Chapter IX: The Enlightenment in France and Germany 203

THE SITUATION IN FRANCE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT 203
THE ENGLISH INFLUENCE IN FRANCE 206
THE TWO PERIODS OF THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT 207
THE INTELLECTUAL ENLIGHTENMENT (1729–1762)――VOLTAIRE,
MONTESQUIEU, AND THE ENCYCLOPÆDISTS 208
VOLTAIRE (1694–1778) 209
THE ENCYCLOPÆDISTS 211
THE SOCIAL ENLIGHTENMENT (1762–1789) 213
ROUSSEAU (1712–1778) 213
THE GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENT (1740–1781) 216
THE INTRODUCTORY PERIOD (1648–1740). ABSOLUTISM 217
1. The Rise of Prussia 218
2. The Early German Literature 219
3. The Pietistic Movement 219
4. The Transformation of Leibnitz’s Rationalism 220
SUMMARY OF THE LITERARY ENLIGHTENMENT OF GERMANY
(1740–1781) 223
THE POLITICAL ENLIGHTENMENT OF GERMANY――FREDERICK THE
GREAT 224
THE COURSE OF THE GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENT 226
LESSING 228