Chapter XXXI: Order Pediculati: the Anglers (1)

=THE Angler-fishes.=—The few remaining fishes possess also jugular ventral fins, but in other regards they show so many peculiarities of structure that we may well consider them as forming a distinct order, _Pediculati_ (_pedicula_, a foot-stalk), although the relation of these forms to the _Batrachoididæ_ seems a very close one.

The most salient character of the group is the reduction and backward insertion of the gill-opening, which is behind the pectoral fins, not in front of them as in all other fishes. The hypocoracoid and hypercoracoid are much elongate and greatly changed in form, so that the pectoral fin is borne on the end of a sort of arm. The large ventrals are similarly more or less exserted. The spinous dorsal is much reduced, the first spine being modified to form a so-called fishing-rod, projecting over the mouth with a fleshy pad, lure, or bait at its tip. The form of the body varies much in the different families. The scales are lost or changed to prickles and the whole aspect is very singular, and in many cases distinctly frog-like. The species are mostly tropical, some living in tide-pools and about coral reefs, some on sandy shores, others in the oceanic abysses.

The nearest allies of the Pediculates among normal fishes are probably the _Batrachoididæ_. One species of _Lophiidæ_ is recorded among the fossils, _Lophius brachysomus_, from the Eocene of Monte Bolca. No fossil _Antennariidæ_ are known. Fossil teeth from the Cretaceous of Patagonia are doubtfully named "_Lophius patagonicus_."

=The Fishing-frogs: Lophiidæ.=—In the most generalized family, that of the fishing-frogs (_Lophiidæ_), the body is very much depressed, the head the largest part of it. The mouth is excessively wide, with strong jaw-muscles, and strong sharp teeth. The skin is smooth, with dermal flaps about the head. Over the mouth, like a fishing-rod, hangs the first dorsal spine with a lure at the tip. The fishes lie flat on the bottom with sluggish movements except for the convulsive snap of the jaws. It has been denied that the bait serves to attract small fishes to their destruction, but the current belief that it does so is certainly plausible. As to this Dr. Gill observes:

"The name 'angler' is derived from the supposition that by means of the foremost dorsal spine, which bears leaf-like tags, or appendages, at the end, it angles for fishes itself, lying upon the ground with its head somewhat upraised. According to Mr. S. Kent, however, this is at most only partly the case: 'That the fish deliberately uses this structure as a fisherman does his rod and line for the alluring and capture of other fish is a matter of tradition handed down to us from the time of Pliny and Aristotle, and which scarcely any authority since their time has ventured to gainsay. Nevertheless, like many of the delightful natural-history romances bequeathed to us by the ancient philosophers, this one of the angler-fish will have to be relegated to the limbo of disproved fiction. The plain and certain ground of facts, all the same, has frequently more startling revelations in store for us than the most fervid imaginations of philosophers, and that this assertion holds good in the case now under consideration must undoubtedly be admitted. It is here proposed to show, in fact, that the angler is one of the most interesting examples upon which Nature has exercised her handicraft, in the direction of concealing the identity of her protégé, such ingenuity being sometimes utilized with the object of protecting the organism from the attacks of other animals, or, as illustrated in the present instance, for the purpose of enabling it by stealth to obtain prey which it lacks the agility to hunt down after the manner of ordinary carnivorous fishes. To recognize the several details here described, it will not suffice to refer to examples simply, and usually most atrociously stuffed, nor even to those preserved in spirit, in which all the life colors are more or less completely obliterated and the various membranous appendages shrunk up and distorted. In place of this, a healthy, living example fresh from the sea, or, better still, acclimatized in the tanks of an aquarium, must be attentively examined, and whereupon it will be found that this singular fish, throughout the whole extent of its superficies, may be appropriately designated a living sham."

It was, in the first place, observed by Mr. Kent "that the fish while quietly reclining upon the bottom of its tank presented a most astonishing resemblance to a piece of inert rock, the rugose prominences in the neighborhood of the head lending additional strength to this likeness. This resemblance being recognized, it was next found, on a little closer inspection, that the fish constituted, in connection with its color, ornamentations, and manifold organs and appendages, the most perfect facsimile of a submerged rock, with that natural clothing of sedentary animal and vegetable growths common to boulders lying beneath the water in what is known as the laminarian zone. In this manner the numerous simple or lobulated membranous structures dependent from the lower jaw and developed as a fringe along the lateral line of the body imitate with great fidelity the little flat calcareous sponges (_Grantia_), small compound ascidians, and other low organized zoophytic growths that hang in profusion from favorably situated submarine stones. That famous structure known as the angler's 'rod and bait' finds its precise counterpart in the early growing phase of certain sea-plants, such as the oarweed (_Laminaria_), while the more posterior dorsal fin-rays, having short lateral branchlets, counterfeit in a like manner the plant-like hydroid zoophytes known as _Sertulariæ_. One of the most extraordinary mimetic adaptations was, however, found in connection with the eyes, structures which, however perfectly the surrounding details may be concealed, serve, as a rule, to betray the animal's presence to a close observer. In the case of the angler, the eyes during life are raised on conical elevations the sides of which are separated by darker longitudinal stripes into symmetrical regions, the structure, as a whole, with its truncated summit upon which the pupil opens, reproducing with the most wonderful minuteness the multivalve shell of a rook barnacle (_Balanus_). To complete the simile the entire exposed surface of the body of the fish is mapped out by darker punctated lines into irregular polygonal areas, whose pattern is at once recognized by the student of marine zoology as corresponding with that of the flat, cushion-like expansions of the compound tunicate _Botryllus violaceus_. Thus disguised at every point, the angler has merely to lie prone, as is its wont, among the stones and débris at the bottom of the sea and to wait for the advent of its unsuspecting prey, which, approaching to browse from what it takes to be a flat rock—differing in no respect from that off which it obtained the last appetizing morsel of weed or worm— finds itself suddenly engulfed beyond recall within the merciless jaws of this marine impostor."

FIG. 496.—Anko or Fishing-frog, _Lophius litulon_ (Jordan). Matsushima
Bay, Japan.
]

The great fishing-frog of the North Atlantic, _Lophius piscatorius_, is also known as angler, monkfish, goosefish, allmouth, wide-gape, kettleman, and bellows-fish. It is common in shallow water both in America and Europe, ranging southward to Cape Hatteras and to the Mediterranean. It reaches a length of three feet or more. A fisherman told Mr. Goode that "he once saw a struggle in the water, and found that a goosefish had swallowed the head and neck of a large loon, which had pulled it to the surface and was trying to escape. There is authentic record of seven wild ducks having been taken from the stomach of one of them. Slyly approaching from below, they seize birds as they float upon the surface."

"The angler, or goosefish, spawns in summer along the eastern Atlantic coast, and the result of its labor is quite remarkable. 'The eggs are very numerous, inclosed in a ribbon-shaped gelatinous mass, about a foot in width and thirty or forty feet long, which floats near the surface. One of these ribbons will weigh perhaps forty pounds, and is usually partially folded together and visible a foot or eighteen inches from the top of the water, its color being brownish purple. The number of eggs in one of these has been estimated to be from forty to fifty thousand.' The growth of the young after exclusion from the egg is rather rapid, and Professor Goode saw 'young fish two or three inches long' while others were yet spawning, and these young fish were presumably the fry of those that had spawned the same year, only somewhat earlier. In a few days after hatching they present a striking appearance on account of the enormous development of the pectoral and ventral fins."

Aristotle gives, according to Professor Horace A. Hoffman, this account of the angler: "'Inasmuch as the flat, front part is not fleshy, nature has compensated for this by adding to the rear and the tail as much fleshy substance as has been subtracted from the front.' The βάτραχος is called the angler. He fishes with the hair-like filaments hung before his eyes. On the end of each filament is a little knob, just as if it had been placed there for a bait. He makes a disturbance in sandy or muddy places, hides himself and raises these filaments. When the little fish strikes at them he leads them down with the filaments until he brings them to his mouth. The βάτραχος is one of the σελάχη. All the σελάχη are viviparous or ovoviviparous except the βάτραχος. The other flat σελάχη have their gills uncovered and underneath them, but the βάτραχος has its gills on the side and covered with skinny opercula, not with horny opercula like the fish which are not σελαχώδη. Some fishes have the gall-bladder upon the liver, others have it upon the intestine, more or less remote from the liver and attached to it by a duct. Such are βάτραχος, ἔλλοψ, συνάγρίς, σμύραινα, and ξιφίας. The βάτραχος is the only one of the σελάχη which is oviparous. This is on account of the nature of its body, for it has a head many times as large as the rest of its body, and spiny and very rough. For this same reason it does not afterwards admit its young into itself. The size and roughness of the head prevent them both from coming out (i.e., being born alive) and from going in (being taken into the mouth of the parent). The βάτραχος is the most prolific of the σελάχη, but it is scarce because the eggs are easily destroyed, for it lays them in a bunch near the shore."

