Chapter IV: Part 4

Author of “Popular Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Animals,” London, 1862; “Les centres modérateurs de l’action réflexe,” Turin, 1864; “Sul l’eccitabilitá dei nervi tagliati,” 1867; “Analisi fisiologica del libero arbitrio humana,” 1868; “Gli animali martiri i loro prottettori e la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1874; “Una questione di Psicologia Sociale,” 1871; “Cos ’è la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1877; “Lezione sulla digestione,” Florence, 1877; “Il Moto psichico e la Coscienza,” Florence, 1877; and in French a volume of “Récits et Nouvelles.”

=Hifberg= (Dr.), Christiania University.

=His, Wilhelm.= B. at Bâle, 1831; studied med. at Bâle and Berlin, under J. Müller; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Bâle, 1857; Prof. Physiol. Leipsig, 1872.

Author of “Crania Helvetica,” Bâle, 1864; “Ueber die erste Anlage des Wirbelthierliebs,” Leipsig, 1868; “Unser Körperform und das phys. Problem ihrer Einstehung,” Leipzig, 1875. Contrib. to “Archiv. für Anthropologie” and “Archiv. f. Anatomie;” “Ueber die Anfänge des peripherischem Nervensystems” Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., 1879, p. 456; “Abbildungen ueber das Gefässsystem der menschlischen Netzhaut und derjenigen des Kaninchens,” Ibid., Vol. f., 1880, p. 224; “Die Lehre vom Bindesubstanzkeim,” Ibid., 1882, p. 62.

=Hitzig, Eduard.= B. Berlin, 1838. Studied Berlin and Wurzburg. M.D., Berlin, 1862. Private Instructor in Internal Medicine Univ. Berlin, 1872. Prof. Mental Diseases, Zurich, and Director of the Lunatic Asylum of the Canton, 1875. Prof. of Pathology and Therapeutics of the brain, Med. Fac., Halle University.

Author of “Krankheiten des Nervensystems,” in “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie in Therapie;” “Untersuchungen ueber das Gehirn,” Berlin, 1874; “Ziele und Zwecke der Psychiatrie,” Zurich, 1876.

“Experiments on the extirpation of the cerebrum, furnished the material of a work in which Goltz imagines he has refuted the opinions expressed by me on the functions of this organ. I had already made jointly with Herr Fritsch a small number of analogous experiments, concerning the portion named by me, gyrus E; but later I carried out the experiments in a systematic manner on the whole convexity of the cerebrum. In the last series some observations are published in which I thought to have given the last and most uncontestable proof of the localisation of the brain.”--“_Untersuchungen ueber das Gehirn_,” _neue Folger, Reichert und Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv._, 1876, p. 692.

=Holmgrén, F.= Prof. Physiol., Upsala University.

Contrib. “Ueber die wirkliche Natur der positiven Stromschwankungen bei der einzelnen Muskelzuckung” to Du Bois Reymond’s Archives for 1871; “Ueber den Augenabstand der Farbenblinden,” Arch. f. Ophthalmol., Vol. XXV., p. 135; “Ueber die Retinaströme,” Untersuch. a. d. Physiol. Inst. 3d. Heidelberg, 1880.

“There is a poison (curare) which lames every spontaneous movement, leaving all other functions untouched. This venom is therefore the most cruel of all poisons. It changes us instantly into a living corpse, which hears and sees and knows everything, but is unable to move a single muscle, and under its influence no creature can give the faintest indication of its hopeless condition. The heart alone continues to beat.”--_Holmgrén, Physiology of present Times_. _Future_, 1868, p. 231.

=Hoppe-Seyler, F.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Strasburg Univ.; Director of Physiol. Chem. Lab.

Author of “Med. Chem. Untersuchungen,” Tübingen, 1871; “Physiologische Chemie,” Berlin, 1879; “Ueber die Ursache der Athembewegungen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. Weis., No. 51; “Ueber das Methämoglobin,” Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemic, 1882.

=Hoppe, I.= Prof. extraord. Clin. Med., Med. Fac. Bâle University.

=Horsley, Victor Alex. Haden.= 129, Gower Street, W.C. Prof. Supt. of Brown Institution, 1884. M.B. Lond. and B.S. (Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in Surg.), 1881; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1883; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Surg. Regist. (late House Surgeon) Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Asst. to Prof. of Path. Univ. Coll.

Author of “Report on Septic Bacteria,” Rep. Med. Off. Loc. Govt. Bd.; (with Dr. Mott) “On the Existence of Organisms in Living Tissues,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. III; (with Dr. Bastian) “Arrest of Development of Left Upper Limb associated with an Extremely Small Right Ascending Parietal Convolution,” “Brain,” Vol. III.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London; New Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory with Curator’s Rooms in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, and for dispensing with obligation to kill in 1882. No experiments returned in 1881._

=Horvath, Alexis.= M.D., Kieff.

Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie der Respiration,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII.; “Zur Abkühlung der Warmblüter, Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 278.

Dogs and rabbits plunged up to the neck in freezing water.

=Houckgeest, van Braam.= Military surgeon, Amsterdam.

Author of “Untersuchungen über Peristaltik des Magens und Darmencanals,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. VI., p. 266, 1872.

Cut away the abdominal walls of rabbits, substituting glass, in order to observe the peristaltic action of the intestines. Also placed rabbits in a bath, then cut open the abdomen, keeping the head above water, so as to allow the N. splanchnicus to be dissected out. This nerve, he states, is easier to find in a small, thin male rabbit after it has been kept fasting for 24 hours. Subsequent to this the nerve was acted upon by a Du Bois Reymond’s apparatus. The animals invariably died after a period of from one to five hours.

=Hughes, Jas. Stannus=, 1, Merrion Square West, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Irel., 1864; F.R.C.S.T., 1844; L. 1838; L.M. Dub. Lying-in Hosp.; Vice-Pres. Path. Soc. Dub.; Mem. Counc. Surg. and Zool. Socs., Irel.; Corr. Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Surg. Lord-Lieut.’s Household, Dub. Castle; Prof. of Surg. R.C.S.T.; Exam. in Surg. Queen’s Univ. Irel.; Surg. Jervis St. Hosp.; Cons. Surg. Coombe Lying-in Hosp.; Surg. Convalescent Home, Stillorgan; formerly Surg. Gen. Disp.

Author of “A Treatise on Diseases of the Prostrate Gland,” 1860; Contrib. “On Diseases of the Spinal Column,” Dub. Med. Press, 1850; “Ulcers of the Lower Extremities, etc.,” Ibid., 1851; “Opium in Peritonitis, with Cases,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz., 1856.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons Dublin Physiological Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1881-82-83._

=Huiziga= (Dr.), Groningen University.

Author of “Ueber die Unerregbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., p. 81.

