Chapter XI: Part II: Myron and Pheidias (4)

Slab xx. is now lost, but a horse's head now at Athens (No. 345,
_13_; Michaelis, pl. 12, xx.) may perhaps belong to it.

[Rightnote: XXI.]

Slab xxi. contains the bodies and hind quarters of the horses
drawing the chariot seen on slab xxii. Between the charioteer (No.
48) and his horse is a fragment, showing the front of the chariot,
and the tails of the horses, of which the original is at Athens,
and which is not figured in Michaelis.

[Rightnote: XXII.]

[Sidenote: 48, 49.]

On the left of slab xxii. is a chariot with the charioteer (No.
48) and apobates (No. 49) who is stepping into the chariot. On the
right of this slab is an attendant (No. 50) standing at the heads
of the horses of the last chariot group. The lower fragments of
this slab are at Athens. The left-hand upper corner, which was
wanting in the time of Stuart, was brought home by Lord Elgin.
The upper fragment next to it, was once in the possession of the
Society of Dilettanti, and was presented by that body. It had
probably been brought from Athens by Chandler.

Stuart, 2nd ed., II., p. 50, note C.

[Rightnote: XXIII.]

[Sidenote: 52.]

The chariot group represented on slabs xxii., xxiii. is
represented as standing still, and was probably the last chariot
in the procession. This slab is shorter than any of the others
representing chariot groups. Part of the head of the apobates (No.
52) is supplied in plaster from the original fragment at Athens.
A fragment of an apobates, which may well belong to the figure
No. 52, has recently been fitted to the left of slab xxiv., thus
proving that No. xxiv. is the first slab of the cavalry, and
making it very probable that No. xxiii. is the last slab of
the chariots. This fragment, incorrectly drawn, is assigned by
Michaelis to slab xxviii. of the south side.

[Rightnote: XXIV.-XLII.]

[Sidenote: 54-109.]

From this point to the north-west angle of the frieze we have a
continuous procession of Athenian cavalry. The horsemen advance
in a loose throng, in which no division into ranks or troops, nor
indeed any settled order, can be made out. The groups, being very
crowded, are carried on from slab to slab continuously, so that
the vertical lines of the joints intersect the figures, while
on the western frieze, on the contrary, the groups, being more
scattered, are always completed on single slabs. The general
effect of a body of horse in rapid movement is admirably rendered
in the composition of the northern frieze, and is particularly
fine in slabs xxx.-xlii., in which the effect has not been marred
by mutilation. Though the entire composition is pervaded by the
same general motion, a wonderful fertility of invention is shown
in the arrangement of the successive groups. In the one hundred
and twenty-five mounted figures in this cavalcade we do not find
one single monotonous repetition.

Though the horses bound along with a fiery impatience, which
seems at every moment ready to break loose from all control, these
irregular movements never disturb the even hand and well-assured
seat of the riders. Thus, as the cavalcade dashes along like a
torrent, a rhythmical effect is produced by the contrast of the
impetuous horses and their calm, steadfast riders.

In this part of the frieze there is great variety in the costumes
and accoutrements of the horsemen. Crested helmets are worn by
Nos. 59, 62; flexible leather caps by Nos. 84, 93, 96; a taenia
by No. 97, and a petasos by No. 105. Some figures wear high boots
with flaps at the knee as Nos. 98, 103, &c., while others wear
boots without flaps as Nos. 90, 91, 92; a few have bare feet,
as Nos. 72, 87, 89. The usual dress is a sleeveless chiton and a
cloak. Some riders, however, wear a chiton only, as Nos. 59, 60
63, 72, &c., and others wear a cloak only, as Nos. 64, 76, 79, 87,
94. It may be mentioned that, according to Theophrastus, it was a
mark of the man of small ambitions, when he took part in a cavalry
procession, to give all his garments to a slave to carry home
except only his cloak, in which he would display himself, walking
about the agora. The chiton may have either one girdle, as No. 72,
or two girdles, as Nos. 57, 59, &c. In a few instances it has long
sleeves, as in Nos. 73, 75, 80, 84, 97, 98, 109. Two riders wear
a cuirass, viz. Nos. 62, 92. The reins and bridles were in nearly
every instance of bronze, marked by rivet holes behind the horse's
ear, at his mouth and in the rider's hands. Marble reins are seen
in the right hands of Nos. 98, 103.

[Rightnote: XXIV.]

[Sidenote: 52.]

Slab xxiv. is shown, as has been already stated, to have contained
the first of the cavalry, by the figure of the apobates which has
been fitted to its left side. Neither this fragment nor that at
the upper right hand corner have been engraved by Michaelis.

[Rightnote: XXV.]

[Sidenote: 57.]

Slab xxv. was complete when drawn by Stuart. Only a fragment,
containing part of No. 57, now survives. This is not inserted, in
its place in the frieze, but is fixed beside the south door to the
Elgin Room.

[Rightnote: XXVI.]

[Rightnote: XXVII.-XXXI.]

Slab xxvi. is proved by Stuart's drawing to be continuous with the
fragmentary slab xxv. Between slabs xxvi. and xxxi. the order
is uncertain. The arrangement of plate 13 of Michaelis has been
followed. It may be assumed that a slab (xxvii.) is lost between
xxvi. and xxviii., which may have included the fragment No. 345,
_15_. Slab xxx. when complete may have fitted to xxix.; but, as it
has the joint preserved on the right, there can be no doubt that
it did not fit to No. xxxi. Between these two, therefore, another
slab may be supposed to be missing. The three slabs enumerated as
lost, viz. xx., xxvii., and the slab between xxx., xxxi., may be
supposed to have been about 12 feet long. The missing part of xxx.
may be 2 feet. Of the 25 ft. 10 in. of the frieze lost without
record 14 feet are thus accounted for; the remaining 11 ft. 10
in. may be due to the loss of two more slabs, containing a chariot
group, or to miscalculated proportions in Carrey's drawing.

Slab xxviii. is original; slabs xxix.-xxxi. are casts from the
originals at Athens; No. 65 (on slab xxix.) is a marshal beckoning
to the riders.

[Rightnote: XXXII.]

[Sidenote: 75.]