The genus _Lophius_ of northern range has a vertebral column of about thirty vertebræ. _Lophius litulon_ occurs in Japan. In the North Pacific is found _Lophiomus_, similar in appearance but smaller in size, ranging southward to the equator, a southern fish having but eighteen vertebræ. _Lophiomus setigerus_ is the common anko of Japan, and other species are recorded from Hawaii, and the Galapagos.

=The Sea-devils: Ceratiidæ.=—The sea-devils, or _Ceratiidæ_, are degenerate anglers of various forms, found in the depths of the arctic seas. The body is compressed, the mouth vertical; the substance is very soft, and the color uniform black. Dr. Günther thus speaks of them:

FIG. 497.—_Cryptopsaras couesi_ Gill. Gulf Stream.
]

FIG. 498.—Deep-sea Angler, _Ceratias holbolli_ Kröyer. Greenland.
]

FIG. 499.—_Caulophryne jordani_ Goode & Bean. Gulf Stream. Family
_Ceratiidæ_.
]

"The bathybial sea-devils are degraded forms of _Lophius_; they descend to the greatest depths of the ocean. Their bones are of an extremely light and thin texture, and frequently other parts of their organization, their integuments, muscles, and intestines are equally loose in texture when the specimens are brought to the surface. In their habits they probably do not differ in any degree from their surface representative, _Lophius_. The number of the dorsal spines is always reduced, and at the end of the series of these species only one spine remains, with a simple, very small lamella at the extremity (_Melanocetus johnsonii_, _Melanocetus murrayi_). In other forms sometimes a second cephalic spine, sometimes a spine on the back of the trunk, is preserved. The first cephalic spine always retains the original function of a lure for other marine creatures, but to render it more effective a special luminous organ is sometimes developed in connection with the filaments with which its extremity is provided (_Ceratias bispinosus_, _Oneirodes eschrichtii_). So far as known at present these complicated tentacles attain to the highest degree of development in _Himantolophus_ and _Ægæonichthys_. In other species very peculiar dermal appendages are developed, either accompanying the spine on the back or replacing it. They may be paired or form a group of three, are pear-shaped, covered with common skin, and perforated at the top, a delicate tentacle sometimes issuing from the foramen."

Of the fifteen or twenty species of _Ceratiidæ_ described, none are common and all are rare catches of the deep-sea dredge. _Caulophryne jordani_ is remarkable for its large fins and the luminous filaments, _Linophryne lucifer_ for its large head, and _Corynolophus reinhardti_ (Fig. 143, Vol. I) for its luminous fishing-bulb.

FIG. 500.—Sargassum-fish, _Pterophryne tumida_ (Osbeck). Florida.
Family _Antennariidæ_.
]

=The Frogfishes: Antennariidæ.=—The frogfishes, _Antennariidæ_, belong to the tropical seas and rarely descend far below the surface. Most of them abound about sand-banks or coral reefs, especially along the shores of the East and West Indies, where they creep along the rocks like toads. Some are pelagic, drifting about in floating masses of seaweed. All are fantastic in form and color, usually closely imitating the objects about them. The body is compressed, the mouth nearly vertical, and the skin either prickly or provided with fleshy slips.

The species of _Pterophryne_ live in the open sea, drifting with the currents in masses of sargassum. Two species, _Pterophryne tumida_ and _Pterophryne gibba_, are found in the West Indies and Gulf Stream. Two others very similar, _Pterophryne histrio_ and _Pterophryne ranina_, live in the East Indies and drift in the Kuro Shiwo of Japan. All these are light olive-brown with fantastic black markings.

FIG. 501.—Fishing-frog, _Antennarius nox_ Jordan. Wakanoura, Japan.
]

The genus _Antennarius_ contains species of the shoals and reefs, with markings which correspond to the colors of the rocks. These fishes are firm in texture with a velvety skin, and the prevailing color is brown and red. There are many species wherever reefs are found. _Antennarius ocellatus_, the pescador, is the commonest West Indian species. _Antennarius multiocellatus_, with many ocellated spots, is the Martin Pescador of Cuba, also common.

On the Pacific coast of Mexico the commonest species is _Antennarius strigatus_. In Japan, _Antennarius tridens_ abounds everywhere on the muddy bottoms of the bays. _Antennarius_ _nox_ is a jet-black species of the Japanese reefs, and _Antennarius sanguifluus_ is spotted with blood-red in imitation of coralline patches. Many other species abound in the East Indies and in Polynesia. The genus _Chaunax_ is represented by several deep-water species of the West Indies, Japan, etc.

FIG. 502.—Shoulder-girdle of a Batfish, _Ogcocephalus radiatus_
(Mitchill).
]

The _Gigactinidæ_ of the deep seas differ from the _Ogcocephalidæ_, according to Boulenger, in the absence of ventrals.

FIG. 503.—Frogfish, _Antennarus scaber_ (Cuvier). Puerto Rico.
]

=The Batfishes: Ogcocephalidæ.=—The batfishes, _Ogcocephalidæ_, are anglers with the body depressed and covered with hard bony warts. The mouth is small and the bony bases of the pectoral and ventral fins are longer than in any other of the anglers. The species live in the warm seas, some in very shallow water, others descending to great depths, the deep-sea forms being small and more or less degenerate. These walk along like toads on the sea-bottoms; the ventrals, being jugular, act as fore legs and the pectorals extend behind them as hind legs.

FIG. 504.—_Ogcocephalus vespertilio_ (L.). Florida.
]

The common sea-bat, or diablo, of the West Indies, _Ogcocephalus vespertilio_, is dusky in color with the belly coppery red. It reaches the length of a foot. The angling spine is very short, hidden under the long stiff process of the snout. Farther north occurs the short-nosed batfish, _Ogcocephalus radiatus_, very similar, but with the nostril process, or snout, blunt and short. _Zalieutes elater_, with a large black eye-like spot on each side of the back, is found on the west coast of Mexico. In deeper water are species of _Halieutichthys_ in the West Indies and of _Halieutæa_ in Japan. _Dibranchus atlanticus_ has the gills reduced to two pairs. _Malthopsis_ consists of small species, with the rostrum prominent, like a bishop's miter. Two species are found in the Pacific, _Malthopsis mitrata_ in Hawaii and _Malthopsis tiarella_ in Japan.

* * * * *

And with these dainty freaks of the sea, the results of centuries on centuries of specialization, degeneration, and adaptation, we close the long roll-call of the fishes, living and dead. And in their long genealogy is enfolded the genealogy of men and beasts and birds and reptiles and of all other back-boned animals of whom the fish-like forms are at once the ancestors, the cousins, and the younger brothers. When the fishes of the Devonian age came out upon the land, the potentiality of the higher methods of life first became manifest. With the new conditions, more varied and more exacting, higher and more varied specialization was demanded, and, in response to these new conditions, from a fish-like stock have arisen all the birds and beasts and men that have dwelt upon the earth.

FIG. 505.—Batfish, _Ogcocephalus vespertilio_ (L.). Florida.
]

FIG. 506.—Batfish, _Ogcocephalus vespertilio_ (Linnæus). Carolina
Coast.
]

THE END.

