Chapter VII: Part I: Archaic Period (3)

The statues are made of Parian marble. They are attached to plinths which were let into the upper surface of the cornice, and are cut out of single blocks, a few small pieces of marble being separately attached. They showed clear traces of colour throughout, when first discovered. One shield from the east pediment was painted with a female figure. There were numerous adjuncts of bronze, such as arms and ornaments, which have been minutely enumerated by Brunn (_Beschreibung_, &c., p. 67). The restored pediments in the British Museum have been partially decorated in accordance with the scheme of Cockerell, who says: "The members of the entablature and pediment were discovered often in all their original vividness, which quickly disappeared on exposure to the atmosphere." (Cockerell, p. 27, pl. 6).

C. R. Cockerell, _The Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius at Aegina_,
&c., 1860; Blouet, _Expedition de Moree_, III., p. 23; Brunn,
_Ueber das Alter der Aeginetischen Bildwerke_ in the _Sitzungsber.
der k. bayer. Akad._, 1867, I., p. 405, and _Ueber die Composition
der Aeginetischen Giebelgruppen_, _ibidem_, 1868, II., p. 448;
Brunn, _Beschreibung der Glyptothek Koenig Ludwig's I._, 4th ed.,
1879; Wolters, Nos. 69-85.

THE WEST PEDIMENT OF THE TEMPLE AT AEGINA.

The subject of the West pediment is a battle, in the presence of Athene, over the body of a wounded warrior. From the Oriental dress of the archer on the right, it is inferred that the battle is being fought between Greeks and Trojans, and that the archer in question is Paris. The scene represented does not correspond exactly with any combat described by Homer. Archaeologists have accordingly been divided in opinion as to the subject. Some hold that the battle is that waged for the body of Patroclos, which was rescued principally by Menelaos, and Ajax, son of Telamon of Aegina. (Homer, _Iliad_, xvii.; Wolters, p. 48). Others have argued that the presence of Paris points to the fight over the body of Achilles as described in the Aethiopis of Arctinos. See especially Brunn, _Beschreibung_, p. 79. On account of the discrepancies between the sculptures and the literary tradition it is impossible to decide the question.

The arrangement adopted in the British Museum is that of Cockerell (pl. 16). To complete the group Cockerell supposed that nude figures similar to No. 178 of the East pediment advanced to the fallen hero from each side; and that a spearman knelt between the Paris (No. 168) and the wounded Trojan. Fragments remain of the two youths; but recent writers have put the spearman (No. 166) next the Paris. The positions of the spearmen and the archers on each side have also been reversed. The archers are on this view placed furthest from the combat, and may perhaps be supposed to be protected by the spearmen. Further changes have been proposed which are based on fragments not represented by casts, and which therefore need not here be discussed.

Restorations of the West Pediment. (1) With 11 figures, the bowmen
in front of the spearmen. Cockerell, supplementary plate; Blouet,
_Exp. de Moree_, III., pl. 58, fig. 2; Mueller, _Denkmaeler_,
I., pls. 6, 7; Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd ed., I., fig. 19_a_;
Murray, I., pl. 7. (2) With 11 figures, the bowmen behind the
spearmen. Cockerell, plate; Brunn, _Sitzungsber. der k. bayer.
Akad._, 1868, II., plate; Lange, _Ber. der k. saechs. Ges. d.
Wissenschaften_, 1878, pl. 3, fig. 1. (3) With 13 figures.
Cockerell, pl. 16. (4) With 14 figures. Lange, _loc. cit._, pl. 3,
fig. 2; Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd ed., I., fig. 19_b_.

The figures beginning from the left of the West pediment are:--

[Sidenote: =160.=]

Wounded Greek, recumbent, disarmed, drawing an arrow from his right breast.

Restored:--Nose, right forearm, left leg from knee to ankle and
toes. Cockerell, pl. 15, No. 11; pl. 16; Blouet, III., pl. 69,
fig. 2; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 25.

[Sidenote: =161.=]

Greek advancing with spear. Brunn proposes the name of Ajax, son of Oileus.

Restored:--Crest, right hand, left forearm and part of feet.
Cockerell, pl. 15, No. 9; pl. 16; Blouet, III., pl. 69, fig. 1.

