon after the operation with violent rolling movements or somersaults. For this reason I afterwards contented myself with breaking out pieces of the superficial canals. Many of the thus injured birds I have kept alive a long time, and especially two which I had operated upon half a year ago, and which I exhibited at the Congress of Naturalists at Innspruck on 21st September, 1869.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. III., pp. 177-78.

“The sanguinary part of the operation begins with the insertion of the cannula to supply artificial respiration. Then the right carotid artery is dissected out. Afterwards, while artificial respiration is being set up, a square opening is made in the left wall of the chest with a knife and the bone scissors. The opening is extended far into the right pleural cavity, and widened downwards till it reaches the diaphragm which is severed from the ribs. It is best to make the opening in the chest large enough to avoid any pressure on the heart from the lungs or other neighbouring parts. The pericardium is opened wide so that the greatest possible surface of the heart may be exposed to the action of the atmospheric air. After this sanguinary preparation the catheter is introduced from the right carotis into the aorta, and from thence to the left ventricle of the heart. As soon as it has reached this point (which fact can be ascertained by feeling the exposed heart) the stopper (of the instrument previously described) is withdrawn. The next systole sends a powerful stream of blood into the catheter, which is immediately checked by fixing the gutta percha end of the previously set manometer on this conducting catheter. Now begins the observation which richly repays the tedious and bloody preparation. The heart pumps out the manometer with surprising rapidity.… We have repeated this experiment six times.”--“_Ueber die Druckverhältnisse im Innern des Herzens_,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XVII., p. 113.

=Gombault= (Dr.), 3, Rue Rouget-de-l’Isle, Paris. Prof. Path. Anat. Practical Courses.

=Greenfield, William Smith=, 7, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Lond., 1874; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond. and Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. and Clin. Socs.; Fell. Roy. Micros. Soc.; Prof. of Gen. Path. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; late Asst. Phys. and Lect. on Path. Anat. St. Thomas’s Hosp.; Prof. Superint. Brown Inst.; Phys. Roy. Infirm. for Childr. and Wom., Waterloo Road; Phys. Roy. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest, and Med. Regist. St. Thomas’s Hosp.

Trans. “Magnan on Alcoholism;” “Lancereaux’s Atlas of Pathological Anatomy.” Author of Sect. on “Renal Pathology,” new Syd. Soc. Atlas of Path.; (jointly) “Report on Pyæmia and Allied Diseases” (for Path. Soc. and Loc. Govt. Board), 1879. Contrib. “Lectures on the Pathology of Anthrax and Allied Diseases,” Lancet and Brit. Med. Journ., 1880 and 1881; various papers in Trans. Path. and Clin. Socs. and elsewhere.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, Laboratory Stables and Post Mortem Room, in 1879-80-81. Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics in 1879-80-81. No experiments returned in 1881._

=Gréhant, Louis François Nestor=, 17, Rue de Berthollet, Paris. B. at Laon, Aisne, France, 1838. M.D. Asst. curator at the Museum of Nat. Hist., Paris; formerly Mem. Biol. Soc., Paris; _préparateur_ of the Course of Physiol. at Fac. of Sci.

Author of “Tableau d’analyse chimique conduisant à la détermination de la base et de l’acide d’un sel inorganique isolé, avec les couleurs caracteristiques des precipités,” Paris, 1862; “Recherches physiques sur la respiration de l’homme,” Paris, 1864; “Manuel de physique médicale,” Paris, 1869; “Sur l’endomose des gaz à travers les poumous détachés,” Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1878; “Sur l’activité physiologique des reins,” _Ibid._, 1879; “Recherches quantitatives sur l’èlimination de l’oxyde de carbone,” _Ibid._; “Recherches comparatives sur l’exhalation de l’acide carbonique par les poumons,” Journ. de l’Anat. et Physiol., 1880; “Influence de la section des pneumogastriques sur l’exhalation d’acide carbonique par les poumons” Arch. pour les Sci. Med. 1882.