INDEX

aal-mutter, ii, 144

Abbott, i, 415, 419, 422; ii, 307, 534
on perch, ii, 307

abdominal fishes, ii, 39

Abdominales, i, 393; ii, 38, 39

Abeona, ii, 375

Abramis, ii, 167
figure of, ii, 168

Aboma,
figure of, ii, 462

abundance of food-fish, i, 329

abura-ainame, ii, 440

abura-bodzu, ii, 323

aburazame, i, 524

Acantharchus, ii, 297

Acanthistius, ii, 323

Acanthobatis, i, 553

Acanthocephala, i, 344, 351

Acanthocepola, ii, 363

Acanthoclinidæ, ii, 516

Acanthoclinus, ii, 516

Acanthocybium, ii, 266

Acanthodei, i, 65, 437, 447, 513, 519, 545, 561
Dean on, i, 517
families of, i, 516
order of, i, 514
Woodward on, i, 514

Acanthoëssidæ, i, 515, 516

Acanthoëssus, i, 446, 510-513
figure of, i, 515
scales of, figured, i, 521

Acantholabrus, ii, 387

Acanthonemus, ii, 286

Acanthopteri, ii, 157

Acanthopterygian, ii, 39, 293

Acanthopterygii, i, 391; ii, 189, 208-214

Acanthostracion, i, 377

Acanthuridæ, i, 206; ii, 405, 407, 410, 411
family of, ii, 407

Acanthurus, i, 268, 271; ii, 407, 409

Acanus, ii, 330

Acara, ii, 381

Acentronura, ii, 236

Acerina, ii, 241, 309

Acentrophorus, ii, 23

Achirinæ, ii, 495

Achirus,
figure of, ii, 496

Acipenser, i, 291, 332, 391, 452; ii, 18, 19, 20, 22
figure of, ii, 19, 20
larva of, figured, i, 141

Acipenseridæ, i, 290; ii, 18

Acipenseroidei, i, 382

Acraniata, i, 484

Acrocheilus, ii, 169

Acrogaster, ii, 252

Acrognathus, ii, 34

Acropoma, ii, 317

Acropomidæ, ii, 317

Acrotidæ, ii, 285

Acrotus, ii, 285

Actinistia, i, 602
order of, i, 604

Actinopteri, i, 451, 507, 599, 610; ii, 1, 2, 4, 5, 208

Actinopterygii, i, 462; ii, 1

Actinosts, ii, 1, 33

actinotrichia, i, 80

Adaptation of fishes, i, 177-225

adaptive radiation,
law of, i, 296

adder-fish, ii, 501

Adelfisch, ii, 65

Adelochorda, i, 461

Adinia, ii, 199

adipose fin, i, 25

Ægæonichthys, ii, 549

Æoliscus,
figure of, ii, 235

Ærolepis, ii, 14

Æthalion, ii, 41

Ætheospondyli, ii, 24, 29

Æthoprora,
figure of, i, 188

Aëtobatis, i, 557
figure of, i, 558

African catfish,
figure of, i, 457; ii, 185

Agassiz, A., i, 405

Agassiz, L., i, 419, 428, 614; ii, 1, 39, 183, 486
on dispersion, i, 284
on Embiotocidæ, ii, 378, 379
on embryology of garpike, ii, 31
on fish fauna of N. E., i, 302
on fossil fishes, i, 404
on ganoids, ii, 9
on high and low forms, i, 381
on Lepidosteus, ii, 5
on Onchus, i, 530
portrait of, i, 399
pupils of, i, 405
questions raised by, i, 284
sketch of, i, 404

Age of fishes, i, 144-146

agency of ocean currents, i, 243

Agnatha, i, 508

Agonidæ, i, 208; ii, 3, 185, 452, 453, 456
family of, ii, 449

Agonoid fish,
figure of, i, 221; ii, 453

Agonostomus, ii, 107, 222

Agonus, i, 219; ii, 453

Agrammus, ii, 440

Ahl, i, 394

aholehole, ii, 304

air-bladder, i, 11
air-duct, i, 12
Aristotle on, 95
Borelli on, i, 95
of Carp, i, 93; ii, 159, 160
in Cœlacanthus, i, 604
defined, i, 92, 93
De Fosse on, i, 97
Delaroche on, i, 95
figure of, i, 93, 604
function of, i, 94
in ganoids, i, 101
gases in, i, 94
in Labyrinthici, i, 91
an organ of hearing, ii, 159
origin of, i, 98
position of, i, 35
Sörensen on, i, 97
Tower on, i, 95
use of, i, 12
wanting in sharks, i, 506
Weber on, i, 96

akadai, ii, 344

Alaska blackfish, i, 51, 147, 290
figure of, i, 149; ii, 206

Alaska cod, ii, 536

Alaska grayling,
figure of, i, 328; ii, 120

Alaskan rivers,
fishes of, i, 304, 305

Albacore, i, 210; ii, 136
figure of, ii, 263
Goode on, ii, 263
long fin, ii, 263

Albatross, the i, 263, 408; ii, 60, 130, 138

Albatrossia, ii, 541

Albula, i, 142, 205; ii, 29, 46, 148
figure of, i, 147; ii, 44

Albulidæ, ii, 41, 44

Alburnus, ii, 167

Alcock, i, 244, 408; ii, 290

Aldrich,
photograph by, i, 303

Aldrovandi, i, 388

Aldrovandia,
figure of, ii, 138

Alectis, i, 202; ii, 276

aleihi, ii, 253

Alepisauridæ, i, 134

Alepocephalidæ, ii, 60

Alepocephalus,
figure of, ii, 60

alewife, ii, 49
figure of, ii, 50

alfonsinos, ii, 251

alimentary canal, i, 31

alkaloid poisons, i, 182, 184, 185; ii, 411, 412

allantiasis, i, 183

alligator-fish, ii, 449, 453

alligator-gar,
figure of, ii, 31

allmouth, ii, 545

Alopiidæ,
family of, i, 536

Alosa, i, 204, 291; ii, 50

Alticus,
figure of, i, 230; ii, 509

Alutera, i, 206; ii, 414, 415

amadai, ii, 363

Amanses, ii, 415
figure of, ii, 414

Amaræcium, i, 477

Ambassis, ii, 317

Ambassidæ, ii, 317

amber-fish, ii, 272
figure of, i, 458; ii, 273

amber-jack, ii, 274

Amblodon, i, 302

Ambloplites,
figure of, ii, 299
skull of, figured, ii, 296

Amblyopsidæ, 290; ii, 204
family of, ii, 200

Amblyopsis, i, 220, 314
figure of, i, 221, 222; ii, 203

Amblypterus, ii, 14

Amblystoma, i, 78

Ameiurus, i, 283, 293, 310, 356; ii, 35, 183, 185, 186, 299
figure of, i, 344, 358; ii, 180, 181
parasites of, i, 344

American charr, ii, 110

American fishes,
Goode on, i, 335

Amia, i, 33, 101, 102, 204, 291, 344, 391, 612, 623; ii, 8, 9, 11, 31,
33, 36, 41, 160
figure of, ii, 33, 35
lower jaw of, ii, 33
shoulder-girdle in, i, 86
tail of, i, 82

Amiatus, i, 394

Amiidæ, i, 290; ii, 4, 34, 35, 36

Amioidei,
Lütken on, ii, 33

Amiopsis, ii, 36

Amitra, ii, 454

Ammocœtes, i, 142

Ammocrypta, ii, 306
figure of, i, 158; ii, 313

Ammodytes, ii, 224, 391, 514, 522
figure of, ii, 521

Ammodytidæ, ii, 215, 520, 521

Amphacanthi,
suborder of, ii, 409

Ampheristus, ii, 436

Amphibia, i, 393, 600, 606

Amphibians, ii, 9
origin of, i, 600

Amphicœlian, i, 49

Amphiodon, i, 394

Amphioxides, i, 483

Amphioxus, i, 482, 495

Amphiplaga, ii, 243

Amphipnoidæ, 11, 141

Amphipnous, ii, 141

Amphiprion, ii, 384

Amphisile, ii, 235

Amphisticus, ii, 375

Amphistiidæ,
family of, ii, 245, 247

Amphistium, ii, 485
figure of, ii, 247

Amyzon, ii, 175

Anabantidæ, ii, 215, 370
Gill on, i, 366

Anabas, i, 91, 103, 163
figure of, ii, 366

Anableps, i, 117, 391; ii, 131
eye of, ii, 194
figure of, i, 117
Marsh on, ii, 194
Nelson on, ii, 196

