Chapter VI: Part I: Archaic Period (2)

The sculptures of Xanthos were discovered by Mr. (afterwards
Sir) Charles Fellows in April, 1838. (Fellows, _A Journal
written during an excursion in Asia Minor_, 1838.) The discoverer
revisited Xanthos in 1840, made a more minute examination of
the remains, and published a further account. (_An Account
of Discoveries in Lycia, being a Journal kept during a second
excursion in Asia Minor_, 1840-1841, quoted as "_Lycia_.") In
consequence of this work, a naval expedition, assisted by Fellows,
was employed in Jan., Feb., 1842, to ship the Marbles of Xanthos
for transport to England. (Fellows, _The Xanthian Marbles;
their acquisition, and transmission to England_, 1843. This was
reprinted by Fellows in _Travels and Researches in Asia Minor,
more particularly in the Province of Lycia_, 1852, pp. 423-456.)
Additional sculptures and casts from Lycia were obtained by a
second expedition in 1843. (_Athenaeum_, 1844, pp. 176, 339, 715,
779.) Besides the published material, valuable information may
be obtained from the plans and drawings by Mr. George Scharf,
who accompanied Fellows as draughtsman in 1840. The originals are
preserved in the British Museum, and referred to in this Catalogue
as Scharf's Drawings. See also Solly, _Memoirs of W. J. Mueller_,
1875; Beecheno, _E. T. Daniell, a Memoir_, 1889, p. 40; and
the publication of the Austrian expedition to Lycia, _Reisen in
Lykien_, vol. I. ed. by Benndorf and Niemann, 1884; vol. II. by
Petersen and von Luschan, 1889.

[Sidenote: =80.=]

Sepulchral chest (soros), adorned with reliefs on the four sides. This tomb was made of a single block of hard coarse limestone. It was found by Fellows in its original position, on a stele, which appears to have been about 9 feet high. On the top of the chest there is a rebate to receive the lid, which formed a separate block and has not been found. The lower part of the block was sawn off by Fellows, to facilitate transport. (_Xanthian Marbles_, p. 34.)

Perrot (vol. v., p. 396) is perhaps right in thinking that this is the oldest of the Xanthian monuments, and represents Lycian sculpture before the Ionian influence had begun to make itself felt.

The appearance of the monument as found is shown in Scharf's
drawing, here reproduced (pl. ii.), and also in a water-colour
drawing by W. J. Mueller, now in the Print Room of the British
Museum. Solly, _Memoir of W. J. Mueller_, pl. facing p. 216;
Fellows, _Asia Minor_, p. 168.

[Sidenote: 1.]

_South Side._--Lion to the left, recumbent, in high relief.
Between the paws of the lion is seen the head of a bull, which has
been thrown over by the lion, and is seized by the throat. Below
the forepaws of the lion is a tablet, which seems to have traces
of an inscription.

Height, 3 feet 1-1/2 inches; length, 4 feet; height of relief,
10 inches. Fellows, _Lycia_, pl. facing p. 176 (very poor);
Prachov, pl. 1, fig. 1; Perrot and Chipiez, V., p. 392, fig. 277;
p. 395, fig. 280; Dieulafoy, _L'Art. Ant. de la Perse_,
III., pl. 16.

[Sidenote: 2.]

_East Side._--Frieze in low relief, with its right end broken
away. A horseman wearing helmet and cloak rides to the right. He
is followed by an attendant, wearing a short chiton, and carrying
a spear on his right shoulder. Behind, a warrior moves to the
left, wearing a helmet with a large crest, a shield, and spear.
On the left, a shield, supposed to be fastened on a wall. This
relief, with its flat surface, devoid of detail, was probably
painted.

Height, 1 foot 6-1/2 inches; length, 3 feet 3 inches; height of
relief, 1/2 inch. Fellows, _Lycia_, pl. facing p. 176 (very
inaccurate); Perrot and Chipiez, V., p. 394, fig. 279.

[Sidenote: 3.]

_North Side._--Lioness, in high relief, recumbent to right,
playing with cubs. A cub is seen, with its forepaws across the
paws of the lioness, and with its hind quarters to the right; a
second cub lies on its back, over the first. The lower part of the
relief is broken away.

Height, 2 feet 4 inches; length, 3 feet 6 inches; height of
relief, 6 inches. Perrot and Chipiez, V., p. 391, fig. 276.

[Sidenote: 4.]

_West Side._--This side seems to have contained two separate
entrances to the tomb. On right and left were two groups in low
relief. (A.) On the right, a man, nude, with long hair, and armed
with sword, contending with a lion.

Height, 1 foot 10 inches; length, 1 foot 6 inches; height of
relief, 3/4 inch.

(B.) On the left a draped figure seated in a chair; left side
alone remains.

Height, 1 foot 7 inches; height of relief, 3/4 inch. Fellows,
_Lycia_, pl. facing p. 176; Prachov, pl. 1, fig. 1; Perrot and
Chipiez, V., p. 392, fig. 277; p. 393, fig. 278; Dieulafoy,
_L'Art Ant. de la Perse_, III., pl. 16.

[Sidenote: =81.=]

Frieze of Satyrs and animals, found by Fellows, built into the walls of the Acropolis at Xanthos.

Beginning from the left, the slabs of the frieze contain:

[Sidenote: 1, 2.]

Bearded Satyr in combat with a wild boar. The Satyr, who has
pointed ears and tail, makes a thrust at the boar with a branch
torn off a tree. The strange attitude of the Satyr is due to the
artist's difficulty in dealing with the shape of the slab. Slab 1
has been much injured by dripping water. The two slabs are proved
to be connected by the bough which is seen on both.

Prachov, pl. vi. A, a; vi. B, c; Wolters, Nos. 146, 145; Fellows,
_Lycia_, pl. facing p. 174; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 104.

[Sidenote: 3.]

Lioness, couching for a spring, but with right paw raised.

Prachov, pl. vi. A, e.

[Sidenote: 4.]

Lion devouring deer. This group is of an established conventional
form.

Fellows, _Lycia_, pl. facing p. 174; Wolters, No. 148; Prachov,
pl. vi. B, d.; Dieulafoy, _L'Art Ant. de la Perse_, III., pl. 16;
Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 104.

[Sidenote: 5.]

Lynx to left, with right paw raised.

Prachov, pl. vi. A, b.; Wolters, No. 147.

[Sidenote: 6, 7.]

