Chapter XXXI: Order Pediculati: the Anglers (3)

Kerr, i, 619
on Balfour's theory, i, 72
on fin migration, i, 74
on Gegenbaur theory, i, 73
on external gill, i, 76, 78
on Lepidosiren, i, 61, 620
on morphology, i, 68

Kessler, i, 411

Kessleria, i, 252, 452; ii, 18, 20

keta, ii, 73

Kettleman, ii, 545

kihi kihi, ii, 406

killer, i, 361

killifish, i, 290, 304; ii, 194, 198
hearing of, i, 121

king crab,
figure of, i, 572

king darter,
figure of, ii, 311

kingfish, ii, 266, 356
figure of, ii, 357

king of salmon, ii, 425
figure of, ii, 478

king of herrings, ii, 425, 472

king of mackerels,
figure of, ii, 425

king salmon, ii, 68, 69
anadromous instinct of, i, 160
grilse, figured, ii, 70, 72

Kingsley,
on ascidians, i, 474
on degeneration, i, 460
on sense organs, i, 175
on tunicates, i, 466-468

Kirsch, i, 422

Kirtland, i, 418; ii, 35

Kirtlandia,
figure of, ii, 217

Kishinouye, i, 418

kisugo, ii, 358

Kittlitz, i, 410

Klein, i, 390

Klunzinger, i, 411

Kner, i, 410, 411, 427
on Ganoids, ii, 10

Kneriidæ,
family of, ii, 204

knightfish, ii, 257

Knox, ii, 477

kobini-iwashi, ii, 52

kochi, ii, 441

Koenen, i, 427

Koken, i, 427

kokopu, ii, 204

kokos, ii, 71

Kolliker, i, 428

Konwick, i, 427

konoshiro, ii, 53

Kölreuter, i, 396

Kowala, ii, 51

Kowalevskia, i, 474

Kowalevsky, i, 428

Krascheninnikov, i, 395; ii, 68

Krefft, i, 614

Kröyer, i, 410

Kuhlia, ii, 304

Kuhliidæ, ii, 297, 354

kumu, i, 322; ii, 352

Kundscha, ii, 114

Kuppfer's vesicle, i, 138

kurodai, ii, 343

kuromutsu,
figure of, ii, 213

Kuro Shiwo, i, 242, 251, 258
fishes in, i, 239
goblin shark of, i, 534

Kurtidæ, ii, 287

Kurtus, ii, 288

Kyphosidæ, ii, 349, 364, 398

Kyphosus, ii, 350
figure of, ii, 349

Labidesthes, i, 313; ii, 218

Labrodon, ii, 385

Labrax, ii, 330

Labridæ, i, 207; ii, 372, 385, 390, 396

Labrus, i, 207, 260, 267, 391; ii, 385, 387

labyrinthine fishes, ii, 365, 370

Labyrinthinci, i, 149; ii, 365, 379
Day on, ii, 365
Gill on, ii, 365

Labyrinthodontidæ, i, 86

lac de marbre, ii, 109

Lacépède, i, 376, 389
portrait of, i, 399

Lachnolæmus, ii, 388
figure of, ii, 387

Lactariidæ, ii, 356

Lactarius, ii, 358

Lactophrys, ii, 417
figure of, i, 214, 373, 377, 378; ii, 416, 417
skeleton of, figured, ii, 418

ladyfish, i, 117, 198; ii, 388
figure of, i, 147; ii, 44
transformations in, i, 147