Anacanthini, i, 405; ii, 484, 485, 499, 501, 532, 533, 538
order of, ii, 532, 533

anadromous fishes, i, 291

anadromous salmon, ii, 68

anal fin, i, 10
in Embiotocidæ, i, 125
as intromittent organ, i, 124
in Pœciliidæ, i, 125
in sword-tail minnow, i, 124

analogy and homology, i, 368, 369
Coues on, i, 369

Anampses, ii, 390

Anarhichadidæ, ii, 517

Anarhichas, i, 208, 391; ii, 518
figure of, ii, 517
food of, ii, 518

Anarchias, ii, 153

Anarrhichthys, i, 208, 364; ii, 518
skull of, ii, 517

Anarthri, i, 509

Anarthrodira, i, 584, 585, 590

Anaspida, i, 573, 622
order of, i, 579

anatomy of tunicates,
figure showing, i, 472

Anchovia, i, 199, 205
figure of, ii, 54

anchovy,
figure of, ii, 54

anchovy, silvery,
figure of, ii, 54

ancient outlet of Lake Bonneville,
photograph of, i, 303

Ancylostylos, ii, 45

Andaman Islands,
fishes of, i, 166

Andrews, i, 428

Anema, ii, 504

angel-fishes, i, 547, 549
figure of, ii, 401, 404

angler-fishes, i, 189, 206; ii, 542-553
carpels of, i, 51
figure of, i, 52
Gill on, ii, 543
habits of, ii, 543-545
Kent on, ii, 543

anglers,
dorsal fin in, i, 202

angling, i, 336
Young on, i, 337-339

Anguilla, i, 127, 162, 211; ii, 143
figure of, ii, 142, 148

Anguillidæ, i, 290; ii, 148
family of, ii, 142

angular, i, 606

Anisotremus, i, 271; ii, 341

Anomalopidæ,
family of, ii, 317

anko,
figure of, ii, 545

Anomalops, ii, 317

Anoplogaster, ii, 252

Anoplopoma,
figure of, ii, 438

Anoplopomidæ,
family of, ii, 438

Anoplus, i, 260; ii, 333

Antechinomys, ii, 471

Antennariidæ, i, 52; ii, 542, 549, 553
Aristotle on, ii, 546
deep-sea, ii, 548
Goode on, ii, 545
habits of, ii, 544-546
Hoffmann on, ii, 546
spawning of, ii, 546

Antennarius, i, 197, 206
figure of, ii, 550, 553

Anthias, ii, 328

Antiarcha, i, 573, 581, 590, 622
order of, i, 576

Antigonia, i, 262

Anyperodon, ii, 328

ao, ii, 274

Apeltes,
figure of, ii, 232

Aphanopus, i, 210

Aphareus,
figure of, ii, 339

Aphredoderidæ, i, 290; ii, 243, 294

Aphredoderus, ii, 204, 252, 291, 294, 296
figure of, ii, 295

Apia,
coral reef of, figured, i, 234

Apichthys, ii, 278

Aplidiopsis,
figure of, i, 479

Aploactis, i, 202

Aplodactylidæ, ii, 363

Aplodactylus, ii, 364

Aplodinotus, i, 291, 302; ii, 354, 357

Apocopodon, i, 558

Apodes, i, 393, 611; ii, 40, 139-158, 532
order of, ii, 141

Apodichthys, i, 227; ii, 512

Apogon,
figure of, i, 455; ii, 316, 319

Apogonidæ,
family of, ii, 316

Apomotis, i, 26, 310; ii, 301
figure of, i, 27; ii, 350

Apostasis, ii, 406

Apostolides, i, 412

Appendicularia, i, 466
Brooks on, i, 480

Appendiculariidæ, i, 474

Aprion, i, 325; ii, 338

Apsilus, ii, 338

aquatic worms, ii, 143

Aracana, ii, 417

Arapaima, ii, 11, 56

Arbaciosa,
species of, ii, 531

Archæomænidæ, ii, 29

Archæus, ii, 278

Archencheli,
suborder of, ii, 141, 142

archers, ii, 400

archicercal tail, i, 81, 83

archipterygium, i, 59-61, 68, 69, 73, 446, 459, 511, 512, 522, 598,
600, 601
Boulenger on, i, 79
Gegenbaur on, i, 60
Günther on, i, 60

archnoid membrane, i, 109

Archoplites, i, 179, 240; ii, 297
figure of, i, 258

Archosargus, i, 324; ii, 346
figure of, i, 31; ii, 347

Archoteuthis, ii, 410

Arctic codling, ii, 537

Arctic species,
in lakes, i, 316
Loven on, i, 317
Malmgren on, i, 317
Smith on, i, 317

Arctoscopus, ii, 364

Argentina, i, 391

Argentinidæ, ii, 122, 124

Argidæ, ii, 185

Argyropelecus,
figure of, i, 190; ii, 137

Argyrosomus, i, 315; ii, 62, 65, 67
figure of, ii, 66

Ariscopus, i, 257
figure of, ii, 504

Aristotle, ii, 146
on fishes of Greece, i, 387
on noises of fish, i, 95

Arius, ii, 178, 186

arm of frog, i, 601
figure of, i, 71

ama-ama, ii, 221

armado, i, 169

arnillo, ii, 338

Arnoglossus, ii, 488

arrow-toothed halibut, ii, 491

Artedi, i, 374, 390
on genera, i, 391

Artediellus, ii, 442

Artedius, ii, 442

Arthrodira, i, 573, 584, 585, 590, 612
Dean on, i, 581
Jækel on, i, 591

Arthrodires, i, 204, 241, 436, 437, 603, 622; ii, 3
classification of, i, 584
figure of, i, 445, 584
occurrence of, i, 583
relationships of, i, 588

Arthropteridæ, i, 553

Arthropterus, i, 553

Arthrognathi, i, 581, 584, 585, 589, 590
Dean on, i, 584

Arthrothoraci, i, 584, 586, 587

articular, i, 606

artificial impregnation,
Jacobian method, i, 150

Ascanius, i, 396; ii, 472

Ascelichthys, ii, 449

Ascidia,
figure of, i, 474

Ascidiacea, i, 474

ascidians, i, 460, 467
Kingsley on, i, 474
Ritter on, i, 474

Ascidiiæ, i, 474, 475

Ascidina,
figure of, i, 475

Aseraggodes, ii, 496

Ashmead,
on leprosy transmission, i, 186

Asineopidæ, ii, 243, 296, 317

Asineops, ii, 243, 317

Asmuss, i, 427

Aspasma, ii, 531
figure of, ii, 530

Aspidocephali, i, 568, 575

Aspidoganoidei, i, 568

Aspidophoroides,
figure of, ii, 453

Aspidorhini, i, 568

Aspidorhynchidæ, ii, 24, 29

Aspidorhynchus, ii, 29

Aspius, ii, 175

Aspredo, ii, 184

Aspro, ii, 307, 310
figure of, ii, 309

aspron, ii, 309
figure of, ii, 310

Asterolepidæ, i, 576, 623

Asterolepis, i, 577, 591

Asterospondyli, i, 447, 510, 513, 532
order of, i, 525

asterospondylous, i, 49

Asterosteidæ, i, 584, 585

Asterosteus, i, 585

Asterropteryx, i, 263

Astrodermiidæ, i, 551

Astrodermus, i, 551

Astrolabe, the, i, 408

Astrolytes,
figure of, ii, 442

Astronesthidæ, ii, 128

Astrape, i, 554

Astroscopus, ii, 503
Gilbert on, i, 187
electric organs of, i, 187

Asymmetron, i, 483; ii, 467

Ateleaspis, i, 574

Atheresthes, i, 205; ii, 491

Atherina, i, 393; ii, 216

Atherinidæ, i, 290; ii, 215

Atherinops, ii, 218

Atherinopsis,
figure of, ii, 218

Atherinosoma, ii, 218

Athlennes, ii, 211

Atka fish,
figure of, i, 328; ii, 439

Atka mackerel, ii, 439

Atlantic creek, i, 308, 309

Atlantic oarfish, ii, 472

Atlantic salmon, ii, 89

attenuate, i, 19

Atthey, i, 426

Auchenopterus, ii, 508

atule, ii, 275

auditory ossicles, ii, 160

Aulichthys, ii, 233

Aulolepis, ii, 48

Aulopidæ, ii, 130, 132

Aulopus, i, 259; ii, 190

Aulorhamphus, ii, 406

Aulorhynchidæ,
family of, ii, 232

Aulorhynchus, ii, 233

Aulostomidæ,
family of, ii, 233

Aulostomus, ii, 233
figure of, ii, 234

Australia, ii, 363

Australian flying-fish,
figure of, i, 341

Australian lung-fish, i, 100

autochthonous, i, 245

autostylic skull, i, 561; ii, 8

Auxis, ii, 262

awa, ii, 45, 221

awaawa, ii, 43

awaous, i, 254; ii, 465

aweoweo, ii, 333

Axinurus, ii, 409

axonasts, i, 604, 605; ii, 17

Ayres, i, 419, 428

ayu, i, 256; ii, 115, 117, 118
figure of, i, 321; ii, 116
fishing for figured, i, 333, 335

