Chapter XIV: Bibliography of West African Forests 496

INDEX 501

ILLUSTRATIONS

I.

1. Mixed Evergreen Forest on the edge of Barombo _Frontispiece_
Lake (Elephant Lake). Cotton Trees in foreground

II. SIERRA LEONE.

_To face page_

2. Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_), in the Forest, 16
Gumah

3. Mature Cola Tree (_Cola vera_), growing in Fundo 16
village, Protectorate of Sierra Leone

4. View of Gumah Mountain from the Gumah 16

5. African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_), showing 24
bole in middle foreground, near Bureh Town Bridge

6. African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_), showing 24
scaly bark at base of tree, the late Mr. C. W.
Smythe standing beside it

7. _Pterocarpus esculentus_ in flower near Fakar 40
Kole, at the edge of the Peninsular Forest

8. Forest of true Gum Copal (_Copaifera 40
salikounda_), showing nearly all the trees bare
of foliage and dying, due to overtapping, near
Sussuwuru, Moyamba District

9. True Gum Copal (_Copaifera salikounda_), showing 40
base of stem with tapping squares, near the bank
of the Rokell River, north of Moyamba District

III. LIBERIA.

10. Large Brimstone Tree (_Sarcocephalus sp._), Gola 66
Forest

11. African Satinwood (_Afrormosia laxiflora_), Gola 66
Forest

12. Gola Forest, general view, near Morro River 80

13. Mahogany (_Khaya Ivoriensis_), the late Mr. C. 80
W. Smythe standing beside it, Gola Forest

14. Young Yawey Cedar (_Heritiera?_), Gola Forest 80

IV. TOGO.

15. Teak Plantation of 1908, 35¾ feet high, Sokode, 90
in 1911

16. Teak Plantation of 1907 and 1908 on hill-side, 90
Atakpame

17. One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to 116
ten-year-old trees, 1911

18. Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116

19. Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116

20. Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116

21. _Chlorophora excelsa_, 1911 126

22. Five-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 126

23. Five-year-old _Khaya Senegalensis_, 1911 126

24. Teak Plantation made in 1907 at Pfandu, in 1911 136

25. _Khaya Klaineana_, 17 feet in girth, Misahohe 136
Station

26. Corner of a 1907 Teak Plantation, Pfandu, in 1911 136

V. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

EBUTTEMETTA GARDENS.

27. Large Teak Tree (_Tectona grandis_), about 150
sixteen years old, Ebuttemetta Gardens

28. Large Para (_Hevea Braziliensis_), Ebuttemetta 150
Gardens, age about sixteen years

VI. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM AND RAILWAY PLANTATION AND
TWO STUDIES OF CAPSULES.

29. The Chief Conservator of Forests’ House, with 162
five-year-old _Albizzia Lebbek_ standing beside
it

30. Three capsules of Mahogany (_Khaya grandis 162
Ivoriensis_ and _Punchii_), from banks of Owena
River

31. Capsules of three species of Entandrophragma: 162
_E. macrophyllum_, the largest; _E. utilis_, the
next in size; and _E. cylindricum_, the smallest

32. _Cedrela odorata_, seven years old, with Forest 174
Office in background, Olokemeji

33. _Cedrela odorata_, Cigar-box Cedar, girth 5 174
feet, twelve years old, Olokemeji Arboretum

34. Teak (_Tectona grandis_), ten years old, 174
Olokemeji Arboretum

35. Teak, six years old, Olokemeji Arboretum 184

36. _Khaya Senegalensis_, five years old, from seed 184
obtained by H. N. Thompson, Esq., in Shaki
District

37. Mature Iroko Tree (_Chlorophora excelsa_), 184
over 12 feet in girth in 1911, since cut down
and used for building the Chief Conservator of
Forests’ house

VII. NORTHERN PROVINCES, NIGERIA.

38. Marsh or “fadama” with islets of foliage, Benué 196
overflow near Yola

39. The Lower Niger in flood 196

40. Fringing Forest on River Benué, in the rainy 196
season

41. A Baobab (_Adansonia digitata_) 208

42. Giginya or “Fan Palm” (_Borassus flabellifer_, 208
var. _Æthiopum_), with waterlilies (_Nymphæaceæ_)

VIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM.