La Favorite, the, i, 408

Lafayette, ii, 356

Lagocephalus,
figure of, ii, 419

Lagodon, ii, 344

Lake Bonneville,
ancient outlet of, i, 303

lake herring, ii, 65-67

lake lamprey,
head of, figured, i, 111
mouth figured, i, 492

Lake Nicaragua,
shark from, i, 542

Lake Patzcuaro,
viviparous fishes from, i, 126

Lake Pontchartrain,
fish fauna of, i, 314

lake trout, ii, 66, 115
figure of, ii, 114

lake whiting, ii, 65

Lamdodus, i, 522

Laminaria, ii, 544

Lamnidæ, i, 532, 537, 538, 542

Lamna, i, 534, 538
teeth of, figured, i, 537
figure of, 447

lamnoid sharks, i, 519, 533
distinguished, i, 534
families of, i, 534

Lampetra, i, 491
figure of, i, 120, 492

lamprey, i, 28, 35, 56, 111, 204, 249, 290, 490, 506
ascending brook figured, i, 496
brain of, i, 112
catfishes destroyed by, i, 358
extinct forms, i, 487
fate of, i, 504
food of, i, 491
gill-basket of, figured, i, 92, 485
Kamchatka, i, 495
method of attack, i, 493
migration of, i, 494
orders of, i, 488
parasites of, i, 354
Reighard on, i, 491
spawning of, i, 498, 500
structure of, i, 486
Surface on, i, 491

Lamprididæ, ii, 16
family of, ii, 243

Lampris, i, 210, 322; ii, 228, 245, 288
figure of, i, 323
shoulder-girdle, figured, ii, 243

Lanarkia, i, 570, 622
figure of, i, 574

lancelet, i, 28, 31, 121, 204, 482-485, 506; ii, 467
characteristics of, i, 482
figure of, i, 484
habits of, i, 483
vertebral column of, i, 55

lancet-fish, ii, 408
figure of, ii, 135

lancet of surgeon-fish, i, 181

lane-snapper,
figure of, ii, 336

Lankester, i, 61, 87, 426, 571, 593

lantern-fishes, ii, 41, 61, 128, 129, 525
figure of, ii, 133

lantern-flounder, ii, 488

laolach, i, 620

Laparus, ii, 518

large-mouthed black bass,
figure of, ii, 305

Larimus, ii, 355

Larvacea, i, 470, 473
figure of, i, 480

larval development of fishes, i, 139-141, 143-147, 174-176
Dean on, i, 139
in common eel, i, 141
Gilbert on, i, 142
figures showing, i, 140-142
in brook lamprey, i, 140
in sturgeon, i, 141

larval flounder,
figure of, ii, 483

larval forms,
of Chætodon, i, 144
figures of, i, 140-142
of flounder, figured, i, 147, 175, 176
of ladyfish, i, 147
of Lepidosiren, i, 620, 621
of Mola, i, 143, 145
of sailfish, i, 140
of swordfish, i, 139

Lasianius,
figure of, i, 580

Lateolabrax, i, 324; ii, 320

lateral fold, i, 64
Balfour on, i, 71-73
Kerr on, i, 72
Mollier on, i, 71

lateral line, i, 9, 22, 23
a mucous channel, i, 22
Dean on, i, 23
function of, i, 23
relation to touch, i, 122
in singing-fish, figured, i, 23

Lates, ii, 320, 330

Latham, i, 396

Latilidæ, the, ii, 361, 363

Latilus, ii, 362

Latrididæ, ii, 363, 364, 426

Latris, ii, 363

lavaret, ii, 65

lawyer, ii, 335, 538

Lay, i, 409

Leach, i, 396

leather-carp, i, 151

leather-jackets, ii, 272, 413

Lebias, ii, 198, 201

lectocephalous condition,
Günther on, i, 142

Leidy, i, 426

Leiognathidæ, ii, 287, 348

Leiognathus, ii, 287

Leiostomus, ii, 356

Leiuranus, ii, 150

length of intestine, i, 33

Lentipes, ii, 466

leopard toadfish,
figure of, ii, 525

Lepadogaster, i, 263; ii, 531

Lepechin, i, 396

Lepidaplois, ii, 390
figure of, ii, 389

Lepidocottus, ii, 426, 449

Lepidopidæ,
family of, ii, 267

Lepidopsetta, ii, 493

Lepidopus, i, 210; ii, 267

Lepidorhombus, i, 206; ii, 488

Lepidosiren, i, 60, 73, 85, 89, 100, 149, 450, 619, 621, 622
adult male, figured, i, 620
larval forms, figured, i, 620
at 3 days, i, 620
at 30 days, i, 621
at 40 days, i, 621
at three months, i, 621
pectoral fin in, i, 60