The fragment (in slab xxxii.) containing the head of No. 75 and
the horse's head, having been discovered in 1850 in the collection
of Sculptures at Marbury Hall in Cheshire, was presented to the
Museum in 1850 by J. H. Smith Barry, Esq., the owner of that
collection. A small fragment, cast from the original at Athens,
and added to slab xxxiv., is not engraved by Michaelis.

[Rightnote: XXXV.]

[Sidenote: 85.]

The fragment (in slab xxxv.) which contains the head of No. 85 and
of a horse, after having been in the possession of the Society of
Dilettanti, passed from that body to the Royal Academy, by whom it
was presented to the British Museum in 1817.

[Rightnote: XXXVII.]

[Sidenote: 89.]

The fragment (in slab xxxvii.) containing the head of No. 89 and
a horse's head, of which a plaster cast is adjusted to the marble,
is now at Athens.

[Rightnote: XXXIX.]

[Sidenote: 97.]

The head of No. 97, on slab xxxix. was formerly in the Pourtales
Collection, at the sale of which in 1865 it was purchased for the
British Museum, and inserted in its place on the frieze.

[Rightnote: XLII.]

[Sidenote: 107.]

[Sidenote: 106.]

On the last slab of the north side, the procession is still in a
state of preparation, so that this slab prepares a transition to
the west side. In the foreground is a rider (No. 107), standing by
his rearing horse, whom he holds by the rein with his right hand.
In the background beyond this group is a mounted figure (No. 106),
so entirely concealed by the rearing horse in the foreground that
the only evidence of his presence is his right hand advanced just
beyond his horse's shoulder point.

[Sidenote: 109.]

[Sidenote: 110.]

To the right is a rider (No. 109) standing by his horse, and in
the act of drawing down his chiton under his girdle in front,
while a youthful attendant (No. 110) assists him by pulling it
down behind, or perhaps by tying the lower girdle over which the
folds were drawn. The attendant carries on his shoulder a folded
chlamys, probably that of his master.

WEST FRIEZE OF THE PARTHENON.

[Sidenote: =326.=]

The west side of the frieze contains a continuation of the procession of the north side, but here the procession is mainly in course of preparation, and the scene may be supposed to be laid in the Cerameicos. In part, doubtless, on account of the character of the subject, in this part of the frieze there is less continuity of composition than elsewhere. The subjects are disconnected, and are usually on single slabs, and seldom carried over a joint. There is the same variety of dress and accoutrements here as among the riders of the north side; but there are more figures in armour (Nos. 3, 7, 11, 12, 18, 20). It may be noted, as showing that the west and north sides were produced by different hands or at different times, that on the west side the bridles were fixed to the heads of the horses by four rivet holes, not by two, as on the north.

Slabs i., ii. are originals brought by Lord Elgin. The remainder of this side (with the exception of No. 27) is cast from the original slabs, which are still in position on the temple.

Two sets of casts of this frieze are exhibited in parallel lines. The upper series is taken from moulds made from the original marble in 1872; the lower series from moulds made at Athens, at the time of Lord Elgin's mission. A comparison of these two sets of casts shows how much the frieze has suffered from exposure to weather during seventy years. As the frieze is still in position and unsheltered, it must be presumed that the decay of the originals continues.

[Rightnote: I.]

[Sidenote: 1.]

[Rightnote: II.]

[Sidenote: 2, 3.]

[Rightnote: III.]

[Sidenote: 4.]

[Sidenote: 6.]

[Sidenote: 5.]

[Rightnote: IV., V.]

[Sidenote: 7, 8, 9.]

[Rightnote: VI.]

[Sidenote: 10.]

[Sidenote: 11.]

The single figure (No. 1) at the north-west angle is evidently
a herald or marshal directing the march of the cavalry. In like
manner Hippias, or, according to Aristotle, Hipparchos, was in
the outer Cerameicos, "arranging how each part of the Panathenaic
procession ought to go forward," when he was attacked by Harmodios
and Aristogeiton. (Thuc. vi., 57; Aristotle, [Greek: Ath. pol.]
ed. Kenyon, 18.) His right hand probably held a staff of office,
as the bent fingers are not closed. This figure is repeated, in a
plaster cast. Then follow two mounted figures (Nos. 2, 3); in
the hair of No. 2 are holes in which probably a metal wreath was
inserted. No. 4 raises both hands as if to open his horse's mouth
for the insertion of the bit. Behind the horse stands a youth
(No. 6), either the groom or attendant; his hands may have held a
bridle. A bearded man (No. 5), probably a marshal, turns towards
the youth as if addressing him. Then follow two more mounted
figures (Nos. 7, 8), and a youth (No. 9), standing by his horse,
and turning round to his mounted companion (No. 10), behind him.
Next comes a horseman (No. 11), distinguished from all the figures
in the frieze by his richly decorated armour. On his head is a
crested helmet, on the crown of which is in relief an eagle with
outstretched neck. A hole a little behind the temple shows where
a wreath has been inserted. His body is protected by a cuirass,
on the front of which is a Gorgon's head in relief, intended as
a charm, to avert wounds from the most vital part; on the
shoulder-straps are lions' heads, also in relief. Between the
breast-plate and back-piece of the cuirass is an interval at the
sides, which is protected by flexible scale armour ([Greek: thorax
lepidotos]). Below the girdle are flaps (_pteryges_) made of
leather covered with metal, which at the upper ends are united to
the girdle. Under the cuirass appears a chiton without sleeves.
The horse of No. 11 is one of the few on the frieze that have all
four legs off the ground. (Cf. north, 91, 97; west, 19; south, 14,
30.)

[Sidenote: 12.]

No. 12 is on foot, and stoops forward, looking towards the
procession advancing from the right. His left foot is raised on a
rock, and he appears from the action of his arms to be tying his
boot.

[Rightnote: VII.]

[Sidenote: 13, 14.]

[Rightnote: VIII.]

[Sidenote: 15.]

[Rightnote: IX.-XI.]

[Sidenote: 16-21.]

[Rightnote: XII.]

[Sidenote: 22, 23.]

[Sidenote: 24.]

[Rightnote: XIII.]

[Sidenote: 25.]

[Rightnote: XIV.]

[Sidenote: 26.]

[Sidenote: 27.]

[Rightnote: XV.]

