Chapter III: Preface (3)

anstataux = instead of. multa = much (multaj, many).
aprilo = April. ofta = frequent (ofte, often).
auxgusto = August. ol = than (82).
jaro = year. printempo = spring (season).
junio = June. tago = day.
julio = July. sezono = season.
majo = May. somero = summer.
marto = March. tial = therefore (78).
monato = month. vintro = winter.

PRI LA SEZONOJ.

La vintro estas la malplej agrabla sezono el la tuta jaro. Negxas tre multe, kaj tial oni nur malofte promenas, cxar la stratoj estas tro malsekaj. Oni marsxas kun granda zorgo, kaj malrapide ("slowly"), tial ke oni ne volas fali kaj preskaux rompi la kolon. Oni zorge gardas sin tiam kontraux la malvarmaj nordaj ventoj. La manojn oni metas en la posxojn, sed la vizagxon oni ne povas bone gardi. Mi ne sxatas resti ekster la domo dum tia vetero. Mi multe preferas sidi en varma luma cxambro, kaj skribi leterojn per bona plumo. La monatoj de la printempo estas marto, aprilo kaj majo. La bela printempo sxajnas pli agrabla ol la vintro. Gxiaj tagoj estas pli longaj kaj pli varmaj, gxiaj ventoj blovas malpli forte. En cxi tiu sezono la kampoj kaj arboj frue komencas montri plej belajn kolorojn. La birdoj konstruas siajn nestojn, kaj dolcxe kantas. Oni povas promeni sur la mola herbo, anstataux sur malsekaj malagrablaj stratoj. Pluvas pli multe en aprilo, tamen post la pluvo la herbo sxajnas pli verda, kaj la nuboj baldaux forflugas de la blua cxielo. Dum majo oni trovas violojn, kaj en junio oni vidas tre multajn rozojn. Sed la plej agrabla el la sezonoj estas la somero. Anstataux malvarmaj ventoj la somero havas la plej belan veteron, kun suda aux okcidenta ventoj. La longaj tagoj estas varmaj, sed la noktoj estas tute agrablaj. Tiam oni havas pli bonajn fruktojn ol dum la printempo. La monatoj de la somero estas junio, julio kaj auxgusto. Mi plej sxatas junion. Cxu vi sxatas gxin pli multe ol mi? Cxu vi sxatas auxguston pli multe ol julion?

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. I read a most interesting book about Frederick the Great. 2. It relates that he often stayed-awake and read with great interest during the later hours of the night. 3. His youngest servant was a small boy. 4. The king loved this boy more than [he loved] the older servants. 5. The winter is a less pleasant season than the spring, but the summer is more pleasant than that [season]. 6. During March the east winds blow most strongly, and shake the trees very much. 7. In April one needs his umbrella, for (the reason that) there are often clouds in the sky and it rains a great deal (very much). 8. The streets are very wet, but the water does not seem to wash them. 9. In May one begins to find sweet violets, and the birds in the trees above our heads sing very sweetly. 10. In June the most beautiful roses are seen (54). 11. July and August are the warmest months of the whole year. 12. The days are longer than the nights, and the weathercock shows west and south winds, instead of those disagreeable north and east winds. 13. One stays outside [of] the house then with greater pleasure, and goes walking in the parks. 14. I think that I like the summer better than you [do]. 15. Therefore I praise the summer more than you [do]. 16. However, I praise you more than [I praise] your younger brother. 17. He is less wise than you.

LESSON XIX.

"JU" AND "DES" IN COMPARISONS.

84. In clauses expressing a comparison between two objects, acts or states, the adverbial use of English "the ... the ..." (meaning "by how much ... by that much ...") is rendered by the adverbs "ju" and "des", respectively:

Ju pli bona li estas, des pli felicxa li estos,
the better he is, the happier he will be.
Ju pli ofte mi rigardas, des pli mi volas rigardi,
the oftener I look, the more I wish to look.
Ju pli bele la luno brilas, des pli oni sxatas la nokton,
the more beautifully the moon shines, the more one likes the night.
Ju malpli pluvas, des pli la floroj velkas,
the less it rains, the more the flowers wither.
Ju malpli multe vi helpas, des malpli multe mi lauxdos vin,
the less you help, the less I shall praise you.
Cxar vi helpis, mi des pli multe lauxdos vin,
because you helped, I shall praise you the (that much) more.

[Footnote: Cf. Shakespeare, As You Like It, V, II, 49, "By so much the more shall I tomorrow be at the height of heart-heaviness, by how much I shall think my brother happy in having what he wishes for."]

THE PREPOSITION "INTER".

85. In English, the preposition "between" is used in reference to two persons or things, and "among" in reference to three or more. As the difference in meaning is not essential, Esperanto has but the one preposition inter to express both "between" and "among":

Li sidas inter vi kaj mi, he is sitting between you and me.
Li sidas inter siaj amikoj, he is sitting among his friends.
La monato majo estas inter aprilo kaj junio,
the month of May is between April and June.
Inter tiuj libroj estas tre interesa libro,
among those books there is a very interesting book.

THE PREPOSITION "PRO".

86. Cause or reason may be expressed not only by an adverb (78) or a clause (83), but also by use of the preposition "pro", because of, on account of, for the sake of, for. It directs the thought away from the complement toward the action, feeling or state caused by it, or done in its interest or behalf:

La floroj velkas pro la seka vetero,
the flowers wilt because of the dry weather.
Mi skribis la leteron pro vi,
I wrote the letter for you (for your sake).
Pro tiuj nuboj mi timas ke pluvos,
on account of those clouds I fear that it will rain.
Oni sxatas cxerizojn pro la dolcxa gusto,
people like cherries because of the sweet taste.

PREPOSITIONS WITH ADVERBS AND OTHER PREPOSITIONS.

87. Prepositions may be used with adverbs or with prepositional phrases when the meaning permits:

La kato kuris el sub la tablo, the cat ran out-from under the table.
Li venos el tie, he will come out of there.
De nun li estos zorga, from now he will be careful.
Li staris dekstre de la vojo, he stood on the right of the road.
Mi iros for de cxi tie, I shall go away from here.

VOCABULARY

auxtuno = autumn, fall. negxo = snow.
decembro = December. novembro = November.
des = (see 84). nuda = bare, naked.
februaro = February. oktobro = October.
glacio = ice. pro = because of (86).
inter = between, among (85). rikolti = to harvest.
januaro = January. rivero = river.
ju = (see 84). septembro = September.
kovri = to cover. tero = ground, earth.

