Chapter I: Front Matter

GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF FISHES

VARIATIONS IN THE COLOR OF FISHES

The Oniokose or Demon Stinger, _Inimicus japonicus_ (Cuv. and Val.),
from Wakanoura, Japan. From nature by Kako Morita.

Surface coloration about lava rocks.

Coloration of specimens living among red algæ.

Coloration in deep water; _Inimicus aurantiacus_ (Schlegel).
]

A GUIDE
TO
THE STUDY OF FISHES

BY

DAVID STARR JORDAN

_President of Leland Stanford Junior University_

_With Colored Frontispieces and 507 Illustrations_

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL II.

"I am the wiser in respect to all knowledge
and the better qualified for all fortunes
for knowing that there is a minnow in that
brook."—_Thoreau_

NEW YORK
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
1905

Copyright, 1905

BY

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

Published March, 1905

CONTENTS
VOL. II.

CHAPTER I.

THE GANOIDS.

PAGE

Subclass Actinopteri.—The Series Ganoidei.—Are the Ganoids a 1
Natural Group?—Systematic Position of Lepidosteus.—Gill on the
Ganoids as a Natural Group.

CHAPTER II.

THE GANOIDS (_Continued_).

Classification of Ganoids.—Order Lysopteri.—The Palæoniscidæ.—The 13
Platysomidæ.—The Dorypteridæ.—The Dictyopygidæ.—Order
Chondrostei.—Order Selachostomi: the Paddle-fishes.—Order
Pycnodonti.—Order Lepidostei.—Family Lepisosteidæ.—Embryology of
the Garpike.—Fossil Garpikes.—Order Halecomorphi.—Pachycormidæ.—
The Bowfins: Amiidæ.—The Oligopleuridæ.

CHAPTER III.

ISOSPONDYLI.

The Subclass Teleostei, or Bony Fishes.—Order Isospondyli.—The 37
Classification of the Bony Fishes.—Relationships of
Isospondyli.—The Clupeoidea.—The Leptolepidæ.—The Elopidæ.—The
Albulidæ.—The Chanidæ.—The Hiodontidæ.—The Pterothrissidæ.—The
Ctenothrissidæ.—The Notopteridæ.—The Clupeidæ.—The
Dorosomatidæ.—The Engraulididæ.—Gonorhynchidæ.—The
Osteoglossidæ.—The Pantodontidæ.

CHAPTER IV.

SALMONIDÆ.

The Salmon Family.—Coregonus, the Whitefish.—Argyrosomus, the Lake 61
Herring.—Brachymystax and Stenodus, the Inconnus.—Oncorhynchus,
the Quinnat Salmon.—The Parent-stream Theory.—The Jadgeska
Hatchery.—Salmon-packing.

CHAPTER V.

SALMONIDÆ (_Continued_).

Salmo, the Trout and Atlantic Salmon.—The Atlantic Salmon.—The 89
Ouananiche.—The Black-spotted Trout.—The Trout of Western
America.—Cutthroat or Red-throated Trout.—Hucho, the Huchen.—
Salvelinus, the Charr.—Cristivomer, the Great Lake Trout.—The
Ayu, or Sweetfish.—Cormorant-fishing.—Fossil Salmonidæ.

CHAPTER VI.

THE GRAYLING AND THE SMELT.

The Grayling, or Thymallidæ.—The Argentinidæ.—The Microstomidæ.— 120
The Salangidæ, or Icefishes.—The Haplochitonidæ.—Stomiatidæ.—
Suborder Iniomi, the Lantern-fishes.—Aulopidæ.—The
Lizard-fishes.—Ipnopidæ.—Rondeletiidæ.—Myctophidæ.—
Chirothricidæ.—Maurolicidæ.—The Lancet-fishes.—The
Sternoptychidæ.—Order Lyopomi.

CHAPTER VII.

THE APODES, OR EEL-LIKE FISHES.

The Eels.—Order Symbranchia.—Order Apodes, or True Eels.—Suborder 139
Archencheli.—Suborder Enchelycephali.—Family Anguillidæ.—
Reproduction of the Eel.—Food of the Eel.—Larva of the Eel.—
Species of Eels.—Pug-nosed Eels.—Conger-eels.—The Snake-eels.—
Suborder Colocephali, or Morays.—Family Moringuidæ.—Order
Carencheli, the Long-necked Eels.—Order Lyomeri or Gulpers.—
Order Heteromi.

CHAPTER VIII.

SERIES OSTARIOPHYSI.

Ostariophysi.—The Heterognathi.—The Eventognathi.—The Cyprinidæ.— 159
Species of Dace and Shiner.—Chubs of the Pacific Slope.—The Carp
and Goldfish.—The Catostomidæ.—Fossil Cyprinidæ.—The Loaches.

CHAPTER IX.

THE NEMATOGNATHI, OR CATFISHES.