[Sidenote: =162.=]

Greek archer, armed, kneeling and drawing his bow. This may well be the Aeginetan hero, Teucer, brother of Telamonian Ajax.

Restored:--Head, arms, several flaps of the cuirass, and left leg
from the knee. Cockerell, pl. 15, No. 10; pl. 16; Blouet, III.,
pl. 66, fig. 1.

[Sidenote: =163.=]

Bearded Greek warrior advancing, with shield extended and right hand raised to hurl spear. Perhaps Telamonian Ajax.

Restored:--Nose, crest, half right forearm, part of shield, both
legs. Cockerell, pl. 15, No. 3; pl. 16; Blouet, III., pl. 68, fig.
1.

[Sidenote: =164.=]

Wounded hero, leaning on his right hand, which held a sword; the shield is held out to cover the body. This is either Achilles or Patroclos according to the chief schemes of interpretation.

Restored:--Neck, right shoulder, fingers and toes. Cockerell, pl.
15, No. 2; pl. 16; Blouet, III., pl. 67, fig. 2.

[Sidenote: =165.=]

Figure of Athene presiding over the battle. She stands erect in the centre of the pediment, fully armed and wearing her aegis. There is an archaic formality in her pose and in the composition of the drapery, which shows that the artist has adopted a traditional type of temple-image. The earrings, locks of hair, a Gorgoneion, and snakes bordering the aegis were made of metal, and attached.

Restored:--Nose, right hand, part of left hand. Cockerell, pl. 15,
No. 1; pl. 16; Blouet, III., pl. 67, fig. 1; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_
No. 23.

[Sidenote: =166.=]

Kneeling Trojan, with right hand raised to hurl spear.

Restored:--Head, right armpit and shoulder-blade, three fingers
of right hand; left arm from middle of biceps; right leg from
the knee; left knee with part of thigh, and part of left foot.
Cockerell, pl. 15, No. 6; pl. 16; Blouet, III., pl. 65, fig. 2.

[Sidenote: =167.=]

Warrior advancing with shield extended, and right hand raised to hurl spear, closely corresponding to No. 163. Perhaps Aeneas.

Restored:--Head (which should probably be bearded), right armpit
and breast, fingers, parts of shield and legs. Cockerell, pl. 15,
No. 4; pl. 16; Blouet, III., pl. 66, fig. 2.

[Sidenote: =168.=]

Archer kneeling and drawing his bow. He wears a Phrygian cap, which has holes in the front for a metal wreath. (Compare the wreath on the Ephesian fragment No. 46, _12_); also closely-fitting breeches and coat of leather. This figure, which is always known as Paris, closely corresponds with the 'Teucer,' No. 162.

Restored:--Tips of cap, nose and chin; some fingers, and the
forepart of the left foot. Cockerell, pl. 15, No. 7; pl. 16;
Blouet, III., pl. 68, fig. 2; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 24.

[Sidenote: =169.=]

Wounded Trojan, leaning on the right arm. An arrow may have been fixed in the left knee between the thumb and forefinger.

Restored:--Head, left arm, part of right forearm and hand; both
legs from the knees. Cockerell, pl. 15, No. 8; pl. 16; Blouet,
III., pl. 65, fig. 1.

[Sidenote: =170.=]

The pediment is surmounted by an acroterion, consisting of a palmette between two large volutes, which are for the most part restorations. (Cockerell, pls. 1, 4.)

On each side of the acroterion is an architectonic female figure, treated in the same designedly archaic style as the figure of Athene.

[Sidenote: =171.=]

Female figure (on the left).

Restored:--Head, right hand and part of sleeve; left forearm with
part of sleeve and drapery. Cockerell, pl. 1.

[Sidenote: =172.=]

Female figure (on the right).

Restored:--Head; lower edge of right sleeve; right hand and
forearm; parts of drapery. Cockerell, pl. 1.

[Sidenote: =173.=]

At each angle are casts of lions' heads, which in the absence of casts from the originals have been taken from the cornice of the archaic temple at Ephesus. The lion's head engraved by Cockerell (pl. 13, fig. 4), appears to be his restoration.

[Sidenote: =174.=]

The angles are surmounted by Gryphons, which have been cast from a single original. The original has been considerably restored, especially the head.