Lepidosirenidæ, i, 88, 612, 619

Lepidostei, ii, 13, 26
Huxley on, ii, 23
Zittel on, ii, 23, 24

Lepidosteids, ii, 32

Lepidosteoidei, i, 382

Lepidotidæ, ii, 24

Lepidotes, ii, 24

Lepidotrigla, i, 259; ii, 456

Lepisoma, i, 208; ii, 508

Lepisosteidæ, i, 290; ii, 11, 29, 30

Lepisosteus, i, 32, 66, 85, 101, 102, 291, 314, 357, 604, 623; ii, 5,
6, 23, 29, 30, 32
Agassiz on, ii, 5
Balfour and Parker on, ii, 5
Eastman on, ii, 32
figure of, i, 452; ii, 31
Günther on, ii, 5, 7
Müller on, ii, 517
tail of, figured, i, 82

Lepomis, i, 302; ii, 301
figure of, i, 4; ii, 300

Leptecheneis,
figure of, i, 197; ii, 468

leptocardial tail, i, 81, 83

Leptocardians, i, 383

Leptocardii, i, 55, 482-485

Leptocephalidæ, ii, 149

Leptocephalus, i, 211; ii, 148, 149
figure of, ii, 150

leptocercal tail, i, 50, 81, 83, 507, 602
Agassiz on, i, 81
figure of, i, 82
Gaudry on, i, 84

Leptocottus, ii, 448

Leptolepidæ, ii, 36, 41

Leptolepis, ii, 42
figure of, ii, 41

Leptomylus, i, 565

Leptops, ii, 182

Leptoscopidæ, the, ii, 503, 506

Leptosmus, ii, 53

Leptotrachelus, ii, 136

Lepturus, i, 391

lesser-weaver, i, 169

Lesson, i, 408

Le Sueur, i, 418

Lethrinus, i, 268; ii, 347

Leuciscus, i, 254, 256, 346; ii, 168, 169
figure of, i, 287; ii, 169
pharyngeals of, i, 47
teeth of, figured, ii, 163, 175

Leuckart, i, 609

Leucopsarion, ii, 467

Lias, ii, 14

Libys, i, 605

Ligul, a, i, 348

Lilljeborg, i, 410

Limanda, ii, 493

little roncador, ii, 356

Limulus, i, 569
figure of, i, 572

Lindström, i, 427

ling, ii, 538

Linnæus, i, 375, 390; ii, 410, 424, 499
followers of, i, 394
Systema Naturæ of, i, 392

Linophryne, ii, 549

Linton,
on parasitic diseases, i, 343-348

Liodesmidæ, ii, 34

Liodesmus, ii, 34

lion-fish, ii, 434
figure of, ii, 433, 435

Liopsetta, ii, 493
figure of, ii, 494

liparid, ii, 447, 454
figure of, ii, 413, 454

Liparididæ,
family of, ii, 454

Liparididæ, i, 189, 208, 218; ii, 313

Liparis, i, 202, 217, 219, 375, 380; ii, 449, 455
figure of, i, 218

Lipogenyidæ, ii, 158

Lipogenys, ii, 158

Lister, i, 373, 375, 376

lithographic shales, ii, 42

Litholepis, i, 364

littoral fishes,
distribution of, i, 247

Liuranus,
figure of, i, 233

Liza, ii, 221

lizard-fishes, ii, 61
figure of, ii, 130

lizard-skipper,
figure of, i, 230; ii, 509

loach, i, 290; ii, 185
fossil, ii, 175, 176

Lobotes,
figure of, ii, 331

Lobotidæ,
family of, ii, 331

local barriers, i, 298

Lockington, i, 419
on long-jawed goby, ii, 462-465

log-perch,
figure of, ii, 311

Lohest, i, 427

lok-sild, ii, 67

longe, ii, 114

long-eared sunfish, i, 3-15
figure of, i, 2, 3; ii, 300

long-jawed goby, ii, 462, 463
Cooper on, ii, 463
figure of, ii, 463
Lockington on, ii, 462