Bull contending with Satyr, who appears to be in a position
similar to Satyr on slab 1; but a joint cuts off the right leg,
and the left arm is wanting.

Prachov, pl. vi. A, f; vi. B, g. Coarse limestone. The height of
the frieze is 2 feet 6-3/4 inches; the lengths of the slabs are:
(1) 4 feet 9 inches; (2) 6 feet; (3) 5 feet 9 inches; (4) 5 feet
1-1/2 inches; (5) 4 feet 11 inches; (6) 4 feet 9-1/2 inches;
(7) 3 feet 1 inch.

[Sidenote: =82.= 1-8.]

Frieze of cocks and hens. Six cocks and five hens represented as standing still, picking up food, or fighting. The work is carefully studied from nature.--_Built into the walls of the Acropolis at Xanthos._

Coarse limestone; height, 1 foot 4-1/2 inches; combined length of
eight slabs, 28 feet 8 inches; Fellows, _Lycia_, pl. facing p. 174
(two slabs); Wolters, Nos. 136-144; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 103.

[Sidenote: =83.=]

Part of a tomb (?). From each of two opposite sides, the head and forepaws of a lioness project. The heads are slightly turned towards the front.--_Found at the foot of the Inscribed Monument, Xanthos._

Limestone; height, 1 foot 5 inches; length, 4 feet 1-3/4 inches.
Fellows, _Lycia_, pl. facing p. 174.

[Sidenote: =84.=]

Head and neck of a lion, from a tomb (?). Several pieces of the mane were separately worked and attached.--_Xanthos._

Limestone; height, 1 foot 10 inches.

[Sidenote: =85.=]

Fragment of unfinished relief, with two legs of a seat or couch (?).--_Xanthos._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 4 inches. Compare Perrot and Chipiez,
V., p. 304, fig. 211.

[Sidenote: =86.=]

A frieze representing a procession moving from left to right. The figures beginning from the right are:--

[Sidenote: 1.]

An old man, seated in a car, driving two horses. Behind him stood
an attendant, of whose figure a piece of drapery on the next slab
alone remains.

[Sidenote: 2.]

A youth, leading a horse, saddled and bridled. He wears a short
chiton, and carries a whip. Details of the hair were probably
indicated with paint.

[Sidenote: 3, 4.]

A venerable old man, seated in a chair, placed in a war chariot
drawn by two horses. He has long hair, bound with a taenia, and a
long pointed beard. He wears a chiton with sleeves, and a mantle.
He holds a pomegranate flower in his left hand, and a cup (?) in
his right hand. Beside him is a charioteer treated like the youth
of the preceding group. The reins, now lost, were made of bronze.

Youth riding a spirited horse, equipped like the horse of the
second group. The rider wears a chiton with short sleeves, and a
himation. He has long hair falling on the shoulders.

[Sidenote: 5.]

A group of draped persons moving to right, and composed of the
following figures:--

Man (much mutilated) standing to right and turning to front. He
holds a whisk in the right hand, and a spear in the left hand.

Man, carrying a spear over the left shoulder, supporting it with
both hands clasped.

Man moving to right but looking back. He carries a spear on the
left shoulder; right hand holds a fold of the drapery.

Man with spear on left shoulder and whisk in right hand.

Man with spear on right shoulder; left hand holds an edge of the
himation.

Man with spear on left shoulder. The front part only of this
figure is preserved.

The standing figures all wear a long chiton, with long sleeves,
and a himation which is wrapped closely about the body, passing
under the right arm and over the left shoulder.

The size and treatment of the horses on the frieze, and the use of
whisks by the standing figures, show Oriental influences, although
the artistic style is distinctly Greek. The upright crest on the
head of the horse in the fourth group is seen on the horses of
Persepolitan sculpture. Compare the Persepolitan casts in the
British Museum, assigned to 500 B.C., and Fellows, _Lycia_, p.
173. The ends of the horses' tails are also tied with ribbon in
the same way as here. Saddle-cloths occur on early vases from
Daphnae (Petrie, _Nebesheh and Defenneh_, pl. 29, fig. 4), and on
painted sarcophagi from Clazomenae (_Journ. of Hellen. Studies_,
iv., p. 19, fig. 14).

The traces of Persian fashion make it probable that this relief is
later than the Persian conquest of Xanthos by Harpagos (about 545
B.C.).

The architectural disposition of the frieze has not been
ascertained. The slabs were found by Fellows, inserted in a wall
of late date on the Acropolis of Xanthos (Benndorf, _Reisen in
Lykien_, i., p. 86), but it is clear from the square holes that
occur at intervals of 4 ft. 8 in., that stone beams, imitating
wood construction, must once have projected, and from the raised
border round the holes it is seen that this was the intention of
the artist. It is probable that the frieze belonged to a tomb, and
perhaps represented a funeral procession. It is not possible
to say whether it was on the outside or on the inside of the
building. (Compare Nos. 87, 88, and the tomb of Gioel-Baschi.
Compare also the casts of reliefs from Pinara, Nos. 761-4, for the
projecting beam ends.)--_Acropolis of Xanthos._

A similar procession occurs on a sarcophagus from Amathus.
(Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. 14.)

Height, 2 feet 9-1/2 inches; combined length of five slabs,
17 feet 4 inches; height of relief, 2 feet 5 inches; but in
parts, upper margin is cut into. Fellows, _Lycia_, pls. facing pp.
173, 177; Prachov, pl. 3; Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pls. 16, 17; Murray,
I., pls. 4-6; Wolters, Nos. 131-134; Wolters in _Jahrbuch des
Arch. Inst._, I., p. 84; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 102.

[Sidenote: =87.=]

Slab from the left end of a frieze. A woman stands near the foot of a couch upon which a dead man is laid out. Only the end of the couch and the left foot of the corpse remain. The woman wears a long chiton, himation, cap with tassel, and earrings. Behind her stands a male attendant, wearing a short chiton, drawn up, beneath a girdle. He holds a small piece of drapery in his left hand.

A groove to the left of the group seems to show that this slab was at an interior angle of a building. The different dimensions make it unlikely that it was a part of the same frieze as No. 86.--_Xanthos._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 9-1/2 inches; length, 2 feet 7 inches.
Prachov, pl. 1, fig. 2; Murray, I., pl. 6; Wolters, 135; Wolters
in _Jahrbuch des Arch. Inst._, I. p. 83.