LA AUXTUNO KAJ LA VINTRO.

La sezonoj de la jaro estas la vintro, la printempo, la somero, kaj la auxtuno. La auxtuno estas inter la somero kaj la vintro. Gxiaj monatoj estas septembro, oktobro kaj novembro. En septembro oni povas kolekti maturajn fruktojn. Tiam ankaux oni rikoltas la flavan grenon de la kampoj. Dum cxi tiu monato kaj dum oktobro la folioj sur la brancxoj komencas esti rugxaj kaj flavaj, anstataux verdaj. La herbo velkas, kaj bruna tapisxo sxajnas kovri la teron. Baldaux la folioj falas al la tero, kaj en novembro la arboj estas tute nudaj. Pli aux malpli frue negxas. La glacio ofte kovras la akvon en la riveroj, kaj restas sur la stratoj kaj la vojoj. La mola blanka negxo kovras la teron, kaj kusxas sur la brancxoj de la arboj. Tiam, pro la fortaj ventoj, gxi falas de la brancxoj al la tero. La birdoj frue lasas tian veteron, kaj flugas de cxi tie al pli sudaj kampoj kaj arboj. Ili ne povas resti, pro la malvarmaj tagoj kaj noktoj. Ili malsxatas la negxon kaj la glacion pli multe ol ni. Ju pli multe negxas; des pli malofte ni volas promeni. Ni preferas resti en la domo, anstataux ekster gxi. Ju pli ni rigardas la nudajn brancxojn de la arboj, des pli malagrabla sxajnas la vintro. Tamen la junaj infanoj tre sxatas tian veteron, kaj ju pli negxas, kaj ju pli forte la norda vento blovas, des malpli ili estas kontentaj en la domo. Ili volas kuri sur la negxo, cxirkaux la arboj kaj inter ili, kun siaj junaj amikoj. Ili povas bone amuzi sin per la negxo. La monatoj de la vintro estas decembro, januaro kaj februaro. Gxi estas la plej malvarma sezono.

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. September, October and November are the months of autumn. 2. In these months, people harvest the yellow grain and gather various fruits. 3. The leaves on the trees around us begin to have red and yellow colors. 4. They begin to fall from the branches and lie upon the ground. 5. The more strongly the cold north wind blows through the branches, the sooner the leaves fall from there. 6. They lie under the bare trees, with the brown grass. 7. The sooner it snows, the sooner the ground will seem to have a white carpet. 8. The snow will completely ("tute") cover the grass during the months of the winter. 9. These months are December, January and February. 10. From that time ("de tiam") the ice and snow will cover the roads, and altogether ("tute") hide them. 11. There will often be ice on the water of the river. 12. We like this season of the year more than March, April and May. 13. We like it even more than the summer. 14. The months of the latter (62) are June, July and August. 15. The summer is the warmest season of the entire year. 16. Therefore we often say that the summer is the pleasantest season. 17. Because of its many pleasures, the summer is dear to me. 18. It is between the spring and the autumn.

LESSON XX.

THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF MANNER AND DEGREE.

88. The demonstrative adverb of manner and degree, related to the demonstrative pronoun "tiu", is "tiel", in that (this) manner, in such a way, thus, so. Like English "thus," "so," "tiel" may modify adjectives and other adverbs, by indicating degree:

Cxu oni tiel helpas amikon?
Does one help a friend in that (this) way?
Mi gxin skribis tiel, I wrote it thus (in such a way).
La vetero estas tiel bela, the weather is so beautiful.
Tiel mallonge li parolis, thus briefly he spoke.
Mi trovis tiel belan floron, I found such a beautiful flower.
Li prenis tiel multe, he took that much (so much).

PREPOSITIONS EXPRESSING TIME-RELATIONS.

89. The relations which prepositions express may be of various kinds. As in English, a certain number of prepositions primarily expressing place may also express time-relations. Such prepositions are "antaux", "cxirkaux", "de", "en", "gxis", "inter", "post", and "je" (whose use in other than time-relations will be explained later):

Mi foriros cxirkaux junio, I shall depart about June.
De tiu horo mi estis via amiko, from that hour I was your friend.
Li ne parolis al mi de tiu semajno,
he did not speak to me since from) that week.
En la tuta monato ne negxis,
it did not snow in (at any time within) the entire month.
Mi dormis gxis malfrua horo, I slept until (up to) a late hour.
Gxis nun li ne vidis vin, until now he did not see you.
Inter marto kaj junio mi iros tien,
between March and June I shall go there.
Je malfrua horo li foriris, at a late hour he went away.
Mi iros tien je dimancxo, I shall go there on Sunday.
Je tiu horo li vokis min, at that hour he called me.
Sxi ne restis tie post julio, she did not stay there after July.
Post ne longe mi vokos vin,
soon (after not long) I shall call you.

90. When a definite date or point in time is expressed, "antaux" means "before." When used with an expression of an "amount" of time, it is to be translated by "ago" following the expression (not by "before" preceding it):

Antaux dimancxo mi foriros, before Sunday I shall go away.
Mi vidis lin antaux tiu horo, I saw him before that hour.
Li skribos gxin antaux la nova jaro,
he will write it before New Year.
Antaux multaj jaroj mi trovis gxin, many years ago I found it.
Mi rompis gxin antaux longa tempo, I broke it a long time ago.
Antaux tre longe vi legis tiun libron,
you read that book very long ago.
Li venis antaux ne longe, he came recently (not long ago).
Antaux malmultaj jaroj li forkuris, a few years ago he escaped.

[Footnote: As already shown, "kun" expresses accompaniment, "per" expresses instrumentality, "pro" expresses cause, "kontraux" expresses opposition, "anstataux" expresses substitution, "sur", "apud", "sub", etc., express place, "dum" expresses time, etc.]

VOCABULARY

dimancxo = Sunday. mateno = morning.
energia = energetic. promeno = walk, promenade.
frosto = frost. rakonto = story, narrative.
je = at, on (89). ripozi = to rest, to repose.
kota = muddy. semajno = week.
labori = to work, to labor. tempo = time.
laca = tired, weary. tiel = thus, so (88)
lundo = Monday. tro = too, too much.
mardo = Tuesday. vespero = evening.

EN SEPTEMBRO.