=Huxley, Thomas Hy.=, 4, Marlborough Place, St. John’s Wood, N.W. B. Ealing, 1825. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Char. Cross); Ph. D. Breslau; LL.D. Edin., Dub. and Cantab.; Knt. of the Order of the North Star (Sweden), Pres. R.S.; Fell. Linn., Geol. and Roy. Med. Chir. Socs.; Mem. Anthrop. Inst. of Haarlem; Corr. Mem. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Roy. Soc. of Sci. Göttingen, Inst. of France, and Acads. of Berlin and St. Petersburg, etc., etc. Prof. Biol. Normal Sch. of Sci. and Roy. Sch. of Mines; late Exam. in Phys. and Comp. Anat. Univ. Lond.; F.R.C.S. 1883.

_Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Certificate for experiments without Anæsthetics, 1882._

Author of “The Oceanic Hydrozoa,” 1857; “Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature,” 1863; “Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy,” 1864; “Elementary Lessons in Physiology,” 1866-67; “An Introduction to the Classification of Animals,” 1869; “Lay Sermons,” 1870; “Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,” 1871; “Critiques and Addresses,” 1873; “Elementary Biology,” 1875; “Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals,” 1877; “American Addresses,” 1877; “Physiography,” 1878; “The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology,” 1880; “Science and Culture,” 1881; numerous Memoirs in Trans. Roy., Linn., Zool., and Geol. Socs., etc.

“The following ‘Lessons in Elementary Physiology’ are primarily intended to serve the purpose of a text book for teachers and learners in boys’ and girls’ schools.”--“_Lessons in Elementary Physiology_,” London, 1866, Preface, p. 1.

“If the vessels of a limb of a living animal be tied in such a manner as to cut off the supply of blood from the limb, without affecting it in any other way, all the symptoms of death will set in. The limb will grow pale and cold, it will lose its sensibility and volition, the animal will no longer have power over it; it will stiffen, and eventually mortify and decompose.”--_Ibid._, p. 74.

“If in a living animal, the anterior roots of a spinal nerve be cut, the animal loses all control over the muscles to which that nerve is distributed, though the sensibility of the region of the skin supplied by the nerve is perfect.… On the other hand, if the end of the sensory root connected with the trunk be irritated, no apparent effect is produced, while, if the end connected with the cord be thus served, violent pain immediately follows.”--_Ibid._, p. 268.

=Israel, James.= M.D.; Chief Phys., Jewish Hosp., Berlin.

“On the 26th of March this year (1883), I inserted a small portion of infected tissue out of the peripleural abscess of a patient suffering from primary aktinomykosis of the lungs through an incision into the abdomen. The rabbit showed no symptoms of illness during life; the patient died.… The rabbit was killed June 12th, 1883. In the abdomen were found a number of swellings from the size of a cherry to that of a grain of hemp seed.… This gives the first proof of the possibility of transmitting aktinomykosis from man to animals.… Evidently the rabbit is not a very favourable subject for the development of this disease.”--_Centralblatt für die Med. Wiss._, No. 27, July 7th, 1883, p. 481-82.

=Jacobson, H.= Prof. Med. Fac. Berlin Univ. Lect. Dis. of Heart and Exp. Path., 1883.

=Jäger, S. de.= Prof. Vet. Coll., Utrecht; formerly Asst. Physiol. Inst., Leyden.

Author of “Over de bloedsbeweging in de Longen,” Leiden, 1879; “Die Lungen circulation und der arterielle Blutdruck,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, Vol. XXVII., p. 163, &c.

=James, Alexander=, 11, Albyn Place, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. 1876; M.B. and C.M., 1872; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1877; (Univ. Edin.) Mem. (late Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Med. Chir. Soc. Edin.; Lect. on Insts. of Med. and Clin. Med.; Edin. Sch. of Med.; late Med. Off. New Town Disp., House Surgeon Liverp. Infirm. for Childr., Res. Phys. Clin. Wards and Res. Surg. Roy. Infirm. Edin.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Surgical Hall, Edinburgh, Dr. James’ Room in 1879 and 1880. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures 1879 and 1880._

=Jankowski, K. W.=, Moscow, M.D.

Author of “Ueber die Bedeutung der Gefässnerven für die Entstehung des Oedems.”--Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. 93, Part II., Aug., 1883.

“Experiment I., July 24, 1882. Morphium injected into the vein in the front paw of a large dog. Complete narcosis followed immediately. Both hind feet were bound tightly together with an india-rubber band and immersed in water warmed to 70 degrees. The feet were held under the water about two minutes till the hair could be easily pulled out of the skin; then they were taken out of the water and untied. After this, the Nervus ischiadicus on the right side was cut through. About half-an-hour afterwards both feet showed signs of inflammation. They began to swell rapidly, and pustules filled with transparent matter appeared between the toes. On both sides the lymph vessels were now dissected out, and armed with cannulæ. To excite the flow of lymph the legs were pumped up and down every ten minutes for about five minutes at a time.… Two hours after this experiment the dog died, probably from the excessive dose of morphium injected.”--“_Ueber die Beudetung der Gefässnerven für die Entstehung des Oedems_,” Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. XCIII., p. 269.

Nineteen similar experiments on dogs were made in the Pathological Institute at Leipzig.

=Jennings, Chas. Egerton=, London Hospital, E.; and Abbey House, Malmesbury, Wilts. L.R.C.P., London, 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1881 (Lond. Hosp.); Obst. Schol. 1880; Fell. Obst. Soc.; Mem. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Res. Acc. (formerly House Phys.), Lond. Hospital; late Clin. Asst. Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.

Author of “Transfusion; its History, Indications, and Modes of Application.” Contrib. “Treatment of Hydrophobia by Curara,” “Lancet,” 1881; “The Intravenous Injection of Fluid for Severe Hæmorrhage,” Ibid., 1882; “The Morbid Anatomy and Pathology of Hydrophobia,” Ibid., 1882.

_Held a License for Vivisection, and performed experiments at the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Rooms of Guy’s Hospital, up to 2nd December; also, at Physiological Laboratory and Museum of the University of the Durham College of Medicine, 1883. Certificate dispensing with the obligation to kill, same year._

Experiments on transfusion.--_Lancet_, Vol. II., 1884, pp. 364-6.

=Jolyet, F.= Prof. Med. Fac. Bordeaux, Exper. Med. 1877.

Author of “Nouvelles recherches sur le nerf pneumogastrique, démontrant que les filets originaires de ce nerf, avant tout anastomoses, possèdent, chez le chien une fonction motrice propre sur l’œsophage et sur l’estomac.”--_Gaz. Med. de Paris_, 1879, No. 6, p. 72.

=Kaess, C.= M.D. Prosector, Giessen.

Articles in Eckhard’s Beiträge, X., 1883.

Experiments on dogs.

=Kahler, O.= Prof. extraor. Univ. Prague; Lect. Dis. of Spine.

Author of “Weitere Beiträge zur Pathologie und pathologischen Anatomie des Central nervensystems” (jointly with Pick) Arch. f. Psychiat., Vol. X., p. 179, 1879; “Ueber die Noë’sche Thermosäule,” Prag. Med. Wochenschr. 1882, No. 47.

Injected wax into the spinal column of dogs to study the effects of pressure on the spine.--_Zeitschrift f. Heilkunde_ (Prague and Leipsig), Vol. III., 1882, p. 187.