[Sidenote: =88.=]

Slab from the left end of a frieze. A woman wearing a long chiton with sleeves and a himation stands to right with right hand raised, and holding a flower(?). She holds a piece of drapery in left hand. Before her, the remains of another figure.

At the left of this figure is a groove, suggesting that this was an interior angle stone.--_Xanthos._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 9 inches; length, 3 feet 6 inches.
Prachov, pl. 6 B. _h_; Wolters, _Jahrbuch des Arch. Inst._, I., p.
83.

[Sidenote: =89, 90.=]

Gable end of a tomb. On each side of a doorway is a seated Sphinx, and above the lintel are two lions.--_Xanthos._

[Sidenote: =89.=]

The Sphinx on the left wears a cap enclosing most of the hair, a pendant earring, and a narrow taenia. There are traces of red paint on the cap, and of the markings of feathers on the wings. The head and fore-quarters of the lion are wanting.

Limestone; height, 3 feet 9 inches; width, 3 feet 1 inch. About 3
inches appear to be wanting on the right of the slab. Prachov, pl.
5, fig. 1 (the head only of the Sphinx); Dieulafoy, _L'Art Ant. de
la Perse_, II., pl. 18, fig. 2; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 101A.

[Sidenote: =90.=]

The Sphinx on the right of the doorway has her hair confined by a broad band, and has a pendant earring. The markings of the feathers may be seen on the wings. When first discovered in 1840, this relief was brilliantly coloured, as is recorded in a drawing by Scharf. The ground of the relief was bright blue; the feathers were red, black, blue, and white. The hair was yellow, and the taenia was painted with a white pattern on a red ground. The head and fore-quarters of the lion are wanting.

Limestone; height, 3 feet 4-1/2 inches; width, 3 feet 4 inches.
About 3 inches appear to be wanting on the left of the slab.
Prachov, pl. 5, fig. 2; _Museum of Class. Antiq._, I., p. 251;
Dieulafoy, _L'Art Ant. de la Perse_, II., pl. 18, fig. 2; Brunn,
_Denkmaeler_, No. 101A.

[Sidenote: =91, 92.=]

Gable end of a tomb. On each side of a doorway is a seated Sphinx. Above the lintel of the door is a space which may have held a relief, now wanting.--_Xanthos._

[Sidenote: =91.=]

The Sphinx on the left wears a stephane; a tress of hair falls on the shoulder. There are faint traces of paint on the wing. The hind-quarters are missing.

Limestone; height, 2 feet 10 inches; width, 2 feet 2 inches. The
joint of the stone is at the left side of the door. Prachov, pl.
4, fig. 2.

[Sidenote: =92.=]

The Sphinx on the right has her hair bound with a narrow taenia. There are traces of paint on the wing. The hind-quarters are wanting.

Limestone; height, 2 feet 8 inches; width, 3 feet 1 inch. About 3
inches are lost from the left of this slab. Prachov, pl. 4, fig. 1
(the head only).

[Sidenote: =93.=]

Gable end of a tomb. In the centre of the relief is a low column, with an Ionic capital, of peculiar form. A Siren stands to the front, on the column. She wears a short chiton, girt at the waist and with loose sleeves. She has spreading wings and tail, and bird's legs, but human arms which are extended in front of the wings. The head is wanting.

On each side of the column is a seated male figure. On the left is a beardless elderly man, wearing himation and chiton, with staff in left hand and right hand extended. On the right is a bearded old man, wearing chiton and himation, with staff in right hand and left hand extended. The back of the head is in part broken away; part was never represented. The lower part of the relief is wanting. A drawing by Scharf shows the colouring of the relief when discovered. The background was blue; the hair, the under side of the Siren's wings, the drapery of the man on the left, the shaft and part of the capital of the column were yellow; the drapery of the Siren and of the man on the right, the seats and part of the capital of the column were red.--_Xanthos._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 9 inches; width, 3 feet 5 inches.
_Annali dell' Inst._, 1844, p. 150.

THE HARPY TOMB.

[Sidenote: =94.=]

The monument known as the Harpy Tomb was discovered by Fellows among the ruins of Xanthos on April 19, 1838. It was more carefully examined and published by him in 1840 (_Lycia_, p. 170, and plate), and was brought to England in the spring of 1842. The tomb was described by Fellows in the following terms:--"The Harpy Tomb consisted of a square shaft in one block, weighing about eighty tons, its height seventeen feet, placed upon a base rising on one side six feet from the ground, on the other but little above the present level of the earth. Around the sides of the top of the shaft were ranged the bas-reliefs in white marble about three feet three inches high; upon these rested a capstone, apparently a series of stones, one projecting over the other; but these are cut in one block, probably fifteen to twenty tons in weight. Within the top of the shaft was hollowed out a chamber, which, with the bas-relief sides was seven feet six inches high, and seven feet square." (Fellows, _Xanthian Marbles_, p. 21; _Asia Minor_, p. 438.) For views of this tomb see the drawing by Scharf here reproduced (pl. iii.); also _Mon. dell' Inst._, iv., pl. 2; Benndorf, _Reisen in Lykien_, i., pl. 26. In Christian times, the tomb was made the cell of some _Stylites_, or dweller on a column. Traces of painting and monograms were found on the interior of the chamber. (Fellows, _Xanthian Marbles_, p. 21; Birch, _Archaeologia_, xxx., p. 186.)

[Sidenote: 1.]

_West Side._--This relief is divided into two unequal parts by a
small doorway which formed the entrance to the tomb. This doorway
may have been filled up with a slab of stone, resembling a funeral
stele, and the idea thus suggested was further carried out by the
sculpture above of a cow giving suck to a calf. (Compare the tomb
on the second frieze of the Xanthian Nereid Monument, _Mon. dell'
Inst._, x., pl. 16, fig. 161.)

On the left of the entrance is an enthroned female figure. She
is large and dignified, and is heavily draped. The left hand
is raised, the right hand is extended and holds a bowl; she
is adorned with stephane and bracelets. The arm of the chair
terminates in a ram's head, and is supported by a seated Sphinx.
On the right is a second enthroned female figure of equal dignity.
She is adorned with a stephane and bracelets. With a graceful,
if affected gesture of the right hand she holds up a pomegranate
flower, and in the left hand she holds a pomegranate fruit.
The back of the throne terminates in a swan's head, and the arm
terminates in the head of a ram.