Azevia, i, 271; ii, 489

d'Azyr, i, 390

Azygostei, i, 581

azygous, i, 88

Baer, i, 428

Bagarius, ii, 186

bagonado, ii, 344

bagre, ii, 182

bagre de Rio, ii, 182

Bagrus, ii, 183

Baikal cods, ii, 455

Baird, i, 419; ii, 142
on bluefish, ii, 279-282
on eel migrations, ii, 142
portrait of, i, 407

Bairdiella, ii, 355
figure of, ii, 355

Bakker, i, 428

Balanoglossidæ, i, 465

Balanglossus, i, 461

Balanus, ii, 544

balaos, ii, 212

Balfour, i, 428, 511, 513; ii, 8
finfold theory, i, 69, 514
lateral-fold theory, i, 71-73
on paired fins, ii, 8
on sharks, i, 511

Balfour and Parker,
on Lepidosteus, ii, 5

Balistapus, i, 181; ii, 413

Balistes, i, 206, 391, 611; ii, 22
figure of, i, 184; ii, 412

Balistidæ, ii, 413, 418
family of, ii, 412

Ballou,
on eels, ii, 417

banded rockfish,
figure of, ii, 432

banded sunfish,
figure of, ii, 299

bandfishes, ii, 363

bandfishes,
the crested, ii, 291

Banks, i, 395

barbels, i, 115; ii, 170
organs of touch, i, 122

barber-fish, ii, 328

barbero, ii, 408

barbudos, ii, 256

Barbulifer, ii, 462

Barbus, ii, 170, 175

Barkas, i, 426

Barneville, i, 412

Barracuda, ii, 34, 39, 215, 266, 317, 469

Barracuda,
family of, ii, 222
figure of, ii, 223

Barramunda, i, 116, 614, 615
Günther on, i, 615

barreto, ii, 467

barriers,
Alleghanies, i, 311
artificial dams, i, 300
Cape of Good Hope, i, 268
checks to movement, i, 240
crossing by fishes, i, 302
to dispersion, i, 297
Isthmus of Panama, i, 269
local, i, 298
mountain chains, i, 310
Rocky Mountains, i, 305
the Sierras, i, 310
silt-bearing streams, i, 301
species absent from, i, 239
temperature, i, 298
waterfalls, i, 300
watersheds, i, 205

basal bone,
of dorsal fin, i, 49
figure of, i, 49, 56
of pectoral fin, i, 59

baseosts, ii, 17

basilar, i, 88

Basilevsky, i, 411

basking shark, i, 539
figure of, i, 540
largest of fishes, i, 539

bass, i, 4, 21, 47, 290, 323, 440; ii, 316-350
black, i, 303, 304
white, i, 321
yellow, i, 321

bassalian fishes, i, 245, 246; ii, 128

Bassani, i, 427

Bassozetus,
figure of, i, 456

bastard halibut, ii, 489

Bateson, i, 463

batfish, ii, 402, 458
figure of, ii, 553
shoulder-girdle of, i, 88; ii, 551

Bathyclupeidæ, ii, 290

Bathygadus, ii, 541

Bathylagus, ii, 127

Bathymaster, ii, 502
figure of, ii, 503

Bathymasteridæ, ii, 502

Bathyonidæ, ii, 540

Bathyonus, ii, 540

Bathypteroidæ, ii, 130

Bathypterois, ii, 131

Batoidei, i, 519
suborder of, i, 549

Batrachians, i, 85, 87, 88

Batrachoides, i, 394; ii, 526

Batrachoides,
shoulder-girdle of, i, 59

Batrachoididæ, i, 182, 192; ii, 525, 529, 542

Batrachoids, ii, 529

Batrictius, i, 394

Bdellostoma, i, 490

Beagle, the, i, 408

Bean, i, 408, 419

Beardslee, ii, 101

Beardslee trout, ii, 101

Belemnobatis, i, 551

Bellotti, i, 412

bellows fish, ii, 545

Belon,
on fishes of Mediterranean, i, 388

Belone, ii, 210, 211

Belonidæ,
family of, ii, 210

Belonorhynchidæ, ii, 514

Belonorhynchus, ii, 17

Belostomus, ii, 29

Bembradidæ, ii, 441, 499

Bembras, ii, 441

Benecke,
on spawning of eels, ii, 146

Beneden, i, 427

benimasu, ii, 72

Bennett, i, 408, 416

Bentenia, ii, 286

Benthosauridæ, ii, 130

Benthosaurus, ii, 131

Berg, i, 415
portrait of, i, 409

Berndt,
opah taken by, ii, 244
photograph by, i, 323

Berycidæ, i, 206; ii, 294, 499
family of, ii, 251

Berycoidei, ii, 40, 245, 290, 484, 485
suborder of, ii, 250-257

Berycoid fishes, ii, 250
figure of, i, 439; ii, 253
Starks on, ii, 250

Berycoids, ii, 247

Berycopsis, ii, 285

Beryx, i, 259, 263, 438; ii, 249, 289
figure of, ii, 251

beshow, ii, 438

Betta, i, 163; ii, 370

biajaiba, ii, 336

Bianconi, i, 412

Bibron, i, 412

big-eye, ii, 333
figure of, ii, 332

big-eyed scad, ii, 275

Birkenia, i, 580
figure of, i, 579

Birkeniidæ, i, 579

bishop-fish, i, 361

bishop-fish,
figure of, i, 361

Björnson,
on fishing villages of Norway, i, 329

black angel, ii, 405

black angel-fish,
figure of, ii, 403

black bass, i, 209; ii, 168, 301, 328
Hallock on, ii, 302
Henshall on, ii, 302
large-mouthed, ii, 304
small-mouthed, ii, 303

black bream, ii, 206

Black Current of Japan, sharks in, i, 536

black escolar, 338

black-fin snapper, ii, 336

blackfish, ii, 387

black grouper, ii, 323, 325

black-horse, ii, 173

Blackiston's line,
relation to fishes, i, 257

black-jack, ii, 276

black nohu,
figure of, i, 180; ii, 436
stinging spines of, i, 180

black-nosed dace,
figure of, i, 342; ii, 164
parasites on, i, 342

black rockfish, ii, 429

black ruff, ii, 284

black sea-bass, ii, 329

black-sided darter,
figure of, ii, 311

blacksmith, ii, 381

black-spotted sailor's choice, ii, 341

black-spotted trout, ii, 95

black swallower,
figure of, i, 29; ii, 360

black tai, ii, 344

black will, ii, 328

black wrasse, ii, 387

Blainville, i, 400
on Palæoniscum, ii, 14

Blake, i, 60, 408

Blanchard, i, 412

blanquillos, ii, 361, 362

blastoderm, i, 135

blastomeres, i, 135

blastopore, i, 138

blastula, i, 131, 132

bleak, ii, 163, 167

Bleeker, i, 376, 412, 414

Bleekeria, ii, 521

Bleekeriidæ, ii, 522

Blenniidæ, i, 208, 276, 290; ii, 506-531

Blennioidea, ii, 470

Blennius, i, 208, 391; ii, 511, 513

Blennius,
figure of, i, 508

blenny, i, 209, 230, 290, 429; ii, 507-531
figure of, ii, 509, 511
Japanese, i, 9; ii, 513
kelp, ii, 507
northern, ii, 511
sarcastic, ii, 507
snake, ii, 512