=Kelsch= (Prof.) Prof. Path. Anat. Lille Med. Faculty.

=Kinberg, J. G. H.=, Stockholm. Prof. Med. and Chir. Inst.

=Klebs, Edwin.= B. 1834, Königsberg. Studied univs. Königsberg, Wurzberg, Jena, and Berlin; Asst. Physiol. Lab. Königsberg; assistant to Virchow, 1861; Prof. Path. Anat., Berne, 1866; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1871; Prof. at Prague, 1873; Lect. on Path. Anat., Path. Histology and Path. Chemistry Med. Fac. Univ. Zurich, 1883.

Author of “Ueber die Aufgaben und die Bedeutung der experimentellen Pathologie” (Inaugural Discourse Univ. Zurich), Leipsig, 1882; “Ueber Symbiose Ungleichartiger Organismen,” Biol. Centrabl., Vol. II., Nos. 10, 11, 13.

=Klein, Emanuel,= M.D., F.R.S. Assist. Prof. Lab. Brown Instit., Wandsworth Road; Lect. Histol. at Med. Sch. St. Bartholomew’s Hosp.; formerly Prof. Histology Univ. of Vienna.

Author of first section of “Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory;” “Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Structur des Zellkernes und der Lebererscheinungen der Drüsenzellen” in Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 17 (1879), p. 289; “Observations on the Glandular Epithelium and Division of Nuclei in the skin of the newt,” Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci., No. LXXV. (1879), pp. 261-404; “On the termination of the nerves in the mammalian cornea,” _Ibid._, Oct., 1880, p. 459; “The organ of Jacobson in the dog,” _Ibid._, July, 1882, p. 299; “The Anatomy of the Lymphatic System,” 1883, London; “Atlas of Histology” (jointly with Dr. Noble Smith), London, 1879.

(_Chairman_) (3,538): What is your own practice with regard to the use of anæsthetics in experiments that are otherwise painful? (_Dr. Klein_): Except for teaching purposes, for demonstration, I never use anæsthetics where it is not necessary for convenience. If I demonstrate, I use anæsthetics. If I do experiments for my inquiries in pathological research, except for convenience sake, as for instance on dogs and cats, I do not use them. On frogs and the lower animals I never use them. (3,539). When you say that you only use them for convenience sake, do you mean that you have no regard at all to the sufferings of the animals?--No regard at all. (3,540.) You are prepared to establish that as a principle which you approve?--I think that with regard to an experimenter, a man who conducts special research, and performs an experiment, he has no time, so to speak, for thinking what will the animal feel or suffer. His only purpose is to perform the experiment, to learn as much from it as possible, and to do it as quickly as possible. (3,541.) Then for your own purposes you disregard entirely the question of the suffering of the animal in performing a painful experiment.--I do. (3,542.) Why do you regard it then when it is for a demonstration?--Because I know that there is a great deal of feeling against it in this country, and when it is not necessary, one should not perhaps act against the opinion or the belief of certain individuals of the auditorium. One must take regard of the feelings and opinions of those people before whom one does the experiment. (3,543.) Then am I wrong in attributing to you that you separate yourself entirely from the feeling which you observe to prevail in this country in regard to humanity to animals?--I separate myself as an investigator from myself as a teacher. (3,544.) But in regard to your proceedings as an investigator, you are prepared to acknowledge that you hold as entirely indifferent the sufferings of the animal which is subjected to your investigation?--Yes. (3,546.) Do you believe that that is a general practice on the Continent, to disregard altogether the feelings of the animals?--I believe so. (3,547.) But you believe that, generally speaking, there is a very different feeling in England?--Not among the physiologists; I do not think there is. (3553.)--_Min. of Ev. R. Com._, London, 1876.

=Köbner, Heinrich.= Prof. in Berlin.

Author of “Uebertragungsversuche von Lepra auf Thiere.”

Experiments to give leprosy to animals.--Virchow’s _Archiv._, 88 vol., p. 282.

“One monkey, two guinea-pigs, two young white rats, one white mouse, two rabbits, one pigeon, three eels, one mud-fish, and one frog were inoculated in several parts of the body with leprous matter, and also small portions of tissue impregnated with bacilli were engrafted. Leprosy did not break out in any of the animals.”--_Note by O. Israel_, _Centralbl. f. Wiss. Med. No. 5_, 1883, p. 79.

=Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert.= M.D. Geheimrath. Direct. of the Pathol. Instit. of Sanit. Med. Berlin.

“You saw the dog which was injected with a minimum quantity of tubercle bacilli. The injection was made in the abdominal cavity, and produced an exquisite tubercular peritonitis. Nevertheless, the dog finally recovered entirely, and seemed perfectly well. Then the same dog was used again, and a large number of bacilli were introduced into the abdominal cavity. You will see that the dog is fatally ill. Now, if one attack conferred immunity, it ought to have been impossible to produce this second attack. Hence I do not think it possible to prevent the disease in that way, nor do I think it necessary to try it.”--“_Dr. Robert Koch interviewed_,” _Med. Times_, Aug. 26th, 1882, p. 255.

“The result of Koch’s inoculation experiments he (Dr. Formad) discredited, because the successful ones had been made only on animals that have a very strong predisposition to tuberculosis, and contract it from inoculation of non-specific substances, while others, which were claimed to be successful, he regarded as cases of pseudotuberculosis. The view in regard to the bacilli tuberculosis to which Dr. Formad inclined, was that they do not cause the disease, while it is likely that they do ‘condition the fatal disease.’ The remarks were received with marked interest, and were followed by a brief discussion, participated in by Drs. Wood, Gross, Tyson, Bartholow, Cohen, and others. Some of the speakers seem to have adopted Koch’s views, and it was spoken of as a matter of congratulation that one so well fitted as Dr. Formad should have presented the arguments against them, since the truth would be arrived at all the more surely if the new doctrine were put upon its defence, and not allowed to establish itself without due scrutiny.”--_Philadelphia Med. News_, Oct. 28, 1882. (Reprinted in _Med. Times_, Dec. 2, 1882.)

“Dr. Koch’s conclusions enjoy a very considerable _succès d’estime_, but that esteem would perhaps be less were it clearly understood that the original intention, and indeed the justification, of the method of dry cultivation has been quietly dropped, while the method itself has been put to a use for which it is not at all suited.”--_Med. Times_, July 15, 1882, p. 78.

“As yet we have no certain instance of animals falling spontaneously ill of cholera in periods of cholera. All experiments also, which have hitherto been made on animals with cholera substances, have either given a negative result, or, if they were said to give a positive result, they were not sufficiently supported by evidence, or were disputed by other experimenters. We occupied ourselves, nevertheless, in the most careful and detailed manner, with experiments on animals. Because great value must be laid on the results on white-mice obtained by Thiersch. I took fifty mice with me from Berlin, and made all kinds of experiments on them,” but … “our mice remained healthy. We then made experiments on monkeys, cats, poultry, dogs, and various other animals that we were able to get hold of; but we were never able to arrive at anything in animals similar to the cholera-process.… Hence, I think, that all the animals on which we can make experiments, and all those, too, which come into contact with human beings, are not liable to cholera.… We must, therefore, dispense with them as a material for affording proofs.”--_Koch’s_ “_Address to the German Board of Health_,” “_Brit. Med. Journ.,”_ Sept. 6, 1884, p. 454.

