Chapter XXXI: Order Pediculati: the Anglers (4)

sardines, i, 199, 268; ii, 50

Sardinia, i, 204

Sardiniodes, ii, 134

Sardinius, ii, 44

Sargassum fish,
figure of, i, 52; ii, 549

sargo, ii, 345

Sars, ii, 535

saucer-eye porgy,
figure of, ii, 345

sauger,
figure of, ii, 309

Sauripterus, i, 603

Saurocephalus, ii, 48

Saurodon, ii, 48

Saurodontidæ, ii, 48

Sauropsida, i, 601

Sauropsis, ii, 34

Saurorhynchidæ, ii, 17

Saurorhynchus, ii, 17

saury,
figure of, ii, 212

sausolele,
figure of, ii, 435

Sauvage, i, 412, 427

savalo, ii, 43

sawfish, i, 199, 548
figure of, i, 550

saw-shark, i, 549
figure of, i, 201, 548

scabbard-fishes, ii, 267

Scænidæ, i, 206

scales of fish,
classification of, i, 20
figure of, i, 21, 22

scamp, ii, 327

Scapanorhinus,
snout figured, i, 536

Scaphirhynchus, i, 253, 452; ii, 18, 20

Scardinius, ii, 168

Scaridæ, ii, 390, 393, 396

Scaridea, ii, 391

Scartichthys,
figure of, i, 294; ii, 510

Scarus, ii, 352, 391, 393, 396
figure of, ii, 394
jaws of, figured, ii, 393
pharyngeals of, i, 47, 48; ii, 393

Scatophagus, ii, 400

Scaumenacia, i, 612

Schedophilus, ii, 285

Schilbiosus,
figure of, i, 179

Schilbeodes, i, 180, 202; ii, 177, 182
figure of, ii, 182
structure of, ii, 177

Schizocardium, i, 465

Schlegel, i, 414

Schmidt, i, 411

Schnäbel, ii, 63

Schnapper, ii, 343

Schneider, i, 398

schoolmaster, ii, 336

schoolmaster-snapper,
figure of, i, 440

Schomburgk, i, 415

Schöpf, i, 395

Sciæna, i, 391; ii, 356-358

Sciænidæ, i, 290; ii, 225, 353-355, 358

Sciænops, ii, 355
figure of, ii, 356

Sclerodermi, ii, 398, 411, 412

scleroderms, ii, 412, 415

Scoliodon, i, 542

Scolopsis, ii, 342

Scomber, i, 94, 210, 391; ii, 260, 262, 266
figure of, i, 332; ii, 260

Scomberoides, ii, 272, 470

Scomberomorus, i, 210, 322; ii, 264, 266
figure of, ii, 264

Scomberosomus,
figure of, i, 322

Scomberidea, ii, 258, 271

Scombramphodon, ii, 266

Scombresox, ii, 211, 214
figure of, i, 212

Scombridæ, i, 210; ii, 258, 272, 470
family of, ii, 259

scombriform fishes, i, 209

Scombrinus, ii, 266

Scombroclupea, ii, 52

Scombroidea,
suborder of, ii, 258

Scombroidei, ii, 291, 484, 485

scombroids, ii, 485

Scombropidæ, ii, 317

Scombrops, ii, 317

scopeloid, ii, 474

Scopelus, ii, 133

Scophthalmus, ii, 486, 488

Scopoli, i, 396

Scorpæna, i, 180, 211, 391; ii, 429, 432, 433, 438
figure of, i, 433, 434

Scorpænichthys, ii, 442
skull of, figured, i, 427

Scorpænidæ, i, 94, 207, 211; ii, 363, 426, 435, 441, 503
family of, i, 426, 448

Scorpænopsis, ii, 434

Scorpænopterus, ii, 436

Scorpididæ, ii, 397, 398, 400

Scorpis, ii, 398, 400

scorpion-fishes, i, 207, 429; ii, 426, 433

Scudder, i, 405

sculpin, i, 21, 219, 257, 290, 429, 440; ii, 363, 441, 445, 447-449
buffalo, ii, 443
daddy, ii, 445
eighteen-spined, ii, 446
great, ii, 442
little, ii, 446
long-horned, ii, 447
Pribilof, ii, 446
red, ii, 443
Richardson's, ii, 451
river, ii, 445
sleek, ii, 451
stone, ii, 443

scup, ii, 344
figure of, ii, 343

scutes, i, 570

Scuticaria, ii, 153

Scymnorhinus, i, 546

Scyliorhinidæ, i, 127, 532, 533

Scyliorhinoid shark,
skull of, figured, i, 56

Scyliorhinus, i, 447, 533

Scyphophori, ii, 188, 207
order of, ii, 188, 189

Scytalina,
figure of, ii, 519

Scytalinidæ, ii, 519

sea-bass, i, 135; ii, 320, 323
figure of, i, 137

sea-bat, ii, 552

sea-catfish, ii, 178
eggs of, hatched in mouth, ii, 179
figure of, ii, 179

sea-devil, i, 559; ii, 547

sea-drum, ii, 357

sea-horse, i, 19, 64, 128; ii, 449
family of, i, 236
figure of, i, 17

Seale, i, 422

sea-mink, ii, 356

sea-moth, ii, 239
figure of, ii, 240

sea-poacher, i, 208; ii, 449, 453

sea-raven,
figure of, i, 220; ii, 448

sea-robin, i, 246; ii, 457
figure of, ii, 456
rough-headed, ii, 457
striped, ii, 457

sea-scorpion, ii, 363
figure of, ii, 434

sea-serpent, i, 361; ii, 471, 473

sea-snail, i, 217; ii, 39, 454

sea-trout, ii, 94

sea-waifs, ii, 133

sea weed, ii, 512

sebago, ii, 92

Sebastapistes, ii, 434

Sebastes, i, 125, 211; ii, 428
figure of, i, 218; ii, 427

Sebastichthys, ii, 428, 429, 433
figure of, ii, 431, 432

Sebastiscus, ii, 432

Sebastodes, i, 125, 211, 219, 375; ii, 428, 429, 431-433, 438
figure of, ii, 429
skeleton of, figured, i, 214

Sebastolobus, i, 52-55, 211
cranium of, i, 53
figure of, ii, 428
lower jaw of, i, 54
maxillary of, i, 55
shoulder-girdle of, i, 52