[Sidenote: 28.]

[Sidenote: 29.]

[Rightnote: XVI.]

[Sidenote: 30.]

The next slab contains two mounted figures (Nos. 13, 14). No. 14
wears a mantle of skin. He is the only figure, on this side of
the frieze, thus decorated. No. 15 stands at the side of a rearing
horse, trying to control him. The violence of the action is shown
by the muscular strain and the disordered dress of this figure,
who wears a chiton, _exomis_, over which is a chlamys flying
behind his back. On his head is a leathern cap. The attire of
this figure is precisely similar to that of No. 8 and No. 19. Then
follow six mounted figures (Nos. 16-21), all moving rapidly to
the left. One of these (No. 17) wears the petasos, a flapping,
broad-brimmed hat used by travellers. From No. 22 onward to the
south-west angle, none of the figures are mounted. The first group
(Nos. 22-24) is not unlike that already described (Nos. 4-6). A
youth (No. 22) stands at the horse's head, and seems to be holding
the reins. At the side of the horse stands a taller figure (No. 23),
holding up his right hand as if giving an order to a person at some
little distance. In his left hand he holds a short wand. This
figure seems to be a marshal, though his dress, a chiton girt at
the waist and a chlamys, differs from that of all the other
marshals on the frieze, while it frequently occurs among the riders.
Behind the horse is a youth (No. 24) who, from his stature and
attitude, is a groom or attendant; a thick garment is cast over his
shoulders. Next is a much mutilated figure (No. 25), who seems to
be pressing his right foot against the heel of his horse's right
fore leg to make him extend himself so as to lower his back for
mounting. Behind this figure a horse springs forward, free from the
control of his rider (No. 26), who has let him go in order to
assist a comrade (No. 27). This latter figure tries to master a
rearing horse, who threatens to escape from his control. In the
upper portion of this figure a fragment from the original marble
is adjusted to the cast. This fragment was brought from Athens many
years ago, and presented to the Museum by M. J. J. Dubois in 1840.
The next figure (No. 28) stands at his horse's head, and behind him
is a rider (No. 29) not yet mounted, who is drawing on his left
boot in an attitude very similar to that of No. 12; his right boot
lies at the side of the rock on which his left foot is raised. The
horses of both these figures, in contrast to the preceding group,
stand tranquilly waiting to be mounted. The last figure on the
western frieze (No. 30) on the return of the first slab of the south
side stands holding up an ample mantle on his left arm, and seems
to be putting it on. From the size of the mantle this figure might
be that of a marshal, though his youthful appearance suggests that
he is a rider.

SOUTH FRIEZE OF THE PARTHENON.

[Sidenote: =327.=]

In following the procession along the south side from west to east, we pursue one branch of the procession which corresponds in the main with that on the north side. The main difference is that on the south the victims consist of cows only, while on the north there are sheep as well as cows. It may therefore be the case that this side represents the Hecatomb offered by the Athenians themselves. All the victims are cows, in accordance with Greek ritual, which ordained the sacrifice of male animals to a God, and female animals to a Goddess.

[Rightnote: I.]

[Sidenote: 1-4.]

The left-hand side of slab i. is still on the Parthenon; the
right-hand portion, containing the figure, No. 4, was presented
to the Museum by the late Mr. C. R. Cockerell. A marshal (No. 1)
stands at the angle; the first horseman (No. 2) advances at a
walk, thus conforming to the rule that the movement is always
gentle at an angle of the frieze. The horsemen of this slab
all wear chiton, chlamys, boots, and a leather cap with a flap
(_katablema_) hanging over the nape of the neck.

[Rightnote: II.]

[Sidenote: 5-7.]

[Rightnote: III.]

[Sidenote: 8-9.]

Slab ii. is cast from the original on the Parthenon, which is in a
very mutilated condition (cf. No. 345, _16_). Of No. 7 nothing now
remains on this slab, but a bit of his drapery, and on slab iii.
his right foot and his horse's nose and forelegs. Slab iii. was
complete on the left edge in the time of Stuart, who gives the
head and forehand of the horse of No. 7. The horseman (No. 8)
wears a chlamys only, which is cast back so as to show the entire
right side of the body. This is the only figure on the south
frieze who is so little clad.

[Rightnote: IV.]

[Sidenote: 10-12.]

On slab iv., the greater part of which still remains on the
Parthenon, are the remains of three figures (Nos. 10, 11, 12).
On the right side are two fragments of this slab, brought away by
Lord Elgin, one of which only is given by Michaelis. The other has
been since discovered in the magazines of the Museum.

[At this point it has been necessary to interrupt the sequence by
placing slabs xiv., xv., xx. on the sides of the pilaster. These
slabs are described below in their respective places.]

[Rightnote: V.]

[Sidenote: 12-14.]

[Rightnote: VI.-IX.]

[Sidenote: 15-25.]

On slab v., No. 13 wears a close-fitting cuirass, but is
bare-headed. Compare the figures 26-35, and the description of
Theagenes in the passage of Heliodorus, quoted on p. 148. Slabs
vi.-ix. contain unarmed Athenian horsemen, riding bare-headed
and for the most part wearing chiton with double girdle and boots
only. The head of the rider, No. 15, is unfinished. The horses at
this part of the frieze have manes with a large forelock turned
upwards.

[Rightnote: X.-XIII.]

[Sidenote: 26-37.]

[Rightnote: XIV.-XVI.]

[Sidenote: 38-43.]