long-horned sculpin, ii, 447

long-jaw, ii, 66

long-necked eels, ii, 153

lophobranchii, ii, 9, 209, 227-240

lophobranchs, i, 92
suborder of, ii, 235

Lophogobius, i, 208

Lophiidæ, i, 206; ii, 542

Lophiomus, i, 207, 271; ii, 547

Lophius, i, 169, 202, 206, 391; ii, 542, 545, 547, 548
figure of, i, 18; ii, 545

lophocercal tail, i, 81, 83

Lopholatilus, i, 94, 357; ii, 361

Lophopsetta, ii, 488
figure of, ii, 487

Lophotes, i, 260, 263; ii, 291

Lophotidæ, ii, 292
family of, ii, 291

Loricaria, i, 393
figure of, ii, 186

Loricariidæ, ii, 185, 186, 449

Loricati, ii, 426, 455

loro, ii, 394, 396

Lota, i, 109, 209, 316; ii, 538
figure of, ii, 539

Lotella, i, 259

louse-fish, ii, 469

louvar,
figure of, ii, 290

Loven,
on Arctic species, i, 317

Lowe, i, 410

Lowell,
on trout, ii, 108

lower jaw,
figure of, i, 526
of Cochliodus figured, i, 531
of Neoceratodus figured, i, 616
of Polypterus figured, i, 606

lower pharyngeals,
figure of, ii, 171

Lower Silurian,
shark teeth from, i, 508

lowland fishes,
dispersion of, i, 313

Luciæ, i, 477

Lucifuga, i, 314; ii, 524
figure of, i, 222; ii, 524

Lucigobius, ii, 467

Luciocephalidæ, ii, 370

Luciocephalus, ii, 370

Lucioperca, ii, 315

Lucas,
on Therobromus, ii, 127

luminous organs, i, 187
von Lendenfeld on, i, 189
of Porichthys, figured, i, 191

Lumpenus, i, 209; ii, 513

lumpfish, i, 208; ii, 135, 453, 454
figure of, i, 220; ii, 454

lump-sucker, ii, 453, 455

lung-fish, i, 100, 458, 609-622

lungs of the fish,
origin of, i, 98, 99
Morris on, i, 98

lurking-fishes,
Whitmee on, i, 169

Lutianidæ, ii, 323, 335
family of, i, 333; ii, 340

Lutianus, i, 324; ii, 330, 333, 335, 336
figure of, i, 331; ii, 333, 335, 336

Lütken, i, 410; ii, 33, 133
on Selene, i, 144
on flying-fish, ii, 214

Luvaridæ, ii, 291

Luvarus, ii, 291
figure of, ii, 290

Lycenchelys,
figure of, ii, 519

Lycodapodidæ, ii, 520

Lycodes, ii, 518
figure of, ii, 519

Lycodapus,
figure of, ii, 520

Lycodopsis, ii, 518

Lycodes, i, 209

Lycoptera, ii, 41

Lyman,
on the museum at Paris, i, 401

Lyomeri,
order of, ii, 140, 155

Lyopomi, ii, 138, 158, 189

Lyopsetta, i, 205

Lyrifera, i, 462, 508

Lysopteri, i, 623; ii, 13

maaji, ii, 274

maccaroni piatti, i, 351

Macleay, i, 416, 428

Macdonald, i, 419

Macdonaldia, ii, 157

Mackenzie salmon, ii, 67

mackerel, i, 19, 117, 156, 210; ii, 258, 259
figure of, i, 332; ii, 260
fishery, ii, 260, 261
Goode on, ii, 260