Sebastopsis, i, 271; ii, 432

Sectator, i, 271; ii, 350

Seeley, i, 410

Segemehl, i, 97

segments of Dibothrium figured, ii, 103

selachians, i, 572, 592

Selachii, i, 382, 507-509; ii, 9

Selachostomi, i, 623; ii, 13
order of, ii, 20

Selenaspis,
clavicle of, i, 87
shoulder-girdle of, i, 86

Selene, ii, 276
development of, figured, i, 148
Lütken on, i, 144
skeleton of, figured, i, 55

Selenichthyes, ii, 241-249
suborder of, ii, 243

Selenosteus, i, 588

Selenosteidæ, i, 587

Semicossyphus, ii, 390

Semionotidæ, ii, 23, 24, 26

Semionotus,
figure of, ii, 24

Semiophoridæ, ii, 245

Semiophorus, ii, 245
figure of, ii, 246

Semon, i, 428

Semotilus, i, 282; ii, 167
figure of, i, 285; ii, 268

señorita, ii, 388

sense organs, i, 115-123

sense of pain, i, 123

sense of taste, i, 121

sense of touch, i, 121

sensorium, i, 153

sensory nerves, i, 153

Sergeant Baker, ii, 130

sergeant-fish,
figure of, ii, 282

Seriola, ii, 272, 278
figure of, i, 459; ii, 273

Seriphus, ii, 354

serran, ii, 329

Serrana, ii, 357

Serranellus, ii, 329

Serranidæ, i, 206, 209, 259, 290; ii, 258, 293, 319, 320, 324, 327,
328, 330, 331, 333, 359, 363

serrano, ii, 327, 328

Serranus, ii, 328, 363

Serrasalmo, ii, 161, 162

Sertulariæ, ii, 544

sese de lo alto, ii, 336

sesele, ii, 304

Setarches, ii, 433

setiform, i, 30

sexual coloration, i, 230

sexual modification,
in colors, i, 129
in structure, i, 129

shad, ii, 50, 53, 147

shad waiter, ii, 63

shagreen grains, i, 570

sharks, i, 21, 23, 24, 28, 53, 75, 445, 446, 519, 523, 542, 543, 545,
546
air-bladder wanting in, i, 506
distribution of, i, 459
eggs of, i, 127, 433
fossil teeth of, i, 546
jaws of, i, 35
pectoral limbs of, i, 60, 66
phosphorescent, i, 189
primitive, i, 510, 511
shoulder-girdle in, i, 507
skull of, i, 56, 57

shark-sucker, i, 197; ii, 468, 469

sharp-nosed flying-fish,
figure of, ii, 213

Shasta, ii, 97

Shaw, i, 398

sheatfish, ii, 182, 183

sheepshead, i, 30, 324; ii, 345, 346
figure of, i, 31; ii, 346

shibi, ii, 263

shiner, i, 283; ii, 163, 168
figure of, ii, 168

shiro-uwo, ii, 127, 467

Shooter,
head-fish taken by, ii, 424

shore-fishes, i, 245
distribution of, i, 263-265

short-nosed garpike,
figure of, i, 452

shoulder girdle, i, 42, 50
of batfish, ii, 551
of buffalo-fish, ii, 160
figure of, i, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70, 86, 88, 89, 600; ii, 225,
227
figure of fossil, i, 521
of flounder figured, i, 58; ii, 2
of Ictiobus ii, 160
inner view of, ii, 160
of Neoceratodus, i, 609
of Opah figured, ii, 243
of Polypterus, i, 70
of Sebastolobus figured, i, 52
in sharks, i, 507
in true eel, ii, 141

shovel-nosed sturgeon i, 253

shrimp, ii, 147

shrimpfishes, ii, 234
figure of, ii, 235

Shufeldt,
photographs by, i, 7, 13, 137; ii, 181, 305, 333

Siebold, i, 411, 414

sierra, ii, 266

Siganidæ, ii, 409, 410

Siganus, ii, 410

sight organs, i, 116-118

significance,
of resemblance, i, 259
of rare forms, i, 262

Sillaginidæ, ii, 358

sillago, ii, 358

silk-snapper, ii, 336

Siluridæ, i, 149, 205, 280, 290, 293; ii, 60, 178, 182, 186

siluroid, i, 290; ii, 529

Silurus, i, 391; ii, 182

silverfin,
figure of, i, 457; ii, 166

silver-jaw minnow, ii, 165
figure of, ii, 165

silver-jenny, ii, 348

silver-king, ii, 43

silver-perch, ii, 342

silver-salmon, ii, 68, 71, 73, 87

silversides, i, 290; ii, 215
figure of, ii, 217

silver surf-fish,
figure of, i, 309; ii, 375

silver-tail, ii, 512

silvery anchovy,
figure of, ii, 54

silvery puffer,
figure of, ii, 419

Simenchelyidæ, ii, 148

Simenchelys, ii, 148
figure of, ii, 149

Sindo, i, 418, 422

singing-fish, i, 121
figure of, i, 23; ii, 526
species of, ii, 526

Siniperca, ii, 320

sinus impar, i, 120

sinus venosus, i, 108

Siphonognathidæ, ii, 390

Siphonognathus, ii, 390

Siphonostoma, ii, 236

Sirembo, ii, 524

Sirenoidei, i, 612
order of, i, 613

sisco, ii, 66, 67

siscowet, ii, 66, 115

Sisoridæ, ii, 184

skates, i, 28, 551, 552

skeleton of cowfish,
figure of, ii, 418

skeleton of fish, i, 10, 34-61
of cowfish, i, 215
of Chimæra, i, 564
parts of, i, 35, 36
primitive, i, 54
of pike figured, i, 203
of red rockfish, i, 214
of Selene figured, i, 55
of shark, i, 57
of spiny-rayed fish, i, 214

skilfishes, ii, 438
figure of, ii, 438

skin-peeler, ii, 415

skipjack, ii, 50

skippers,
Couch on, ii, 211

skipping-goby, i, 117

skittle-dogs, i, 545

skull,
of Anarrhichthys, ii, 517
autostylic, i, 57
figure of, ii, 296
of haddock, ii, 536
hyostylic, i, 56, 508
of rock-bass, ii, 296
of Scorpænichthys figured, ii, 427
of shark figured, i, 56