Cockerell, pl. 13, fig, 4. The hind parts of one Gryphon were
discovered by Chandler in 1765, but they were immediately broken
and stolen. Chandler, _Travels in Greece_, p. 12.

THE EAST PEDIMENT OF THE TEMPLE AT AEGINA.

Of the east pediment only five figures were found, sufficiently complete to be restored. The fragments leave no doubt that the composition was as a whole analogous to that of the west pediment, and that the subject was a battle for the body of a fallen warrior, fought in the presence of Athene.

The clue to the subject represented is given by the figure of Heracles, and archaeologists are almost unanimous in thinking that the scene is a battle in the war which Telamon of Aegina, aided by Heracles, waged against Laomedon, King of Troy (cf. Apollodorus, ii., 6, 3, 4).

The arrangement is nearly that of Cockerell. The Heracles, however, has been placed on the right side of the pediment, because the left side of the statue is the most carefully finished, and was therefore intended to be seen.

Restorations of the East Pediment. (1) With 10 figures; wounded
warrior as restored. Prachov, _Mon. dell' Inst._, IX., pl. 57.
(2) With parts of 12 figures; wounded warrior not as restored.
Cockerell, supplementary plate; Mueller, _Denkmaeler_, I., pl. 8;
Blouet, III., pl. 58, fig. 1; Murray, I., pl. 7. For two heads
from this pediment, see Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 121.

The figures beginning with the left end of the pediment are the following:--

[Sidenote: =175.=]

Warrior lying down, supported by his arm, within the handles of his shield. He is wounded below the right breast.

Restored:--Crest, part of visor, four fingers of left hand,
four toes of left foot; right leg from the middle of the thigh.
Cockerell, p. 32, pl. 14, No. 4; Blouet, III., pl. 59, fig. 2.

[Sidenote: =176.=]

Warrior advancing, with a shield on the left arm, and a lance (?) in the right hand.

Restored:--Head, hands, right hip; most of shield, Cockerell,
p. 32, pl. 14, No. 2; Blouet, III., pl. 59, fig. 1; Brunn,
_Denkmaeler_, No. 28.

[Sidenote: =177.=]

Wounded warrior fallen backwards on his shield.

Restored:--Head, arms, shield, right leg, left leg from the knee.
The correctness of the restoration has been doubted. The left side
is most corroded by the atmosphere, and would therefore seem to
have been uppermost. In that case the figure must have resembled
that of the fallen warrior in the centre of the west pediment. It
is thus drawn by Cockerell, in a supplementary plate. Engraved as
restored, Cockerell, pl. 14, No. 1; Blouet, III., pl. 61, fig. 1.

[Sidenote: =178.=]

Figure of a youth leaning forward, to draw away the fallen warrior.

Restored:--Nose, arms, pubis, most of right foot, and left foot;
Cockerell, pl. 14, No. 3; Blouet, III., pl. 61, fig. 2; Brunn,
_Denkmaeler_, No. 26.

[Sidenote: =179.=]

Heracles kneeling, and drawing his bow. He wears the lion's skin on his head, and had a quiver on the left side.

Restored:--Nose, some flaps of the cuirass, left hand, right
forearm, right foot, part of left thigh and knee. Cockerell,
pl. 14, No. 5; Blouet, III., pl. 60; Rayet, _Monuments_, No. 25;
Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 27; Mitchell, _Selections_, pl. 1.

[Sidenote: =180.=]

The acroterion; (181) the figures beside it; (182) the lions, and (183) the Gryphons here exhibited, are repetitions of those of the west pediment. The acroterion, which originally surmounted the east pediment, was larger and more important than that of the west. (Cockerell, pl. 13.) The figures which stood on each side of the east acroterion, are shown by the surviving fragments to have been similar to those of the western end, but were on a rather larger scale.

CASTS OF SCULPTURES FROM OLYMPIA.

The temple of Zeus at Olympia was being built from about 470-455 B.C. (cf. Boetticher, _Olympia_, p. 247). It is certain that the metopes must have been placed in position during the process of construction. They should therefore probably be dated about 460 B.C. (Boetticher, p. 289).

[Sidenote: =190.=]

Cast of a metope, from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. Heracles binding the Cretan Bull.