mackerel-midges, ii, 539

mackerel-scads, ii, 274

mackerel-shark, i, 533
figure of, i, 447, 537

Mackinaw trout, ii, 114

Macrias, ii, 502

Macrodon, ii, 354

Macropetalichthyidæ,
family of, i, 585

Macropetalichthys, i, 583, 585, 589, 590

Macropharyngodon, ii, 390

Macrophthalmia, i, 491

Macropistius, ii, 26

Macropodus, ii, 369, 370

Macropoma, i, 605

Macrorhamphosidæ, ii, 227, 234, 235

Macrorhamphosus, i, 259
figure of, ii, 234

Macrosemiidæ, ii, 26, 28

Macrosemius, ii, 26

Macrouridæ, i, 84; ii, 541
vertebræ in, 209; ii, 540

mademoiselle,
figure of, ii, 355

mad tom, ii, 182
figure of, i, 179; ii, 182

Mænidæ,
family of, ii, 347

magifi, ii, 288

mahogany snapper, ii, 337

maigre, ii, 355

mail-cheek fishes, ii, 426

makrede, i, 171

makua, ii, 425

Malacanthidæ, ii, 361, 499

Malacanthus, ii, 361

Malacopterygii, i, 391; ii, 208

Malacopterygium, ii, 39

Malacorhinus, i, 553

Malacosteidæ, ii, 128, 134

Malapterurus, ii, 183

malau, ii, 253

Mallotus,
figure of, ii, 126

Malm, i, 410

malma, i, 326
figure of, ii, 112

Malmgren, i, 410
on Arctic species, i, 317

Malpighi, i, 390

Malthe, i, 206

Malthopsis, ii, 552

mandible,
suspensorium of, i, 43, 120

mandibular rami, i, 589

man-eating shark, i, 538

Maner,
on external gill, i, 77

mangrove snapper, ii, 335

man-of-war fish, ii, 285

Manta, i, 448, 560
figure of, i, 559

map of continents, i, 270

Mapo, ii, 461

Marcgraf, i, 389

Marcgravia, ii, 526

Marcusen, i, 428

marine blenny, i, 118

marine fishes,
checked by barriers, i, 241
distribution of, i, 246

Mariposa, ii, 244, 403

Marquette, ii, 64

Marsh,
on eye of Anableps, ii, 195

Marsiobranch, i, 592, 593

Marsipobranchi, i, 486

Martin pescador, ii, 550

Mason, ii, 73

Mastacembelidæ, ii, 532

Mastacembelus, ii, 157
figure of, ii, 532

Masticura, i, 555

masu, ii, 68, 73
figure of, ii, 71, 72

matajuelo, ii, 252, 253

matajuelo blanco, ii, 361

matao, ii, 249

matodai, ii, 333

matsubara, i, 418

Matthew, i, 427

Mauer,
on external gill, i, 77

Maurolicidæ,
family of, ii, 134

Maurolicus, ii, 134

maxillary,
figure of, i, 55
of Sebastolobus, i, 55

mayfish,
figure of, ii, 198

McClelland, i, 416

McCoy, i, 82, 410, 581

McGregor, i, 422

McKay, i, 420

McMurrich, i, 428

meaji, ii, 275

meaning of species, i, 293
Coues on, i, 379

measurements of the fish, i, 19

mebaru, ii, 429, 431

Meckel's cartilage, i, 44, 57, 507, 596, 606

Meda, ii, 169

Meddagh,
photograph by, i, 164

Medialuna, ii, 350

medregal, ii, 274

Meek,
on trout, ii, 105

Megalaspis, ii, 274

Megalichthyidæ, i, 602, 603

Megalichthys,
figure of, i, 604

Megalops, ii, 43

Megalurus,
figure of, ii, 36

Megaperca, ii, 322

Megaprotodon, ii, 404

mejenidai, ii, 348

Melamphaës, ii, 252

Melaniris, ii, 218

Melanocetus, ii, 548