Three maidens, who are nearly alike, except in the attitudes of
the hands, approach this figure. The first raises her mantle and
chiton with the left and right hands respectively. The second has
a pomegranate flower in her left hand, and a pomegranate fruit in
her right hand. The third holds up an egg with her right hand, and
holds the drapery in her left hand.

[Sidenote: 2.]

_North Side._--An old man, draped and bearded, is seated on a
chair to left; with the left hand he holds a spear, with the right
hand he receives a crested helmet which is offered to him by a
young warrior, who stands before him. The warrior has a short
chiton, and leather cuirass, sheathed sword, greaves, and a large
shield, which he supports with the left hand. Beneath the chair is
a small bear.

At each side of this group, but disconnected from it, are figures
commonly known as Harpies. They are represented as beings with
the head, breasts and arms of maidens, while the lower part of the
body is that of a bird conventionally rendered. It terminates in
oval form with a spreading tail and bird's talons attached. Long
wings spring from behind the shoulders and under the arms. Each
creature wears a stephane and chiton (see below). In their arms
and talons each gently carries a diminutive draped female figure,
that makes a gesture, as of affection.

At the right corner of the relief a draped figure crouches on the
ground in an attitude of deep grief, and looks up to the flying
figure above.

[Sidenote: 3.]

_East Side._--A venerable bearded man is seated on a throne,
to the right. He has a sceptre in the left hand, and holds up a
flower in the right hand. The arm of the throne is supported by
a Triton. Before him is a diminutive figure of a boy offering a
cock.

Behind the enthroned figure are two draped male figures, standing
to right. The first holds a pomegranate fruit in the left hand,
and a doubtful object in the right hand. The second, who is
bearded, holds a portion of his drapery with the left hand; with
his right hand he holds his beard.

On the right of the relief is a youth, accompanied by a dog. He
holds a stick with curved handle in his left hand, and has an
uncertain object in his right hand. Part of it was made of metal,
attached by a rivet. It may perhaps have been a kylix with a tall
stem.

[Sidenote: 4.]

_South Side._--A male figure, not bearded, is seated on a throne
to right. He has a sceptre resting on his right shoulder. In the
left hand he holds a pomegranate fruit, and in the right hand an
apple. Before him stands a male (?) figure, holding a dove in
the left hand by the wings, and having the right hand raised in
a gesture of adoration. On each side of the main group, but
disconnected from it, are the winged figures with their burdens as
already described. With certain differences of detail, chiefly in
the positions of the arms of the figures carried, these groups are
nearly similar to those of the north side.

_Drapery, &c._--All the figures on this tomb, except the
"Harpies," the diminutive figures connected with them, and the
warrior, are draped in chiton, and himation or peplos. The figures
borne by the "Harpies" and the figure crouching in grief wear long
chitons only. The "Harpies" wear chitons, of which the sleeves
alone are indicated. All the principal figures wear shoes or
sandals, so far as the feet are preserved, with the exception of
the second figure behind the throne on the east side. The women on
the west side, and the seated figure on the south side wear shoes
with pointed toes. The remaining figures wear sandals only. All
the figures on the east side had metal taeniae or stephanae, the
holes for the attachment of the metal being still visible. The
youth on the east side, as already stated, held a metal object in
his hand.

_Colouring._--The following indications of colour can be traced.
The ground of the reliefs was bright blue. Part of the colour
remains round the profile of the youth on the east side, and under
the right wrist of the first figure behind the throne on this
side. Birch (_Archaeologia_, xxx., p. 192) states that he has seen
scarlet on the crest of the helmet, and Scharf (_Mus. of Class.
Antiq._, i., p. 252) that there were "traces of red in the hollow
of the shields and upon sandals." Elsewhere the colour must be
inferred from the inequalities of the surface of the marble, due
to the unequal protecting powers of the different colours.
There was an egg and tongue pattern on the lower moulding, and a
maeander pattern on parts of the upper moulding. On the west side
the chair of the figure on the right was painted with palmette
ornament. On the east side there was also a palmette pattern on
the side of the throne.

_Interpretations._--The interpretations of this monument,
that have been proposed, may be divided into three groups--

(1.) According to the first commentators, the subject represented
was the rape of the daughters of Pandareos, king of Lycia, by the
Harpies (Homer, _Od._ xx., l. 66. Gibson, in Fellows, _Lycia_, p.
171; Birch, _Archaeologia_, xxx., p. 185.) The objections to this
view are that the subject is an improbable one for representation
on a tomb, that the "Harpies" evidently stand in a kindly relation
towards the persons whom they carry, and that the reliefs do not
agree well with the literary form of the myth. It is also doubtful
whether the "Harpies" were imagined with bird-bodies at the period
of these sculptures. (Furtwaengler, _Arch. Zeit._, 1882, p. 204.)

(2.) In the second group of theories, the enthroned figures are
deities of the lower world to whom the souls of the dead pay
reverence. On the west side are Demeter (left), and Persephone
(right), and three worshippers who carry symbols of life and
birth, as the egg and the pomegranate. The door of the tomb
signifies death, while the cow and calf, immediately above,
suggest the renewal of life. The three seated figures remaining,
are, according to this system, either Zeus (south), Poseidon
(east), and Hades (north), (Braun, _Annali dell' Inst._, 1844,
p. 151), or Zeus viewed under a triple aspect (Curtius,
_Arch. Zeit._, 1855, p. 10). The symbolic system has been most
elaborately worked out by Curtius (_loc. cit._, and _Arch. Zeit._,
1869, p. 10). Thus he regards the "Harpies'" bodies as intended
for eggs, and so symbolical of life. This view is untenable, as
the bodies are of the form usually given to birds in early art
(Conze, _Arch. Zeit._, 1869, p. 78).

(3.) In the third and most recent group of theories, the seated
figures are not deities, but heroified personages, buried in
the tomb, to whom offerings are made by members of their family.
(Milchhoefer, _Arch. Zeit._, 1881, p. 53; Wolters, p. 75.) This
view is supported by analogies found elsewhere (cf. p. 299), while
it avoids the difficulty of supposing deities to be represented
on a tomb. But no parallel has been adduced for such a scene as
a young warrior giving his arms to the figure of an heroified
ancestor; moreover the dignity and adornments of the enthroned
figures seem most appropriate to deities.