sleek-sculpin,
figure of, i, 221; ii, 451

sleeper-shark, i, 547

sleepy Argentine, ii, 134

slippery Dick, ii, 388
figure of, i, 297; ii, 180, 396

Sloane, i, 389

small-mouthed bass,
figure of, i, 325; ii, 303

smear-dab, ii, 494

smelt, ii, 66, 91, 120-138
figure of, ii, 123

Smerdis, ii, 310, 330

Smith, i, 416, 419, 608
on Arctic species, i, 317

Smitt, i, 410

snailfish, ii, 455

snake-blennies, ii, 512

snake-eels, ii, 150
figure of, i, 233

snake-headed China-fish, ii, 371
figure of, i, 150; ii, 371

snake-headed mullets, ii, 370

snapper, ii, 333, 335, 338
diamond, ii, 337
gray, ii, 334, 335
lane, ii, 336
mahogany, ii, 337
mangrove, ii, 335
mutton, ii, 335
red, ii, 335
silk, ii, 336
true, ii, 337
yellow-tail, ii, 337

snipe-eels, ii, 151

snipefishes, ii, 234

Snodgrass, i, 422; ii, 423

snooks, ii, 282, 320

snowy grouper,
figure of, ii, 329

Snyder, i, 418, 420

Snyderina,
figure of, ii, 437

soapfishes, ii, 330
figure of, ii, 330

sobaco, ii, 413

sockeye, ii, 69

soft-rayed fishes, i, 204; ii, 39

soi, ii, 429

soldados, ii, 253

Solander, i, 395

soldier-fish, ii, 315
family of, ii, 253
figure of, ii, 254

Solea, i, 327; ii, 487, 496

Soleidæ, i, 290; ii, 495, 499

Soleinæ, ii, 496

Solenostomidæ,
family of, ii, 236

Solenostomus, i, 128; ii, 236
figure of, ii, 237

soles, ii, 495
broad, ii, 495
Day on, ii, 496, 497
European, ii, 496
Gill on, ii, 496
habits of, ii, 496
hog-choker, ii, 498
Parker on, ii, 483

Sonnerat, i, 395

Sörensen,
on elastic spring, i, 97

sounds of fishes, i, 168-170
Bowring on, i, 168

soup-fin sharks,
figure of, i, 541

southern zone, i, 253

spadefish, ii, 400
figure of, i, 325; ii, 401

Spaniodon, ii, 43

Spaniodontidæ, ii, 47

Spanish-flag, ii, 323, 429

Spanish-mackerel, i, 64, 210, 322
figure of, i, 322; ii, 264
Goode on, ii, 264, 265
Mitchill on, ii, 264

Sparidæ, i, 206; ii, 342, 344, 346, 372
family of, ii, 342

Sparisoma, i, 268; ii, 352, 391, 392, 396
figure of, ii, 392
jaws figured, i, 30

Sparnodus, ii, 347

Sparus, i, 259, 263, 391; ii, 346

Spathiurus, ii, 36

Spaulding, ii, 84
marking of fry by, ii, 84

spawning-grounds,
return to, ii, 82

spawning of salmon, i, 160

special creation impossible, i, 295

spearfish, i, 199; ii, 469

specialized fishes, i, 249

species, i, 371
absent through barriers, i, 238
changed through natural
selection, ii, 239
characters of, i, 292
conditions favorable to, i, 301
extinction of, i, 239
meaning of, i, 293, 379
special creation, i, 295
transfer of, i, 312

speckled flounder, ii, 488

speckled hind, ii, 324
figure of, ii, 325

speckled trout,
figure of, i, 326; ii, 110

Spengel,
on Enteropneusta, i, 464

Spengelia, i, 465

Spengeliidæ, i, 465

sperling, ii, 123

Sphærodon, i, 268

Sphagebranchus, ii, 151

Sphagepæa, i, 565

sphenial, i, 606

Sphenocephalus, ii, 252

Spheroides, i, 206; ii, 419-421
figure of, i, 420

Sphyrænidæ, i, 206
family of, ii, 222

Sphyræna, ii, 221
figure of, ii, 223

Sphyrænodus, ii, 266

Sphyrna, i, 543
figure of, i, 544

Sphyrnidæ, i, 543

Spicara, i, 260; ii, 347

Spinacanthidæ, ii, 415

Spinacanthus, ii, 415

Spinachia, ii, 232

spinal cord, i, 112

spineless trunkfish,
figure of, i, 378; ii, 417

spines of catfish, i, 179

spiny eels, ii, 157

spiny-rayed fishes, i, 21, 206-208; ii, 39, 208, 307
skeleton of, figured, i, 214

spiracle, i, 92

Spiraculis, i, 393

spiral valve, i, 32

splenial, i, 43

split-tail, ii, 169

Spondyliosoma, i, 260, 267; ii, 348, 350

spookfishes, i, 564

spot, ii, 356

spotted trout, ii, 105

spotted trunkfish, ii, 416
figure of, i, 377; ii, 417

spotted weakfish,
figure of, ii, 353

sprat, i, 204; ii, 50, 123

spring salmon, ii, 80

Squalidæ, i, 531, 543, 545, 546, 566

Squaloraja, i, 566

Squalorajidæ, i, 566

Squalus, i, 391
figure of, i, 545

Squamipinnes, ii, 209, 411

Squamipinus, ii, 397-410

square-tails, ii, 291

Squatina, i, 548
brain of, figured, i, 547
pectoral fin figured, i, 56

Squatinidæ, i, 549, 554

squawfish,
figure of, i, 162; ii, 169
spawning journey of, i, 164

squeteague, ii, 353

squirrel-fish, ii, 253, 329

Stannius, i, 428

star-gazer, ii, 364, 503
figure of, i, 187, 504

Starks, C. L.
drawings of fishes i, 36-39

Starks, E. C., i, 420
on berycoid skull, ii, 250
on fish skeleton, i, 39

starry-flounder, ii, 493
figure of, ii, 495

star-spined ray,
figure of, i, 448

Stearns, i, 419

steelhead, ii, 94, 96, 99, 100
figure of, ii, 101

steelhead-trout,
figure of, i, 327

Steenstrup, i, 410

Stegocephali, i, 606

Stegostoma, i, 533

Stegothalami, i, 584
Dean on, i, 585

Steindachnerella, ii, 541

Steindachner, i, 411, 414, 427
portrait of, i, 403

Steindachneria,
figure of, ii, 541

Steinegeria, ii, 286

Steinegeriidæ, ii, 286

Stelgis,
figure of, ii, 451

Steller, i, 395; ii, 135
on quinnat salmon, ii, 68

Stellifer, i, 271; ii, 355

Stenodus, ii, 62, 68
figure of, ii, 67

Stenotomus, ii, 344
figure of, ii, 343

Stephanoberycidæ,
family of, ii, 223

Stephanoberyx, ii, 223

Stephanolepis, ii, 414, 415
figure of, i, 182, 415

Stereobalanus, i, 465

Stereolepis, ii, 321

Sternoptychidæ, ii, 137

Sternoptyx, i, 357; ii, 137

Stethojulis, ii, 390

Stichæiniæ, ii, 511

Stichæus, ii, 513
figure of, ii, 513

stickleback, i, 51, 128, 250, 290; ii, 157, 215, 228, 229, 232
fighting of, i, 165
figure of, ii, 232
shoulder-girdle of, ii, 227
spines of, i, 179