=Kölliker, Rudolph Albrecht.= B. 1817, at Zurich; Studied Univs. Zurich, Bonn, and Berlin; For. Asst. to Henle, M.D., Zurich, 1843; Prof. Physiol. and Comp. Anat., Zurich, 1845; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1847.

Author “Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen, für Aertzte und Studirende,” Leipsig, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen und der Höheren Thiere,” Leipsig, 1861; “Untersuchungen ueber die Letzten Endigungen der Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862 (in progress).

=Krabbe, H.= M.D.; Prof. of Physiol. and Anat. at Roy. Vet. Coll., Copenhagen.

=Kraft= (Dr.), Breslau. Asst. Prof. at the Path. Institute.

=Kries, J. Von.= Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Baden; Lec. Physiol. Movement and Sensation, Physiol. Inst.

Author of “Untersuchungen zur Mechanik des quergestreiften Muskels,” Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., Vol. for 1880; “Die Gesichtsempfindungen und ihre Analyse,” Arch. f. Physiol., 1882 (Supplement).

=Krivoratow, M.=, Moscow. Medical Student Strasburg; pupil of Prof. Goltz.

=Kronecker, H.=, 35, Dorotheenstrasse, Berlin. Prof. Extraor. Physiol. Univ. Berlin; Lect. Exper. Physiol.

Author of “Die Unfähigkeit der Froschherzspitze, elektrische Reize zu summiren,” Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesell. zu, Berlin, May 16, 1879; Co-editor (with Senator) of “Centralblat für die medicinischen Wissenschaften.”

Made experiments jointly with Dr. Theodore Cash in the Physiological Institute in Berlin.

=Kueltz, E.= Prof. Med. Fac. Marburg University; Exam. in Physiol. Lect. on Physiol. of Sensory Organs, 1883.

Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von der Glycogenbildung in der Leber,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXIV., 1880; “Ueber die Schicksale des Chloralhydrates und Butychloralhydrates im Thierkörper,” _Ibid._, Vol. XXVIII., 1882.

Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab. Univ. of Marburg.

=Kühne, W.= Prof. of Experimental Physiol. Med. Fac., Heidelberg University.

Author of “Ueber künstlichen Diabetes bei Fröschen,” Göttingen, 1856; “Myologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1860; “Ueber die peripherische Endorgane der motorischen Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862; “Untersuchungen ueber das Protoplasma und die Contractilität,” Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber das Verhalten des Muskels zum Nerven;” Untersuchungen aus dem physiol. Institute d. Universität, Heidelberg, Vol. III., 1879; “Notiz ueber die Netzhautfarbe belichteter menschlichen Augen,” _Ibid._, Vol. III., 1879; “Beobachtungen ueber die Absonderung des Pancreas” (jointly with Lea), _Ibid._, Vol. II., 1882.

=Kussmaul, Adolf.= B. 1822, at Graben, near Carlsruhe; studied at Heidelberg and Wurzburg; Military surgeon in Baden, 1848; Prof. extraord. Univ. of Heidelberg, 1857; Prof. Med. Erlangen, 1859; Prof. Freiburg, 1863; Prof. Strasburg, 1876.

Author of “Die Entwickelungs--Phasen der exacten Medicin,” “Ueber die Ursachen und den Gang unseres Ablebens,” Freiburg, 1866; “Zwanzig Briefe über Menschenpocken und Kuhpockenimpfung,” Freiburg, 1870; jointly (with Tenner); “Untersuchungen zur Natur-Lehre des Menschen und der Thiere,” 1856; “Untersuchungen ueber Ursprung und Wesen der fallsuchtartigen Zuckungen bei der Verblutung so wie der Fallsucht überhaupt,” Frankfort, 1857.

“For all those who do not hold the view that words and thoughts originate from sources above and outside the nerve substance, the localization of the functions of speech in portions of the cortex follows as a necessary postulate of logic.… Physiological Experiment, as we might expect, leaves us here in the lurch.”--Art. “Disturbances of speech,” _Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia of Medicine_, Vol. XIV., p. 720.

=Laborde, J. V.=, 15, Rue de l’École-de-Médecine, Paris. Prof. Pract. Physiol., Pract. Courses.

Chief Editor of the “Tribune Médicale.”

Experimented (30th April, 1884), with the head of the decapitated criminal, Campi, by transfusing the blood of a living dog into it, bringing back a hideous semblance of lifelike motions.

=Lacerda (M.) de=, Rio de Janeiro.

Injected snake poison under the skin of dogs, rabbits, monkeys, and guinea-pigs to try the effect of permanganate of potash as an antidote.

=Landois, Leonard.= B. Munster, 1837; Stud. and Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Greifswald; Prof. extraord., 1868; Prof. in ord. Physiol. and Dir. Physiol. Inst., 1872; Prof. Micros. Anat., Histol., and Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., same place, 1883.

Author of: “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Vienna, 1879-80; “Ueber tönende Vocal-flammen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 18, 1880, p. 321.

=Lankester, Edwin Ray=, M.A., F.R.S. B. 1847, London; Educated St. Paul’s School, and Christ Ch., Oxon; Fell. and Lect. Exeter Coll., Oxford, 1872; Prof. Zool. and Comp. Anat. Univ. Coll., Lon., 1875; Fellow Roy. Soc., 1875.

Author of: “A Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of the old red Sandstone of Britain,” Part I., 1870; “Comparative Longevity,” 1871; “Contributions to the Developmental History of the Mollusca,” 1875; and the English Edition of Haekel’s “History of Creation.” Contrib. to “Athenæum, Academy, Nature,” Chief Editor of “Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science.”

“… He has taken a prominent part in the defence of Scientific Experiment on live animals.”--_Men of the Time_, 10th Edit., p. 604.

“If you allow experiment at all, you must admit the more of it the better, since it is certain that for many years to come the problems of physiology demanding experimental solution will increase in something like geometrical ratio instead of decreasing.”--E. Ray Lankester, _Spectator_, Jan. 10, 1874.

=Lange, O.= B. 1834. Path. Lect. Univ. Copenhagen, 1877; formerly Asst. to Prof. Schiff, Physiol. Lab., Florence.

Editor of “Hospital Journal.”

=Langendorff, Oscar.= Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Königsberg.

Author of “Versuche ueber die Pancreas-Verdauung der Vögel,” Mueller’s Archiv., 1879; Contrib. to Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss., Archiv. fuer Anat. u. Physiol., etc.

Found by experiment that after frogs had been immersed for several hours in oil or water, or after they had been suffocated by ligature of the aortic bulb, their muscles had an acid reaction.--_Med. Centralb._, 1882, No. 50.