The original is of marble. The greater part of this metope was
discovered by the French expedition to the Morea, in 1829, and
is now in the Louvre. The face and hind legs of the bull were
discovered in the German excavations, and are now at Olympia. The
parts first discovered are published in Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._,
3rd ed., I., p. 443. For the completed metope, see _Ausgrabungen
zu Olympia_, V., pl. 17; Boetticher, _Olympia_, p. 279; Wolters,
No. 274.

[Sidenote: =191.=]

Cast of a metope from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. Heracles supports on his shoulders the vault of heaven, while the Titan Atlas brings him the golden apples of the Hesperides. Heracles has a folded cushion on his shoulders to make the burden easier; Atlas stands before him with six apples in his outstretched hands. A Hesperid or nymph stands behind and raises one hand as if to share the weight.

The original is of marble, and is at Olympia, where it was
discovered by the German excavators. _Ausgrabungen zu Olympia_,
I., 26; _Athenische Mittheilungen_, I., pl. 11; Murray, II., pl.
13; Wolters, No. 280; Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd ed., I., p. 445;
Boetticher, _Olympia_, p. 285. (Boetticher's illustration is most
nearly complete. That of Overbeck gives both hands of Atlas.) For
the female head, see _Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, V., pl. 45.

[Sidenote: =192.=]

Cast of a statue of Victory, by Paionios of Mende, Victory is supposed to be moving forward through mid-air. One foot rests lightly on the back of an eagle, beneath which is a rock. The wings and draperies that were originally spread out behind the figure are now wanting. The statue stood on a triangular pedestal, about 19 feet high. On the pedestal was an inscription recording that the Victory was offered as a tithe of spoil to Olympian Zeus by the Messenians and Naupactians; and that the author was Paionios of Mende, who made the acroteria of the temple:--[Greek: Messanioi kai Naupaktioi anethen Dii | Olympio dekatan apo tom polemion. Paionios epoiese Mendaios | kai takroteria poion epi ton naon enika.] Mr. Murray (_Gr. Sculpt._, ii. p. 162) suggests as an explanation of the last clause of the inscription that the Victory was a replica of the acroteria (or figures above the pediments) of the Temple of Zeus. These are known to have been gilded figures of Victory (Paus., v. 10, 2). Pausanias was inclined to think that the inscription referred to a war of the Messenians against the Acarnanians (452 B.C.); but the Messenians of his time supposed that the statue was erected soon after the defeat of the Spartans at Sphacteria in 424 B.C.

Discovered by the German excavators at Olympia, and now in the Museum at Olympia.

Marble. _Ausgrabungen zu Olympia_, I., pls. 9-12; inscr. _ibidem_,
pl. 32; pedestal, _ibidem_, II., pl. 34; Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._,
3rd ed., I., figs. 88, 89; Murray, II., pl. 19; Wolters, Nos. 496,
497.

STATUES OF APOLLO (?).

Of the following sculptures, Nos. 200-207 are examples of a somewhat numerous class of nude male figures, standing constrainedly with the heads directed straight to the front, having the hands either close by the sides, or slightly raised, by a bending of the arms at the elbows.

The name of Apollo has been commonly given to sculptures of the type here described, but doubts have often been raised as to the accuracy of the title. It seems clear that at the stage of art represented by these figures one type of nude male figure was made to serve various purposes. It cannot be doubted that the type was often used to represent Apollo, for such figures have been found in or near shrines of Apollo at Naucratis (Petrie, _Naukratis_, i., pl. 1, fig. 4), Delos (_Arch. Zeit._, 1882, p. 323), Actium (_Gaz. Arch._, 1886, p. 235), and at the temple of Apollo Ptooes in Boeotia (_Bull. de Corr. Hellenique_, x., p. 66, Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 12). The same type of Apollo occurs, _e.g._ on a vase in the Brit. Mus. (No. E, 313; _Gaz. Arch._, 1882, p. 58), on a vase published in _Annali dell' Inst._, 1849, pl. D (cf. _Hamilton Vases_, ii., pl. 6), and on a Pompeian fresco (_Arch. Zeit._, 1882, p. 58). Compare a relief in the _Palazzo Corsini_ (Duetschke, ii., p. 114). At the same time, similar figures served to represent athletes (Paus., viii., 40) and, perhaps, were placed on tombs, to represent a deceased person.