Stieda, i, 428

Stiles,
on parasitic diseases, i, 343, 344

stingaree, i, 556

sting-bull, ii, 501

stingfish, ii, 501

sting-rays, i, 84, 267, 549
figure of, i, 246, 555
spines of, i, 182

Stizostedion, ii, 308
figure of, ii, 309

Stolephorus, ii, 52

Stomias,
figure of, ii, 128

Stomiatidæ, i, 189, 204; ii, 128

Stone, ii, 80
on rate of travel of salmon, ii, 80

stone-bass, ii, 323

stone-cats, ii, 182

stone-roller, i, 157; ii, 166
figure of, i, 33; ii, 167

stone-sculpin, ii, 443

stonewall perch, ii, 359, 360

stony-flounder, ii, 482

Storer, i, 418

Storms, i, 427
on fossil remora, ii, 469

Stratodontidæ, ii, 137

Stratodus, ii, 137

Strinsia, ii, 539

striped-bass, i, 48, 53; ii, 37, 321
bones of, i, 39, 45
figure of, i, 35
tail of, i, 49
vertebral column of, i, 48

striped-mullet,
figure of, i, 330

striped sea-robin, ii, 457

Ström, i, 396

Stromateidæ, i, 160; ii, 215, 259, 284, 291, 398, 485
family of, ii, 283

Stromateus, i, 391; ii, 283, 291

sturgeon, i, 128, 204, 250, 257, 290; ii, 18-21, 159, 160, 182, 186
child swallowed by, ii, 182
of Danube, ii, 182
figure of, ii, 19, 20
larva of, figured, i, 141

Styela,
figure of, i, 475, 476

Stygicola, i, 314; ii, 524

Stylephoridæ, ii, 480

Stylephorus, ii, 480

subgenus, i, 373

suborbital stay, i, 44

subspecies, i, 294

sucker, i, 156, 198, 290, 304; ii, 56, 171, 172, 174
California, ii, 174
carp, ii, 173
common, ii, 174
figure showing parasites, i, 348
Oregon, ii, 175
razor-backed, figured, ii, 175

sucking-disks,
of clingfish, i, 198

sucking-fish,
figure of, i, 197; ii, 468

Suckley, i, 419

Sudis, ii, 9, 136

Suez Canal, i, 268

sukkegh, ii, 69

Suletind watershed, i, 307

Sulphur, the, i, 408

summer herring,
figure of, i, 455

Sunapee trout,
figure of, ii, 109

sunfish, i, 3-15, 28, 209, 290; ii, 37, 297, 424
banded, ii, 299
blue-green, i, 26
common figured, i, 7; ii, 301
description of, i, 4
dwarf, ii, 467
figure of, i, 2, 4, 27
food of, i, 11
long-eared, i, 3; ii, 300
nine-spined, ii, 301
photograph of, i, 13
pigmy, ii, 297

supraclavicle, i, 89

Surface,
on destruction of fish, i, 357
on lampreys, i, 491-505
on Saprolegnia, i, 354-356

surf-fish, i, 125, 207, 290; ii, 372, 373
blue, ii, 375
silver, ii, 375
thick-lipped, ii, 374
wall-eye, ii, 375
white, ii, 374

surf-shiner, ii, 376

surf-smelt, ii, 123, 124, 127

surf-whiting, ii, 357

surgeon-fish, ii, 407
lancet of, i, 181

surmullets, i, 122, 198, 322; ii, 351-379

suspensorium of mandible, i, 43

susuki, i, 324; ii, 320

Swain, i, 422

Swainson, i, 410

swallowers, ii, 360

Swammerdam, i, 390

swampy watersheds, i, 314

Swan, ii, 123
on Mesopus, ii, 123

sweetfish, ii, 115

sweet-perch, ii, 363

swell-sharks, i, 197, 533

swell-toad, ii, 420, 423

swim-bladder, ii, 95

swordfish, i, 169, 199, 210; ii, 269
adult, figured, ii, 270
Goode on, ii, 270
Owen on, ii, 270, 271
vessels struck by, ii, 270
young, figured, ii, 269

swordtail-minnow,
figure of, i, 124; ii, 199

Syacium,
figure of, ii, 488

Syllæmus, ii, 224

Symbranchia, ii, 140
order of, ii, 140

Symbranchidæ, ii, 141

Symbranchus, ii, 141

Symphodus, i, 268; ii, 387

Symphurus,
figure of, ii, 498

symplectic bone, ii, 156

Synagrops, ii, 317

Synanceia, i, 180; ii, 434
figure of, i, 229

Synaphobranchidæ, ii, 149

Synaphobranchus, ii, 149
figure of, ii, 149

Synaptura, ii, 497

Synchiropus, ii, 506

Synechodus,
eggs of, i, 527

Synentognathi, ii, 190, 208-214
suborder of, ii, 209

Syngnathidæ,
family of, i, 236

Syngnathus, i, 170, 391; ii, 236

Synodontidæ, ii, 130, 133

Synodontis, ii, 182

Synodus, ii, 190
figure of, ii, 130

synonymy and priority,
Coues on, i, 374

Syntegmodus, ii, 44

Syrski, ii, 144, 145
on eels, ii, 145

Systema Naturæ, i, 373

Tachysurus, ii, 178, 179, 86

Tænioides, ii, 467

Tæniosomi, ii, 292, 459-480
suborder of, ii, 471, 472

Tæniotoca, ii, 375

Tæniura, i, 557

tahanohadai, ii, 363

Tahoe trout,
figure of, i, 327; ii, 104

tai-fishing,
illustration of, i, 338

tail forms, i, 49, 50, 80-85

taiva, ii, 342

Talisman, i, 408; ii, 60

Talismania, ii, 60

Tamiobatidæ, i, 532

Tamiobatis, i, 551

tangs, ii, 407

Tantogolabrus, ii, 387

Tarpon, i, 157, 205; ii, 35, 51
figure of, ii, 43

Tarrassiidæ, i, 602

Tarrassius, i, 602

tarwhine, ii, 344

tautog, ii, 387
figure of, ii, 385, 386

Tautoga, i, 207; ii, 385

taxonomy, i, 367, 368

Tectospondyli, i, 448, 510, 513, 519, 545, 549
order of, i, 543
Woodward on, i, 543