Melanogrammus, i, 209; ii, 539
figure of, ii, 536
skull of, figured, ii, 536

Melanotænia, ii, 218

Melanotæniidæ, ii, 218

Melichthys, ii, 413

Melletes,
figure of, i, 288

membrane bone of face, i, 44

Mene,
figure of, ii, 288

menhaden,
figure of, i, 340; ii, 51

Menidia, ii, 218

Menidæ,
family of, ii, 218

Menomonee whitefish, ii, 63

Menopneumona, i, 612

Menticirrhus,
figure of, ii, 357

mergate fish, ii, 341

Merlangus, i, 209; ii, 537

Merluccius, i, 209; ii, 136
figure of, ii, 540
isocercal tail of, i, 83
shoulder-girdle of, i, 60

Merluciidæ, ii, 540

mermaid, i, 359

merou, ii, 323, 324

Merriam,
on fossil trout, ii, 62

Mesencephalon,
figured, i, 109, 110

mesentary, i, 32

Mesichthys, ii, 190

mesocoracoid, i, 89; ii, 12

mesoderm, i, 138

Mesodon, ii, 22

Mesogonistius, ii, 301
figure of, ii, 299

Mesolepis, ii, 15

mesopterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523; ii, 12

Mesopus, ii, 124
Swan on, ii, 123

Mesozoic fishes, i, 437

metameral characters, i, 23

metapterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523; ii, 12

metencephalon, figured, i, 109

Michigan grayling,
figure of, ii, 122

Microbranchium, i, 577

Microcanthus, ii, 404

Microdesmus, i, 271

Microdon, i, 204

Microgadus, ii, 537
figure of, ii, 538

Microlepidotus, i, 271

Microperca, ii, 307, 315

Micropogon, i, 271; ii, 356

Micropterus, i, 291, 302; ii, 297, 302, 304
figure of, i, 325; ii, 303, 305

Microspathodon, i, 271; ii, 384, 385
figure of, ii, 384

Microstoma, ii, 127

Microstomidæ, ii, 127

Microstomus, ii, 494

midshipman, i, 121, 189; ii, 526
luminous organs of, i, 191

migratory fishes, i, 160

milkfish,
figure of, ii, 45

milktschitsch, ii, 73

Miller, i, 426

miller's thumb, ii, 444
California, ii, 446
figure of, ii, 445
Yellowstone, ii, 444

Milner, i, 419
on whitefish, ii, 64

minnow, i, 33, 124, 304; ii, 118, 161, 163, 193, 196-199
treatment of eggs by, i, 129

Minous, ii, 436

Mioplosus, ii, 315

Mirbelia, ii, 531

mirror carp, i, 151; ii, 17

Misaki,
tide pools of, i, 161

Misgurnus, i, 98; ii, 176

Mississippi Valley,
blind fishes of, i, 117, 220
stone-roller of, i, 33

Missouri sucker, ii, 173

Mistichthys, ii, 467

Mitchill, i, 376, 418
on climbing-fish, ii, 367, 368
on Spanish mackerel, ii, 264

Mitchillina, ii, 60

Mitsukurina, i, 199, 536, 566
figures of, i, 535

Mitsukurinidæ, i, 534

Mitsukuri, i, 418
on phosphorescent shark, i, 189
portrait of, i, 417

Mivart,
on paired limbs, i, 70

monana, ii, 353

Mobula, i, 448
fœtus of, i, 560

Mobulidæ, i, 559

mojarra, ii, 348
figure of, ii, 348

mojarra cardenal, ii, 254

mojarra de las piedras, ii, 405

mojarra de ley, ii, 348

mojarra verde, ii, 381

Mola, i, 19, 84, 142, 206, 272; ii, 424, 425
figure of, ii, 424
larva of, figured, i, 143