There is a break in the composition at the beginning of slab x.,
and a change of subject is marked by the group not being carried
across the joint. The figures (Nos. 26-37) on slabs x.-xiii. are
evidently arranged in two ranks of six horsemen each, and are
distinguished from most of the riders in the southern cavalcade
by wearing a cuirass under which is a short chiton. Three of
these figures (Nos. 33, 36, 37) have a cuirass consisting of a
breastplate and backpiece, which are united at the sides by a
strip of flexible scale armour. From the cuirass hang down the
flaps, which protected the loins. These cuirasses also have
shoulder straps. The riders, Nos. 26-36, wear the plain cuirass,
rigid and close-fitting ([Greek: thorax stadios]). All the riders
in this part of the procession wear high boots with a flap turning
over below the knee. They are all bareheaded except No. 36, who
wears a cap or helmet with a flap behind; No. 33, who also wears
a cap; and No. 35, who has a diadem over which must have been a
metallic wreath, as there are four holes for its attachment on the
crown of the head. A chlamys hangs from the left arm of Nos. 26,
27, 28. Slab xiv., which is a cast from the original at Athens,
and slab xv. are now exhibited on the pilaster. Slab xvi., which
is also a cast from the original at Athens, is in its place. Slab
xiv. contains the head of the horse of No. 37. In front of it is
a space marking a division, and another body of six horsemen (Nos.
38-43). These appear to be uniformly dressed in helmet, chiton
without cuirass, and boots, and, although the positions of xv.,
xvi. are conjectural, the sequence proposed seems highly probable.
In front of No. 43 there is a space similar to that between Nos.
37, 38. On the right side of xvi. is the outline of a horse's
crupper, and floating above it in the air appears to be the long
end of a mantle of skin such as is worn by No. 14 in the west
frieze; behind No. 44 appears to be part of a garment of the
same texture, the outline of which is seen above the horse's hind
quarter. It is, however, doubtful whether xvi. and xvii. joined
each other. Perhaps between them was a slab in which the horsemen
wore similar mantles of skin.

From this point the military order of the procession becomes less
marked, or is obscured by the defective state of the marble. There
is also more variety in the costumes of the riders.

[Rightnote: XVII.]

[Sidenote: 45*.]

Slab xvii. is a cast from the original at Athens. Since the
publication of the work of Michaelis, two fragments have been
adjusted on the right, which prove the connection of the slab with
No. xviii. by supplying the hind quarters of a horse of which the
rest has been in xviii. These two fragments, which were unknown to
Michaelis, also supply the forehand of another horse and the body
of the rider (No. 45*) from the waist to below the knee (see fig.
14).

[Rightnote: XVIII.]

The original of slab xviii. is at Athens, and was in its present
mutilated condition when drawn by Carrey.

[Rightnote: XIX.]

[Sidenote: 47.]

[Sidenote: 48.]

The cast of the small fragment at the upper left-hand corner of
slab xix., giving the mane of the horse of No. 47, has been added
since the publication of the work of Michaelis. For a fragment
engraved by Michaelis, as the head of No. 48, cf. No. 345, _18_.

[Rightnote: XX.]

Slab xx. (on the pilaster) is a cast from the original at Athens.
This slab, which now only contains parts of the legs of two horses
and a rider (No. 48) was nearly complete in the time of Carrey and
contained two riders wearing petasoi or broad-brimmed travellers'
hats.

[Rightnote: XXI.]

[Sidenote: 51.]

[Sidenote: 52.]

[Sidenote: 53.]

In slab xxi. the head of the horse of No. 51 and the head and
shoulders of No. 52 are supplied by casts from originals at
Athens. The fragment containing the head of No. 53, a figure
wearing a petasos, does not appear in the plate of Michaelis.

[Rightnote: XXII., XXIII]

Slab xxii. and slab xxiii., which, with the exception of a small
fragment, is only preserved in Carrey's drawings, contained
the leading horsemen of the procession. Those on slab xxii. are
evidently pulling up their horses, while the two horsemen on slab
xxiii. are going at a foot-pace. All the paces of the horse
are thus displayed within a short distance, at this part of the
frieze. In slab xxii. a fragment containing a horse's head and the
mane of another horse, which Michaelis assigns to the team on slab
xxiv., has been since adjusted to its place in front of No. 56;
to this has been fitted the small fragment of the corner of slab
xxiii.

[Rightnote: XXIV.]

[Rightnote: XXXIV.]

The horsemen are immediately preceded in the procession by
the chariot-groups. Carrey draws eight chariots, of which four
partially survive and four are totally lost. On the other hand,
a part remains of two groups (slab xxix.), of which there is no
trace in Carrey's drawings. These, therefore, must probably be
placed in a break in the sequence of slabs indicated by Carrey.
Originally there must have been not fewer than ten chariot groups.
In each the charioteer is accompanied by an armed warrior; but
here the armed figure is not like the apobates of the northern
frieze in the act of stepping out of the chariot in motion, but
stands either in the quadriga or (if it is not in motion) by its
side. Therefore Michaelis supposes that, while the chariots on
the north frieze have reference to that contest in which armed
apobatae took a part, leaping off and on to the quadriga during
the race, the chariots in the south frieze suggest the chariots
of war, _harmata polemisteria_, in which an armed hoplite stood
in the chariot by the side of the charioteer. Each chariot group,
when complete, is seen to be accompanied by a marshal.

[Rightnote: XXIV.]

[Sidenote: 58.]

Of the two figures in the chariot of slab xxiv., nothing now
remains but part of the shield and left arm of the hoplite (No.
58), with a fold of drapery hanging from the arm. The upper part
of the slab was wanting in the time of Carrey, but he gives the
legs of the hoplite, who, like the corresponding figure in slab
xxv., was standing by the wheel of the chariot, of which a small
portion remains. This position shows that both these chariots were
represented at the moment before they started. In the shield of
No. 58 are two rivet holes for the attachment of a bronze handle.
In the upper hole the metal still remains. Similar rivet holes
occur in the shields of Nos. 61 and 66. Michaelis supplies the
heads of the horses on this slab by a fragment which belongs to
the cavalcade of horsemen. (See slab xxii., above.)

The connection between slabs xxiv. and xxv. is proved by a
fragment which has been added to the lower corner on the right
of slab xxiv. since the work of Michaelis was published. This
fragment, of which the original is at Athens, gives part of the
wheel of the chariot of xxv. and the forefeet of the horses of
xxiv.

[Rightnote: XXV.]

[Sidenote: 60.]

[Sidenote: 61.]

[Sidenote: 62.]

In slab xxv. the horses' heads now wanting are given in Carrey's
drawing. Of the charioteer (No. 60) very little is now visible
but part of his drapery. The armed figure (No. 61) in this chariot
group, whose appearance is more youthful than that of the other
hoplites in this part of the frieze, wears a chiton with a double
girdle and a chlamys. Near the edge of his shield are two rivet
holes for a bronze handle; in the upper one the metal still
remains. The marshal (No. 62) standing at the side of the horses
stretches out his right hand towards the charioteer with the
forefinger extended, a gesture which indicates that he is giving
an order. The rivet holes on the horses' crests show that the
reins were of bronze.