Antaux multaj jaroj ni preferis resti en nia malgranda domo trans la rivero, dum la tuta auxtuno. Sed nun ni restas tie nur gxis oktobro. De auxgusto gxis oktobro la vetero estas tre agrabla tie, sed baldaux post tiu monato la fortaj ventoj blovas, kaj la folioj komencas fali. La frosto kovras la teron, kaj baldaux negxas tre ofte. Ju pli nudaj estas la arboj, des pli malbelaj ili sxajnas. La vetero antaux novembro ne estas tro malvarma, sed post tiu monato ni opinias ke la urbo estas pli agrabla ol domo inter kampoj kaj arboj, trans largxa rivero. La frosto, negxo kaj glacio kovras la teron en decembro, januaro kaj februaro. Sed la monato septembro sxajnas tre agrabla, pro siaj multaj plezuroj. La viroj laboras energie en la kampoj, de la mateno gxis la vespero. Ili rikoltas la flavan grenon, kaj kolektas la fruktojn. Sed je dimancxo oni ne laboras tiel energie, sed dormas gxis malfrua horo, tial ke je tiu tago oni ripozas. Je lundo oni komencas labori tre frue, kaj je mardo oni ankaux laboras energie. En septembro la vojoj ne estas tro kotaj, kaj longaj promenoj estas ofte agrablaj. Ju pli ofte mi promenas kun miaj amikoj, des pli multe mi sxatas tiajn promenojn. Sed hieraux mi estis tre laca post la promeno, tial mi ripozis sur granda mola segxo. Antaux ne longe la patro promenis kun mi, sed ni ne estis tiel lacaj je tiu tago. Sxajnas ke ju pli ofte ni promenas, des malpli lacaj ni estas post la promenoj. Post ne longe mi estos pli forta.

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. Many years ago we had a small house across the river. 2. We did not remain there during the entire year, but only in the warmer months of the summer. 3. Often we stayed until September or even until October. 4. My younger brothers and sisters amused themselves very well there from (the) morning until (the) evening. 5. They amused themselves among the flowers and trees, or went from there into the large fields. 6. Here the men work energetically, and harvest the ripe yellow grain. 7. Only on Sunday do they rest, because on that day one does not work. 8. Between August and November the men work more than in the winter. 9. In December and after that month they rest, for (83) from that time the frost, ice and snow cover the ground. 10. Because of the snow on the ground, long walks are not pleasant in the winter. 11. Recently (90) we went walking in the park across the river, but we were so tired after that walk! 12. The longer the walk is, the sooner one wishes to rest. 13. On Monday it rained, so (78) we read stories and wrote letters, in a pleasant light room in our house. 14. Before evening, however, the sun shone, and the streets were not so muddy. 15. On Tuesday these streets were almost dry, and soon the roads near the river and between the fields will also be dry. 16. A few years ago those roads were very good.

LESSON XXI.

THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME.

91. Duration of time and a date or point in time may be expressed not only by use of the prepositions "dum", during, and "je", at, on, but also (as in English) without the use of any preposition. When no preposition is used, the word or words indicating time are put in the accusative case:

Li restis tie la tutan semajnon (dum la tuta semajno),
he stayed there the whole week (during the whole week).
Sxi estis felicxa longan tempon (dum longa tempo),
she was happy a long time (during a long time; for a long time).
Ni rajdos tagon kaj nokton (dum tago kaj nokto),
we shall ride a day and a night (during a day and a night;
for a day and a night).
Mi venis dimancxon (je dimancxo), I came Sunday (on Sunday).
Tiun horon (je tiu horo), li forkuris,
that hour (at that hour) he escaped.

92. Although generally preferable, an accusative construction must be carefully placed, or avoided altogether, if confusion with other accusatives (expressing direction of motion, direct object, etc.) might result:

Mi volas iri Bostonon je lundo, I wish to go to Boston on Monday.
Mi volas iri al Bostono lundon, I wish to go to Boston Monday.
Lundon mi volas iri Bostonon, Monday I wish to go to Boston.

ADVERBS AND THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME.

93. An accusative of time, as well as a temporal adverb, may further define or be defined by another expression of time:

Li venis longan tempon antaux tiu horo,
he came a long time before that hour.
Jaron post jaro ili restis tie,
year after year they stayed there.
hodiaux matene, this morning.
hodiaux vespere, this evening.
hodiaux nokte, tonight.
hieraux vespere, last evening.
hieraux nokte, last night.
dimancxon matene, Sunday morning.
lundon vespere, Monday evening.
mardon nokte, Tuesday night.

94. An accusative of time does not necessarily imply that the act or state mentioned occurs oftener than the instance cited. An adverb from the same root usually gives an idea of frequency or repetition:

Li iros al ilia domo dimancxon, he will go to their house Sunday.
Li iras al ilia domo dimancxe, he goes to their house Sundays.
Li laboris tagon kaj nokton, he worked a day and a night.
Li laboras tage kaj nokte,
he works day and night (by day and by night).

THE PREPOSITION "POR".

95. The object or purpose with reference to which an act is performed or a condition exists is expressed by the preposition "por", for. It directs the thought toward its complement, contrasting thus with "pro" (86):

Mi havas libron por vi, I have a book for you.
Mi ne havas la tempon por tiel longa promeno,
I have not the time for so long a (such a long) walk.
Ili faris gxin por via plezuro, they did it for your pleasure.

VOCABULARY

brila = brilliant. merkredo = Wednesday.
Dio = God. mezo = middle.
dividi = to divide. mondo = world.
fari = to make. paci = to be at peace.
forgesi = to forget. por = for (95).
gxojo = joy. plori = to weep.
konstanta = constant. preta = ready.
kvieta = quiet, calm. ridi = to laugh.
lando = land, country. riprocxi = to reproach.

LA SEZONOJ KAJ LA MONDO.