The Nematognathi.—Families of Nematognathi.—The Siluridæ.—The Sea 177
Catfish.—The Channel Cats.—Horned Pout.—The Mad-toms.—The Old
World Catfishes.—The Sisoridæ.—The Plotosidæ.—The Chlariidæ.—The
Hypophthalmidæ or Pygidiidæ.—The Loricariidæ.—The
Callichthyidæ.—Fossil Catfishes.—Order Gymnonoti.

CHAPTER X.

THE SCYPHOPHORI, HAPLOMI, AND XENOMI.

Order Scyphophori.—The Mormyridæ.—The Haplomi.—The Pikes.—The Mud 188
minnows.—The Killifishes.—Amblyopsidæ.—Kneriidæ, etc.—The
Galaxiidæ.—Order Xenomi.

CHAPTER XI.

ACANTHOPTERYGII; SYNENTOGNATHI.

Order Acanthopterygii, the Spiny-rayed Fishes.—Suborder 208
Synentognathi.—The Garfishes: Belonidæ.—The Flying-fishes:
Exocœtidæ.

CHAPTER XII.

PERCESOCES AND RHEGNOPTERI.

Suborder Percesoces.—The Silversides: Atherinidæ.—The Mullets: 215
Mugilidæ.—The Barracudas: Sphyrænidæ.—Stephanoberycidæ.—
Crossognathidæ.—Cobitopsidæ.—Suborder Rhegnopteri.

CHAPTER XIII.

PHTHINOBRANCHII: HEMIBRANCHII, LOPHOBRANCHII, AND

HYPOSTOMIDES.

Suborder Hemibranchii.—The Sticklebacks: Gasterosteidæ.—The 227
Aulorhynchidæ.—Cornet-fishes: Fistulariidæ.—The Trumpet-fishes:
Aulostomidæ.—The Snipefishes: Macrorhamphosidæ.—The
Shrimp-fishes: Centriscidæ.—The Lophobranchs.—The
Solenostomidæ.—The Pipefishes: Syngnathidæ.—The Sea-horses:
Hippocampus.—Suborder Hypostomides, the Sea-moths: Pegasidæ.

CHAPTER XIV.

SALMOPERCÆ AND OTHER TRANSITIONAL GROUPS.

Suborder Salmopercæ, the Trout-perches: Percopsidæ.— 241
Erismatopteridæ.—Suborder Selenichthyes, the Opahs: Lamprididæ.—
Suborder Zeoidea.—Amphistiidæ.—The John Dories: Zeidæ.—
Grammicolepidæ.

CHAPTER XV.

BERYCOIDEI.

The Berycoid Fishes.—The Alfonsinos: Berycidæ.—The Soldier-fishes: 250
Holocentridæ.—The Polymixiidæ.—The Pine-cone Fishes:
Monocentridæ.

CHAPTER XVI.

PERCOMORPHI.

Suborder Percomorphi, the Mackerels and Perches.—The Mackerel 258
Tribe: Scombroidea.—The True Mackerels: Scombridæ.—The Escolars:
Gempylidæ.—Scabbard and Cutlass-fishes: Lepidopidæ and
Trichiuridæ.—The Palæorhynchidæ.—The Sailfishes: Istiophoridæ.—
The Swordfishes: Xiphiidæ.

CHAPTER XVII.

CAVALLAS AND PAMPANOS.

The Pampanos: Carangidæ.—The Papagallos: Nematistiidæ.—The 272
Bluefishes: Cheilodipteridæ.—The Sergeant-fishes:
Rachycentridæ.—The Butter-fishes: Stromateidæ.—The Rag-fishes:
Icosteidæ.—The Pomfrets: Bramidæ.—The Dolphins: Coryphænidæ.—The
Menidæ.—The Pempheridæ.—Luvaridæ.—The Square-tails:
Tetragonuridæ.—The Crested Bandfishes: Lophotidæ.

CHAPTER XVIII.

PERCOIDEA, OR PERCH-LIKE FISHES.

Percoid Fishes.—The Pirate-perches: Aphredoderidæ.—The Pigmy 293
Sunfishes: Elassomidæ.—The Sunfishes: Centrarchidæ.—Crappies and
Rock Bass.—The Black Bass.—The Saleles: Kuhliidæ.—The True
Perches: Percidæ.—Relations of Darters to Perches.—The Perches.—
The Darters: Etheostominæ.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE BASS AND THEIR RELATIVES.

The Cardinal-fishes: Apogonidæ.—The Anomalopidæ.—The Asineopidæ— 316
The Robalos: Oxylabracidæ.—The Sea-bass: Serranidæ.—The
Jewfishes.—The Groupers.—The Serranos.—The Flashers: Lobotidæ.—
The Big eyes: Priacanthidæ.—The Pentacerotidæ.—The Snappers:
Lutianidæ.—The Grunts: Hæmulidæ.—The Porgies: Sparidæ.—The
Picarels: Mænidæ.—The Mojarras: Gerridæ.—The Rudder-fishes:
Kyphosidæ.

CHAPTER XX.

THE SURMULLETS, THE CROAKERS AND THEIR RELATIVES.