The series of figures which have the hands by the thighs is older than that in which the hands are raised, and the invention of the type has been assigned to the Cretan Daedalid School of Dipoinos and Skyllis (Furtwaengler, _Arch. Zeit._, 1882, p. 55). For an enumeration and discussion of the known examples of this series see Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd ed., i., p. 229, note 33; _Bull. de Corr. Hellenique_, x., p. 67; xi., p. 1; _Gaz. Arch._, 1886, p. 239; Roscher, _Lexicon_, i, p. 449; Wolters, No. 14. The second series, here represented by Nos. 206, 207, in which the hands are raised, is developed from the first, but shows a great advance in all respects. Perhaps it gives the Cretan type as developed by artists of the school of Aegina.

[Sidenote: =200.=]

Figure of Apollo (?) standing with the right leg drawn back, and with the hands pressed against the hips. He has a diadem across the forehead, and the hair falls on the shoulders and down the back.--_Naucratis._

Alabaster; height, 10-1/4 inches.

[Sidenote: =201.=]

Apollo (?) standing. Torso from the neck to the knees. The right leg is drawn back, and the hands are pressed against the thighs. The hair falls down on the shoulders and on the back.--_Naucratis._

Alabaster; height, 4-3/8 inches.

[Sidenote: =202.=]

Apollo. Torso from the neck to the middle of the thighs. The hands are pressed against the thighs. The hair falls on the shoulders and on the back. A belt crosses the body under the right arm, and over the left shoulder.--_Temenos of Apollo, Naucratis._

Marble (?); height, 3-1/8 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 1, fig. 9.

The following figures, Nos. 203, 204, belong to the same series, though the type is slightly varied, and No. 203, having been found in the temenos of Aphrodite, probably does not represent Apollo:--

[Sidenote: =203.=]

Male torso from the neck to the knees. The right hand lies across the breast; the left leg is to the front. The hair is cut square at the back, and in the front falls down on the shoulders.--_Temenos of Aphrodite, Naucratis._

Alabaster; height, 6-1/4 inches. _Naukratis_, II., pl. 14, fig.
13.

[Sidenote: =204.=]

Apollo. Male torso, similar to the preceding, but having no hair on the shoulders.--_Temenos of Apollo, Naucratis._

Alabaster; height, 4-3/4 inches. _Naukratis_, I., pl. 1, fig. 3.

[Sidenote: =205.=]

Figure of Apollo (?) standing, with the right leg drawn back, and with the hands pressed against the hips. The hair falls on the shoulders, terminating in a straight line, and intersected with conventional grooves running at right angles to each other.--_From Greece, probably from Boeotia._

Marble; height, 2 feet 6-1/4 inches. Murray, I., pl. 2, p. 107;
_Arch. Zeit._, 1882, pl. 4, p. 51; Mitchell, p. 213; Brunn,
_Denkmaeler_, No. 77.

[Sidenote: =206.=]

Figure of Apollo (?) standing, with the right leg drawn back. The hair is dressed, with the headdress known as the _krobylos_.

Round the taenia are five drilled holes, indicating that a wreath of bronze was attached. The arms, and the legs from the knees are wanting.

This figure, commonly known as the Strangford Apollo, is referred by Brunn to the school of Callon of Aegina.

From the collection of _Viscount Strangford_. Stated in 1864 to be from _Lemnos_, but said also to have been found in _Anaphe_ (Newton, _Essays_, p. 81).

Marble; height, 3 feet 4 inches. _Mon. dell' Inst._, IX., pl.
41; _Annali dell' Inst._, 1872, p. 181; Brunn, _Ber. d. k. bayer.
Akad. Phil.-hist. Classe_, 1872, p. 529; Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._,
3rd ed., I., p. 181, fig. 40; Murray, I., pl. 2; Rayet et Thomas,
_Milet et le Golfe Latmique_, pl. 28; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 51;
Wolters, No. 89; _Arch. Zeit._, 1864, p. 164*.

[Sidenote: =207.=]

Torso of Apollo (?) standing, with the right leg drawn back.

The head, arms, and legs from the knees are wanting; two points of attachment near the front of the hips, show that the arms were considerably bent at the elbows.