Antaux tre longa tempo Dio faris la mondon. Li vidis ke la floroj havas belajn kolorojn, ke la arboj estas altaj kaj verdaj. Tiam li vokis la sezonojn kaj diris "Belan mondon mi faris por vi. Cxu vi gardos gxin tage kaj nokte, kaj estos tre zorgaj pri gxi?" La sezonoj respondis "Jes," kaj ridis pro gxojo. Mallongan tempon ili sxajnis esti tre felicxaj inter la arboj kaj floroj de la nova mondo. Sed ne multajn semajnojn ili tiel zorge gardis la mondon. Ili komencis malpaci ("quarrel") inter si, de la mateno gxis la vespero, kaj ofte forgesis la arbojn kaj florojn. Ju pli ili malpacis, des malpli zorge ili gardis la mondon. La malkonstanta printempo ne sxatis la kvietan vintron, kaj ploris pri la malvarma negxo. La varma brila somero diris ke la auxtuno estas tro malbrila. La laca auxtuno volis ripozi, kaj riprocxis la malkonstantan printempon pri cxi ties kota vetero. Pli kaj pli multe ili malpacis, kaj post ne longe ili tute ne restis amikoj. Tiam la auxtuno diris "Mi ne povas pli longan tempon labori kun vi pro la mondo. Niaj gustoj estas tro diversaj. Tial hodiaux matene ni dividos la mondon inter ni." La vintro respondis "Bone! Mi estas preta," kaj la somero kaj la printempo ridis pro gxojo. Tiun tagon ili dividis la mondon inter si. La vintro konstruis sian domon en la plej nordaj kaj sudaj landoj. Tie la frosto, negxo kaj glacio kovras la tutan landon, dum la tuta jaro. La brila energia somero prenis por si la mezon de la mondo. Tial la vetero tie estas plej varma kaj brila. La auxtuno kaj la printempo prenis por si la landojn inter la vintro kaj la somero. Tial la vetero estas nek tro varma nek tro malvarma en cxi tiuj landoj. Tiam la sezonoj rakontis al Dio ke ili tiel dividis la mondon inter si.

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. Tuesday my brother heard an interesting story, and Wednesday evening after a pleasant walk he related it to me. 2. The story is, that many years ago God made the beautiful new world, and gave it to the seasons. 3. They laughed for joy, and said that they would guard it well. 4. They were ready for pleasure, and also were willing ("volis") to work energetically for-the-sake-of the new young world. 5. Almost a year they were happy, but these seasons were too diverse, and could not long remain friends. 6. The brilliant summer wept and reproached the tired autumn. 7. The autumn preferred to rest, and disliked the muddy weather of the inconstant spring. 8. The quiet winter concealed itself beneath the frost and soft white snow, and wished to sleep. 9. The longer they kept the world among them, the more they quarreled. 10. Soon the autumn made the proposition, "We will divide the world." 11. Immediately that morning the seasons divided the world among themselves. 12. The northern and southern lands now belong to the winter, and the middle of the world belongs to the summer. 13. The spring and autumn took for themselves those lands between the winter and summer.

LESSON XXII.

CLAUSES EXPRESSING DURATION OF TIME.

96. The time during which an act takes place or a condition exists may be expressed not only by an adverb or accusative of time (91), or by use of the preposition "dum", but also by a clause introduced by "dum":

Li venis dum vi forestis,
he came while (during-the-time-that) you were away.
Dum la sezonoj malpacis, ili forgesis pri la mondo,
while the seasons quarreled, they forgot about the world.
Ni ridas pro gxojo dum negxas,
we laugh for joy while it is snowing.

CLAUSES EXPRESSING ANTICIPATION.

97. A clause expressing an action or condition as preceding or anticipating that of the main verb is introduced by "antaux ol":

Mi foriros antaux ol vi venos, I shall depart before you (will) come.
Antaux ol vi riprocxis lin, li ne ploris,
before you reproached him, he did not weep.
Vi ploris antaux ol vi ridis,
you wept before (sooner than) you laughed.

THE INFINITIVE WITH "ANSTATAUX", "POR", "ANTAUX OL".

98. An infinitive may be substantively used with "anstataux" to express substitution, with "por" to express purpose (Cf. Old English "But what went ye out for to see," Matt. xi, 8), and with "antaux ol" to express anticipation. It is usually translated by the English infinitive in "-ing":

Anstataux resti li foriris, instead of staying he went away.
Vi malhelpas anstataux helpi min, you hinder instead of helping me.
Ni venis por helpi vin, we came to help (in order to help) you.
Mi estas preta por iri merkredon,
I am ready to go (for going) Wednesday.
Li havos tro multe por fari, he will have too much to do.
Mi laboros antaux ol ripozi, I shall work before resting.
Antaux ol foriri, li dankis min, before going away, he thanked me.
Dio faris la mondon antaux ol doni gxin al la sezonoj,
God made the world before giving it to the seasons.

[Footnote: "Substantive" is the general name for nouns and pronouns, that is, for words which indicate persons, things, etc., and may be used as subject or object of a verb, complement of a preposition, etc.]

[Footnote: The infinitive may be used with "antaux ol" if its subject is the same as the subject of the main verb. Otherwise the construction explained in (97) must be used.]

THE EXPRESSION OF A PART OF THE WHOLE.

99. After nouns indicating a quantity or portion of some indefinite whole, the substantive expressing that indefinite whole is preceded by the preposition "da", of:

Estas skatolo da cxerizoj tie, there is a box of cherries there.
Mi trovis grandan sakon da mono, I found a large bag of money.
Li havas teleron da viando, he has a plate of meat.
Post horoj da gxojo ofte venas horoj da malgxojo,
after hours of joy there often come hours of sorrow.

100. The preposition "da" must not be used if a quantity or portion of a "definite" or "limited" whole is expressed. If the word indicating the whole is limited by "la", it is thereby made definite:

Telero de la maturaj pomoj, a plate of the ripe apples.
Sako de la bona kafo, a sack of the good coffee.

VOCABULARY

Aleksandro = Alexander. koni = to be acquainted with.
barelo = barrel. lauxta = loud.
bruo = noise. lito = bed.
da = of (99). logxi = to dwell, to reside.
demandi = to inquire, to ask. nombro = number (quantity).
Diogeno = Diogenes. pura = clean.
greka = Greek. suficxa = sufficient, enough.
kelkaj = several, some. veki = to wake.
kvankam = although. viziti = to visit.
cxifono = rag. vesto = garment, clothes.

DIOGENO KAJ ALEKSANDRO GRANDA.