Blepsias,
figure of, ii, 448

blind Brotula,
figure of, i, 222

blind catfish, ii, 181

blind cavefish,
figure of, i, 116; ii, 202

blindfish, i, 290; ii, 202, 524
descent of, ii, 202
Eigenmann on, i, 117; ii, 202
habits of, ii, 202
theories regarding origin, ii, 202

blindfish of Mammoth Cave, ii, 202, 203
Eigenmann on, i, 221, 222
figure of, i, 221

blind goby, ii, 467

blob, ii, 444

Bloch, i, 389, 397

Blochiidæ, ii, 514

Blochius,
figure of, ii, 514

Blossom, the, i, 408

blue-back, ii, 71, 73-76

blue-back salmon, ii, 68, 69

blue-breasted darter, i, 231; ii, 314
figure of, i, 231

blue cod, ii, 440

bluefin, ii, 66

bluefin cisco,
figure of, ii, 66

bluefish, ii, 278, 354
Baird on, i, 279-282
destructiveness of, ii, 281
figure of, i, 324; ii, 279
food of, ii, 280

bluegill,
figure of, ii, 300

blue-green sunfish, i, 26
figure of, i, 27; ii, 350

blue parrot-fish, ii, 396
figure of, ii, 394
figure of jaws, ii, 393

blue sharks, i, 534, 542

blue smelt,
figure of, ii, 218

blue-spotted guativere, ii, 324

blue surf-fish, ii, 375

blue tang, ii, 408
figure of, ii, 407

Blyth, i, 396

boarfishes, ii, 135, 398

bobo,
figure of, ii, 222

boccaccio, ii, 429

Bocage, i, 414

Bocourt, i, 412

Bodianus, i, 207, 271; ii, 388

boga, ii, 347, 348

Bogoslovius, ii, 541

Bohr, i, 97

Boleophthalmus, ii, 465
figure of, i, 118; ii, 466

Boleosoma, i, 302; ii, 313

Bollman, i, 420

Boltenia, i, 475

Bombay-duck, ii, 131

bonaci-arará, ii, 325

bonaci-cardenal, ii, 325

Bonaparte, i, 412

bones of the fish,
actinosts, i, 42
alisphenoid, i, 38, 39, 40, 53
anal fin, i, 48
angular, i, 42, 43, 54
articular, i, 42, 43, 54
basibranchial, i, 46
basihyal, i, 42, 45
basioccipital, i, 36, 38, 39, 40, 53
basisphenoid, i, 36, 38, 39, 53
branchiostegals, i, 42, 45
carpals, i, 51
of anglers, i, 51
caudal fin, i, 48
caudal vertebræ, i, 48
ceratobranchial, i, 46
ceratohyal, i, 42, 45
clavicle, i, 42, 50, 52
figured, i, 52
coracoid, i, 50, 51
of cranium, i, 39
dentary, i, 42, 43, 54
dorsal fin, i, 48
epihyal, i, 42, 45
epibranchial, i, 46
epioccipital, i, 36
epiotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53
epipleurals, i, 48
ethmoid, i, 36, 37, 53
exoccipital, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53
frontal, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
glossihyal, i, 42
hæmal spine, i, 48
hæmaphysis, i, 48
hyoid arch, i, 42
hyomandibular, i, 42, 44, 54
hypercoracoid, i, 42, 52
hypobranchial, i, 46
hypocoracoid, i, 42, 43, 52
hypural, i, 48, 49
infraclavicle, i, 51
interclavicle, i, 51
interhæmals, i, 49
interhyal, i, 42, 45
interneural, i, 48
interopercle, i, 42, 45, 54
interspinals, i, 49
isthmus, i, 45
maxillary, i, 41, 42
mesopterygoid, i, 41, 42
metapterygoid, i, 41, 42, 54
nasal, i, 42, 53
neural spine, i, 48
neuropophysis, i, 48
opercle, i, 42, 54
opisthotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
palatine, i, 41, 42, 54
parapophysis, i, 48
parietal, i, 36, 37, 39, 40, 53
parsasphenoid, i, 36, 38, 53
pectoral fin, i, 42
pelvic girdle, i, 42
pharyngeals, i, 46, 47
figure of, i, 47
lower, i, 46
suspensory, i, 46
upper, i, 46
postclavicle, i, 42, 51
figured, i, 52
postero-temporal, i, 50
post-temporal, i, 42, 52
prefrontal, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
premaxillary, i, 42
preopercle, i, 42, 54
preorbital, i, 41, 42
prootic, i, 36, 38, 53
proscapula, i, 50
pterotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53
pterygials, i, 51
pterygoid, i, 41, 42, 54
quadrate, i, 42, 43, 54
ribs, i, 48
scapula, i, 50
shoulder-girdle, i, 42, 50, 51, 52
sphenotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
subopercle, i, 42, 54
suborbital, i, 42
supraclavicle, i, 42, 50
supraoccipital, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
suprascapula, i, 50
supratemporal, i, 42, 50
figured, i, 51
symplectic, i, 42, 54
urohyal, i, 42, 54
ventral fin, i, 42
vomer, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
zygapophysis, i, 48

bonito, ii, 264

bonnaterre, i, 397

bony fish, i, 204, 454, 506; ii, 37
classification of, ii, 38
development of, i, 135
figure of, ii, 438
specialized, figured, i, 456

bony scales, i, 21

Boops, i, 260, 267; ii, 348, 350

Borassus, ii, 367

Borelli, i, 390
on air-bladder, i, 95

Boreogadus, ii, 537

botolism, i, 183

Bothinæ, ii, 487

Bothriocephalus, i, 345

Bothriolepis, i, 577

Bothus, ii, 486

Botryllidæ, i, 476

Botryllus, i, 476; ii, 545
figure of, i, 477, 478, 479

bottle-nosed chimæra,
eggs of, figured, i, 127

Bougainville, i, 395

Boulenger, i, 360, 364, 370, 414, 428, 513, 600, 601, 606, 608, 609;
ii, 41, 48, 128, 129, 136, 138, 158, 190, 485, 502, 522, 551
on Archipterygium, i, 79
on Galaxias, ii, 205
catalogue of fishes, i, 402
on opahs, ii, 243
portrait of, i, 403
on vertebræ, i, 213
on zooid fishes, ii, 245

Bovichthyidæ, ii, 502

bowfin, i, 290, 440; ii, 33, 34
figure of, ii, 35
tail of, figured, i, 82

Bowring,
on noises by fishes, i, 168

Brachydirus, i, 590

Brachyistius, ii, 375

Brachymystax, ii, 62, 67

brain,
of chimæra, i, 410, 411
figures of, i, 110, 111
Günther on, i, 109
in hagfish, i, 112
of lamprey, i, 112
of perch, i, 111
of pike, i, 109
of primitive fishes, i, 112
reflex action of, i, 153
of shark, i, 110, 111

Brama, ii, 135, 286

Bramidæ, ii, 291
family of, ii, 286

branch herring, ii, 49

branchial bones, i, 46

Branchiostegi, i, 391

Branchiostoma, i, 34, 35, 120, 383, 483
eggs of, i, 131
figure of, i, 484

Branchiostomidæ, i, 484

Brandt, i, 412

Branner, i, 415

Brayton, i, 420

bream, ii, 163, 167

Bregmaceros, ii, 524

Bregmacerotidæ, ii, 524

Brevoort, i, 416

Brevoortia, ii, 51
figure of, i, 340; ii, 51

brit, ii, 216, 217

broad-shad, ii, 347

broad-soles, ii, 495

Brongniart, i, 427, 428

brook lamprey,
figure of, i, 120, 505
larva of, figured, i, 492
mouth of, figured, i, 492