[Rightnote: XXVI., XXVII.]

Slabs xxvi., xxvii., of Michaelis, contained two chariot groups
which we only know through Carrey's drawings. In both the horses
are springing forward; cf. No. 345, _20_.

[Rightnote: XXVIII.]

Michaelis inserts to represent slab xxviii. a fragment which
belongs to the north side, slab xxiv.

[Rightnote: XXIX.]

The lower corner on the left side of xxix. has been cast from
a fragment at Athens, which has been identified since the
publication of the work of Michaelis. This fragment supplies the
missing part of the wheel and a small piece of flying drapery
belonging to one of the figures in the chariot. In this group the
marshal at the side of the chariot is wanting. On the right-hand
edge of this slab, just above the horses' forelegs and close to
the joint, is part of the outline of a shield. This shield must
have belonged to one of the figures in the chariot following on
the next slab; it is evident, therefore, that between xxix. and
xxx. was another slab, now lost, which we cannot recognise in any
of Carrey's drawings.

[Rightnote: XXX.]

[Sidenote: 66.]

The armed figure (No. 66) wears the Corinthian helmet, which does
not occur elsewhere on the frieze. The handle of his shield was of
bronze, of which a small portion still remains in the rivet hole.
Other rivet holes on the crests of the horses show that the reins
and the _hestor_ for attaching the yoke to the pole were also of
bronze. Here, as in xxix., the marshal is wanting. The horses'
heads, which are treated with more freedom on this slab than
elsewhere on the frieze, are of extraordinary beauty.

[Rightnote: XXXI.]

On slab xxxi., as in the preceding, the reins and the hestor were
of bronze.

[Rightnote: XXXII.-XXXIV.]

Slabs xxxii.-xxxiv. are now wholly lost, except in Carrey's
drawings. They contained two chariots, both at a standstill, or
moving slowly, and the four last persons of the crowd on foot.

[Rightnote: XXXV.-XXXVII.]

[Sidenote: 72.]

[Sidenote: 73.]

[Sidenote: 79*.]

Slabs xxxv., xxxvi., and part of slab xxxvii. contained the
remainder of the persons on foot. Fragments of xxxv. and of
xxxvi. (original at Athens) alone remain, although the slabs
were complete in the time of Carrey. The figures as he draws them
appear to be elderly men, eighteen in number, and resembling in
attire and general character the Thallophori who have been already
noticed on the northern frieze. All are clad in the himation.
Michaelis thinks that No. 72 holds in his left hand a small object
shaped like a clarionet, but he appears to have mistaken the right
arm of No. 73 hanging down for this object. Between these supposed
Thallophori and the victims Carrey inserts four figures, two of
whom hold in their left hands some object like a square tablet,
which may be the bottom of a lyre, as this is the place in
the procession where the musicians might be expected, if the
arrangement on this side corresponded with that on the north
side. The fragment (No. 79*) representing the upper part of a
Scaphephoros carrying a tray must also belong to this part of
the frieze, and is therefore here inserted. It is cast from the
original at Athens, which was not known to Michaelis. It probably
implies that one slab was wanting here, as well as the second
half of slab xxxvii., of which Carrey seems to have only drawn the
first half.

[Rightnote: XXXVIII.-XLV.]

The remainder of the south frieze is occupied with the procession
of victims for the sacrifice. Cows only are here represented,
and, as has been observed, this may indicate that we have here the
native Athenian part of the procession. The order in which these
slabs are exhibited differs from that given by Michaelis in _Der
Parthenon_, pl. 11., because slab xliii., No. 84 (= Michaelis, No.
126; cf. 345, _22_), which is the top left corner of a slab, has
been proved to join to the right side of xli. Other changes
have also been made, but the slab numbers of Michaelis have
been preserved for convenience of reference, and the order now
stands:--xli., joined by xliii., No. 84 (= Michaelis, No. 126);
xxxix., which may join xliii.; xl., which joins xxxix.; xxxviii.,
which may perhaps join xl.; after an interval of one slab, xlii.;
xliii., Nos. 100, 101 (= Michaelis, 127, 128); xliv., the corner
slab. Michaelis has proposed a revised arrangement in _Arch.
Zeit._, 1885, p. 57, which agrees with the foregoing, except that
slabs xxxviii. and xlii. are transposed. Michaelis holds that
xlii. joins xl., and xxxviii. joins xlii. This arrangement suits
the conditions as to space, but the suggested joinings are very
doubtful.

[Sidenote: 85.]

Each cow is escorted by two youths, one on each side, and a third
figure, perhaps a marshal, at the head. Those of the escort who
are on the side of the spectator are represented in vigorous
action, guiding and restraining the animals by ropes, which may
have been painted on the marble. All are clad in the himation,
which in the figures actively engaged in controlling the cattle
is worn so as to leave one or both shoulders free. Compare the
description of Heliodorus, p. 147. In slab xxxix. the action is
very animated. The youth, No. 85, leans back with his foot pressed
against a rock, to restrain the cow. This motive is a favourite
one in fifth century art. Compare the west frieze, No. 15; a
metope of the Theseion representing Theseus and the bull of
Marathon; the balustrade of the temple of Nike Apteros (No. 429);
and vase paintings as in _Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, ii., pl. 10.

[Sidenote: 96.]

In slab xl. the left lower corner is added in plaster, from the
original fragment at Athens. In slab xxxviii. the cow's right horn
must have been carved in the round, only the tip being attached to
the background of the relief. In slab xlii., No. 96 has both hands
raised to his head, as if adjusting a wreath. Compare the north
frieze, No. 25. What was the number of cattle in this part of the
frieze cannot now be ascertained, but there is evidence that there
were at least nine, and more probably ten.

[Sidenote: 91.]

Michaelis (_Arch. Zeit._, 1885, p. 57), in placing xlii. after
xl., makes the right hand seen on the left of xlii. to be the hand
of No. 91 (= Michaelis, No. 115), and the portion of a cow's belly
seen between 90 and 91 to be part of the cow on the left of xlii.
It is to be noticed that the hind legs of this cow have been
altogether omitted.