=Langley, J. N.= M.A., St. John’s Coll., Camb.

Author of “The action of Pilocarpin on the sub-maxillary gland of the dog,” Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb., Part III., 1877, p. 42. “On the changes in serous glands during secretion,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II. (1879), p. 261; “On the structure of serous glands in rest and activity,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 377; “Preliminary account of the structure of the cells of the liver and the changes which take place in them under various conditions,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. XXXIV., 1882, p. 20.

“The sub-maxillary gland of the dog was chosen for experiment, owing to its exposed condition, and the comparative ease with which its nerves can be isolated; a few experiments were made on the parotid, but these were not increased in number, since there seems little reason to doubt that that which is true for one salivary gland is also true for the rest.… In observing the flow of blood all the veins going to the jugular were tied, except the veins coming from the gland; then either the jugular was tied and cut across on the peripheral side of the ligature, and the blood allowed to run into a narrow test tube…; or a cut was made just at the division of the jugular, the jugular itself clamped, and the blood collected as before.… The pilocarpin was injected sometimes into the saphena vein, and sometimes through the facial artery direct into the gland, in the manner described by Heidenhain.… In every case the stimulus used was a Daniell’s Cell with a Du Bois Reymond’s induction apparatus.”--_Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb._, Part III. (1877), pp. 44, 45, 46.

Also experiments on dogs, rabbits, frogs, and toads.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill in 1879._

=Lannegrace= (Dr.), Montpelier. Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac., Montpelier.

=Lanzillotti-Buonsanti, Nicola.= B. Ferrandina, 1846; Studied Salerno and Naples; Chir. Asst. Milan, 1871; Prof. 1873; Phys. and Vet. Sur. Basilicate; Direct. Chirurg. Clinic and Prof. of Surg. and Exper. Physiol. High School for Vet. Med., Milan.

Author of “Sulla struttura dei tendini, ricerche istologische,” Milan, 1871; “Manuale di Ostetricia Veterinaria,” Milan, 1872; “Trattato di Patologia e Terapia chirurgica generale e speciale degli animali domestici,” Milan, 1873; “La Medicina sperimentale e le Scuole Veterinaria,” Milan, 1873, &c. Founded, 1878, the journal “La Clinica Veterinaria, Rivista di Medicina e Chirurgia practica degli Animali domestici.”

=Lapper, Edwin=, 36, Highfield Road, Rathgar, Co. Dublin. L.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876 (Ledw. Sch. Dub.); Fell. Chem. Soc. Lond.; Lect. on Chem. Ledw. Sch. of Med.

Contrib. to Dub. Journ. Med. Sci. 1876.

_Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No experiments returned._

=Lassègue, Jean Louis.= B. Paris, 1800.

Author of “Recherches Physiologiques et Chimiques pour servir à l’histoire de la digestion,” Paris, 1825.

Bound the thoracic duct of dogs, death following 50 days after the operation.

=Latschenberger, Joh.= M.D.; Prof. extraord. Physiol. Chem. Univ. Freiburg.

Joint Author, with Deahna, of “Beiträge zur lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässmuskeln,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, Vol. XII., p. 157.

Made experiments jointly with Deahna.

“We first set ourselves the task of studying the effects of blood pressure in long continued stimulation of the ends of sensory nerves. The animals experimented upon were rabbits, dogs and cats.… The nerves experimented upon were the N. vagus, N. depressores, and N. ischiadicus. After the nerve was cut through, the central end was stimulated. The nerves in the neck were in most cases drawn outwards and laid upon the electrodes in such a manner that the stimulated portion should be completely surrounded by air.”--_Beiträge zur Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung, &c._, pp. 159, 160.

=Lautenbach, B. F.= M.D.; Ph. D. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Geneva.

Author of “On absorption without circulation,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II. (1879), p. 110; “The physiological action of heat,” _Ibid._, pp. 1 and 302; “Saponin in its relation to Physiology,” Journ. of Nerv. and Mental Diseases, Vol. IV. (1879), No. 3 (N. Series), p. 393.

Made experiments, with the assistance of Prof. Schiff, by tying the portal veins of dogs, &c., which caused death in one or two hours in the dog, and less in cats and rabbits.--_Philadelphia Med. Times_, May 26th, 1877.

=Lazarus, Moritz.= B. Filehne, in Posen, 1824. Prof. Philos. Bern; Prof. Milit. Acad. Berlin, 1868.

Contrib. to “Zeitschrift für Klinische Medicin.”

Made experiments on dogs and sheep.

=Lea, A. Sheridan=, Trin. College, Cambridge. Physiol. Lab. New Museum.

Joint Author (with J. R. Green) of “Some Notes on the Fibrine Ferment,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. IV., p. 380.

_Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological Laboratory New Museum, 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1878._

=Lebedeff, Alexander.= Physician, Moscow, Russia.

Made experiments in the Physiol. Institute, Leipsig, 1882.

=Lebedoff, S. A.= Asst. Phys., St. Petersburg.

Made experiments in the Pathological Institute, Giessen, on the secretion of hæmoglobin by the kidneys.--Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. XCI., p. 2.

=Legg, John Wickham=, 47, Green Street, Park Lane, W. M.D. Lond., 1868; M.B., 1867; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1869; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Casualty Phys. and Demonstrator Morbid Anat. St. Barthol. Hosp.

Author of “On the Changes of the Liver which follow Ligature of the Bile Ducts;” and various Papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps., Brit. Med. Journal, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.

“During the past winter, I have made several observations upon the changes which follow ligature of the bile ducts in animals. The animals used were cats; these seem to survive the operation better than dogs. Most observers find that dogs live only five to ten days after. The way in which the ligature was applied was as follows:--The animal was first secured in a Czermak’s holder, and chloroform given largely, so as to secure a deep narcosis.… A cut is then made through the linea alba from the xiphoid cartilage downwards for about two inches.… Pushing aside to the left the stomach and duodenum, and raising the free edge of the liver, the bile ducts are seen coming from the liver and gall bladder.… A ligature is then put around the common duct and tied close to the duodenum; another is tied tightly on the duct, about half an inch nearer to the liver, and the duct between the two ligatures divided by a pair of scissors, the vessel being held out from the portal vein for that purpose. In two of the cats the bile found its way again into the intestine; in the later operations, therefore, I removed altogether about half an inch of the common duct as is done in making biliary fistulæ. The belly walls were then brought together with ordinary sutures. It is well to place these close together, as I lost three of the cats from the giving way of the sutures and consequent prolapse of the bowels. All the operations recorded in this paper were done in the pharmacological laboratory of my friend and colleague, Dr. Brunton.…

“Exper. I., Jan. 24, 1873.--Large tabby cat, weighing 8½ lb.; very fat; bile ducts tied double and cut. The cat died probably on Jan. 26. Examined on Jan. 27. Weather frosty.…

“Exper. II., Jan. 24, 1873.--Black she cat, weighing 6 lb. 6¾ oz. Bile duct tied double but not cut. Animal pregnant. The cat died on Jan. 26. Examined on Jan. 28.…