Antaux multaj jaroj sagxa greka viro, Diogeno, logxis en granda urbo. Li opiniis ke ju pli malmulte oni bezonas, des pli felicxa oni estas. Por montri al la mondo ke li ne bezonas multe, kaj ke tial li havas suficxe por esti felicxa, li logxis en granda malnova barelo, anstataux havi domon. Anstataux kusxi nokte sur lito aux almenaux sur mola tapisxo, li ecx dormis en tiu barelo. Oni multe parolis pri Diogeno en la urbo, ne nur cxar li tiel logxis, sed ankaux pro liaj sagxaj diroj. Post kelke da tempo ("some time") la regxo Aleksandro Granda venis tien por viziti la urbon. Dum li estis tie li auxdis pri Diogeno, kaj demandis pri li. "Cxu li logxas en la urbo?" Aleksandro diris. "Kvankam vi ne konas lin, mi opinias ke mi volas vidi tian viron." Oni respondis "Diogeno estas sagxa viro, sed anstataux logxi en domo, li preferas sidi la tutan tempon en malnova barelo. Anstataux porti ("wearing") purajn vestojn, li portas nur malpurajn cxifonojn, cxar li opinias ke ju pli malmulte li bezonas, des pli felicxa li estos." Aleksandro diris "Antaux ol foriri de via lando mi vizitos tiun viron." Antaux ol li foriris de la urbo, Aleksandro iris kun nombro da amikoj por viziti Diogenon, kaj trovis lin en lia barelo. "Cxu tiu viro volas paroli al mi?" demandis Diogeno per lauxta vocxo. Aleksandro Granda respondis "Mi estas la regxo Aleksandro, kaj mi volas koni vin. Mi vidas ke kvankam vi estas sagxa vi estas tre malricxa. Cxu vi ne volas kelkajn novajn vestojn anstataux tiuj malpuraj cxifonoj?" Diogeno tuj diris "Antaux ol vi venis kaj staris inter mi kaj la suno, cxi tiu tre varme brilis sur min. Cxu vi venis por fari bruon kaj por veki min?" Aleksandro ridis kaj diris "Mi vidas ke vi havas suficxe por esti felicxa. Tial mi estas preta por foriri."

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. Diogenes was a wise man who dwelt in a Greek city, many years ago. 2. In order to show to the inconstant world that one does not need much in order to be happy, he did not have even a house or a bed. 3. He stayed day and night in a big barrel, instead of residing in a house. 4. He preferred to wear old rags, instead of good clean clothes. 5. He said "The less one needs, the happier he will be." 6. While Alexander the Great was visiting that city, people talked to him about Diogenes. 7. They asked "Are you acquainted-with that wise man?" 8. Soon the king went with a number of his friends to that-man's big barrel, in the middle of the city. 9. Diogenes was asleep, but the noise of the loud voices waked him, and he said angrily "You are standing between me and the sun! Will you not go away at once?" 10. Although several of the men laughed, Alexander said "We did not come to quarrel with you. 11. I see that you have enough to be happy, so instead of talking and making a noise we shall leave (go away from) you at once." 12. Before Diogenes could answer, Alexander had quietly walked away.

LESSON XXIII.

ADVERBS EXPRESSING A PART OF THE WHOLE.

101. After adverbs used to indicate a quantity or portion of some indefinite whole, as well as after nouns of such meaning (99), the substantive expressing the indefinite whole is preceded by the preposition "da":

Multe da bruo, much (a quantity of) noise.
Tiel malmulte da tempo, so little (such a small quantity of) time.
Kelke da pomoj, some (an indefinite number of) apples.

102. Verbs may be modified by an adverb and prepositional phrase containing "da":

Li trinkis malmulte da akvo, he drank little (not much) water.
Estas multe da sablo en la dezerto, there is much sand in the desert.
Ju pli negxas, des pli multe da negxo kusxas sur la vojoj,
the more it snows, the more snow lies on the roads.

[Footnote: A prepositional phrase containing "da", whether following a noun or an adverb, is sometimes called a "partitive" construction.]

103. It is evident from the above examples that an adverb followed by "da" has a somewhat collective sense, indicating a general sum, mass, or portion of the whole, without distinction of particulars. An "adjective" of quantitative meaning, on the other hand, usually indicates consideration of the individuals composing the sum or mass named:

En urbo oni havas multe da bruo, in a city one has much noise.
Ni auxdis multajn bruojn, we heard many (different) noises.
Tie oni havas multe da plezuro, there one has much pleasure.
Oni havas multajn plezurojn tie,
people have many (different) pleasures there.

THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF QUANTITY.

104. The demonstrative adverb of quantity related to the demonstrative pronoun "tiu" is "tiom", that (this) much, that many, that quantity, so much, etc.:--

Mi donis tiom da mono al vi,
I gave that much (that amount of) money to you.
Mi acxetis tiom da viando, I bought that much meat.
Tiom de la libroj mi legis, that many of the books I read.

RESULT CLAUSES.

105. A clause of result (also called a consecutive clause) expresses an action or condition as due to, or resulting from, something indicated in the main sentence, as "he is so strong that he can do it," "I had so much pleasure that I laughed heartily." In Esperanto a result clause is introduced by "ke", preceded (directly or in the main sentence) by an adverb or adjective of manner, degree, or quantity:

Diogeno estis tiel sagxa greka viro ke Aleksandro lauxdis lin,
Diogenes was such a wise Greek man that Alexander praised him.
Mi havis tiom da plezuro ke mi tre ridis,
I had so much pleasure that I laughed very much.
Gxi estas tia vilagxo ke mi sxatas logxi tie,
it is such (that sort of) a village that I like to live there.

VOCABULARY

acxeti = to buy. kontuzo = bruise.
asparago = asparagus. lakto = milk.
brasiko = cabbage. legomo = vegetable.
butiko = store, shop. ovo = egg.
frago = strawberry. pizo = pea.
funto = pound. sabato = Saturday.
glaso = glass, tumbler. tiom = that much (104).
jxauxdo = Thursday. vendredo = Friday.
kremo = cream. vilagxo = village.

EN LA BUTIKO.

Hodiaux matene mi iris kun la patrino al la plej granda butiko en nia vilagxo. Tie sxi acxetis tiom da legomoj kaj fruktoj ke ni tute ne povis porti ilin. Tial juna knabo venis kun ni, kaj portis kelke da ili por ni. La patrino ne acxetis tiel multe je vendredo, sed hodiaux estas sabato, kaj sxi volis acxeti legomojn por dimancxo, cxar dimancxe oni ne povas iri en la butikojn. Tial sabate oni kutime acxetas suficxe por la mangxoj de sabato kaj dimancxo. Meze de la butiko staras multe da bareloj. En cxi tiuj oni trovas grandan nombron da fresxaj puraj legomoj. La patrino acxetis tiel multe da asparago kaj novaj pizoj, kaj tiel grandan sakon da terpomoj, ke la tablo restis preskaux nuda. Mi vidis brasikon tie, sed tiun legomon mi malsxatas, kvankam oni diras ke gxi estas tre bona legomo. Antaux ol foriri de la butiko la patrino acxetis kelke da ovoj, kaj rigardis la fruktojn en bareloj apud la pordo. Ili sxajnis tiel bonaj ke sxi acxetis kelkajn maturajn pomojn kaj skatolon da fragoj. Dum oni donis al sxi la fruktojn, mi acxetis kelkajn funtojn da sukero. Tiam ni estis pretaj por foriri el la butiko. Sur la vojo ni auxdis tiel grandan bruon ke mi lasis la patrinon kaj kuris trans la straton. Mi trovis tie infanon,la filon de nia najbaro. Li faris la bruon, cxar li falis de la arbo antaux sia domo, kaj tre lauxte ploris. Li diris al mi ke li havas multajn kontuzojn sur la kapo. Cxar mi bone konas la infanon, mi demandis "Cxu vi volas grandan rugxan pomon? Mi havas tian pomon por vi." Li tuj kaptis la pomon, kaj mi foriris. Tiam la patrino kaj mi iris al la domo.