“Dr. Gréhant recently made an interesting communication to the Biological Society, on the quantity of alcohol that would be necessary to produce fatal effect. With this view he performed a series of experiments, the results of which were always identical. By means of an œsophagal tube, Dr. Gréhant injected into the stomach of a dog thirty grammes of alcohol every half hour until the animal died. At the post-mortem examination, he found that the blood of the animal contained a proportion of one part of absolute alcohol to 100 parts of blood.”--_Lancet_, Jan. 20th, 1883, p. 125.

“I prepared in a large gutta percha balloon a mixture of 100 litres of air and 255 cubic centimetres of pure oxide of carbon, which made 1/392 of poisonous gas; I then opened the jugular vein in a dog of 9 kilos., and with a long india-rubber catheter introduced into the vena cava inferior, drew out 30 centimetres of blood, put it into a flask and defibrinised it by agitating it a few minutes. The animal’s head was then placed in a gutta percha muzzle communicating with the top of the balloon containing the oxide of carbon, and the animal was allowed to breathe into it for half-an-hour. During the last two minutes a second quantity of blood was taken from the vena cava and defibrinised; then the animal was allowed to breathe in the air, and half-an-hour later a third sample of blood was taken.…”--_On the absorption of Oxide of Carbon_ (Note presented to the Acad. of Sc. by M. Gréhant, April 8, 1878,) _Archives de Méd._, 1878, Vol. I., p. 750.

=Griffini, L.= Prof. Path. Anat. Lab. Univ. of Messina.

Author of “Sur l’action toxique de la salive humane,” Arch. ital. de Biol., Paris, 1882.

“After the experiments of Vulpian showing that the saliva of a healthy man has a poisonous effect on rabbits, it was necessary to seek for an explanation of this unforeseen result. Therefore, the author of this essay determined to make a series of experiments to explain the malady which is produced in rabbits by the subcutaneous injection of human saliva.”--_Arch. ital. de Biol._, Vol. II., Part I., p. 106.

=Groves, J. W.=, King’s College, London.

_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological Laboratory in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned._

=Gruber, A.= Prof. Zool. and Zoot., Freiburg, in Baden University.

=Grützner, P.= Prof. Animal Physiol., Berne University.

Author of “Ueber Verschiedene Arten der Nervenerregung.” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XVII., p. 215; “Beiträge zur Physiologie der Harnsecretion,” Ibid., Vol. II.

Made experiments on dogs and rabbits in the Physiological Institute at Breslau.

“Exp. II. Dog not curarised: spinal marrow cut through at the beginning of the operation; also the vagi severed, nitrate of soda injected.

“Exp. III. Dog strongly curarised, and the medulla stimulated repeatedly by galvanic currents. Injections of nitrate of soda.

“Exp. VII. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, medulla subjected to electric stimulation. The vagi cut through.

“Exp. XI. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, digitalis and strychnine injected. Result cramps.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._ Vol. II., p. 370.

=Gscheidlen, Richard.= M.D.; Prof. Physiol.; Direct. Physiol. Lab., Wurzburg.

Author of “Ueber einige Physiologische Wirkungen der Calabarbohne,” in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in Wurzburg,” Leipsig, 1869; “Physiologische Methodik,” 4th edit., Brunswick, 1879.

Forty-one experiments on rabbits and cats.

“… Large doses cause violent cramps and convulsions. The animal struggles for breath, and writhes on the board to which it is fastened, and all the symptoms of the most violent dyspnœa set in. If the skin of the animal is slightly raised, it can be observed that the venous blood-vessels are puffed and swollen and contain dark blood. It soon becomes impossible to see how the animal breathes, and death follows.”--_Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Lab. in Wurzburg_, 1869, p. 275.

=Guareschi, I.= Univ. Turin.

Extract of putrified human brains injected into frogs, results resembling those of curare. Communicated to R. Academy Sciences, Turin, May, 1882.

=Gubler, Adolphe Goblet.= B. at Metz, 1822, d. 1879. Studied Med. Paris; Silver Medallist, 1847; M.D. Paris, 1849; Chef de Clinique of Prof. Bouillaud, 1850; Mem. Acad. Med., 1865; succeeded Prof. G. See, Prof. Therapeutics, 1868.