“Exper. III., Feb. 3, 1873.--Large tabby cat, weighing immediately after operation 7 lb. 3½ oz. Animal very fat; bile duct tied, but not cut. Feb. 6.--Cat seems to be dying; it is unable to stand, but lies on side mewing. Feb. 7.--Found dead at 11 a.m. in the same place where left yesterday.…

“Exper. VI., Feb. 3.--A cat not fully grown, very wild, scarcely any fat on body, weighing immediately after the operation 3 lb. 5 oz. Bile ducts tied double, but not cut. The animal nearly died under the chloroform, but recovered with artificial respiration. Cat last seen alive on Feb. 7.… Found dead on morning of February 12, and already much decomposed. Cause of death, prolapse of bowels.…

“Exper. XVI., June 27.--Black and white cat, well nourished, full grown. Bile duct tied double and piece cut out. July 3.--As the cat was now very weak, and seemed about to die, it was determined to make the diabetic puncture. The cat was therefore laid prone, a cut made through the skin over the occipital protuberance, and the chisel applied immediately underneath this. After dividing the occipital bone, the chisel was passed in a direction downwards and forwards, so as to cut the line made by joining the two auditory meatus. The chisel was pushed on until it met with the basilar bone, and was then withdrawn. Operation was over at 12.30. Before the operation the cat had languidly taken a little milk.”--“_On the changes in the Liver which follow Ligature of the Bile Ducts_,” _Barth. Hosp. Reps._, Vol. IX., p. 161, etc.

=Lemoigne= (Prof.), Milan. Mem. Council Milanese Società Zoophila.

Author of “Relazione Sull’ Idrofobia,” 1882.

=Leopold, G.= Prof. Univ. Leipsig.

“Professor Leopold, of Leipsig, has recently carried out some experiments of the above kind, the results of which we think it well to summarise, seeing that English physicians are prevented by foolish legislation from making any such researches themselves.… Dr. Leopold therefore proceeded thus: he opened the abdomen and uterus of a pregnant animal, and then the abdomen of one not pregnant, and transferred in some experiments the embryo only, in others the embryo and its membranes and placenta, from the uterus of one animal to the abdominal cavity of the other. Then he closed the wound and observed the result. Rabbits were the animals used.… As to the result, the experiments fall into two groups--one in which peritonitis followed, from which the animals soon died; and the other in which they survived, and the transplanted embryo became encapsuled.… In the cases in which no peritonitis was excited, the animals were killed at periods varying from three to seventy days after the operation.”--_Med. Times and Gazette_, Jan. 14, 1882, pp. 41, 42.

=Lépine, R.=, Lyons. M.D. Paris, 1875. Prof. Medicine Med. Faculty.

Author of “De la localisation dans les Maladies cérébrales,” Paris, 1875; jointly (with Lannois) of “Sur la maniere differente dont se comportent les parties supérieure et inférieure de l’intestin grèle au point de vue de l’absorption et de la transsudation,” Arch. de physiol. norm. et path. 1883, p. 93.

“The authors pursued the following methods in their experiments, which were made solely on dogs: After opening the abdomen in the linea alba, a portion of the smaller intestines was drawn out, and ligatures which at first were not closed were applied to the upper and lower part; above and below the ligatures the intestine was cut open with very fine scissors, and rinsed out with a seven per cent. solution of salt. Then the lower ligature was closed, and the solution injected into the upper opening, the reabsorption of which is to be tested. While the syringe was being withdrawn the upper ligature was also secured. A portion of the lower end of the small intestine was then submitted to the same process; but in this case a longer portion was taken out to compensate as much as possible for the smaller size of the lower end of the intestine.… After the bowels had been replaced the wound was sewn up, and the dog set at liberty; and after a certain time--generally an hour or an hour and a-half--killed, and the contents of the tied loops were examined.”--_Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss._, 1883, p. 679.

=Lesser, A.= Prof. of Toxicology, Med. Fac., Berlin University.

=Lesser, Baron Von L. L.= Prof. at Private Policlinic, Med. Fac., Leipsig University. Path. Institute.

=Leube, Wilhelm Olivier.= B. Ulm, Wurtemberg, 1842; studied Med. Tübingen; M.D. 1866; Univs. Munich and Berlin; studied Physiol. under Du Bois Reymond and Rosenthal, and Physiol. Chem. under Kühne; First Asst. Ziemssen’s Clinic, Erlangen, 1868; Prof. extraord., 1872; Prof. Med. Clinic, Jena, same year; Prof. Erlangen, 1874.

Author of “Untersuchungen über die Strychnine-wirking und deren Paralysirung durch künstliche Respiration,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, 1867, p. 629. Contrib. to “Moleschott’s Untersuchungen,” Virchow’s and Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv., &c.

Made experiments with strychnine on various animals.

=Lewaschew= (Dr.), St. Petersburg.

“A most careful and valuable series of experimental researches on the influence of the nervous system in the causation of disease of the vessels has been contributed to the current number of Virchow’s _Archiv._, by Dr. Lewaschew, of St. Petersburg.… The method of investigation is worthy of mention. Generally the chief nerve trunks of the hinder extremities of dogs were the parts subject to irritation by means of a solution of muriatic or sulphuric acid; it was found that rabbits and cats were unfit for this continuous form of stimulation, because the action of the acid on the exposed nerve trunk brought about gangrene; as a strong stimulus was wanted milder means could not be employed.”--_Lancet_, June 2nd, 1883, p. 962.

Dr. Lewaschew drew a thread moistened with acid through the nervus ischiadicus of the one leg to set up an irritation in the nerve. At intervals of from three to six days a thread was sewn nearer the peripheric end of the nerve. This was continued till the death of the animals. Some died rapidly of gangrene of the extremities and septicemia, others at the end of two to four weeks only of putrid infection and dysentery; many, however, supported the operation for two or four months. Some of the animals became seized with epileptic fits, which increased till life ended.--_Petersburg Med. Wochenschrift_, Vol. XXXI., 1880.

=Lewes, George Henry.= B. London, 1817; d. 1878.

Studied med., anat., and physiol.

Author of “On the spinal cord,” 1858; “The nervous system,” 1859; “Physiology of Common Life,” 1860; “Aristotle,” 1864; “Problems of Life and Mind,” etc.

“A triton whose cord had been divided some weeks was completely cut in two. The head-half immediately began crawling away with great activity, which, as this half contained the heart, and almost all the viscera, was not surprising. The tail half remained for some time in a standing posture, and then began to crawl forward. After three steps it paused, remaining quiet during five minutes, and began again, but feebly. The tail moved spontaneously, but with great slowness; when it was touched both tail and legs moved. I then placed it under a glass, with a moistened sponge inside to prevent evaporation from the skin, and left it there for two hours, watching its spontaneous, though very languid movements. If any reader remains still unconvinced, I can only recommend him to divide the spinal chord of a frog a little below the shoulders, and keep the animal for some days or weeks (care must be taken to prevent water getting to the cord, as that soon kills the animal), watching it, and testing its sensibility.”--_Physiol. Com. Life_, Vol. II., pp. 255-6.