43. Mahogany (_Khaya grandis_), 6½ years old, 216
showing bent leader, owing to previous one being
eaten out by the leading-shoot borer

44. 1909 Mahogany (_Khaya grandis_ and _K. Punchii_) 216
Plantation after six years’ growth, near road to
Chief Conservator’s house, Olokemeji Arboretum

45. The largest Mahogany (_Khaya Punchii_), seven 216
years old, Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest
Reserve

46. Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation, Olokemeji 228
Arboretum, showing it at the end of the dry
season, March 1915, Captain Owens

47. _Cedrela odorata_, Cigar-box Cedar, three years 228
old (seen close), R. E. Dennett, Esq.

48. Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation, with H. 228
N. Thompson, Esq., 1911

49. Shea Butter Tree (_Butyrospermum Parkii_), 234
standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house,
June 1915, after being protected from fire eight
years

50. Teak (_Tectona grandis_), three years old, 234
Compartment 2, Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

51. Shea Butter Tree (_Butyrospermum Parkii_) in 234
fruit, April 1911, standing near the Conservator
of Forests’ house. This tree has been protected
from fire for nearly four years

52. Shea Butter Tree (_Butyrospermum Parkii_), 234
standing near the Conservator of Forests’
house. The same tree of which the fruit was
photographed April 1911

IX. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

STUDIES OF TREES, OLOKEMEJI RESERVE.

53. Mature Opepe (_Sarcocephalus esculentus_), in 250
middle of picture, across Ogun River, Olokemeji
Forest Reserve

54. Mature Oganwo (_Khaya Punchii_), near Dajopa, 250
Olokemeji Reserve, showing base of stem for
nearly 12 feet stripped of bark

55. Large Emido (_Mimusops multinervis_), 10 feet in 250
girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

56. Large-leaved Mahogany (_Khaya grandis_), 14 260
feet in girth, with smaller Iroko (_Chlorophora
excelsa_), standing at the side, Olokemeji
Forest Reserve

57. Arere (_Triplochiton Nigericum_), 120 feet high, 260
thirty years old

58. Ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_), 7 feet 6 260
inches in girth, on Dajopa Road, Olokemeji
Reserve

59. Large Ayin (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_), 10 feet in 272
girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

60. Oil Palm in bearing, two bunches of fruit in 272
view, Olokemeji Forest Reserve

61. Base of 14-foot Bilinga (_Afzelia Africana_), 284
Dajopa Forest Reserve, Olokemeji Reserve

62. Shea Butter (_Butyrospermum Parkii_), 7 feet in 284
girth, near Oniloku Road, Olokemeji Reserve

63. Afara (_Terminalia superba_), base of mature 284
tree over 12 feet in girth, Olokemeji Reserve

64. _Afzelia Africana_, 14 feet in girth, showing 284
bole and usual fork, Ijaiye Range, Dajopa,
Olokemeji Forest Reserve

X. WESTERN CIRCLE.

FOREST TREES, ILARO.

65. _Khaya Ivoriensis_, 14 feet 8 inches in girth, 294
Ilaro Forest Reserve

66. Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_), 8 feet in girth, 294
standing in Ilaro Forest Reserve after Forest
was cleared

XI. WESTERN CIRCLE.

DRY ZONE VEGETATION, OYO DISTRICT.

67. _Khaya Senegalensis_, 1910, on bank of Ogun 308
River, near Iporin, Oyo Province

68. Locust Tree (_Parkia filicoidea_), in bearing, 308
Oyo District, 1910

XII. WESTERN CIRCLE.

STUDIES OF FOREST VEGETATION, ADO AND MAMU
FOREST.

69. Mature Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) and Teak, 320
one year old, Mamu Forest Reserve, Ibadan
Province, 1915

70. Large full-grown Iroko Tree (_Chlorophora 320
excelsa_) standing near Ibadan, Jebu Ode Road,
Mamu Forest Reserve, in May 1910. See Fig. 69,
which is of the same tree taken five years later

71. Untouched Forest on summit of Ado Rock, Oyo 320
Province, 1910

XIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OSHUN AND MAMU FORESTS.

72. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking 332
downstream, Oshun Forest Reserve

73. Large Arere Tree (_Triplochiton Nigericum_) 332
already girdled and dead

74. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking 332
upstream, Oshun Forest Reserve, Jebu Ode District

75. Ride between Compartments C and D, Mamu Forest 332
Reserve, Funtumia seedlings on either side, six
to eight years old

XIV. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, ONDO AND IWOYE
FORESTS.

76. Path in Iwoye Forest, Western Circle, showing 342
parts of four mahogany trees in the picture

77. Mature Cocoanut Grove near stream in the middle 342
of Idanre Town, 1910

XV. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, IFON FOREST.