tectospondylous, i, 49

teeth, i, 29, 30, 201
of Ceratodus figured, i, 614
of Chimæra, i, 562
of Corax, i, 543
figured, i, 522, 524
of Janassa, i, 554
of sharks, i, 515, 527, 529, 537

Teleocephali, i, 405; ii, 39, 40, 209

Teleosteans, i, 384

Teleostei, i, 66, 204, 622, 624; ii, 2, 5, 37
sympathetic system of, i, 114

Teleostomes, i, 599

Teleostomi, i, 462, 572, 583, 598, 599, 603
Regan on, i, 622

teleosts, i, 35, 135, 139, 141, 204, 569; ii, 1, 3, 4, 159

Telepholis, ii, 133

Telescopias, ii, 317
figure of, ii, 318

teleotemporal, i, 90

Temnothoraci, i, 584, 586

temperature,
affecting distribution, i, 242

tenacity of life in fishes, i, 146, 147, 149

tench, ii, 168

tengudai, ii, 333

tengusame, i, 534

ten-pounder, ii, 35, 43
figure of, i, 454; ii, 42

Terapon, ii, 342

Teraponidæ, ii, 342

Tertiary fishes, i, 440

Tertiary ganoids, ii, 140

tessellated darter,
figure of, ii, 312

tessellated teeth, i, 30, 549

Tetragonolepis, i, 24
figure of, ii, 26

Tetragonopterus, i, 314; ii, 161, 162, 381

Tetragonuridæ, ii, 215
family of, ii, 291

Tetragonurus, ii, 291

Tetraodon, i, 169, 197, 206, 236, 393, 611; ii, 420
figure of, i, 183, 244; ii, 421, 422

Tetraodontidæ, i, 182; ii, 421
family of, ii, 419

Tetrapturus, i, 257; ii, 269

Tetrarhynchus, ii, 134

Tetronarce, i, 554

Teuthidæ, ii, 291

Teuthididæ, ii, 407, 409

Teuthis, i, 268, 271, 293; ii, 407
figure of, i, 181; ii, 407, 408

Thacher,
on paired limbs, i, 70

thalamencephalon, ii, 6, 8

Thalassoma, i, 207, 267, 271; ii, 389

Thalassophryne, i, 180; ii, 526, 527
poison organ of, ii, 528, 529
structure of, ii, 527, 528

Thalassothia, ii, 526

Thaleichthys, ii, 124
figure of, i, 320; ii, 19, 124
sketch of, ii, 125

Thaliacea, i, 477

Thaumaturus, ii, 119

Thelodontidæ, i, 574, 579

Thelodus, i, 570, 573

Theragra, i, 209
figure of, ii, 537

Therobromus, ii, 127

Thetis, the, i, 410

thick-lipped surf-fish,
figure of, i, 374

Tholichthys, i, 144; ii, 402

Thollière, i, 427

Thompson, i, 410, 418

Thoracici, i, 393; ii, 39

Thoracies, ii, 209

Thoreau, ii, 190, 308

thread-eel, ii, 151, 152
figure of, i, 17, 365; ii, 152

threadfins, i, 122; ii, 215, 224
figure of, ii, 225
shoulder-girdle of, i, 89; ii, 225

threadfish, ii, 276

threadhead worms, i, 351

thread-herring, ii, 51, 53

three-forked hake, ii, 539

three-spined stickleback,
figure of, ii, 232

thresher-shark, i, 536

Thrissopater, ii, 43

Thrissops, ii, 41

Thryptodontidæ, ii, 44

Thryptodus, ii, 44

Thunberg, i, 416

thunder-pumper, ii, 354, 355

Thunnus, i, 210, 272; ii, 262

Thursius, i, 604

Thwaite shad, ii, 50

Thyestes, i, 576

Thymallidæ, ii, 120

Thymallus, i, 305; ii, 120, 121, 122
figure of, i, 328; ii, 120, 122

Thyrsites, ii, 267

Thyrsitocephalus, ii, 267

tide pools of Misaki,
view of, i, 161

tiger-puffer, ii, 423

tiger-sharks, i, 533

Tilapia, ii, 380

tilefish, ii, 361
catastrophe to, ii, 362
Collins on, ii, 362
Gill on, ii, 361, 362

Tilesius, i, 396, 416

Tinca, i, 345; ii, 168, 175

tiñosa, ii, 276

Tiphle, ii, 236

Titanichthyidæ, i, 587

Titanichthys, i, 583, 587, 589

Titicaca Lake,
peculiar fish from, ii, 201

toadfish, ii, 525, 526
Brazilian, ii, 526
poison, ii, 526
poison-organs of, i, 180
shoulder-girdle of, i, 59

tomcod, ii, 537
figure of, ii, 538

tomtates, ii, 341

tongue-fish, ii, 488, 497

tooth,
of Hybodus, figured, i, 528
of Lamnidæ, i, 538

topknot, ii, 488

top-minnow, i, 118; ii, 198, 199, 467
figure of, ii, 198

toque, ii, 114

torabuku, ii, 423

tori, ii, 6

Tornaria,
figure of, i, 463

torpedo, i, 268; ii, 183, 188
figure of, i, 186; ii, 183
fin rudiments in, i, 71

torsk, ii, 539

toto, ii, 398

totuava, ii, 354

Townsend, ii, 502

Tower,
on gas in swim-bladder, i, 95, 96
on weakfish, i, 94

Toxotes, i, 240, 268; ii, 400

Toxotidæ, ii, 400

Trachicephalus,
figure of, i, 456; ii, 438

Trachichthyidæ, ii, 253

Trachichthys, i, 263; ii, 252

Trachidermus, ii, 445

Trachinidæ, ii, 500, 501, 506, 525

Trachinotus, i, 322; ii, 276

Trachinus, i, 169, 180, 391; ii, 500, 501
Boulenger on, ii, 501

Trachosteus, i, 583, 588, 589, 590

Trachurops, ii, 275

Trachurus, i, 210, 274
figure of, ii, 274

Trachypteridæ,
family of, ii, 477
Goode and Bean on, ii, 479

Trachypterus, i, 144; ii, 425, 477
figure of, ii, 478
Günther on, ii, 480

Trachyrhynchus, ii, 541

trahira, ii, 162

transportation of fishes, i, 150

Trautschold, i, 427

Traquair, i, 426, 428
on Gnasthome, i, 573
on high and low forms, i, 381, 382
on Ostracophores, i, 569-571
on Palæospondylus, i, 591
portrait of, i, 425
on sharks, i, 512