Founded “Journal de Thérapeutique,” 1874; Author of “Commentaires Thérapeutiques du Codex,” 1867.

=Guébhart= (Mons.), Paris. Prof. Physics Medical Faculty.

=Günther, Albert=, Surbiton, Surrey. M.A. and Ph.D. Tübingen, 1853; M.D. 1862; Diploma in Med. and Surg. Stuttgart, 1857; F.R.S.; F.Z. S.; Mem. Royal Soc. Sc. Upsala; Corr. Mem. Bristol Nat. Soc. and Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Soc.; Assist. Keeper Zool. Dept. British Museum.

Author of “Medical Zoology,” Stuttgart, 1858; Catalogue “Fish,” British Museum, 1859-70, &c.; late Editor “The Record of Zoological Literature.”

Made experiments jointly with L. Brück on the influence of lesions of certain portions of the brain on animal heat.--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, 1870, p. 578.

“… I requested the students, Messrs. Brück and Günther, to repeat the experiments of Tscheschichin and Sewitzky.… The animals were, as in previous experiments, rabbits. The lesions were invariably made through the unopened skull.… Out of 23 experiments, 11 gave positive, and 12 negative results. These experiments have given us the following facts for further study:--The division of the brain between the pons varolis and the medulla oblongata may produce heightened temperature. Seven experiments of this section were made; in two only the results were as above; but in these two cases the evidence was in a high degree satisfactory. In four cases the temperature sank after the operation; in one the action was so positive that the temperature of the animal which had been bound for seven hours did not sink any lower after the operation, which it is well known generally happens.”--Heidenhain, Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. III., pp. 579-80.

_Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Also Certificate for Experiments without anæsthetics same year._

=Hall, Marshall.= B. at Basford, Notts., 1790; d. 1857. M.D., Edin., 1812; M. 1827; F.R.C.P., 1841; Lect. on the Theory and Practice of Medicine at St. Thomas’ Hosp.; Consulting Phys. to Moorcroft Lunatic Asylum, Uxbridge; Gulstonian Lecturer Roy. Coll. Physicians, 1842; F.R.S.L., and E.

Author of “The Principles of Diagnosis,” London and Nottingham, 1817; “Medical Essays,” London and Nottingham, 1825; “Diseases of Females,” 1826; “Effects of Loss of Blood,” 1828; “Researches principally relative to the morbid and curative effects of loss of blood,” London, 1830; “An essay on the circulation of the Blood, especially as observed in the minute and capillary vessels of the Batrachia and of Fishes,” London, 1831; “Lectures on the nervous system and its diseases,” London, 1836; “Memoirs on the nervous system,” London, 1837; “Practical observations and suggestions in medicine,” London, 1846; “Essay on the theory of convulsive diseases,” London, 1848.

=Hällsten, K.= Prof. Physiol. in Helsingfors, Finland.

Author of “Handledning för nybegynnare vid histologiska öfningar” (Manual of practical histology for beginners), Helsingfors, 1878. Contrib. to Scandinavian Med. Archives.

Made experimental researches on the irritability of various parts of the same nerve.

=Harley, George=, 25, Harley Street. M.D. Edin., 1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1858; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1850; F.R.S.; F.C.S.; Corr. Mem. Roy. Acad. Med. Madrid; Roy. Acad. Sci. Bavaria; Phys. and Med. Soc. Wurzburg; Med. Soc. Halle, and Micros. Soc. Giessen; Mem. Path. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin., etc., etc., formerly Prof. Med. Jurisprudence and Lect. on Histology and Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll.; Pres. Paris Med. Soc.

Editor of “A Year Book of Medicine, Surgery and their allied Sciences,” London, 1860, etc.; author of “On Digestion,” 1859; “Action of Chem. and Phys. Agents on the Blood,” Phil. Trans. 1865; “Jaundice, its pathology and treatment,” London, 1863; “Albuminaria, with and without Dropsy, its different forms and treatment,” London, 1866; “Diabetes, its different forms and different treatments,” London, 1866, etc.

Made experiments on the physiological action of animal poisons, on dogs, cats, and frogs.