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. I shall go to the village today with my younger sister. 2. We wish to buy some eggs, vegetables and fruit for Mother. 3. Mother prefers to remain in the house, because it is raining. 4. It rained on Thursday and Friday, but today it is not raining very much. 5. The air is warm and pleasant, and we shall carry umbrellas with us. 6. We shall buy some new peas, a box of strawberries and several pounds of sugar. 7. Thus we shall have enough for the meals of Saturday and Sunday. 8. I wonder whether we shall see such asparagus and such cabbage on the tables or in the barrels. 9. Although I do not often eat such vegetables, Father and Mother are very fond of ("multe sxatas") both cabbage and asparagus. 10. We shall also buy enough milk for several glasses of milk, and we shall need much cream for the strawberries. 11. It seems that we shall buy such a number of vegetables that we cannot carry them. 12. While we were standing near the door, ready to go toward the village (46), we heard a loud voice. 13. A child was standing in the street, and crying. 14. He wished to go with his mother to visit some friends. 15. I suppose that a noise on the street waked him, and he did not wish to remain in his bed.

LESSON XXIV.

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.

106. The interrogative pronoun (and pronominal adjective) is "kiu", who, which. Since the use of this pronoun indicates a question, the sentence containing it does not need the interrogative adverb "cxu" (30):

Kiu vokas vin? Who calls you?
Kiun vi vokas? Whom do you call?
Kiuj el vi vokis nin? Which (ones) of you called us?
Kiujn li helpis? Whom (which ones) did he help?
Kiun tagon vi venos? What day will you come?
Kiujn legomojn vi preferas? What vegetables do you prefer?
Mi miras kiun libron vi acxetis? I wonder which book you bought?

107. The interrogative pronoun "kiu" has a possessive or genitive form "kies", whose:

En kies domo vi logxas? In whose house do you reside?
Kies amikojn vi vizitis? Whose friends did you visit?

THE PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.

108. A participle is a "verbal adjective", as in "a "crying" child." It agrees like other adjectives with the word modified (19, 24). The participle from a transitive verb (22) may take a direct object, and a participle expressing motion may be followed by an accusative indicating direction of motion (46). The present active participle, expressing what the word modified "is doing", ends in "-anta," as "vidanta", seeing, "iranta", going:

La ploranta infano volas dormi. The crying child wishes to sleep.
Mi vidas la falantajn foliojn, I see the falling leaves.
Kiu estas la virino acxetanta ovojn? Who is the woman buying eggs?
Mi parolis al la viroj irantaj vilagxon.
I talked to the men (who were) going toward the village.

COMPOUND TENSES.

109. A participle may be used predicatively with a form of "esti", as "Mi estas demandanta", I am asking, "La viro estas acxetanta", the man is buying. Such combinations are called "compound tenses", in contrast to the "simple" or "aoristic" tenses.

[Footnote: An aoristic tense consists of but one word (ending in "-as", "-os", etc.) and expresses an act or state as a whole, without specifying whether it is finished, still in progress, or yet begun.]

Compound tenses occur less often in Esperanto than in English, and an aoristic Esperanto tense may often be translated by an English compound tense, as "La birdoj flugas", the birds are flying. When used to form a compound tense, the verb "esti" is called the "auxiliary verb". No other verb is ever used as an auxiliary (a simpler method than in English, which uses "be", "have", "do", "will", "shall", "would", etc.).

THE PROGRESSIVE PRESENT TENSE.

110. The compound tense formed by using the present active participle with the present tense of "esti" is called the "progressive present tense". It differs from the aoristic present by expressing an action as definitely in progress, or a condition as continuously existing, at the moment of speaking. The conjugation of "vidi" in this tense is as follows:

mi estas vidanta, I am seeing.
vi estas vidanta, you are seeing.
li (sxi, gxi) estas vidanta, he (she, it) is seeing.
ni estas vidantaj, we are seeing.
vi estas vidantaj, you (plural) are seeing.
ili estas vidantaj, they are seeing.

THE SUFFIX "-EJ-".

111. Words expressing the place where the action indicated by the root occurs, or where the object indicated by the root may be found, are formed by inserting the suffix "-ej-" before the noun-ending:

cxevalejo, stable (from "cxevalo", horse).
dormejo, dormitory (from "dormi", to sleep).
herbejo, meadow (from "herbo", grass).
logxejo, lodging-place, dwelling (from "logxi", to dwell, to lodge).

[Footnote: Similar formations are made in English with the suffix "-y", as "bakery", "bindery", "grocery", etc. This suffix is equivalent to the "-ei" in German "Baeckerei", bakery, "Druckerei", printing-office, etc., and to the "-ie" in French "patisserie", pastry-shop, "imprimerie", printing-shop, etc.]

VOCABULARY

alia = other, another. kuiri = to cook.
baki = to bake. kurteno = curtain.
dika = thick. kutimo = custom.
facila = easy. leciono = lesson.
familio = family. lerni = to learn.
kanapo = sofa. pano = bread.
kies = whose (107). persono = person.
kiu = who (106). salono = parlor.

EN NIA DOMO.