Traquairia, i, 517

Travailleur, the, i, 408; ii, 60

tree-climber of India,
Daldorf on, i, 163

treefish, ii, 431

Tremataspidæ, i, 576

trematodes, i, 344

Triakis, i, 541

Triacanthidæ, ii, 412

Triacanthodes, ii, 412

Triacanthus, ii, 412

Trichina, i, 352

Trichiurichthys, ii, 268

Trichiuridæ, i, 210; ii, 472
family of, ii, 267

Trichiurides, ii, 32

Trichiurus, ii, 268, 479
figure of, ii, 268

Trichodon,
figure of, ii, 364

Trichodontidæ, ii, 364, 506

trinomial nomenclature, i, 378

trigger-fishes, i, 440; ii, 412, 413
figure of, i, 184, 412

Trigla, i, 169, 391; ii, 456, 457
air-bladder of, i, 97

Triglidæ, i, 122, 208; ii, 455
family of, ii, 455

Triglops, ii, 442
figure of, ii, 443

Triglopsis, i, 317; ii, 447

Trigonodon, ii, 347

Triodon, ii, 419

Triodontidæ, ii, 418

Tripterygian, ii, 508

Tristichopterus, i, 603

Trochocopus, ii, 388

Troglichthys, i, 220, 222; ii, 202, 203

tropical fishes,
species of, i, 271
variety among, i, 333

Tropidichthyidæ, ii, 421

Tropidichthys, i, 115; ii, 422

Troschel, i, 415

trout, i, 156, 250, 290, 304, 326, 327; ii, 38, 41, 61, 89, 90, 107,
121, 128, 147, 168
tail figure of, ii, 486
of Utah basin, ii, 104
of Yellowstone, i, 345

trout-perch, i, 241, 290; ii, 61
figure of, ii, 242

trout-spotted darter, ii, 314

trout-worm, ii, 103
figure of head, ii, 103
segments of, figured, ii, 103

trucha, ii, 320

true eels, ii, 141
shoulder-girdle in, ii, 141

true perches, ii, 304

true sharks, i, 523-560

true snapper, ii, 337

trumpeter, ii, 363

trumpet-fish, i, 51, 440
family of, i, 233
figure of, i, 234

truncate, i, 19

truncus arteriosus, ii, 6

trunkfishes, i, 16, 19, 206, 373, 375, 378, 429; ii, 415-417
figure of, i, 373, 376, 377
horned, ii, 416
hornless, ii, 419
spineless, ii, 417
spotted, ii, 416

Trypauchen, ii, 467

tschawytscha, ii, 73

Tschudi, i, 415

tsuzume, ii, 402

tullibee, ii, 67

tunicates, i, 460, 462, 467-481
adult, figured, i, 480
anatomy, figured, i, 472
Kingsley on, i, 467, 468, 469
larva, figured, i, 471
Ritter on, i, 474