On the whole it seems best to suppose that we have on this tomb
scenes connected with death, though we cannot attempt, for want of
knowledge of Lycian mythology, to assign names to the personages
represented. Maidens make offerings to female deities, and men
to male deities. On the east side a boy makes an offering, on the
north side a young warrior gives up his armour, and on the south
side a man offers a bird. Kindly winged beings bear away the souls
of the dead, and the crouching figure on the north side suggests
the grief of the survivors. (Cf. Brunn, _Sitzungsber. d. k.
bayer. Akad. Phil. hist. Cl._, 1872, p. 523, who points out the
succession of ages among the figures, but does not consider the
idea of death to be implied in the central groups of the north,
east, and south sides.)

_Style and Period._--In the Harpy Tomb we have a fine example
of the work by the Ionian School of Asia Minor, whose chief
characteristic is a certain voluptuous fulness of form, and
languor of expression, contrasted with the muscular vigour of the
Doric sculpture, and the delicate refinement characteristic of a
part of the early Attic work (cf. Brunn, _loc. cit._, p. 205, and
Rayet, _Monuments_, No. 13). It is uncertain whether the tomb is
later than the Persian conquest of Xanthos (545 B.C.). It has
a remarkable resemblance to the tomb of Cyrus at Pasargadae as
described by Arrian (vi., 29) and Strabo (xv., 3, 7), although the
force of the parallel is rather diminished if Fergusson (_Nineveh
and Persepolis_, p. 215) has correctly identified the tomb. The
Harpy reliefs are usually assigned to the close of the sixth
century; but a comparison with the sculptures of Ephesus points to
a date nearer 550 B.C.

The Harpy tomb is of marble. The reliefs measure 3 feet 4-1/2
inches in height; 8 feet 2 inches in length on the east and west
sides; 7 feet 6 inches on the north and south sides. Fellows,
_Lycia_, p. 170, and pl.; Birch, _Archaeologia_, XXX., p. 185;
Braun, _Annali dell' Inst._, 1844, p. 133; _Mon. dell' Inst._,
IV., pl. 3; _Rhein. Mus._, N.F., III., 1845, p. 481; Curtius,
_Arch. Zeit._, 1855, p. 2, pl. 73; Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd
edit., I., p. 171; Murray, I., p. 116, pl. 3, and figs. 22-25;
Rayet, _Monuments_, Nos. 13-16; Mitchell, p. 187, fig. 88 (west
and south sides); Wolters, Nos. 127-130.

[Sidenote: =95.=]

Fragment of relief, with parts of two female figures, draped and having sandals, moving to the right in a dance. The relief appears to have been on the face of a lintel, panelled on its lower side.--_Xanthos._

Limestone; height, 1 foot 3-1/2 inches. Prachov, pl. 6B, fig.
_i._; Murray (2nd ed.), I., p. 125.

[Sidenote: =96-98.=]

The following sculptures illustrate the way in which the simplicity of an archaic statue is sometimes preserved in later sculptures serving an architectonic purpose:--

[Sidenote: =96.=]

Torso of female figure, wearing a long dress with diploidion, falling in flat surfaces with few folds. The left leg is advanced, the right hand gathered up a part of the drapery. The head and arms are wanting.--_Xanthos._

Marble; height, 4 feet 1/4 inch. Prachov, pl. 2, fig. 5.

[Sidenote: =97.=]

Torso of female figure, nearly similar to preceding, but with surface much mutilated.--_Xanthos._

Marble; height, 2 feet 4-1/2 inches. Prachov, pl. 2, fig. 6.

[Sidenote: =98.=]

Torso of female figure treated like No. 96, but holding the fold of drapery with the left hand.--_Xanthos._

Marble; height, 3 feet 10-1/2 inches. Prachov, pl. 2, fig. 4.

SCULPTURES FROM NAUCRATIS.

The remains here described were obtained for the most part from the site of the temple of Apollo at Naucratis, in the Nile Delta. The site of Naucratis was discovered by Mr. W. M. Flinders Petrie, and the remains of the temple were found in the course of excavations which he carried on, in 1884-5. A few sculptures also were found by Mr. E. A. Gardner in the excavations of 1885-6. The whole of the collections from Naucratis in the British Museum were presented by the Egypt Exploration Fund, which conducted the excavations.

Naucratis was a colony of Greeks, settled in Egypt for purposes of trade. It is situated to the west of the most westerly or Canopic mouth of the Nile, and is nearly midway between Cairo and Alexandria. The date of the foundation of Naucratis has been a subject of controversy. It is known that the colony owed much to Amasis, King of Egypt (564-526 B.C.). According to the statement of Herodotus (ii. 178), Amasis showed his friendship to the Greeks by giving, to those who came to Egypt, the city of Naucratis to live in ([Greek: Philellen de genomenos ho Amasis alla te es Hellenon metexeterous apedeixato, kai de kai toisi apikneumenoisi es Aigypton edoke Naukratin polin enoikesai, k. t. l.]). The question has been discussed whether the words of Herodotus prove that Amasis was the first to allow the Greeks to live at Naucratis, or whether the account of Strabo (xvii., 1, 18) can be accepted, according to which Naucratis was already occupied by Greeks, especially by Greeks of Miletus. If Amasis introduced the Greeks to Naucratis, no Hellenic remains on the site can be older than 504 B.C. If an earlier settlement is assumed, it may have dated from the middle of the seventh century.

In either case the temple of the Milesian Apollo would have been among the earliest buildings erected. Herodotus states that by permission of Amasis, the Milesians independently founded a temenos of Apollo ([Greek: choris de ... ep' heouton hidrysanto temenos ... Milesioi Apollonos]). Messrs. Petrie and Gardner, arguing for the older date, put the foundation shortly after the middle of the seventh century.

The architectural remains are very scanty. Probably much of the first temple was built of mud bricks. The stone portions may have been used again in the building of the second temple, whose ornaments were of marble. Moreover, all marble and stone is eagerly sought for and removed by the modern Arab diggers.

_Naukratis_, Part I., 1884-5, by W. M. Flinders Petrie and others;
_Naukratis_, Part II., 1885-6, by E. A. Gardner; G. Hirschfeld in
_Rhein. Mus._, N.F., XLII. (1887), p. 209, and XLIV. (1889),
p. 461; Kirchhoff, _Studien_, 4th edit. p. 43; Roberts, _Greek
Epigraphy_, p. 323.

THE FIRST TEMPLE OF APOLLO.