Brooks,
on Appendicularia, i, 480

brook trout, ii, 99, 107, 108, 110, 113, 115
figure of, ii, 111

Brosme, ii, 539

Brosmius, ii, 539

Brosmophycis, ii, 524

Brotula,
figure of, ii, 524
blind, figured, ii, 524

Brotulidæ, i, 314; ii, 523, 533

Brotulids, ii, 39, 524

Broussonet, i, 396

Brown, i, 426

Browne, i, 389

brown tang,
figure of, i, 181; ii, 408

Brünnich, i, 394

Bryactinus, i, 565

Brycon,
figure of, ii, 162

Bryostemma,
figure of, ii, 511, 514

Bryttosus, i, 256; ii, 297, 320

buccal cirri, i, 595

Buchanan,
on hunting of Chaca, i, 170

Buckland, i, 423
on soles, ii, 497
on turbot roe, ii, 488

Bucklandium, ii, 186

budai, ii, 390

buffalo-cod, ii, 440

Buffalo Creek, i, 309

buffalo-fish, ii, 160, 172
figure of, ii, 173
shoulder-girdle of, i, 51

buffalo sculpin,
figure of, ii, 443

bulbus arteriosus, ii, 10, 11

bullhead, i, 356

bullhead shark,
figure of, i, 526

bumpers, ii, 276

Bunocephalidæ, ii, 184

burbot, i, 209; ii, 538
figure of, ii, 539

Bürger, i, 414

butter-fish, ii, 283, 284, 324, 512

butterfly fish, i, 440; ii, 381
figure of, i, 143; ii, 402

butterfly ray, i, 556

butterfly sculpin,
figure of, i, 288

caballerote, ii, 335

cabezon, ii, 442

cabra mora,
figure of, i, 20

cabrilla, ii, 324, 328, 329

cachucho,
figure of, ii, 337

Cælorhynchus,
figure of, ii, 541

Cæsio, ii, 342

cagon de le alto, ii, 337

cají, ii, 336

Calamoichthys, i, 76, 89, 608

Calamostoma, ii, 236

Calamus, i, 49, 238; ii, 344
figure of, ii, 345, 347

calico-bass, ii, 297

calico-salmon, ii, 72

California lancelet,
figure of, i, 484

California miller's thumb,
figure of, ii, 446

California hake,
figure of, ii, 540

California pampano, ii, 283

California sucker,
figure of, ii, 174

Callbreath,
on running of salmon, ii, 86

Callechelys, ii, 150

Callichthyidæ, ii, 185

Callichthys, i, 290

calling the fishes, i, 167, 168
in Indian temples, i, 167
in basins of Tuileries, i, 167

Callionymidæ, ii, 506

Callionymus, i, 246, 257, 259, 263, 393, 500, 504

Callipterygidæ, ii, 501

Callipteryx, ii, 501

Calliurus, i, 302

Callorhynchus, i, 565, 566
egg of figured, i, 127

Callorhinus, ii, 537

Calotomus, ii, 390, 391

Camper, i, 389

Campostoma, ii, 164
figure of, i, 33; ii, 167

Campyloprion, i, 529

candil, ii, 255

candle-fish, ii, 124

Canestrini, i, 412

Canobius, ii, 14

Canthidermis, ii, 413

Canthigaster, i, 206

Cantor, i, 416
on fighting-fish, i, 163

Cape of Good Hope,
as barrier, i, 269

capelin,
figure of, ii, 126

capello, i, 414

capitaine,
figure of, ii, 387

Capros, ii, 135, 398, 400

Caracanthidæ, ii, 438

Carangidæ, i, 144, 149, 210; ii, 15, 278, 470
family of, ii, 272

Carangopsis, ii, 278

Carangus, i, 169, 324; ii, 275, 276, 285

Carapidæ, ii, 522

Caraproctus, ii, 455

Carapus, ii, 520, 522

Carassius, ii, 171
figure of, i, 151

Caranx, ii, 245, 275, 470, 542

Carboniferous,
fishes, i, 437
sharks, i, 224

Carcharias, i, 447, 534, 543; ii, 468
figure of, i, 542

Carchariidæ, i, 532, 534, 540, 542, 543

carcharioid sharks, i, 540

Carcharodon, i, 538

Carcharopsis, i, 522

cardenal, ii, 316

cardiform teeth, i, 29

cardinal fishes, the, ii, 316
figure of, i, 455; ii, 316, 319

cardinal vein, i, 108

Carencheli, ii, 140, 153, 155

caribe,
Günther on, ii, 161

carnivorous fishes, i, 29

carp, i, 21, 53, 93, 290; ii, 162, 164
air-bladder of, figured, ii, 160
native of China, ii, 170
domestication of, ii, 170

Carpiodes, i, 302
figure of, ii, 173

carp-sucker,
figure of, ii, 173

carrying eggs in mouth, i, 170-173
by catfish, i, 170

casabe, ii, 276

Cassiquiare,
Branner on, i, 307
crossing by fishes, i, 307

Castelnau, i, 415

Castour, i, 396

Castro,
photograph by, ii, 522

catadromous fishes, i, 162, 291; ii, 143

Catalina flying-fish,
figure of, ii, 214

catalineta, ii, 341

Catalogue,
of Panama fishes, i, 272

catalufa de lo alto,
figure of, ii, 289

catalufa, ii, 288, 333
figure of, ii, 331

Catesby, i, 389

catfish, i, 4, 20, 53, 119, 122,128, 169, 290, 440; ii, 159, 160,
177-187
African, ii, 185
channel, ii, 179
clavicle in, i, 87
Cope on, i, 180
descent from, ii, 186
destroyed by lampreys, i, 357
electric, ii, 183
electric, figured, i, 186
fossil, ii, 186
of India, ii, 184
Japanese, ii, 183
Old World, ii, 182
poison glands of, i, 180
poison spine of, i, 179
shoulder-girdle in, i, 86
spines of, i, 179
transfer to Sacramento, i, 310

Catopteridæ, ii, 16

Catopterus, ii, 16

Catostomidæ, i, 46, 290; ii, 172, 175
family of, ii, 171
figure of, i, 315

Catostomus, i, 198, 283, 302, 304, 316, 346; ii, 56
figure of, i, 348; ii, 171
pharyngeal teeth of, ii, 175

cat shark, i, 533

Catulus, i, 533

caudal fin, i, 10

caudal lancet, ii, 409

Caularchus,
figure of, i, 198, 531

Caulolatilus, ii, 362

Caulolepis, ii, 252, 253

Caulophryne,
figure of, i, 276, 548

causes of dispersion, i, 318

cavalla, ii, 266, 272-292

cavefish, ii, 201, 523, 524
Eigenmann on, ii, 524
figure of, i, 117

Cebedichthys, ii, 512

Centaurus,
larva of figured, i, 143

centers of distribution, i, 244

Centrarchidæ, i, 209, 232, 290; ii, 304, 320, 327, 380
family of, ii, 297

Centrarchus, i, 302; ii, 297

Centriscidæ, ii, 227, 235
family of, ii, 234

Centriscus, i, 393; ii, 235

Centrogenys, ii, 320

Centrolepis, ii, 14

Centrolophiidæ, ii, 283

Centrolophius, i, 260; ii, 286

Centrophoroides, i, 546

Centrophorus, i, 546

Centropomidæ, ii, 319

Centropomus, i, 271, 273; ii, 309
figure of, i, 324; ii, 319

Centropristes, i, 136; ii, 328, 329
eggs of, figured, i, 135

Centroscymnus, i, 546

Centrolabrus, ii, 387

Cephalacanthidæ, i, 208
family of, ii, 458

Cephalacanthus, ii, 458
figure of, ii, 456

Cephalaspidæ, i, 576, 623

Cephalaspis, i, 444, 569, 571
figure of, i, 576, 577, 579

Cephalopholis, ii, 324, 325

Cephaloscyllium, i, 197

Cepola, i, 260, 264, 393; ii, 363

Cepolidæ, the, ii, 363

Ceratacanthus, ii, 414

Ceratias,
figure of, ii, 548

Ceratiidæ, i, 276

Ceratobatis, i, 560

Ceratocottus, ii, 443

Ceratodontidæ, i, 600, 612
family of, i, 613

Ceratodus, i, 77, 85, 613-616

Ceratoscopelus,
figure of, ii, 133

Ceratiidæ, ii, 547-549

Cerdale, i, 271

Cerdalidæ, ii, 516

cestodes, i, 344

Cestraciont shark, i, 526, 527, 530
Eastman on, i, 529
teeth, figured, i, 527

Cestraciontes, i, 438, 519, 566
Eastman on, i, 529
families of, i, 528
suborder of, i, 526
teeth of figured, i, 527, 529