There is a curious inequality in the depths of the relief in this
part of the frieze. Slabs xxxix., xl. are worked more in the round
than the remaining groups with cattle.

[Sidenote: 100, 101.]

[Sidenote: 102.]

The fragment with the two heads, Nos. 100 and 101, may be, as
Michaelis suggests, a part of the corner slab xliv., the two parts
at present numbered as 101, 102 being different parts of the same
figure. The positions of the head and the foot appear to agree. On
the other hand, the surfaces of the two fragments have weathered
very differently.

On the return face of slab xliv. is the marshal, who forms the
first figure of the east frieze, and makes a connection between
the two sides, by looking back, as if to the advancing procession.

In the following conspectus of publications of the frieze, only the
_Museum Marbles_ and the work of Michaelis, and the photographic
reproductions are referred to in detail. For a fuller list of early
publications the reader is referred to the work of Michaelis.
Deficiencies in the published illustrations, as compared with the
present state of the frieze, are noted in the description. In the
fourth column C. indicates that the slab was drawn by Carrey; S.
that it was drawn by Stuart, and published in the _Antiquities of
Athens_, II., chap. i., or IV., chap. iv., pls. 11-14.
A diagram showing all the slabs drawn by Stuart is given in
_Antiquities of Athens_, II., chap. i., pl. 30. P. indicates
that a slab was drawn by Pars, during the Dilettanti Expedition,
and was published in the _Antiquities of Athens_, IV., chap.
iv., pls. 6-10, 15-28. W. denotes slabs published, from drawings of
Pars, in the _Museum Worsleyanum_.

PARTHENON FRIEZE, EAST SIDE.
------------------+-----------------+-------------+--------------------
MICHAELIS, | _Museum_ | Mansell's | Early Drawings, &c.
_Der_ | _Marbles_, | Photographs.|
_Parthenon_, | Pt. VIII. | |
Pl. 14. | | |
------------------+-----------------+-------------+--------------------
Slab. | Pl. | |
I. | XXXIX. | 684 | C.
| | |
II. | | 684 | C.
| | |
III. |XXXVIII., XXXVII.| 685, 686 | C.S.
| | |
IV. | XXXVI., I. | 687, 688 |{ C.S. Brunn,
| | |{ _Denkmaeler_,
| | |{ Nos. 106, 107.
| | |
V. | II., III., IV. | 689, 690 |{ S.W. Brunn,
| | |{ _Denkmaeler_,
| | |{ Nos. 108, 109, 110.
| | |
VI. | V., VI. | 691, 692 |{ C. Baumeister,
| | |{ p. 1187.
| | |
VII. | VII. | | C.
| | |
VIII. | VIII. | 692_a_ | C.S.
| | |
IX. | | | C.S.
| | |
------------------+-----------------+-------------+----------------------
The East Frieze is also published by the Stereoscopic Company, Nos. 1-13.

PARTHENON FRIEZE, NORTH SIDE.
--------------+----------------+-------------+---------------
MICHAELIS, | _Museum_ | Mansell's | Early
Pl. 12, 13. | _Marbles_, | Photographs.| Drawings.
| Pt. VIII. | |
--------------+----------------+-------------+---------------
Slab. | Pl. | |
I.-V. | VIII. | | C.S.
VI. | | 656 | C.
VII.-XI. | | | C. (except X.)
XII. | IX. A. | 655 | C.S.
XIII. | | | C.
XIV. | IX. B. | 654 | C.S.
XV.-XVI. | | | C.
XVII. | XI. | | S.W.
XVIII. | X. C. | 653 |
XIX. | | | C.
XX. | | |
XXI. | X. D. | 652 |
XXII. | XII. | 651 | S.
XXIII. | XII. | 650 | S.
XXIV. | XIII. A. | 649 |
XXV. | | | S.
XXVI. | XIV. | 648 | S.
XXVII. | | |
XXVIII. | XIII. B. | 647 |
XXIX. | | |
XXX. | | |
XXXI. | | |
XXXII. | XV. | 646 | P. W.
XXXIII. | XVI. | 645 | P. W.
XXXIV. | XVI. | 644 | P. W.
XXXV. | XVII. | 643 | P. W.
XXXVI. | XVII. | 642 | P. W.
XXXVII. [*] | XVIII. | 641 | P. W.
XXXVIII. [*] | XVIII. | 640 | P. W.
XXXIX. | XIX. | 639 | P.S.W.
XL. | XIX. | 638 | S. W.
XLI. | XX. | 637 | S. W.
XLII. | XXI. | 636 | S. W.
--------------+----------------+-------------+----------

*: Slab XXXVII. is given by Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 113;
Slab XXXVIII. = _Denkmaeler_, No. 114; Slab XLII. = _Denkmaeler_,
No. 115. The North Frieze is also published by the Stereoscopic
Company, Nos. 14-38.

PARTHENON FRIEZE, WEST SIDE.
--------------+----------------+-----------+------------
| | Stereo- |
MICHAELIS, | _Museum_ | scopic | Early
Pl. 9 | _Marbles_, | Company's | Drawings.
| Pt. VIII. | Photo- |
| | graphs. |
--------------+----------------+-----------+------------
Slab. | Pl. | No. |
I. | XXII. | | C.P.W.
II. | XXII. | 39 | C.P.W.
III. | XXIII. | 40, 40A | C.P.W.
IV. | XXIV. | 41 | C.P.W.
V. | XXV. | 42 | C.P.W.
VI. | XXVI. | 43 | C.P.W.
VII. | XVII. | 44 | C.P.W.
VIII. | XXVIII. | 45 | C.P.W.
IX. | XXIX. | 46 | C.P.W.
X. | XXX. | 47 | C.P.W.
XI. | XXXI. | 48 | C.P.W.
XII. | XXXII. | 49 | C.P.W.
XIII. | XXXIII. | 50 | C.P.W.
XIV. | XXXIV. | 51 | C.P.W.
XV. | XXXV. | 52 | C.P.W.
XVI. | XXXV. | 53 | C.P.W.
--------------+----------------+-----------+------------