The Surmullets, or Goatfishes: Mullidæ.—The Croakers: Sciænidæ.— 351
The Sillaginidæ, etc.—The Jawfishes: Opisthognathidæ, etc.—The
Stone-wall Perch: Oplegnathidæ.—The Swallowers: Chiasmodontidæ.—
The Malacanthidæ.—The Blanquillos: Latilidæ.—The Bandfishes:
Cepolidæ.—The Cirrhitidæ.—The Sandfishes: Trichodontidæ.

CHAPTER XXI.

LABYRINTHICI AND HOLCONOTI.

The Labyrinthine Fishes.—The Climbing-perches: Anabantidæ.—The 365
Gouramis: Osphromenidæ.—The Snake-head Mullets: Ophicephalidæ.—
Suborder Holconoti, the Surf-fishes.—The Embiotocidæ.

CHAPTER XXII.

CHROMIDES AND PHARYNGOGNATHI.

Suborder Chromides.—The Cichlidæ.—The Damsel-fishes: 380
Pomacentridæ.—Suborder Pharyngognathi.—The Wrasse Fishes:
Labridæ.—The Parrot-fishes: Scaridæ.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE SQUAMIPINNES.

The Squamipinnes.—The Scorpididæ.—The Boarfishes: Antigoniidæ.—The 397
Arches: Toxotidæ.—The Ephippidæ.—The Spadefishes: Ilarchidæ.—The
Platacidæ.—The Butterfly-fishes: Chætodontidæ.—The Pygæidæ.—The
Moorish Idols: Zanclidæ.—The Tangs: Acanthuridæ.—Suborder
Amphacanthi, the Siganidæ.

CHAPTER XXIV.

SERIES PLECTOGNATHI.

The Plectognaths.—The Scleroderms.—The Trigger-fishes: Balistidæ.— 411
The File-fishes: Monacanthidæ.—The Spinacanthidæ.—The
Trunkfishes: Ostraciidæ.—The Gymnodontes.—The Triodontidæ.—The
Globefishes: Tetraodontidæ.—The Porcupine-fishes: Diodontidæ.—
The Head-fishes: Molidæ.

CHAPTER XXV.

PAREIOPLITÆ, OR MAILED-CHEEK FISHES.

The Mailed-cheek Fishes.—The Scorpion-fishes: Scorpænidæ.—The 426
Skilfishes: Anoplopomidæ.—The Greenlings: Hexagrammidæ.—The
Flatheads or Kochi: Platycephalidæ.—The Sculpins: Cottidæ.—The
Sea-poachers: Agonidæ.—The Lump-suckers: Cyclopteridæ.—The
Sea-snails: Liparididæ.—The Baikal Cods: Comephoridæ.—Suborder
Craniomi: the Gurnards, Triglidæ.—The Peristediidæ.—The Flying
Gurnards: Cephalacanthidæ.

CHAPTER XXVI.

GOBIOIDEI, DISCOCEPHALI, AND TÆNIOSOMI.

Suborder Gobioidei, the Gobies: Gobiidæ.—Suborder Discocephali, 459
the Shark-suckers: Echeneididæ.—Suborder Tæniosomi, the
Ribbon-fishes.—The Oarfishes: Regalecidæ.—The Dealfishes:
Trachypteridæ.

CHAPTER XXVII.

SUBORDER HETEROSOMATA.

The Flatfishes.—Optic Nerves of Flounders.—Ancestry of Flounders.— 481
The Flounders: Pleuronectidæ.—The Turbot Tribe: Bothinæ.—The
Halibut Tribe: Hippoglossinæ.—The Plaice Tribe: Pleuronectinæ.—
The Soles: Soleidæ.—The Broad Soles: Achirinæ.—The European
Soles (Soleinæ).—The Tongue-fishes: Cynoglossinæ.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

SUBORDER JUGULARES.

The Jugular-fishes.—The Weevers: Trachinidæ.—The Nototheniidæ.—The 499
Leptoscopidæ.—The Star-gazers: Uranoscopidæ.—The Dragonets:
Callionymidæ.—The Dactyloscopidæ.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE BLENNIES: BLENNIIDÆ.

The Northern Blennies: Xiphidiinæ, Stichæiniæ, etc.—The 507
Quillfishes: Ptilichthyidæ.—The Blochiidæ.—The Patæcidæ, etc.—
The Gadopsidæ, etc.—The Wolf-fishes: Anarhichadidæ.—The
Eel-pouts: Zoarcidæ.—The Cusk-eels: Ophidiidæ.—Sand-lances:
Ammodytidæ.—The Pearlfishes: Fierasferidæ.—The Brotulidæ.—
Ateleopodidæ.—Suborder Haplodoci.—Suborder Xenopterygii.

CHAPTER XXX.

OPISTHOMI AND ANACANTHINI.

Order Opisthomi.—Order Anacanthini.—The Codfishes: Gadidæ.—The 532
Hakes: Merluciidæ.—The Grenadiers: Macrouridæ.