Cetomimidæ, ii, 132

Cetomimus,
figure of, ii, 132

Cetorhinus,
figure of, i, 540

Cetorhinidæ,
family of, i, 539

Cette, i, 396

Chaca, i, 170

Chacidæ, ii, 184

Chænobryttus, i, 302; ii, 300

Chætobranchus, ii, 381

Chætodipterus,
figure of, i, 325, 401

Chætodon, i, 235, 242, 267, 391; ii, 400, 403, 405, 406
figure of, i, 143; ii, 402

Chætodontidæ, i, 206; ii, 245, 291, 381, 398, 402, 404, 405

Chætodonts, ii, 247

Chalacodus, i, 566

Challenger, the, ii, 60, 130

Champsodon, ii, 361

Champsodontidæ, ii, 361

Chanos, i, 205; ii, 221
figure of, ii, 45

Chanidæ,
family of, ii, 44

Channa,
figure of, ii, 370

channel bass, ii, 355

channel catfish,
figure of, i, 280

channel-cats, the, ii, 179, 182

Channomuræna, ii, 153

Chanoides, ii, 44

Chapala Lake,
fishes of, ii, 216

Characidæ, ii, 161, 162

Characin, i, 290

Characinidæ, i, 205, 290; ii, 381

Characins, ii, 61, 160-162, 186

Characodon, ii, 201

characters,
of Elasmobranchs, i, 507
of species, i, 292

Charitosomus, ii, 56

charr, ii, 67, 99, 107, 114, 122

Charlevoix, ii, 64

Chasmistes, i, 304, 316; ii, 172

Chasmodes, ii, 509

Chauliodontidæ, ii, 129

Chauliodus,
figure of, ii, 129

Chaunax, ii, 551

Cheilio, ii, 390

Cheilinus, ii, 390

Cheilodipteridæ,
family of, ii, 278

Cheilodipterus, ii, 278
figure of, ii, 279

Cheiracanthus, i, 517

Cheirodopsis, ii, 15

Cheirodus, ii, 14

Cheirolepis, ii, 14

Chelidonichthys, i, 260; ii, 456

Chelmo, ii, 404

Chelonichthyidæ, i, 586

Chelonopsis, ii, 425

Chonerhinus, ii, 419

cherna, ii, 324

chevron, ii, 89

chiasma, ii, 4

Chiasmodon, ii, 136
figure of, i, 29; ii, 360

Chiasmodontidæ, ii, 215, 360

Chilobranchidæ, ii, 141

Chilomycterus,
figure of, ii, 423

Chiloscyllium, i, 56, 533
pectoral fin of, i, 66

Chimæra, i, 23, 35, 85, 204, 393, 435, 437, 448, 507, 509, 512-514,
545, 561-567, 595, 610
of California, i, 564
Dean on, i, 563
figure of, i, 449, 564, 565
Parker on, i, 563

Chimæridæ,
family of, i, 564

Chimæroids, i, 224, 583

Chimæropsis, i, 566

China fish,
snake-headed, ii, 371

Chinese whitebait, ii, 127, 128

chinook, ii, 69

chirivita, ii, 405

Chirocentridæ, ii, 46

Chirocentrus, ii, 46, 48

Chirolophis, ii, 512

Chiropterygium, i, 600, 605

Chirostoma,
figure of, i, 329; ii, 217

Chirothricidæ, ii, 133

Chirothrix,
figure of, ii, 46, 134

chisel-mouth, ii, 169

Chlamydoselachidæ,
family of, i, 525

Chlamydoselachus, i, 361, 447, 448, 509, 521, 536
figure of, i, 523

Chlarias, i, 98, 290; ii, 186, 187
figure of, i, 457; ii, 185

Chlariidæ, ii, 184, 185

Chlevastes, ii, 150
figure of, i, 232

Chloropthalmus, i, 260; ii, 130

Chloroscombrus, ii, 276

chochouwo, ii, 403

chogset, ii, 387

Chologaster, i, 203, 204, 223
Eigenmann on, ii, 203
figure of, i, 116; ii, 201
Garman on, ii, 202
Hoppin on, ii, 203

Chondrenchelys, i, 521

Chondropterygians, i, 508

Chondropterygii, i, 391

Chondrostei, i, 623, 624; ii, 2, 5, 13
order of, ii, 17

Chondrosteidæ, ii, 17, 18

Chondrosteus, i, 622

Chonerhinidæ, ii, 419

Chopa, ii, 344, 350
figure of, ii, 349

Chordata, i, 460

Chordate animals, i, 460
lowest forms figured, i, 465

Chordates, i, 508, 584, 597; ii, 1

Chorisochismus, ii, 531

Chriodorus, ii, 212

Chromides,
suborder of, ii, 380

Chromis, i, 166; ii, 381

Chrondrosteus,
figure of, ii, 18

Chrosomus, i, 304; ii, 164, 167

chub, ii, 118, 147, 163
figure of, ii, 169
of Great Basin, ii, 169
of Pacific, ii, 169

chub of Great Basin,
figure of, i, 287

chub-mackerel, i, 94

chub-sucker, i, 292
figure of, i, 315; ii, 172

chum, ii, 72

cichla, ii, 380

Cichlasoma, ii, 381

cichlid, i, 290

Cichlidæ, i, 209, 290; ii, 380, 381
organs of smell in, i, 115

cigar-fish, ii, 274

ciguatera, i, 182-185; ii, 335, 411, 413

Cimolichthys, ii, 133

Ciona, i, 481

Cirrhilabrus, ii, 390

Cirrhitidæ, the, ii, 363, 426

Cirrhitus, i, 271
figure of, ii, 364

Cirrostomi, i, 482, 595

cisco, ii, 65

Citharichthys, i, 274; ii, 489

Citharinus, ii, 162

Citula, i, 202; ii, 276

Cladistia, i, 602
order of, i, 605

Cladodontidæ, i, 520, 522

Cladodus, i, 65, 80, 437
pectoral fin of, i, 521
shoulder-girdle in, i, 521
teeth of, figured, i, 522

Cladoselache, i, 64, 66, 79, 80, 437, 446, 448, 510, 571, 573, 623
Dean on, i, 518
figure of, i, 65, 514, 515
primitive character of, i, 514
teeth of, figured, i, 515
ventral view of, i, 515

Cladoselachidæ, i, 514
family of, i, 523

clam-cracker, i, 556

Clark,
on eulachon, ii, 125

Clarke, i, 416

claspers, i, 124, 125

classification,
Coues on, i, 370
of Elasmobranchs, i, 509, 510
of fishes, i, 367-386
of instincts, i, 154
morphological, i, 371
natural, i, 370
terms used in, i, 462

Clastes,
Eastman on, ii, 32

Clavellinidæ, i, 475

clavicle,
figure of, i, 87
of sea catfish, i, 87

Claypole, i, 426
portrait of, i, 409

cleavages, i, 135

Clepticus, ii, 388

Clidoderma, ii, 494

Climatius, i, 446
figure of, i, 518

climbing-fish, ii, 367

climbing-perch,
figure of, ii, 366

clingfish, ii, 529
figure of, i, 198; ii, 531
Günther on, ii, 529, 530
sucking-disk in, i, 198

Clinocottus, ii, 448

Clinton, ii, 64

Clinus, i, 208; ii, 507, 511, 513, 516

Cloquet, i, 397

Cloudy Bay cod, ii, 520

Clupanodon, ii, 53

Clupea, i, 204, 329, 391
figure of, i, 331, ii, 49

Clupeidæ, i, 204, 290; ii, 49, 52, 53

clupeiform, ii, 11

clupeoid, ii, 10

Clupeidea, the, ii, 41

coalfish, i, 209; ii; 438, 537

Coal measures,
fishes of, i, 223
teeth found in, i, 65

Costa, i, 412

coast lines,
effect on distribution, i, 248

cobbler-fish, ii, 276

cobia, ii, 282

Cobitidæ, ii, 175, 185

Cobitis, i, 391; ii, 176