PARTHENON FRIEZE, SOUTH SIDE.
--------------+----------------+-------------+------------
MICHAELIS, | _Museum_ | Mansell's | Early
Pl. 10, 11. | _Marbles_, | Photographs.| Drawings.
| Pt. VIII. | |
--------------+----------------+-------------+------------
Slab | Pl. | |
I. | LVI. | 661 | S.
II. | | | S.
III. | LV. | 658 | S.
IV. | | | S.
V. | LV. | 659 | S.
VI. | LIV. | 660 | S.W.
VII. | LIV. | 657 | S.W.
VIII. | LIII. | 662 | S.W.
IX. | LIII. | 663 | S.W.
X. [*] | LII. | 664 | S.W.
XI.[*] | LII. | 665 | S.W.
XII. | LI. | 666 | S.
XIII. | LI. | 667 | S.
XIV. | | |
XV. | L. | 668 |
XVI. | | |
XVII. | | |
XVIII. | | | C.
XIX. | XLIX. | 669 | C.
XX. | | | C.
XXI. | XLIX. | 670 | C.
XXII. | XLVIII. | 671 | C.
XXIII. | | | C.
XXIV. | XLVII. | 672 | C.
XXV. | XLVII. | 673 | C.
XXVI. | | | C.
XXVII. | | | C.
XXVIII. | | |
XXIX. | XLVI. | 674 |
XXX. | XLV. | 675 | C.
XXXI. | XLV. | 676 | C.
XXXII. | | | C.
XXXIII. | | | C.
XXXIV. | | | C.
XXXV. | XLIV. | 677 | C.
XXXVI. | | | C.
XXXVII. | | | C.
XXXVIII. | XLIII. | 678 |
XXXIX. | XLII. | 679 |
XL. | XLI. | 680 | S.
XLI. | XLI. | 681 | S.
XLII. | XL. | 682 |
XLIII. | | |
XLIV. | XXXIX. | 683 |
--------------+----------------+-------------+-----------

*: Slab X. is given by Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 111;
Slab XI. = _Denkmaeler_, No. 112. The South Frieze is also
published by the Stereoscopic Company, Nos. 53-97.

FRAGMENTS OF THE PARTHENON SCULPTURES.

Numerous small fragments of the Parthenon sculptures were taken from Athens either by Lord Elgin, or by travellers who visited Athens. Others have been more recently discovered in excavations on the Acropolis, or on its south slope, and are still at Athens. Casts of all such fragments, so far as they could be obtained, are now in the British Museum. As far as possible the fragments have been adjusted in their correct positions on the sculptures, and have been described in their respective places in this Catalogue. Of the remainder all the original marble fragments, and the most interesting of the casts, are exhibited in the Elgin Room, and are described below.

MARBLE FRAGMENTS ATTRIBUTED TO THE PEDIMENTAL SCULPTURES.

[Sidenote: =328.=]

Fragment of colossal head. According to Hamilton's Memorandum, this fragment was discovered built into a Turkish house at the west front of the temple. It contains the upper part of a face and head. The sockets of the eyes are hollow, and must have once contained eyes composed of ivory, precious stones, or enamel. (An ivory eye, which must have belonged to a colossal statue, was found in the temple of Athene, at Aegina, and is engraved in Cockerell, _Temples at Aegina, and Bassae_, pl. 12, fig. 4. Cf. also _Arch. Anzeiger_, 1889, p. 102). The surface of the marble is highly polished, and traces of red colour have been remarked in the hair. The back of the head is worked in a peculiar way, to a plane surface, such as might be required if this was a head from a pediment, on account of the cornice above. The hard, conventional style, however, is not in accordance with that of the pedimental sculptures. This fragment was formerly thought to belong to the Athene of the western pediment, to which its scale would correspond, but there are no other grounds for the attribution.

Height, 10 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 101 (118); _Mus. Marbles_, VI.,
pl. 16; Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 14.

[Sidenote: =329.=]

Two feet, shod with leather, attached to a plinth. The feet belonged to a figure striding to the (spectator's) right. The left foot was advanced, and bore the weight of the body. Between the feet a stump of a tree is attached to the plinth. The feet appear to be those of a female figure, which in that case must have worn a short chiton. The fragment has been assigned by different writers to the Athene of the west pediment, which is impossible, on account of the attitude; to the Poseidon, which is impossible, on account of the scale; and to the Athene of the east pediment, about whom we have no information. It has also, with more plausibility, been assigned to the figure of Hermes (H; see Carrey's drawing), who accompanies the chariot of Athene on the west pediment. It is, however, unlikely that that figure was shod with leather shoes; and the stump also has to be accounted for. It is very probable that the plinth does not belong to the pedimental sculptures at all, and Sauer's plan of the floor of the pediment seems to leave no room for it. It has been suggested that it is part of an independent group of Athene and Poseidon, which Pausanias saw on the Acropolis. But as to this there is no evidence either way.

Length, 4 feet 6 inches. _Mus. Marbles_, VI., pl. 8; _Synopsis_,
No. 256 (201); Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 4, p. 194; _Journ. of
Hellen. Studies_, III., p. 251.

[Sidenote: =330.=]

Part of colossal right arm of female figure, bent at a right angle at the elbow. It comprises the upper arm, from the shoulder, and the upper part of the forearm. This fragment may, perhaps, have belonged to figure G of the west pediment. (See Carrey's drawing.)

Height (to elbow), 1 foot 11 inches. Plate VI., fig. 2. In part
given by Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 40; _Synopsis_, No. 342 (268).

[Sidenote: =331.=]

Left arm of female figure, bent, from near the shoulder, to a little above the elbow. Drapery, thrown over the arm at the elbow joint, falls partly on the upper and partly on the fore arm. In the drapery of the upper arm is a hole for the attachment of an object in metal. This fragment seems best suited to the figure N. (See Carrey's drawing.)

Length, armpit to elbow, 1 foot 4-1/4 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8,
fig. 26; _Synopsis_, No. 315 (271*).

[Sidenote: =332.=]

Right arm of female figure, slightly bent, formed of two fragments united at the elbow. This may, perhaps, belong to figure F.

Length, 2 feet 7-1/2 inches. Michaelis (pl. 8, fig. 30) gives the
upper arm; _Synopsis_ No. 339 (269).