[Sidenote: =100.=]

_Columns._--The architectural members of the first temple were of limestone. They are insufficient to fix the dimensions of the temple, which was, however, small. Mr. Petrie supposes it to have been not more than twenty-five feet broad. A volute and a complete base of an Ionic column were discovered, but were immediately destroyed by Arabs. The following fragments are preserved:--

[Sidenote: 1, 2.]

Two members of an Ionic capital, consisting of two courses of
an egg and dart moulding. The upper course is considerably the
larger. The lower course is worked with a rebate to fit the upper
course. Below the mouldings are the tops of the flutings.

Upper course--height, 5 inches; diameter, 1 foot 7-1/2 inches;
lower course--height, 4-1/4 inches; diameter, 1 foot 4-1/2
inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 3.

[Sidenote: 3.]

Fragment of necking of a column, of a different design from the
preceding, and surrounded by a pattern of lotus buds and lotus
flowers.

Height, 11 inches; diameter, 1 foot 8 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 3.

[Sidenote: 4.]

Fragment of necking of a column, somewhat similar to the
preceding.

Height, 4 inches; width, 5 inches.

[Sidenote: 5.]

Drum of a limestone column with flutings.

Height, 4-5/8 inches; diameter, 1 foot 6 inches.

[Sidenote: 6.]

Lower part of the base of an Ionic column.

Height, 4 inches; diameter, 1 foot 9 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 3.

MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS FROM FIRST TEMPLE.

[Sidenote: =101.= 1.]

Upper part of an acroterion, worked below with a rebate.

Height, 3-1/2 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 14A.

[Sidenote: 2.]

Angle piece, with half of a palmette.

Height, 5 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 14A.

[Sidenote: 3.]

Fragment of a plane surface of limestone, with a series of circles
painted in blue, white, and red.

Height, 2 inches; width, 7-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: 4, 5.]

Fragments of two sculptured rosettes, perhaps intended for the
decoration of mud surfaces, and probably derived from the earlier
temple.

Diameters, 4-1/2 inches and 3 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 18,
figs. 7, 8.

THE SECOND TEMPLE OF APOLLO.

[Sidenote: =102.=]

The remains assigned to the second temple are of marble, instead of limestone. They are too fragmentary for restoration, but include bead and reel mouldings, egg and dart patterns, portions of palmette and lotus patterns of elaborate design. Several of the fragments are brilliantly painted with red and blue. The second temple probably belongs to the second half of the fifth century.

Compare _Naukratis_, I., pls. 14, 14A.

MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES FROM NAUCRATIS.

[Sidenote: =103.=]

Fragment of the lower part of a draped standing figure. In the middle of the legs the drapery falls in conventional vertical folds. The figure is painted white with a red stripe down each side.--_From the temenos of Apollo._

Limestone; height, 1 foot 5 inches. _Naukratis_, I., p. 13.

[Sidenote: =104.=]

Upper part of an incense burner or small altar with rosettes and Uraei.

Limestone; height, 4-3/4 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 18, fig. 11.

[Sidenote: =105.=]

Part of a model of an Egyptian building.

Limestone; height, 5-1/2 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 18, fig. 1.

[Sidenote: =106.=]

Model of a shrine.

Limestone; height, 8-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: =107.=]

Portions of a group of two figures leading a bull to sacrifice. Of the first figure no part remains except the hands which held a rope round the bull's neck. The second figure stands beside the bull, and places his right hand on its back. The head is wanting. An amphora stands on the ground on each side of the figure. Red colour on the drapery and on the tops of the vases.--_Temple of Apollo._

Limestone; height, 3 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 2, fig. 21.

[Sidenote: =108.=]

Part of a figure kneading dough in a trough. Of the figure only the hands and feet remain. Traces of red colour.--_Temple of Apollo._

Limestone; height, 2-1/8 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 2, fig. 19.

[Sidenote: =109.=]

Figure seated on a chair with a box on its lap. Before it a table on which lie four fish. The head of the figure is wanting.--_Temple of Apollo._

Limestone; height, 1-3/4 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 2, fig. 20.

[Sidenote: =110.=]

Torso of a male statuette, from the neck to the knees, holding a lion by the tail and hind legs.

Alabaster; height, 5-3/4 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 1, fig. 1.

[Sidenote: =111.=]

Upper part of a statuette of a warrior(?). The figure wears a peaked helmet, a close-fitting tunic with sleeves, and armlets.

Alabaster; height, 4-1/4 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 1, fig. 2.

[Sidenote: =112.=]

Vessel for holding ointment (_alabastron_). The upper part is in the form of a female bust. The right hand holds a necklace on the breast. The left hand is by the side.

Alabaster; height, 7-1/4 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 14, fig.
11.

[Sidenote: =113.=]

Upper part of an _alabastron_ similar to the preceding.

Alabaster; height, 3-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: =114.=]

Head, wearing a band across the forehead, and having a headdress with a veil which is gathered back in folds from the front. Red on the lips and headdress.

Limestone; height, 4 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 1, fig. 5.

[Sidenote: =115.=]

Head, wearing a band across the forehead, from which lappets hang down before the ears. Delicately executed archaic work.

Alabaster; height, 2-1/2 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 17, fig.
13.

[Sidenote: =116.=]

Fragment of the rim of a basin, supported by a Harpy-like being, carrying a diminutive figure at her breast. The figure is female, with spreading wings. On its left side, the body ends in the egg-like form of the figures on the Harpy tomb. On the opposite side, the form of the body is uncertain. The head is wanting.

Alabaster; height, 3 inches.

[Sidenote: =117.=]

Nude female statuette, from the neck to the knees. She has necklaces, armlets, bracelets, and rings, which are partly in relief, and partly painted red. She wears also a red girdle, from which symbolic eyes are suspended, one on the abdomen, and one on the small of the back. The ends of this girdle fall one in front of each thigh, and finish in lotus flowers.

Limestone; height, 5-3/8 inches. _Naukratis_, I., p. 33.

[Sidenote: =118.=]

Statuette of a Hunter, standing, with two hares and two young boars slung over his shoulders. He holds his bow in the left hand, his hunting knife in the right hand. He wears a close-fitting cap, and tunic girt at the waist. Inscribed [Greek: Kalli[as aneth]e[ke]].--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 1 foot 7-1/2 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 13,
fig. 5.

[Sidenote: =119.=]

Female statuette, wearing long, close-fitting drapery and head-dress; she wears a necklace and plays on a tympanum.--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 5-5/8 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 14, fig. 9.