“The experiments were performed at University College, in the presence of my colleagues, Professors Sharpey, Ellis, and Williamson.… A large dog was bitten by one of the snakes over the right eye.… In three minutes the dog became very restless, and gave a low whine as if of pain. After moving about the room for ten minutes searching for a comfortable place to lie down on, he placed himself in the coolest part of the chamber, and laid his head on the cold stones, as if to relieve headache. He moaned as if in distress.… As the effects of the poison passed away, the pulse gradually recovered.… The serpent was once more allowed to bite him. The same train of symptoms again appeared, but in a more intense degree, and within twenty-five minutes he had become insensible.… Half an hour after being bitten the second time, convulsive twitchings began to appear in the fore limbs and muscles of the neck. In ten minutes more the whole body became convulsed. The limbs were stretched out and the head jerked backwards.… In two hours and a quarter the animal appeared to be dead, but on making an incision into the thorax, he gave a gasp. After waiting some time without observing any further sign of life, another incision was made, when he again gasped, but only once.”--“_On the influence of physical and chemical agents upon the blood_,” _Trans. Roy. Soc._, Vol. 155, p. 700.

=Harris, Vincent Dormer=, 39, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. M.D. Lond., 1876; M.B. (Honours), 1874; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874 (St. Barthol. and Vienna); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Sen. Phys. Met. Disp.; Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Asst. Phys. Victoria Pk. Hosp.; late Assist. Phys. W. London Hosp.; Casualty Phys., House Phys., Ophth. House Surg. and Regist. St. Barthol. Hosp.

Joint Author of “The Manual for the Physiological Laboratory;” Author of “Remarks on Angina Pectoris,” “Tufnell’s Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm,” “The Diagnostic value of Cardiac Murmurs,” and other papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps.; “Condition of the Spinal Cord in Tetanus;” Path. Soc. Trans.; Contrib. to Lancet, Med. Times Gaz., Path. Soc. Trans., Quart. Micros. Journ., Journ. Anat. and Physiol., &c.

_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, 1880-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1880 and 1882._

=Harting= (Prof.), Utrecht University.

=Harvey, Reuben J.= D. 1882. B.A. Dublin, 1866; M.D., 1873; M.B. and M. Ch., 1870; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1879; L. 1876 (T.C. Dublin, Vienna and Wurzburg); M.R.T.A.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub.; Lect. Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med.; Asst. Phys. and Pathol. House of Indust. Hosps.; Phys. Cork Street Fever Hosp.; late Exam. Anat. Univ. Dub.; Phys. for Dis. of Throat; Nat. Eye and Ear Infirm.; Ex-Schol. and Sen. Moderator T.C. Dub.; Ex. Med. and Schol. and Demonstrator of Anatomy Univ. Dub. Contrib. “Histology of Tendon,” Irish Hosp. Gaz. 1873; “Ueber die Zwischensubstanz der Hoden,” Centralblatt, 1875.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Carmichael School of Medicine, Dublin Physiological Laboratory, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-81; also, Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1881, and Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1880._

=Haughton, Edward=, Spring Grove House, Upper Norwood. M.D. Edin., 1856; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1855; B.A.T.C.D., 1858; L.M. Combe Lying-in Hosp. Gold Medal in Exper. and Nat. Sci.; Lect. on Med. Jurisprudence Steeven’s Hosp. Med. Sch. Dub., 1859.

Author of “The Laws of Vital Force,” 1869; “Practical Biopathy,” 1881, etc.

=Hay, Matthew=, 230, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1881; M.B. and C.M. (First Class Honours), 1878 (Univs. Glasg., Edin., and Strasbourg); Ettles Prizem. 1878; Goodsir Prizem. 1881; Sanitary Research, Sch., 1883; Fell. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin.; Vice-Pres. Chem. Soc. Edin,; Mem. Nat. Sci. Club; Prof. Med. Logic and Med. Jurisp. Univ. Aberd.; formerly Asst. to Prof. of Mat. Med. and Demonstrator of Pract. Mat. Med. Univ. Edin.; Phys. New Town Disp. Edin.