This figure was found in the _Dromos of a tomb at Marion (Cyprus)_.

Marble; height, 2 feet 5 inches. Herrmann, _Graeberfeld von
Marion_, p. 22. The tomb contained a coin of Idalium, of about
510 B.C., a gold cup with acorns _repousse_, several black figured
vases, one at least of an early character, and no red figured
vases.

[Sidenote: =208.=]

Head of Apollo. The hair is bound with a taenia and falls in short corkscrew curls over the forehead, and in a flowing mass down the shoulders. The sharply cut outlines of the features, and the wiry character of the hair suggest that this head is a copy of an archaic work in bronze. It has been conjectured that the head is copied from the Apollo of Canachos at Branchidae, but there is no evidence in favour of the theory, which has been given up as untenable. (Cf. Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd ed., i., p. 110). A bronze statuette from the Payne Knight collection, which has a better claim to be considered a copy of Apollo of Canachos, may be seen in the Bronze Room.

_Brought from Rome by Lord Cawdor, and purchased by Townley.--Townley Coll._

Parian marble; height, 1 foot 5-1/2 inches. _Specimens_, I., pls.
5, 6; _Mus. Marbles_, III., pl. 4; Ellis, _Townley Gallery_, I.,
p. 321; Mueller, _Denkmaeler_, I., pl. 4, fig. 22; Overbeck, _Gr.
Plast._, 3rd ed., I., p. 109, fig. 14; Wolters, No. 228; _cf._
Rayet et Thomas, _Milet et le Golfe Latmique_, pl. 37; Michaelis,
_Anc. Marbles_, p. 94.

[Sidenote: =209.=]

Statue of Apollo, standing. The chief weight of the body is thrown on the right leg, while the left knee is bent, and the left foot rests lightly on the ground. The head is slightly turned to the right. The hair is dressed with the headdress known as the _krobylos_.

The left hand and right forearm, which appear to have been separate pieces, are wanting. The left hand held some attribute, perhaps a branch, for which there is a mark of attachment by the left knee. The right hand, which rested on the stump beside the right leg, seems to have held a strap.--_From the Choiseul-Gouffier Collection, 1818._

Marble; height, 5 feet 10-1/2 inches. Restored: tip of nose.
_Specimens_, II., pl. 5; Ellis, _Townley Gallery_, I. p. 194;
Clarac, III., pl. 482B, No. 931A; _Mus. Marbles_, XI., pl. 32;
_Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, I., pl. 4; _Stereoscopic_, No. 143;
Murray, I., pl. 8; Wolters, No. 221.

This statue, commonly known as the Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo,
together with other examples of the same type, has given rise to
much discussion. The chief replica is a statue at Athens, commonly
called the 'Apollo on the Omphalos,' having been associated with a
marble _omphalos_, or sacred cone of Apollo, which was discovered
at the same time. Grave doubts, however, exist as to the
connection of the figure and of the omphalos. (_Journ. of Hellen.
Studies_, I., p. 180; _Athenische Mittheilungen_, IX., p. 248.)
The Athenian statue is published, Conze, _Beitraege_, pls. 3, 5;
_Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, I., pl. 5; Murray, I., pl. 8; Brunn,
_Denkmaeler_, No. 42. For a list of other replicas of the type,
see _Athenische Mittheilungen_, IX., p. 239. The statue is
generally taken to be an Apollo. It has, indeed, been argued that
it is a pugilist, and not Apollo (Waldstein, _Journ. of Hellen.
Studies_, I., p. 182; Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd ed., II., p.
414); and if the figure is Apollo, it must be admitted that 'the
proportions are rather suited to the patron of pugilism (_Il._
[Greek: psi.] 660) than to the leader of a celestial orchestra'
(_Specimens_, II., pl. 5; _Athenische Mittheilungen_, IX., p.
244). But the title is established by a quiver attached to the
stump of a replica in Rome (Matz-Duhn, _Bildw. in Rom_, I., No.
179), and of a somewhat similar figure at Cassel (_Athenische
Mittheilungen_, I., pl. 10), and by the fact that a copy (No. 210)
has been found in the temple of Apollo at Cyrene. Moreover, the
head of a similar figure, undoubtedly an Apollo, occurs on
a relief in the Capitoline Museum (Braun, _Vorschule der
Kunstmythologie_, pl. 5). Compare also the figure of Apollo on a
vase at Bologna, _Mon. dell' Inst._, X., pl. 54. There has also
been much discussion as to the school of art to which the type
must be assigned, and as to the character of the original statue.
The statue has been assigned by different writers to Calamis
("Apollo Alexikakos"; Conze, _Beitraege_, p. 19; Murray, I.,
p. 189; Furtwaengler, in Roscher's _Lexicon_, I., p. 456); to
Pasiteles (Kekule, _Menelaos_, p. 30); to Alcamenes (Furtwaengler,
_Athenische Mittheilungen_, V., p. 39; _cf. Journ. of Hellen.
Studies_, VIII., p. 41); to Pythagoras of Rhegium ("Euthymos";
Waldstein, _loc. cit._); and to Callimachos ("Apollo
Daphnephoros"; Schreiber, _Athenische Mittheilungen_, IX., p.
248). It has been variously held that the original statue was of
bronze, and is therefore lost (_Mus. Marbles_, XI., pl. 32; _cf._
Murray, I., p. 191), or that the Athenian statue is the original,
whence other copies are derived (_Athenische Mittheilungen_, IX.,
p. 240).