tunny, i, 19, 210
great, ii, 262

turbots, i, 206, 328; ii, 488, 489
tribe, the, ii, 487

Turner,
on Dallia, ii, 207

Turton, i, 410

Tutuila Island,
lizard skipper from, i, 230

Twin Lakes,
trout of, i, 241

Two-Ocean Pass, i, 307, 308, 309, 310
Evermann on, i, 307

tyee, ii, 69

Tylosurus, i, 128
figure of, ii, 210
shoulder-girdle of, i, 59

Typhlichthys, i, 220, 314; ii, 201, 202
figure of, i, 116; ii, 202

Typhlogobius, i, 198; ii, 467

Typodus, ii, 222

uku, i, 325; ii, 338

Ulæma, i, 271

ulchen, ii, 124
figure of, i, 320; ii, 124

Umbra, i, 253; ii, 35
figure of, ii, 193

Umbridæ, i, 290; ii, 193, 194

Umbrina, ii, 356, 357
figure of, ii, 357

umiuma, i, 429

uncertain conclusions, i, 79

Undina, i, 204, 605

unicorn-fish, ii, 409, 415

U. S. Fish Commission, ii, 69

Upeneus, ii, 353

Upham,
on glacial effects, i, 275

upland fishes, i, 311

Uranidea, ii, 443, 445
figure of, ii, 445

Uranoplosus, ii, 22

Uranoscopus, i, 259, 260, 393; ii, 361, 364, 503, 504

Uranoscopidæ, ii, 503, 504, 506, 525

Urenchelyidæ, ii, 142

Urenchelys, ii, 142

ureters, ii, 6

Urochordata, i, 460

Urodela, i, 76

Urolophus, i, 555-557

Uronemidæ, i, 612

Uronemus, i, 612

Urophycis, i, 187; ii, 538

Uropterygius, ii, 153

urosome, i, 84, 85

Urosphen, ii, 234

Urosphenidæ, ii, 234

urostyle, i, 84

Usinosita, ii, 498

uu, i, 162

vaca, i, 235; ii, 327

Vahl, i, 396

Vaillant, i, 412
portrait of, i, 413

Valenciennellus, ii, 134

Valenciennes, i, 401, 404

Valenciennesia, ii, 460

Valentyn, i, 396

Valisneri, ii, 144

Valisneria, ii, 144

Van Dyke, ii, 93
on Ouananiche, ii, 93

vaqueta de dos colores, ii, 404

variability of instinct,
Whitman on, i, 156

variation in colors, i, 235

variation in fin-rays, i, 211

Variola, ii, 327

vasa efferentia, ii, 6

vas deferens, i, 28

Velifer, ii, 286

Vellitor, i, 260; ii, 448

vendace, ii, 67

venomous spines,
of catfish, i, 179
of scorpion-fish, i, 180

ventral fins, i, 10

Venustodus, i, 531

Verasper, ii, 492

ver blanc, i, 351

Verilus, ii, 338

vertebræ, i, 203, 205

vertebræ in fishes, i, 212
Boulenger on, i, 213
figure of, i, 510

vertebral column, i, 46-48
figure of, i, 48

vertebral column,
of lancelet, i, 55
of Roccus, i, 48

verrugato, ii, 356

vessels engaged in fish-collecting, i, 408, 410

villiform teeth, i, 29

Vinciguerra, ii, 408
portrait of, i, 413

Vinciguerria, ii, 134

Vinson,
on Gourami, ii, 369

Violante, the, i, 408; ii, 60

viper-fish, ii, 129

Vireosa, ii, 460
figure of, ii, 461

viscera of fish, i, 26, 28

viviparous fishes,
figure of, i, 125, 126, 222; ii, 200

viviparous perch,
figure of, ii, 379

voices of fishes, i, 121

Vogmar, ii, 477

Vogt, i, 428

Volador, ii, 458

Vomer, ii, 276

vomer, i, 6

Vomeropsis, ii, 278

wachna cod, ii, 537

Wagner, i, 427

Waha Lake, ii, 104

Waite, i, 408, 416
portrait of, i, 409

Walbaum, i, 397; ii, 68

Walcott, i, 428, 603
on fossil chimæroids, i, 565
on oldest forms, i, 435

walking-fish, i, 167

wall-eye, ii, 307

wall-eyed surf-fish, ii, 375

Walton, i, 336, 337

Ward,
on parasitic diseases, i, 343, 344

Wardichthys, ii, 15

water-beetle, ii, 144

water-pig, ii, 369

watersheds, i, 305
the Cassiquiare, i, 307
how fishes cross, i, 306
the Suletind, i, 306
swampy, i, 314
Two-Ocean Pass, i, 307

weakfish, ii, 353

Weber, i, 428
on swim-bladder, i, 96

Weberian apparatus, i, 93, 96, 97; ii, 160
figure of, i, 93; ii, 160

weevers, ii, 500
Gill on, i, 500

weissfelchen, ii, 65

weissfisch, ii, 65

wels, ii, 182

welshmen, ii, 253

West Indian fish, i, 235

whale-shark, i, 540

whiff, ii, 488, 489

whips, i, 206

whiptail rays, i, 549

Whiteaves, i, 427

whitebait, ii, 123, 127, 216

white bass, ii, 321

white bullhead, ii, 180

white catfish,
figure of, i, 344

white channel-cat, ii, 180

white chub,
figure of, ii, 165

whitefish, i, 62-64, 305, 322; ii, 115, 362, 467
figure of, i, 321

white-mouthed drummers, ii, 356

white perch, ii, 321
figure of, ii, 322

white sea-bass, ii, 354

white sharks, i, 534

white shiner,
figure showing parasites, i, 343

white surf-fish,
figure of, ii, 374
with young figured, i, 125; ii, 372

whiting, ii, 537

Whitman, i, 428
on instincts, i, 156

Whitmee,
on aquarium fishes, i, 165

Whitney, ii, 116

wide-eyed flounder,
figure of, ii, 488

wide-gape, ii, 545

wide-mouthed flounder,
figure of, ii, 493

Wiedersheim, i, 513

Williams,
on eye of flounder, i, 174-178

Williamson, i, 423

Williston, i, 427

willow-cat, ii, 180

Willughby, i, 390

Winckler, i, 427

window-pane fish, ii, 488
figure of, ii, 487

wine-colored eel, ii, 153

wolf-eel, ii, 517

wolf-fish, ii, 517
figure of, ii, 517

Wolffian duct, i, 28

Woodward, i, 426, 428, 519, 543, 554, 582, 584, 591, 594, 602; ii, 4,
13, 24, 26, 34, 36, 43, 48, 140, 425, 514, 522
on Acanthodei, i, 514, 516
on Chondrostei, ii, 17
on Dorypterus, ii, 16
on eels, ii, 140
on fossil fishes, i, 439
on fossil garpike, ii, 32
on Isospondyli, ii, 38
portrait of, i, 425
on Pycnodonti, ii, 23