[Sidenote: =333.=]

Left forearm of female figure, broken off above the elbow (Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 28). To this is united a cast of a fragment at Athens with the wrist, which is bent a little inwards. The arm must have been bent at the elbow.

Length, elbow to wrist, 1 foot 7 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 314
(272).

[Sidenote: =334.=]

Forearm of female figure. Michaelis (pl. 8, fig. 29) thinks that it may have belonged either to figure O or W of the west pediment.

Length, 11-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 311 (264).

[Sidenote: =335.=]

Fragment of left thigh, above life size. Michaelis (pl. 8, fig. 39) calls this a female fragment, and suggests the nude seated female figure S of the west pediment. But he seems to be in error as to the sex, and the fragment seems more appropriate to the figure of the boy, E, in the same pediment.

Length, 1 foot. _Synopsis_, No. 312 (267).

[Sidenote: =336.=]

Fore part of right foot of female figure, resting on a thick sole. The foot belonged to a colossal figure, which, can hardly have been other than the Athene of the west pediment.

Length, 1 foot 1-3/4 inches (length of second toe, 3-3/4 inches).
Michaelis. pl. 8, fig. 32; _Synopsis_, No. 340 (244).

[Sidenote: =337.=]

Piece of drapery, which must have hung free, apparently from the shoulder and outstretched right arm of a colossal figure. At the upper extremity is part of a dowel hole, showing that the marble had been attached here by a joint.

Height, 2 feet 1-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 343 (144).

[Sidenote: =338.=]

Fragment of right shoulder and arm as low as the deltoid. The upper arm presses against the side. This fragment may belong to the boy P on the left of Q in the west pediment.

Height, 11 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 303 (133).

CASTS FROM FRAGMENTS OF THE PEDIMENTAL SCULPTURES.

[Sidenote: =339.= 1.]

Colossal female head, slightly turned to its right. The hair was
confined in a plait round the head, and also by a wreath or band,
which was of metal, as is shown by the holes for its attachment.
The nose and mouth have been restored; but the grand style of
the antique parts of the head agrees with that of the Parthenon
pediments.

It is impossible, however, to determine to which figure the head
belongs. It has been assigned by Laborde and others to the Victory
(G) who is driving the chariot of Athene in the west pediment. But
it may have belonged to one of the figures N, Q, S, of the same
pediment.

The probability that the head is derived from the Parthenon is
increased by what is known of its history. It was found in a house
of the San Gallo family at Venice. A member of this family, Felice
San Gallo, was secretary of Morosini, and may well have taken the
head as a trophy from Athens, in 1687. The head passed in 1823
into the possession of David Weber, and afterwards into that of
Laborde.

Height, 1 foot 3-1/2 inches. Laborde, _Athenes_, II., pls.
facing pp. 228, 230; Michaelis, p. 195; pl. 8, fig. 6; Wolters,
No. 561, p. 257.

[Sidenote: 2.]

Colossal female head, much defaced. The hair is gathered in a
cloth, which passes over the back of the head. Compare the figure
in the east frieze, slab vi., No. 39 (Michaelis, pl. 14, No. 40).

Height, 11-1/2 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 9; Laborde, pl. 24,
fig. 6.

[Sidenote: 3.]

Right side of colossal female head. The hair is gathered into a
plait from the brow and bound round the head. This fine fragment
agrees well in style with the unrestored parts of the head, No. 1,
above.

Height, 10-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: 4.]

Fragment of a wing, with a joint for attachment, and a heavy
support below. The figure of Victory (J) in the east pediment
probably had large wings; but it is difficult to attach this cast
to the statue.

Greatest length, 2 feet 6 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 11;
Laborde, pl. 25, fig. 12; Overbeck, _Ber. d. k. saechs. Ges.
d. Wissenschaften_, 1880, pl. 3.

[Sidenote: 5.]

Three smaller fragments of similar wings.

One is engraved, Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 10; Laborde, pl. 25,
fig. 17.

[Sidenote: 6.]

Portion of chiton, the flowing lines of which greatly resemble the
treatment of the Iris? (G) of the east pediment.

Length, 1 foot 6-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: 7.]

Portion of the right side of a draped figure wearing chiton and
mantle, and sitting on a rock. Attributed by Michaelis to the west
pediment (fig. D or fig. U).

Height, 3 feet 3 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 5. See above,
No. 304 D.

[Sidenote: 8.]

Left knee of seated draped figure, with the fingers of a small
hand on it. (West pediment, figs. D, E.) See No. 304, D, E.

Height, 1 foot.

[Sidenote: 9.]

Left leg of colossal male figure, bent nearly at a right angle at
the knee. It is made up from two pieces, a fragment reaching from
half-way up the thigh to below the knee, and the fragment of a leg
(Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 36), reaching to the bottom of the calf.

The scale and the attitude seem to agree well with the figure of
Hermes (H) of the west pediment.

Greatest circumference of the thigh, 2 feet 7-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: 10.]

Fragment of the right leg and thigh of a colossal male figure,
made up of two pieces, the leg from below the knee nearly to the
ankle (Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 38), and the knee with the beginning
of the thigh. This leg is slightly bent at the knee. It is on
the same scale as the preceding No. 9, and appears to be in the
required position for the right knee of the figure of Hermes (H)
in the west pediment.

Height, 1 foot 11 inches.

[Sidenote: 11.]

A colossal right foot, broken off at the ankle, and also half-way
between the instep and the toes. Less than half of the sole is
roughly cut with a drill as if this part of the foot had been
slightly raised from the ground. The heel and part of the sole
under the instep have been broken away. The scale is rather larger
than that of the preceding Nos. 9, 10, and it may therefore be one
of the feet of the Athene in the west pediment.

Length of fragment, 11-1/2 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 31;
Laborde, pl. 58, fig. 8.

[Sidenote: 12.]

Fragment of tail of some serpentine creature having on the back a
ridge of projections. This fragment has been thought to be part of
the tail of a Hippocamp attached to the chariot of Amphitrite.

Length, 1 foot 6 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 17; Laborde, pl.
24, fig. 9.

[Sidenote: 13.]

Fragment of left thigh, near the knee, of colossal figure; on
it falls a corner of drapery to which is attached a gland. Sauer
proposes to assign this fragment to the figure S of the west
pediment.