The _krobylos_ seems to indicate some Attic sculptor of the first
half of the 5th cent. B.C. (Schreiber, _Athenische Mittheilungen_,
VIII., p. 255). The existence of numerous copies proves that the
original was famous, and it is generally supposed that the figure
is an Apollo. It is impossible to make a more definite statement
with confidence, in the present state of our knowledge as to the
Attic sculptors who preceded Pheidias.

[Sidenote: =210.=]

Head of Apollo, a replica of No. 209. The head is broken off in the middle of the neck. The chin, the tip of the nose, and parts of the hair are wanting. The author of this copy has misunderstood the arrangement of the headdress.--Found by Smith and Porcher in the _Temple of Apollo at Cyrene_.

Marble; height, 11 inches; Smith and Porcher, p. 100 No. 19
Murray, I., p. 190.

[Sidenote: =211.=]

Head of Apollo, a replica of No. 209. The head is broken off below the chin. The nose and the tip of the chin are wanting.

This copy shows better than either 209 or 210, the arrangement of the hair in the _krobylos_, the origin of the plaits being clearly indicated. It chiefly differs from them in the amount of hair falling down at the back of the ears; in this head there are the remains of thick tresses, while in the other instances there are only a few short curls. There is a rectangular hole at the back of the head.--_Presented by the Hon. E. A. Pelham._

Marble; height, 9-1/2 inches. This head was found in 1882 at
a cottage at Ventnor, built by Sir Richard Worsley. It was,
doubtless, brought by him from Greece.

MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES.

[Sidenote: =215.=]

Fragment of lacunar, from a ceiling, with two panels in low relief. (1) Horse galloping to the right. (2) Gryphon seizing a stag.

Below is a band of rosettes in squares. The whole is surrounded by remains of a large bead ornament.--_Presented by Algernon, fourth Duke of Northumberland._

Green limestone (?); height, 1 foot 1-1/2 inches; width, 1 foot 1
inch.

[Sidenote: =216.=]

Fragment of lacunar nearly similar to preceding. The upper panel is wanting. Below is a Gryphon seizing a stag. Below is a band of rosettes; between the two panels is a band of maeander pattern.--_Presented by Algernon, fourth Duke of Northumberland._

Green limestone (?); height, 9-1/4 inches; width, 10-1/4 inches.

[Sidenote: =217.=]

Fragment of relief. On a pedestal is a lion, walking to the left. Before the lion are three balls. Above were two figures standing to the front, of which only the feet remain. The figure on the left stood with feet side by side; that on the right stood with the legs crossed (Fig. 4). This relief, though undoubtedly archaic, appears not to belong to the prehistoric period of Mycenae (_cf._ Nos. 1-6).--_Mycenae._ _Inwood Coll._

Green limestone; height, 1 foot 1-1/4 inches; width, 9-1/2 inches.
_Synopsis_, No. 429; Loeschcke, _Athenische Mittheilungen_, IV.,
p. 296; Wolters, No. 53.