[Sidenote: =120.=]

Upper half of female statuette wearing close-fitting drapery, and headdress. She wears a necklace, and holds a flower in the right hand between her breasts.--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 6 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 15, fig. 5.

[Sidenote: =121.=]

Female figure, standing, wearing a close-fitting dress, necklace and shoes. She holds a part of the drapery in her right hand, before her body, and a bird in her left hand between her breasts. Necklace, armlets, bracelets, shoes, and stripes down her dress are painted red. The head is wanting.--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 7-1/8 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 14, fig.
12.

[Sidenote: =122.=]

Male figure, standing, playing on a lyre. He wears a chiton falling to the feet, a closely-fitting upper tunic, and boots. Parts of the tunic, lyre and boots are painted red. The head is wanting.--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 7-1/4 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 14, fig.
14.

[Sidenote: =123.=]

Upper part of a female figure, standing. She wears a closely-fitting dress with long sleeves, and two necklaces. The right hand holds an ankh (?) near the thigh; on the left hand sits a goat, before her body. Red paint at the borders of the drapery, and on ankh.--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 4-3/4 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 14, fig. 8.

[Sidenote: =124.=]

Undraped male figure, standing, holding a lion by the hind legs and tail. The left arm of the figure and the lion's tail are wanting.--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 8-3/4 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 14, fig.
10.

[Sidenote: =125.=]

Part of a bearded figure, closely draped, holding a goat before his body by the legs. The head and body from the waist of the figure are wanting.--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 3-1/2 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 15, fig. 1.

[Sidenote: =126.=]

Female figure, enthroned. The left arm is wrapped in the mantle.--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 3-1/2 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 14, fig. 3.

[Sidenote: =127.=]

Isis and Osiris (?). Female figure, enthroned, wearing close-fitting dress, necklace, and large mantle passing over the back of her head. She holds a nude figure of a boy at her breast. Red paint on the veil.--_Temenos of Aphrodite._

Limestone; height, 4-3/4 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 14, fig. 7.

FRAGMENT FROM DELOS.

[Sidenote: =130.=]

Fragment of a foot of a colossal statue of Apollo, together with a part of the plinth in the same block. The fragment consists of parts of the four greater toes of the left foot. The plinth has dowel holes at each side.

Naxian marble (?). Length of great toe, 1 foot 2 inches; height of
plinth, 2 feet 1 inch. This fragment was found by W. Kennard at
Delos, in 1818. Stuart, 2nd edit., III., p. 127; IV., section on
Delos, pl. 4, fig. 2. It is no doubt a part of a colossal statue
which was dedicated by the Naxians to Apollo at Delos, and of
which the base and other parts still remain _in situ_. The base
is inscribed on one side, [Greek: Naxioi Apolloni], and on another
side in archaic letters, [Greek: Tawytou lithou eim' andrias kai
to sphelas]: "I am of the same stone both statue and base." It is
supposed that this is "the great statue of the Naxians" at
Delos, which, it is said, was overturned by the fall of a brazen
palm-tree dedicated by Nicias (Plutarch, _Nicias_, 3).

The first modern traveller who saw the statue was Bondelmonte
(A.D. 1416), who found it prostrate, and says that he made an
unsuccessful attempt to set it up (_Liber Insularum Archipelagi_,
Sinner's edit., p. 92). In 1447 Cyriac of Ancona sketched the base
with one foot still in position (_Bull. dell' Inst._, 1861, p.
182). When visited by Spon and Wheler in 1675, the head, hands and
feet were lost, but the torso appears to have been nearly complete
(Wheler, _Journey_, p. 56). In 1700 Tournefort only found the
lower part of the body, and the thighs (Eng. ed. of 1741, vol. I.,
pl. facing p. 303). The parts seen by Tournefort remain at Delos,
and have been described by several travellers. Welcker, _Alte
Denkmaeler_, I., p. 400; Michaelis, _Annali dell' Inst._, 1864, p.
253; Furtwaengler, _Arch. Zeit._, 1882, p. 329. For the base and
inscription, see Blouet, _Exp. de Moree_, III., pl. 3, figs. 3, 4
_Bull. de Corr. Hellenique_, III., p. 2.

CASTS FROM SELINUS.

The following sculptures, Nos. 135-139, were excavated at Selinus in 1823 by the architects William Harris and Samuel Angell. They are divided into two series, derived from different temples.

Selinus, a colony of Megara, in the south-west of Sicily, was founded about 628 B.C. The temple (commonly known as C), from which the sculptures, Nos. 135-137, were obtained, is the oldest temple on the Acropolis, and it is therefore probable that its construction was begun not long after the foundation of the city. The earlier sculptures are therefore assigned to the beginning of the sixth century B.C.

The second series, Nos. 138-139, were obtained from the temple commonly known as F. This is the third or youngest temple in the group shown by architectural evidence to be the oldest. An exact date cannot be assigned, but the sculptures probably belong to the close of the sixth century. The originals, which are made of a coarse limestone, are preserved in the Museum at Palermo.

The metopes were drawn on their discovery by William Harris. Harris died of malarial fever contracted at Selinus, and the work was published by Angell and Evans, _Sculptured Metopes ... of Selinus_, 1826. For further literature, see Benndorf, _Die Metopen von Selinunt_.

[Sidenote: =135.=]

Cast of a metope, from the oldest temple at Selinus. Perseus slaying Medusa in the presence of Athene. Perseus holds the hair of the Gorgon in his left hand, and cuts off her head with his sword. Athene stands on the left. The Gorgon is represented as embracing the winged horse, Pegasos, who sprang from her spilt blood.--_Presented by S. Angell, Esq._

Angell and Evans, pl. 7; Benndorf, p. 44, pl. 1; Overbeck, _Gr.
Plast._, 3rd ed. I., p. 80, fig. 5; Wolters, No. 149.

[Sidenote: =136.=]

Cast of a metope from the oldest temple at Selinus. Heracles carrying the robbers named Kerkopes, with their legs tied to the ends of his bow, or of a yoke.--_Presented by S. Angell, Esq._

Angell and Evans, pl. 8; Benndorf, p. 45, pl. 2; Overbeck, _Gr.
Plast._, 3rd edit., I., p. 80, fig. 5; Wolters, No. 150.