Contrib. “Action of Saline Cathartics,” from Anal. and Physiol. Vol. XVI.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Materia Medica Department in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1880-81-82-83._

=Haycraft, John Berry.= M.B.

Author of “On some Physiological Results of Temperature Variation,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1878.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Physiological Department and Materia Medica Department, or Department of Medical Jurisprudence in 1880 and 1881. No experiments returned in 1881._

=Hayem, Georges=, Rue de l’échelle 9, Paris. B. Paris, 1841. M.D. 1868; Prof. Med. Fac. Paris; Hospital Physician; Sub-Director of the Lab. of Path. Anat. (école des Hautes études); Editor of the Revue des Sciences Médicales.

Author of “Études sur les diverses formes d’encéphalite,” Paris, 1868; “Des Bronchites, Pathologie générale et classification,” Paris, 1869; “Des Hémorrhagies intra rachidiennes,” Ibid., 1872.

=Heger, Paul.= Prof. Physiol. Univ. Brussels.

Author of “Étude critique et expérimentale sur l’émigration des lobules blancs, envisagée dans ses rapports avec l’inflammation.”

=Heiberg, H.= Prof. Path. Anat. Christiania, Norway.

Author of “Om Hvirvelsöjlen hos nyfödte og dens Forhold til chorda dorsalis” (The spinal chord at birth and its relation to the chorda dorsalis) Norsk Magas. for Lägevidens-Kab., Vol. VIII. (1879), p. 292.

Made experiments on the cornea of rabbits, rats, cats, fowls, toads, &c.--_Vide_ _Appen. Rep. Roy. Com._

=Heidenhain, Rudolph Peter Heinrich.= B. at Marienwerder, West Prussia, 1834. Prof. of Physiol, and Microscopic Anat. Med. Fac. Breslau; Lect. Physiol. Institute.

Author of “Physiologische Studien,” Berlin, 1856; “Die Vivisection im Dienste der Heilkunde,” Leipsig, 1879; “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Pancreas,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. X., p. 557; “Ueber die Absonderung der Fundusdrüsen des Magens,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XIX., p. 148.

“The following observations, in so far as they relate to temporary fistula, were made in the summer of 1872; … those relating to permanent fistula belong principally to a series of experiments made with the students, Messrs. Jastrow, Langondorff and Körner. The principal results of both series proved that the secretion of the pancreas if arrested may be made to _continue_; or if present may be rendered more active. However, I must at once observe that the disturbances, the causes of which are still unknown to us, which almost invariably render useless all experiments on the pancreas, were also often present in those I am about to describe.…

“The experiments were invariably made on curarised animals. In such cases we have noticed the striking fact when the rapidity of secretion had been measured before and after curarisation, there was always a diminution during the curare anæsthesia, in contradiction to the result of Bernstein’s experiments; in which the secretion increased under the influence of the poison.” “_Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Pancreas._”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. X., pp. 606-607.

Permanent fistula of the stomach established in dogs, then they were curarised and the spinal marrow stimulated with electrodes to cause secretion from the pancreas. These experiments were undertaken with the aid of students.

=Heinsius von A.=, M.D., Prof. Physiol., Leyden University.

Author of “Ueber die Eiweisskörper des Blutes,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. II., p. 1; “Ueber Serumalbumin und Eieralbumin und ihre Verbindungen,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 549.

=Helmholtz-Hermann, Ludwig Ferdinand von.= B. Potsdam, 1821; studied med. La Charité, Berlin; Military Surgeon, Potsdam; Prof. Anat. Acad., 1848; Prof. Physiol., Königsberg, 1849; Prof. Physiol., Bonn, 1855; Heidelberg, 1858; Prof. of Experimental Physics, Med. Fac., Berlin Univ., 1871; Corr. French Acad. of Sciences, 1870; Privy Councillor.

Author of “Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft,” Berlin, 1847; “Handbuch der Phys. Optik.,” Leipsig, 1856-1866; “Lehre von den Tonempfindungen,” Brunswick, 1862, etc.