Oni ofte miras kies domo en nia vilagxo estas plej bela, kaj kiu domo estas la plej agrabla logxejo. Nia domo ne estas tre granda, sed gxi estas nova kaj ni multe sxatas gxin. Gxia salono estas granda, kun belaj puraj kurtenoj kovrantaj la fenestrojn, kaj mola dika tapisxo kovranta la plankon. Cxi tie estas kelkaj segxoj, malgranda tablo, kaj longa kanapo. Personoj vizitantaj nin kutime sidas en cxi tiu cxambro, kaj dum ni estas sidantaj tie ni nur parolas, anstataux skribi aux legi. Alia cxambro en la domo estas tre luma kaj agrabla, sed malpli granda. Cxi tie staras tablo suficxe granda por nia tuta familio, kaj en tiu cxambro oni mangxas. Ofte ni restas tie longan tempon post la mangxo, cxar la patro rakontas interesajn rakontojn al ni, kaj ni multe ridas, kaj demandas pri tiuj rakontoj, kaj tiel bone amuzas nin ke mi preskaux forgesas pri miaj lecionoj. Tamen mi havas multe da lecionoj por lerni, kaj ili tute ne estas facilaj. Je tre frua horo matene mi iras al la lernejo, kun miaj fratoj kaj fratinoj. Nur sabate kaj dimancxe ni ne iras tien. La lernejo estas malnova kaj malgranda, sed oni estas nun konstruanta novan pli grandan lernejon apud nia domo. Dum la infanoj estas lernantaj siajn lecionojn tie, la patrino kutime iras al la bakejon, por acxeti suficxe da pano, por la mangxoj de la tago. Ofte sxi iras ankaux al aliaj butikoj. Jxauxdon sxi acxetis kelke da novaj pizoj, kaj da asparago. Vendredon sxi acxetis kelkajn funtojn da sukero, skatolon da fragoj, kaj suficxe da kremo kaj lakto. Hodiaux sxi estas acxetanta brasikon kaj sakon da terpomoj. Sxi volas kuiri tre bonan mangxon, tamen sxi havas tro multe por fari en la kuirejo, cxar sxi ne havas servistinon.

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. Who is the woman sitting on the sofa in the parlor? 2. I can not easily see her, but I hear her voice. 3. I wonder whose voice that is. 4. However, I think that it is the voice of a friend of Mother's. 5. Now I can see her, although she does not see me. 6. I am well acquainted with her. 7. She is a friend of our whole family, and is visiting a neighbor of ours ("najbaron nian") in this city. 8. My sister is sitting on the sofa in another room, and learning her lessons. 9. Soon she will go to school. 10. Whose book is she reading? 11. That thick book is mine, but the other books on the table near her are hers. 12. She prefers to sit in the sewing-room (111) to read or write (98), because the curtains in front of the windows are not too thick, and so (78) that room is very light and pleasant. 13. She also likes to look at the falling snow, and the men and women walking on the muddy streets. 14. On account of the cold weather, people are wearing thick clothes. 15. The men and boys are keeping their hands in their pockets while they walk. 16. The girls walking toward the school are friends of my sister's. 17. In that school they learn to cook. Soon they will be able to bake bread, and even to cook a whole meal. 18. I think such a custom is very good. 19. Many persons can not cook well enough ("suficxe bone").

LESSON XXV.

THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE.

112. The interrogative adjective related to the interrogative pronoun "kiu", is "kia", what kind of, what sort of:

Kiajn vestojn li portis? What sort of clothes did he wear?
Kian panon vi preferas? What kind of bread do you prefer?
Mi miras kia persono li estas. I wonder what sort of a person he is.
Kia vetero estas? What sort of weather is it?
Kia plezuro! What a pleasure!

THE IMPERFECT TENSE.

113. The compound tense formed by using the present active participle with the past tense of "esti" represents an act or condition as in progress in past time, but not perfected, and is called the "imperfect tense". The conjugation of "vidi" in this tense is as follows:

mi estis vidanta. I was seeing.
vi estis vidanta. you were seeing.
li (sxi, gxi) estis vidanta. he (she, it) was seeing.
ni estis vidantaj. we were seeing.
vi estis vidantaj. you were seeing.
ili estis vidantaj. they were seeing.

THE PROGRESSIVE FUTURE TENSE.

114. The compound tense formed by using the present active participle with the future tense of "esti" represents an act or condition as in progress--or a condition as existing continuously--at a future time, and is called the "progressive future" tense. The conjugation of "vidi" in this tense is as follows:

mi estos vidanta. I shall be seeing.
vi estos vidanta. you will be seeing.
li (sxi, gxi) estos vidanta. he (she, it) will be seeing.
ni estos vidantaj. we shall be seeing.
vi estos vidantaj. you will be seeing.
ili estos vidantaj. they will be seeing.

SALUTATIONS AND EXCLAMATIONS.

exclamation may be regarded as the direct object of a verb which is not expressed; these words are put in the accusative

Bonan matenon! Good morning! (I wish you "good morning.")
Bonan nokton! Good night! (I wish you a "good night.")
Multajn salutojn al via patro!
(I send) many greetings to your father!
Dankon! Thanks! (I give to you "thanks.")
Cxielon! Heavens! (I invoke the "heavens.")

WORD FORMATION.

116. The majority of roots have such a meaning that at least two kinds of words, and often three or four, may be formed from them by use of the general endings for verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs. (Each root will hereafter be quoted but once in the vocabularies, with a hyphen separating it from the ending with which it appears first in the reading lesson, or with which it is most frequently used.) Following are examples of word formation from roots already familiar:

VERB. NOUN. ADJECTIVE. ADVERB.

brili brilo brila brile
to shine shine, brilliance shining, brilliant brilliantly

flori floro flora flore
to bloom flower, blossom floral florally

gxoji gxojo gxoja gxoje
to rejoice joy, gladness joyful, glad gladly

kontuzi kontuzo
to bruise bruise, contusion

tuto tuta tute
whole entire, whole, all entirely

"KONI" AND "SCII".

117. The verb "koni", which means "to know" in the sense of "to be acquainted with" is used in speaking of persons, languages, places, etc. "Koni" always has a direct object. It is never followed by "ke", "cxu", "kiu", or any other interrogative word. "Scii" means "to know" in the sense of "to be aware," "to have knowledge." It is not used in speaking of persons.

[Footnote: "Koni" is equivalent to German "kennen", French "connaitre", Spanish "conocer", while "scii" is equivalent to German "wissen", French "savoir", Spanish "saber".]

Cxu vi konas tiun personon? Do you know that person?
Mi scias ke li estas nia najbaro. I know that he is our neighbor.
Mi bone konas Bostonon. I am well acquainted with Boston.
Mi ne scias cxu li konas ilin. I do not know whether he knows them.

VOCABULARY

av-o = grandfather. kia = what kind of (112).
buked-o = bouquet. lingv-o = language.
ekzamen-o = examination. nep-o = grandson.
ferm-i = to close. nu! Well!
frap-i = to strike, to knock. paper-o = paper.
geometri-o = geometry. salut-i = to greet.
german-a = German. sci-i = to know (117).
hejm-o = home. stud-i = to study.