78. Osse River, looking downstream, edge of the 354
Pool, Ifon District

79. Mixed Forest near Osse, looking upstream, Ifon 354
District

XVI. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, EBEKWI FOREST.

80. Heavy Sapeli Mahogany (_Entandrophragma utilis_) 364
standing near the road between Uyeri and Benin
City, Benin Province

81. Agba (Benin), (_Pterogopodium?_), standing near 364
Ifon Road, south of Uyeri, Benin Province

XVII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

OGBA PLANTATION, BENIN.

82. Benin Satinwood (_Afrormosia laxiflora_) 376
standing in the Ogba Plantation, Benin District

83. Mixed Mahogany Plantation, _Khaya grandis_ 376
on left, _K. Punchii_ in centre, and
Entandrophragma in the right foreground, six
years old, near Ogba, Benin Province

84. Ogea, Gum Copal (_Daniellia caudata_), standing 376
in the Ogba Plantation, Benin Province

XVIII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, OBAGIE FOREST, BENIN.

85. _Khaya anthoteca_, 16 feet in girth, Obagie 384
Forest Reserve, Benin Province

86. Okan (_Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_), African 384
Greenheart, 24 feet in girth, standing in Obagie
Forest Reserve, Benin Province

XIX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, KOKO TOWN
MAHOGANY.

87. Koko Town, with raft of mahogany logs moored 396
near the bank

88. Mahogany logs floating in the river above Koko 396
Town

XX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, OSSE RIVER FOREST.

89. Funtumia Rubber Plantation, both sides of the 408
road, Igwoshudi, Benin

90. Mahogany Plantation, _Khaya Punchii_, twelve 408
years old, near Noami, on the banks of the Osse
River, Benin Province

91. Entandrophragma log with three sides already 408
squared and fourth partially cut ready for
squaring

92. Stump of _Khaya Punchii_ with log at base, left 408
in the Benin Forest

XXI. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.

DEGEMA FOREST STATION, INCLUDING IMO BRIDGE.

93. _Mimusops Djave_, about twelve years old, 414
standing near Prison, Degema Station, Eastern
Circle

94. Mature Light African Greenheart, _Piptadenia 414
Africana_, standing in the middle of Degema
Station

95. Young Oil Bean Tree in bearing, _Pentaclethra 414
macrophylla_, Degema Station

96. Red Oak, _Berlinia acuminata_, 20 feet in girth, 414
standing near the Sombreiro River, Degema Station

97. Base of Red Oak, _Berlinia acuminata_, showing 428
smooth bark with comparatively few large scales,
Degema Station

98. Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, nursery bed, with 428
seedlings two years old, at the side of Forest
House, Degema

99. The temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo, on 446
the Eastern Division, Nigerian Railway. Note,
only native, locally grown timber used in its
construction

100. Medium-sized African Pearwood, _Mimusops Djave_, 446
standing in the middle of the road outside
Degema Station on the road to Illimema, since
felled, and logs sold in England

101. Inoi Tree, _Poga oleosa_, standing at the edge 446
of the Degema Station grounds

XXII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CALABAR
ARBORETUM AND STATION.

102. Oil Palm, _Elæis Guineensis_, eight years old, 460
in bearing, showing nine out of the twenty-one
bunches of fruit on the tree

103. Seven-year-old Oil Palm in bearing, rather 460
over-pruned, showing male inflorescence just
below boy’s finger and bunch of fruit in the
middle of the picture

104. Mature _Brachystegia spicæformis_ standing at 472
the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing
the typical shape of the crown and branches

105. Base of mature _Brachystegia spicæformis_ 472
standing at the side of the Calabar Road,
Calabar, showing both the scaly untouched bark
and the wounded section covered with nodules

XXIII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CROSS RIVER.

TEAK PLANTATIONS, NDEH.

106. Rest House Teak Plantation at Ndeh, showing rows 486
of trees 9 feet apart and 4 feet between

107. View between the lines of one-year-old Teak 486
Plantation at Ndeh, in which trees were planted
4 feet apart

XXIV. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.

IKRIGON FOREST.

108. Shinglewood, _Terminalia scutifera_, 12 feet in 496
girth, standing in the Ikrigon Forest Reserve,
Eastern Circle

109. Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, 15 feet in girth, 496
standing in Ikrigon Forest Reserve

110. Mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis (?)_, standing at 496
the edge of Ikrigon Forest Reserve, showing base
of trunk with old bark wounds already healed over

WEST AFRICAN FORESTS
AND FORESTRY