Woolman, i, 422

worm-like eels, ii, 150

worm of the Yellowstone, i, 345

Worthen, i, 426

wrasse, i, 203; ii, 385, 387

wreckfish, ii, 323

Wright, i, 427, 428
on fishes of Panama, i, 275

wrymouths,
figure of, ii, 516

Wyman,
on month gestation, i, 170
on protocercal tail, i, 81

Xanthichthys, ii, 413

Xererpes, ii, 512
figure of, ii, 511

Xenichthys, i, 271; ii, 338

Xenistius, i, 271; ii, 338
figure of, ii, 338

Xenocephalidæ, ii, 520

Xenocephalus, ii, 520

Xenocys, i, 271; ii, 338

Xenomi, i, 405; ii, 157
order of, ii, 206

Xenopterygii, ii, 499
suborder of, ii, 529

Xesurus, ii, 409

Xiphasia,
figure of, ii, 515

Xiphasiidæ, ii, 513

Xiphias, i, 210, 329, 391; ii, 269
figure of, ii, 270

Xiphidiinæ, ii, 511

Xiphidion, ii, 512

Xiphiidæ,
family of, ii, 269

Xiphiorhynchus, ii, 269

Xiphorphorus,
figure of, i, 124; ii, 199

Xiphistes,
figure of, ii, 512

Xyrauchen, ii, 172, 174
figure of, ii, 175

Xyrias,
figure of, ii, 151

Xyrichthys, i, 207; ii, 388-390
figure of, ii, 388

Xystæma, ii, 348
figure of, ii, 347

Xystreurys, ii, 492

Xystrodus, i, 531

yamabe, i, 327; ii, 95

yamanokami, ii, 445

Yarrell, i, 410
on fishing-frog, i, 169
on sounds, i, 168

yellowback rockfish,
figure of, i, 218

yellow bass, ii, 321

yellow catfish, ii, 182

yellow-fin grouper, ii, 325
figure of, ii, 327

yellow-fin trout, ii, 105
figure of, ii, 105

yellow-fish, ii, 324

yellow goatfish, ii, 352

yellow grunt, ii, 340

yellow mackerel, ii, 276

yellow perch, ii, 307

Yellowstone Lake,
trout of, i, 310, 345-347

Yellowstone Miller's Thumb,
figure of, ii, 444

yellow-tail, ii, 273

yellow-tail roncador, ii, 356
figure of, ii, 357

yellow-tail snapper,
figure of, ii, 337

yezomasu, ii, 71, 72

Young, i, 426
on angling, i, 337-339

Zacalles,
figure of, ii, 511

Zacco, ii, 164

zakko, ii, 117, 120

Zalarges, ii, 134

Zalembrius, ii, 374, 376

Zalieutes, ii, 552

Zalises,
figure of, ii, 240

Zanclidæ, ii, 406
family of, ii, 406

Zanclus, i, 240, 268; ii, 406
figure of, ii, 406

Zaniolepis, ii, 440

Zander, ii, 309

Zaprora, ii, 286

Zaproridæ, ii, 286

Zebrasoma, ii, 408, 409

Zebrias, ii, 497

Zeidæ, ii, 398
family of, ii, 247

Zenarchopterus, ii, 212

Zenion, ii, 249

Zenopsis, ii, 249

Zeoidea, i, 241-249
suborder of, ii, 245

Zeoidei, ii, 484

zeoid fishes, ii, 245

Zeorhombi, ii, 245

Zesticelus, ii, 447

Zeugopterus, ii, 488

Zeus, i, 259, 263, 267, 391; ii, 243, 249, 398
figure of, ii, 248

Zigno, i, 427

Zingel, ii, 307
figure of, ii, 310

Zittel, i, 427; ii, 13, 514
on Lepidostei, ii, 23
on Ostracophores, i, 569
portrait of, i, 425

Zoarces, ii, 144, 518
figure of, ii, 518

Zoarcidæ, ii, 518, 522

zoogeography, i, 237

zooids, i, 479

zootomists, i, 90

Zostera, i, 476

Zuieuw, i, 396

Zygonectes, ii, 199
figure of, ii, 198

FERNS

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4to. New edition. 2 vols. The set $11.00

A work for reference or continuous reading, at once popular and, in the modern sense, thoroughly scientific. The new edition is practically identical with the former four-volume edition except that the colored plates in the latter have been omitted. The wood-engravings, over two thousand in number, have been retained.

_Prof. John M. Coulter_, in THE DIAL: "Prof. Kerner has brought the most recent researches within reach of the intelligent reader, and in a style so charming that even the professional teacher may learn a lesson in the art of presentation.... =It is such books as this that will bring botany fairly before the public as a subject of absorbing interest=; that will illuminate the botanical lecture-room."

_Prof. Chas. R. Barnes_, in THE BOTANICAL GAZETTE: "This lucidity, and the excellent illustrations, not only will introduce the non-botanical reader to the science of botany, but =should serve as a lesson to the professional botanist in the art of presentation=."

_The Nation_: "He has succeeded in constructing a popular work on the phenomena of vegetation which is practically without any rival."

GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF INSECTS
AND A TREATISE ON THOSE
INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL TO CROPS

FOR THE USE OF

_COLLEGES, FARM-SCHOOLS AND AGRICULTURISTS_

BY ALPHEUS S. PACKARD, M.D.

With 685 illustrations. Ninth edition. xii + 715 pp., 8vo, $5.00 net

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

BY GEORGE J. PEIRCE

_Professor in Leland Stanford University_

vi + 291 pages, 8vo $2.00

A modern and thoroughly scientific discussion of the general principles of plant physiology, intended for the student or general reader acquainted with the elements of botany.

_Science_: "The volume is full of original suggestions and differs quite markedly from the old-time works devoted to plant physiology."

_William F. Ganong, Professor in Smith College_: "I am much pleased with the clearness, proportion, and vigor with which it treats the subject. It seems to me =an admirable exposition of the principles of plant physiology= as they are understood at the present day, and it should have a wide use."

Henry Holt and Company

29 West 23d Street, New York

MUSHROOMS

BY GEORGE FRANCIS ATKINSON

_Professor of Botany in Cornell University, and Botanist of the Cornell
University
Experiment Station_

=Recipes for Cooking Mushrooms.= By MRS. SARAH TYSON RORER

=Chemistry and Toxicology of Mushrooms.= By J. F. CLARK

_With 230 illustrations from photographs, including 15 colored plates_

320 pages, 8vo. $3.00 net; by mail, $3.23

_Educational Review_:—"It would be difficult to conceive of a more attractive and useful book.... In addition to its general attractiveness and the beauty of its illustrations, it is written in a style well calculated to win the merest tyro."

Moulds, Mildews, and Mushrooms

BY LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD

_Professor in Columbia University_

iv + 236 pages, 12mo $1.50

_Bradley M. Davis_, in the BOTANICAL GAZETTE:—"Wonderfully free from the dry diagnoses of most systematic descriptions, and everywhere combined with interesting accounts of life-habits and activities.... A marvel in its compactness, with a wonderfully uniform tone throughout, condensed and yet very clear."

Flora of the Northern States and Canada

BY PROFESSOR N. L. BRITTON

_Director of the New York Botanical Garden_

x + 1080 pages, large 12mo $2.25

This manual is published in response to a demand for a handbook suitable for ordinary school use, which shall meet modern requirements and outline modern conceptions of the science. It is based on _An Illustrated Flora_ prepared by Professor Britton in co-operation with Judge Addison Brown, in three volumes. The text has been revised and brought up to date, and much of novelty has been added, but all illustrations are omitted.

CONWAY MACMILLAN, _Professor in the University of Minnesota_, in
SCIENCE:—"There is no work extant in the whole series of American
botanical publications which deals with descriptions of the
flowering plants that can for a moment be compared with it, either
for a skillful and delightful presentation of the subject-matter or
for modern, scientific, and accurate mastery of the thousandfold
mass of detail of which such a work must consist."

V. M. SPALDING, _Professor in the University of Michigan_:—"I regard
the book as one that we cannot do without and one that will
henceforth take its place as a necessary means of determination of
the plant species within its range."

Henry Holt and Company

29 West 23d Street, New York

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

1. Corrected the ERRATA listed on p. xxiii with the exception of the table of changes in generic names. 2. Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors. 3. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed. 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 5. Enclosed bold font in =equals=.