=Henderson, Thomas Beath=, 239, Bath Street, Glasgow. M.D., Glasgow, 1878; M.B. and C.M., 1871 (Univ. Glasg.); Mem. Med. Chir. Path. and Clin. Socs. Glasg., and Brit. Med. Assoc.

Contrib. “On the Inhalation of Phosphuretted Hydrogen,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School, 1878-79-80. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1879 and 1880._

=Henle, Frederick Gustav Charles. B.= at Furth, Franconia, 1809. Studied med. at Heidelberg and Bonn; M.D., 1832; Prosector Anat. Museum, Berlin, 1837; Prof. of Micros. Anat. and Gen. Path., 1840; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. Zurich, 1844; Prof. Anat. Physiol. Path. and Anthrop., Heidelberg, 1852; Prof. at Göttingen.

Founder of “Journal der rationelle Medizin;” Author of “Ueber Schleim u. Eiterbildung,” Berlin, 1838; “Vergleichende Anatomie des Kehlkopfes,” Leipsig, 1839; “Pathologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1840; “Rationelle Pathologie,” Brunswick, 1846; “Handbuch der Allgemeinen Anatomie,” Berlin, 1841; “Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen,” Brunswick, 1855; etc.

=Henry, Arthur.= Student at Physiol. Instit., Breslau.

Made experiments with Paul Wollheim at the instigation of Prof. Heidenhain on the pancreatic secretion of herbivorous animals, sheep, and rabbits--during two semesters--by creating biliary fistulas.--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XIV., p. 457, etc.

=Hensen, V.= Prof. experimental Physiol., Kiel University.

Author of “Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Beobachtung der Tonhöhe eines gesungenen Tones,” Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1879, p. 155.

=Hering, E.= Prof. of experimental Physiol., Prague University.

Author of “Beiträge zur allgemeinen Nerven-und-Muskelphysiologie,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien) Vol. LXXIX., 1879; “Ueber Muskelgeräusche des Auges,” _Ibid._; “Zur Erklärung der Farbenblindheit der Theorie der Gegenfarben,” Prag., 1880; “Kritik einer Abhandlung von Donders,” Prag., 1882.

=Hermann, Ludimar.= Prof. Physiol. and Med. Physics, Zurich Univ.

Author of “Grundriss der Physiolgie des Menschen,” Berlin, 1863; “Untersuchungen ueber den Stoffwechsel der Muskeln,” Berlin, 1867; “Ein Beitrag zum Verständniss der Verdanung und Ernährens,” Zurich, 1869; “Lehrbuch der experimentellen Toxicologie,” Berlin, 1874; “Ueber schiefen Durchgang von Strahlenbündeln, etc.,” Zurich, 1874; “Die Vivisectionsfrage für das grössere Publicum beleuchtet,” Leipsig, 1877. Editor of “Centralblatt f. die Medicinischen Wissenschaften,” Berlin, 1863, etc.

“Our experiments were intended to decide how far the objection raised on several sides was justified, that the results of the experiments made by Fritsch and Hitzig on the cortex of the cerebrum did not arise from the excitation of the cortex itself, but of the more internal parts.… The experiments were made during the summer term of 1874, all on middle-sized dogs, and were carried out successfully.… There were only six; as the results were all the same, there was no reason to make more of these cruel experiments.… I conclude with the remark that the experiments of Fritsch and Hitzig, however interesting and precious they may be, do not justify any conclusions concerning the functions of the cortex.”--“_Ueber electrische Reizversuche an der Grosshirnrinde_,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. X., pp. 78-84.

“The advancement of our knowledge, and not utility to medicine, is the true and straightforward object of all vivisection. No true investigator in his researches thinks of the practical utilization. Science can afford to despise this justification with which vivisection has been defended in England.”--_Die Vivisectionsfrage._

=Herzen, Alex.= B. Russia, 1839. Prof. Physiol., Lausanne University. Studied Medicine and Natural History in England and Switzerland; joined Schiff at Florence, and became one of the promoters of the new scientific and philosophical movement in Italy. He afterwards retired to Sienna, where he pursued in solitude his studies on experimental Physiology. Prof. Physiol. at the Instituto superiore at Florence, 1877.