[Sidenote: =137.=]

Cast of a metope from the oldest temple at Selinus. A figure drives a quadriga to the front; two figures are standing to the front, one at each side of the chariot.--_Presented by S. Angell, Esq._

Angell and Evans, pl. 6; Benndorf, p. 47, pl. 3; Wolters, No. 151.

[Sidenote: =138.=]

Cast of a fragment of a metope from the third temple at Selinus, in which a goddess, probably Athene, moves to the right, treading down a prostrate giant. This metope was formed of two slabs, of which the upper is wanting.--_Presented by S. Angell, Esq._

Angell and Evans, pl. 4 (incomplete); Benndorf, p. 50, pl. 5;
Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd ed., I., p. 158, fig. 30_b_.

[Sidenote: =139.=]

Cast of a metope from the third temple at Selinus. A draped male figure, apparently Dionysos, is engaged in combat with an armed giant, who has sunk on his right knee.--_Presented by S. Angell, Esq._

Angell and Evans, pl. 3; Benndorf, p. 52, pl. 6; Overbeck, _Gr.
Plast._, 3rd ed., I., p. 158, fig. 30_a_; Wolters, No. 152.

SCULPTURES AND CASTS FROM ATHENS AND ATTICA.

[Sidenote: =150.=]

Female (?) head. The hair, which is bound by a narrow band, falls in large waves on each side of the forehead to the ears, and thence to the shoulders. At the back, the hair is rendered by conventional undulations, parallel to the band.--_Athens (?)._ _Elgin Coll._

Marble; height, 8-1/2 inches, _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 40, fig.
4; _Synopsis_, No. 251 (115); Ellis, _Elgin Marbles_, II., p. 119;
_cf._ Welcker, _Alte Denkmaeler_, I., p. 399.

[Sidenote: =151.=]

Cast of a torso of a standing female figure, wearing a chiton of fine texture, and a mantle. The chiton is drawn over the girdle, and has a short diploidion. The mantle is worn over the shoulders. The hair falls in three tresses in front of each shoulder, and in overlapping layers, down the back. The head, forearms and legs from the knees are wanting. The original, of marble, is at _Athens_.

Height, 1 foot 6 inches. Le Bas, _Monuments Figures_, pl. 2, fig.
2; Sybel, No. 5007; Wolters, No. 112. Further literature is cited
by Wolters.

[Sidenote: =152.=]

Torso of a standing female figure wearing an under-chiton of fine texture, and an over-chiton with diploidion which is worn so as to leave the left shoulder bare. The figure appears to have held a vessel in her lap, with both hands. The hair falls down the back, the locks terminating below the shoulders. The head and arms are wanting.--_Athens (?)._ _Elgin Coll_.

Marble; height, 2 feet 10 inches. Clarac, V., pl. 821A, fig. 2069
B, C.

[Sidenote: =153.=]

Torso of a standing female figure, wearing an under-chiton of fine texture, and an over-chiton with diploidion which is worn so as to leave the left shoulder bare. The figure held a bowl in the right hand, and a fold of the skirt in the left hand. Broken off below the knees. The head, left arm and left hand are wanting. This figure appears to be of _archaistic_ rather than of archaic workmanship, that is, the artist has consciously imitated the archaic style.--_Athens._ _Presented by H. Gally Knight and N. Fazakerly, Esqs., 1818._

Marble; height, 1 foot 9 inches. Clarac, V., pl. 821A, fig. 2069A.

[Sidenote: =154.=]

Torso of a standing female figure, wearing under-chiton of fine texture and over-chiton with a diploidion which is worn so as to leave the left shoulder bare; the figure also has sandals. The hair falls in locks on the shoulders, and in a mass at the back. The head, arms and left shoulder are wanting.--_From the smaller temple at Rhamnus._ _Presented by J. P. Gandy Deering, Esq._

Marble; height, 5 feet. Leake, _Athens and Demi of Attica_, II. p.
110; _Synopsis_, No. 325* (307*); _Athenische Mittheilungen_, XV.,
p. 65.

[Sidenote: =155.=]

Cast of a relief, representing a female figure stepping into a chariot, holding the reins in her extended hands. The figure is probably that of a goddess. It has been conjectured, but without evidence, that the relief belonged to the Pre-Persian Parthenon. The original, which is of Parian marble, is at _Athens_.

Le Bas, _Mon. Fig._, pl. 1; Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, I., 3rd ed.,
p. 153, fig. 28; Murray, I., p. 196; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 21.
For further literature, see Wolters, No. 97.

[Sidenote: =156.=]

Cast of a sepulchral relief, representing a woman enthroned. She holds a child in her arms. Before her are three figures, probably members of her family, with offerings.

The original, which is of marble, is in the _Villa Albani at Rome_. It was erroneously named by Winckelmann "Leucothea nursing the infant Bacchus."--_From Athens (?)._

Winckelmann, _Monumenti Inediti_, No. 56; Zoega, _Bassirelievi
Ant._, I., pl. 41; Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd ed., I., p. 175,
fig. 38. For further literature, see Wolters, No. 243.

CASTS OF SCULPTURES FROM AEGINA.

The temple of Athene at Aegina stands on a commanding plateau in the north-east of the island. It is of the kind known as Doric peripteral hexastyle; that is to say, it is of the Doric order, surrounded by a colonnade, which has six columns at the ends and thirteen columns at the sides. The site was excavated in 1811 by a party of English and German explorers, and the sculptures discovered were purchased in 1812 by the Crown Prince of Bavaria. The principal figures were restored at Rome by Thorwaldsen and J. M. Wagner. In 1817 the collection was placed in the Glyptothek at Munich.

With the exception of an ivory eye (Cockerell, pl. 12) attributed by the discoverers to the image inside the temple, the only sculptures found were those which originally were contained in or surmounted the pediments of the temple.

The Aeginetan sculptures belong to the latest stage of archaic Greek art, and are the most important extant works of that period. For determining the date of the sculptures, political history is only so far of use that we may assume that they are not later than 456 B.C., in which year Aegina was subdued by Athens. From their style they appear to be considerably older than that date.

A minute analysis of the sculptures (Brunn, _Das Alter der Aegin. Bildw._ p. 9) shows that the east pediment is distinctly more advanced than the west in the expression of emotion, in the rendering of drapery, of the features, the beards, the veins; and in the general proportions. Brunn assigns the groups to the period immediately following the battle of Salamis (480 B.C.) and suggests that the sculptor of the east pediment belonged to a younger generation than his colleague.