“Marshall Hall reports the case of a man in whom accident had destroyed all sensation and voluntary motion, yet who drew up his legs when they were tickled, without once feeling the sensation of tickling.… This case is constantly cited, and is, indeed, very striking. It seems to have a far greater value than any experiments on animals can have, because we cannot question animals as to their sensations; we do not _know_ whether they feel or not. We can only infer: whereas we can interrogate the human patient.”--_Ibid._, p. 861.

“Has performed a great many experiments (6,354), nearly all relating to the nerves, (6,365), mostly on frogs and other cold-blooded animals (6,357), and not more than a dozen rabbits and pigeons in a dozen years under anæsthetics (6,361-4).… Could not himself bear to experiment on dogs or cats (6,360, 6,379), rabbits would nearly always do instead (6,413-7).”--_Digest Ev. R. Com._, p. 41.

=Lewin, L.= M.D. Asst. at the Pharmacol. Instit., Berlin.

Author of “Untersuchungen ueber Wirkung and Verhalten des Tannins im Thierkörper.”--Virchow’s “_Archiv._,” Vol. LXXXI., 1880; “Untersuchungen ueber das chemische Verhalten der Folia Uvae Ursi im Thierkörper.”--Virchow’s “_Archiv._” Vol. XCII., 1883.

Made experiments on rabbits with tannin and other substances.

=Leyden, Ernst Victor.= B. Danzig, 1832. Studied Med. Chir., Inst. Friedrich Wilhelm, Berlin; Milit. Surg. Dusseldorf, Danzig, Gumbinnen and Königsberg; Battaillon Surg. Berlin, 1862-65; then Prof. and Direct. Med. Clin. Polyclin. Königsberg; Prof. Strasburg, 1872; succeeded Traube, Berlin, 1876; Privy Councillor in Med. affairs; Prof. Path. and Therap., Direct. Med. Clinic, Berlin.

Author of “Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und Pathologie des Gehirns,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXXVII., p. 519; Editor “Zeitschrift fuer Klinische Medecin.”

Inventor of an instrument which can be screwed into an opening made in the skull of dogs to facilitate the study of the movements of the then exposed brain. Injected blood of patients suffering from pneumonia into guinea-pigs.

“Nasse and Rosenthal, but especially Leyden, had, a few years ago, studied the effects of pressure and agitation on the functions of the brain mass. Leyden injected a solution of sodium chloride between the skull and dura mater. A more extended series of experimental investigations was subsequently undertaken by Dr. F. Pagenstecher. Pagenstecher injected a mixture of white wax and tallow heated to 50° C. between the skull and dura mater of dogs. As regards the sensibility of the dura mater, Leyden and Pagenstecher differ.”--Bartholow’s “_Functions of the Human Brain_,” _Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci._, April, 1874, pp. 305-306.

=Lindgren, H. O.= Prof. Med. Fac. Lund University.

=Lingard, Alfred=, 91, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W., M.R.C.S. Eng., 1873; L.S.A., 1874 (St. Thos.’s, Vienna, Berlin, and Paris); Fell. Roy. Micros. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc., Lond., Brit. Med. Ass., Anthrop. Inst. Great Brit. and Irel., and Soc. Anthrop. Paris; late House Phys. St. Thos.’s Hosp.; Transl. of Fournier’s “Syphilis and Marriage;” Contrib. “Ueber den Bau der Symphgefässe in pathologisch veränderter Haut;” Allge. Wien. Med. Zeit. 1876; “On an Infectious Ulcerative Disease of Skin and Mucous Membrane caused by a Specific Bacillus,” _Lancet_, 1883.

_Held a License for Vivisection in a building belonging to Mr. George Lacey, 213, Wandsworth Road, S.W., and situated in the Stag Yard, opposite side of the Wandsworth Road to the above address in 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments returned 1883._

=Liouville, Henri.= B. Paris, 1837; D. 1882. M.D. 1870; Chief Direct. Lab. Hôtel Dieu, 1872.

Author of “De la Généralisation des Anéurismes Miliaires,” 1871; “De l’abus en thérapeutique,” 1875; Contrib. to various Med. Journals.

=Lister, Sir Joseph=, Bt., 12, Park Crescent, Portland Place, W. M.B. Lond., 1852; B.A., 1847; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1852; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1855; F.F.P.S. Glasgow, 1860; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; LL.D. Edin., 1878; M.D. Dub., 1879; LL.D. Glasg., 1879; D.C.L. Oxon., 1880; LL.D. Cantab., 1880; Knt. Comm. 1st Class, Danebrog; Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond.; Cothenius Medallist German Soc. of Naturalists, 1877; Roy. Medallist Roy. Soc. Lond., 1880; Laureate French Acad. Sci., 1881; Hon. Mem. numerous Foreign Societies; Mem. of Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research; Surg. Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; Prof. Chir. Surgery, King’s Coll.

Author of articles “Amputation” and “Anæsthetics” in Holmes’s System of Surgery; “Croonian Lecturer on Coagulation of the Blood,” Proc. Roy. Soc.; “On Ligatures of Arteries on the Antiseptic System;” “De l’influence qu’exerce la position du corps sur la circulation sanguine,” paper read before Acad. de Méd., Paris, June, 1878.

Made experiments on horses and calves.

“Considers that experiments on living animals is one of the most important means of increasing knowledge (4,291-2). Attaches very great importance to demonstration as a means of instruction (4,339-43).” Thinks that “demonstrations should be performed under anæsthetics, but that not so much for the purpose of avoiding pain to the animals as for the sake of avoiding a demoralising influence on the students” (4,328).--_Digest Ev. R. Com._ pp. 30-31.

=Livon, Charles Marie=, Marseilles. M.D., 1873; Prof. Exper. Physiol. Sch. Med.

Author of “Nouveau Manuel de Vivisections,” Paris, 1882; “Du Traitement des Polypes Laryngiens,” 1873.

=Loewenfeld, L.= Prof., Munich.

Author of “Experimentelle und Kritische Untersuchungen zur Electrotherapie des Gehirns,” Munich, 1881.

“Dr. Loewenfeld, of Munich … also made an experimental inquiry into the effects of both currents, when applied to the brains of rabbits and kittens, on intercranial circulation.… We cannot, however, help remarking on an important discrepancy in the results of his experiments on animals, of which the author himself does not appear to be aware.”--_Med. Times and Gaz._, March 4th, 1882, p. 238.

=Loewenthal, N.= Asst. to Schiff Physiol. Lab. Geneva.

Author of “Ueber den Unterschied Zwischen der Secundären Degeneration des Seitenstrangs nach Hirn und Rückenmarks verletzungen.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXXI., p. 350.

=Lombardini= (Prof.), Pisa. Scuola Veterinaria.

=Longet, François Achille.= B. St. Germain-en-Laye, 1811; d. Bordeaux, 1871. Mem. Acad. Med. Paris, late Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Paris.