LA NEPO VIZITAS LA AVINON.

Hieraux matene mi vizitis la avinon. Sxia hejmo estas apud la granda nova bakejo. Mi vidis sxin tra la fenestro, cxar la kurtenoj kovrantaj gxin estas tre maldikaj. Sxi estis sidanta sur la kanapo, kaj skribanta per plumo sur granda papero. Antaux ol frapi sur la pordo mi vokis sxin kaj diris "Bonan matenon, kara avino!" Tuj sxi demandis "Kiu estas tie? Kies vocxon mi auxdas?" Mi respondis "Estas via nepo. Cxu vi ne konas mian vocxon?" Antaux ol sxi povis veni al la pordo mi estis malfermanta gxin. Mi iris en la salonon kaj donis al la avino bukedon da floroj. "La patrino donas cxi tiujn al vi, kun siaj plej bonaj salutoj," mi diris. La avino respondis "Nu, kia plezuro! Multan dankon al sxi pro la bela bukedo, kaj ankaux al vi, cxar vi portis gxin cxi tien por mi!" Dum sxi estis metanta la florojn en glason da akvo la avino diris "Nu, kiajn lecionojn vi havis hodiaux en la lernejo?" Mi respondis ke mi bone konis la lecionojn, cxar mi zorge studis ilin. "Ni estas lernantaj la germanan lingvon," mi diris, "kaj ju pli longe ni studas gxin, des pli multe mi gxin sxatas, kvankam gxi estas tre malfacila." Mi rakontis ankaux pri la lecionoj de geometrio, kaj aliaj lecionoj, sed diris ke la ekzamenoj estos baldaux komencantaj. "Je tiu tempo," mi diris, "mi estos skribanta la respondojn al la ekzamenoj, preskaux la tutan semajnon." La avino demandis kun intereso "Cxu la demandoj de la ekzamenoj estos malfacilaj?" Mi respondis "Mi ne scias, sed mi timas ke ni estos tre lacaj post tiom da laboro." Post kelke da aliaj demandoj kaj respondoj, mi opiniis ke estas la horo por foriri. Dum mi estis foriranta, la avino diris "Multajn salutojn al la tuta familio!" Mi dankis sxin, diris "Bonan tagon!" kaj tiam foriris.

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. What sort of noise do I hear outside the door? 2. Are some of my friends knocking? 3. We were talking yesterday about the examinations in our school, and these boys came home to study with me. 4. I shall go to the door to open it and to greet my friends. 5. Good morning! Did you come to study geometry, or the German language? 6. Which of these is usually more difficult, and in which will the examination be the longer? 7. Well, we brought our German books, because we prefer to study these. 8. We wish to know this language thoroughly. 9. We shall go into the writing-room (111), for (83) some friends of my grandmother are in the parlor. 10. We can hear their voices here, and we can not study very well while they are talking. 11. They were carrying many flowers, and gave a beautiful bouquet to my grandmother. 12. She said "Many thanks for (86) the sweet violets! In whose garden did they bloom?" 13. Her friend's granddaughter is a friend of my youngest sister. 14. Well, shall we begin to study? Have you enough paper, and have you a good pen? 15. I shall close this other door, because they are baking bread in the kitchen, and cooking meat. 16. We shall be hearing the voices of so many persons that I know that we can not study.

LESSON XXVI.

THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.

118. The interrogative adverb of place, related to the interrogative pronoun "kiu" is "kie", where, in (at) what place. If the verb in the sentence expresses motion toward the place indicated by "kie", the ending "-n" is added, forming "kien", whither (where):

Kie li estis kaj kien oni forpelis lin?
Where was he and whither did they drive him (away)?
Li miros kie lia nepo estas. He will wonder where his grandson is.
Mi ne scias kien li kuris. I do not know where (whither) he ran.

THE PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.

119. The past active participle, (for the characteristics of a participle see 108) expressing what the word modified "did" or "has done", ends in "-inta", as "vidinta", having seen, "irinta", gone, having gone:

La falintaj folioj estas brunaj. The fallen leaves are brown.
Kiu estas la viro salutinta nin?
Who is the man having greeted (who greeted) us?
Oni forgesas la foririntajn personojn.
One forgets the departed persons (the persons who have gone away).

ADVERB DERIVATION FROM PREPOSITIONS.

120. Adverbs may be derived from prepositions whose sense permits, by use of the adverb ending "-e":

Antauxe li studis la geometrion, previously he studied geometry.
Poste li studis la germanan, afterwards he studied German.
Li marsxis antauxe, ne malantauxe, he walked in front, not behind.
Dume la viroj staris cxirkauxe, meanwhile the men stood roundabout.
Ili venis kune kaj sidis apude, they came together and sat near by.

ADVERBS EXPRESSING DIRECTION OF MOTION.

121. An adverb expressing place or direction is given the ending "-n" when used with a verb expressing motion toward that place or direction (69, 118, etc.):

Cxu li rajdis norden aux suden? Did he ride north or south(ward)?
Ni kuris antauxen, ne malantauxen, we ran forward, not back.
La bukedo falis eksteren kaj suben,
the bouquet fell out and underneath.
Li estis marsxanta hejmen, he was walking home (homeward).

[Footnote: The adverb may precede the verb and be united with it by simple juxtaposition, if the resulting word is not too long: "Li hejmeniris", he went home (he "home-went"). "Ni antauxeniros", we shall advance (go forward). "La bukedo subenfalis", the bouquet fell underneath.]

THE SUFFIX "-EG-".

122. The suffix "-eg-" may be added to a root to augment or intensify its meaning, thus forming an "augmentative" of the root:

barelego, hogshead (from "barelo", barrel).
bonega, excellent (from "bona", good).
malbonege, wickedly, wretchedly (from "malbone", badly, poorly).
domego, mansion (from "domo", house).
ploregi, to sob, to wail (from "plori", to weep).
treege, exceedingly (from "tre", very).

VOCABULARY

aer-o = air. pez-a = heavy.
danc-i = to dance. polv-o = dust.
fulm-o = lightning. sekv-i = to follow.
gut-o = drop (of water, etc.). sercx-i = to hunt for, to search.
kie = where (118). silent-a = still, silent.
okaz-i = to happen, to occur. subit-a = sudden.
okul-o = eye. tegment-o = roof.
pec-o = piece. tondr-o = thunder.

LA PLUVEGO.