Author of “Mouvement Circulaire de la Matière dans les trois règnes,” 1866; “Traité de Physiologie,” 1850; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les fonctions de l’epiglotte et sur les agents de l’occlusion de la glotte dans la deglutition, le vomissement, etc.,” 1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les fonctions des nerfs, des muscles, du larynx,” 1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur l’irritabilité musculaire,” 1841; “Anatomie et Physiologie du systéme nerveux de Phomme et des animaux vertébrés,” 1846; “Expériences relatives aux effets de l’inhalation de l’ether sulfurique sur le systéme nerveux,” 1847; “Du Sulfocyanure de potassium consideré comme un des éléments normaux de la salive,” 1856; “Fragments sur les phénomènes chimiques de la digestion,” 1857.

“His (Longet’s) experiments to confirm those of Majendie, led him to conclusions completely opposed to those of Flourens.”--Art. “Brain,” _Encyclopédie des Sci. Med._, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 204.

“Experiments on animals of a different species, so far from leading to useful results as regarded human beings, had a tendency to mislead us. In seeking to benefit mankind by vivisections, it would be necessary to have recourse to pathological facts founded on experiments on _human_ beings.”--_Longet, quoted in Fleming’s Essay_, p. 42.

=Lovèn, Christian.= M.D., Prof. Med. Chir. Inst. Stockholm.

Author of “Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung,” Ludwig’s Arbeiten, 1866, p. 1.

“I now come to the results of stimulation of the central nerves. When a powerful unnarcotised animal was submitted to the experiment, I observed that in most cases, the arteria auricularis became smaller at the commencement of the stimulation. This occurred more surely and quickly as the animal expressed its sufferings more violently by cries and struggles. This narrowing of the artery lasted for different, but always very short periods of time, and then gave place to an enlargement even during continued stimulation.… This is, however, not always the case when a great number of experiments are made.… Once it happened that in an unnarcotised animal, immediately at the commencement of the stimulation without any signs of narrowing a very powerful distention occurred. This result appeared in the same animal as long as the sensitiveness of the nerves remained sufficient to allow the experiment to be continued.”--_Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung, Ludwig’s Arbeiten_, 1866, pp. 9-10.

=Luchsinger, B.= Prof. Physiology Vet. School, Berne, formerly Asst. Physiol. Lab. Zurich; Prof. Exper. Pharmacol. Gen. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Berne.

Author of: “Zur Kenntniss der Functionen des Rückenmarkes,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XVI.; “Neue Versuche zu einer Lehre von der Schweiss secretion, ein Beitrag zur Physiologic der Nervencentren,” _Ibid._, Vol. XIV., p. 869; “Zur Physiologie der Schweiss secretion,” Virchow’s _Arch._, Vol. LXXVI., p. 529; “Zur Allgemeinen Physiologie der irritabeln Substanzen,” Bonn, 1879; “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXII., p. 179, etc., etc.

Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Zurich (jointly with Drs. von Borosnyai, Steger, and Pestalozzi) on electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Also experiments on dogs, horses, cats, pigs, oxen, and goats. Cut the nervus ischiadicus to study the action of muscarin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands. Also experiments on cats and kittens with Miss J. A. Kendall.

“At the sight of a strange dog, still more so on being bound to the vivisecting table, the cat often breaks out in a violent perspiration on all four feet. It strikes us naturally that the first thing to do is to remove totally all these psychical influences, if it is wished to study thoroughly other causes which may have the effect of stimulating the perspiratory centres. A method frequently employed--narcosis--I have purposely never used; indeed, I _never_ make use of it except for preliminary operations. If the brain is really narcotised, the other nerve centres must also have lost much of their excitability, lesser degrees of narcotisation seem to me to offer very little advantage for the purpose we have in view.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XIII., p. 375.

“By the following experiments Luchsinger believes himself to have found the most irrefutable proof of the existence of a really antagonistic action of atropin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands, and to have finally disposed of my thesis on physiological antagonism. When he had fully convinced himself of the functions performed by the sweat glands on the hind feet of chloroformed cats, by cutting both hip nerves, and stimulating their peripheral ends, and also by injecting 0·01 grs. of pilocarpin under the skin of the back; when he had succeeded in completely arresting all secretion of sweat by the injection of 0·001-0·003 grs. of atropin under the skin of the back, so that the very strongest stimulation of the hip nerves remained entirely without effect, he always succeeded in causing a spontaneous secretion of sweat in the balls of the toes by the injection of 0·301 grs. of pilocarpin either into the feet or under the skin of the back. If he injected less than 0·001 grains of pilocarpin, the natural secretion of sweat might not result, but could be excited by stimulation of the nerves which had been without effect before. The feet into which no pilocarpin had been injected remained dry and could not be brought to perspire by electrical stimulation of the nerves. Luchsinger considers these experiments to be practically the most simple and theoretically the most explicit, and hence he believes that I shall also allow myself to be convinced by them of the fallacy of my third thesis. Our experiments on the same subject have shown us however on the contrary that Luchsinger’s theories are only partially founded on correct observation, also that the conclusiveness of his experiments only appears to him so simple and clear because he has not thoroughly worked out the whole question, and has allowed himself to be duped too rapidly by the surprising results which happened at first.”--Rossbach, “_Neue studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte_,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXI., pp. 2-3.

=Luciani, Luigi=, 3, Via San Sebastiani, Florence. B. 1842 at Ascoli, Piceno. Studied Univs. Bologna and Naples. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Univ. Bologna, 1868; sent to Leipsig to study Exper. Physiol. under Ludwig, 1872; Prof. Gen. Path. Univ. Parma, 1875; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Siena, 1879.

Author of “Sulla fisiologica degli organi centrali del cuore,” Bologna, 1873; “Nacoro pretodo per la trasfusione diretta del sangue,” 1874; “Sulla natura frenzionale del centro respiratorio” (experimental researches made jointly with Prof. Prattili) 1874; “Sulle funzioni del cervello,” ricerche sperimentali (with Prof. Tamburini), 1878-79, &c.

Experiments on starving dogs.--_Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche_, Vol. V., p. 338.

=Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm.= B. Witzenhausen, 1816. Studied Med. at Marburg and Erlangen; Prof. extraord. Comp. Anat. Marburg, 1846; Prof. Anat. and Physiol., Zurich, 1849; Prof. Physiol. and Physics, Josephinum at Vienna, 1855; Prof. Leipsig, 1865; Privy Court Councillor; Prof. at Physiol. Inst.; Vice-President Leipsic Thierschutzverein (Society for the Protection of Animals).

Author of “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Heidelberg, 1852; “Die physiologischen Leitungen des Blutdruckes,” Leipsig, 1865.

Inventor of an apparatus for cutting through the spinal marrow of living mammalia, recommended by Prof. Cyon; also of an engine for measuring the rapidity of the circulation of the blood.

=Lussana Filippo.= B. Senate, San Leone. Studied at Clusone, Bergamo and Pavia; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Padua; Direct. Univ. Padua.