Molgula, i, 474

Molgulidæ, i, 474

Molidæ, ii, 424

Molina, i, 396

Mollier,
on lateral fold, i, 71

Mollienesia, ii, 199

Mollusca, ii, 529

Molva, i, 209; ii, 538

Monacanthidæ, i, 242
family of, ii, 413

Monacanthus, i, 181, 206; ii, 414

du Monceau, i, 396

Mondini, ii, 144

mongrel whitefish, ii, 67

monkfish, i, 359; ii, 545
brain of, figured, i, 547
pectoral fin, figured, i, 56

Monocentridæ, ii, 250
family of, ii, 257
Houttuyn, discoverer of, ii, 257

Monocentrus, i, 260
figure of, ii, 257

Monoceros, i, 268; ii, 409

Monodactylus, ii, 398
figure of, ii, 397

Monolene, i, 206

Monopteridæ, ii, 141

Monopterus, ii, 141

Monorhinus, i, 593

Monotaxis, ii, 344

Monro, i, 390

monstre marin, i, 360, 361

monstrosities among fishes, i, 150

monstrous goldfish,
figure of, i, 151

Montagu, i, 396

month incubation, i, 170, 171, 172
Günther on, i, 173

Moorish idols, ii, 406
figure of, ii, 406

Moodeliar,
on climbing-fish, ii, 367, 368

mooneye, i, 290; ii, 45

moonfishes, i, 144; ii, 243, 244, 276, 401
figure of, i, 323

morays, ii, 152, 153
figure of, i, 458; ii, 155

Mordacia, i, 491

Mordaciidæ, i, 491

Moreau, i, 95, 412

Morgan, i, 428

Moringua, ii, 153, 189

Moringuidæ, ii, 188, 189
family of, ii, 153

Mormyrus, i, 393

Morone, ii, 321
figure of, ii, 322

morphology, i, 511
of fins, i, 62-90

Morris,
on lungs of fishes, i, 98-106

mortality of filefish, i, 357

Moseley,
on Ipnopidæ, ii, 131

Moser,
on catching salmon, ii, 85

moss-bunker, ii, 51

motor nerves, i, 153

mountain chains,
as barriers, i, 310

mountain-oopu, ii, 466

mountain-witch, ii, 445

Mount Whitney,
golden trout of, ii, 99

Moxostoma, ii, 174

mu, ii, 344

mucous channels, i, 22, 23

mud-bass, ii, 297

mud-dab, ii, 493

mud-minnows, i, 290; ii, 35, 193, 194

mud-minnows,
figure of, ii, 193
tenacity of life in, i, 147

mud-skippers, ii, 465
figure of, ii, 466

muffle jaws, ii, 444

Mugil, i, 32, 157, 343, 391; ii, 144, 219
figure of, i, 330; ii, 221

Mugilidæ, i, 206; ii, 219

muki-muki, i, 183; ii, 420

Müller, i, 384, 396, 405, 415, 428, 609, 613; ii, 3, 24, 39, 40, 144,
533
on elastic spring, i, 96
on ganoids, ii, 9
on gas in swim-bladder, i, 96
on Lepidosteus, ii, 5
portrait of, i, 399

Mullerian duct, i, 28

mullets, i, 117, 268, 328; ii, 39, 144, 215, 219, 221
Goode on, ii, 219, 220

Mullidæ, i, 206; ii, 257, 351-379

Mullus, i, 261, 393; ii, 256
figure of, i, 322; ii, 352

Munster, i, 423

munu, i, 322; ii, 352

Muræna, i, 211, 391; ii, 152
figure of, ii, 153

Murænesocidæ, ii, 150

Murænesox, i, 211; ii, 150

Murænidæ, i, 211; ii, 152, 155

Murænolepidæ, ii, 541

Murchison, i, 423

murcielago, ii, 458

muroaji, ii, 274

muscles of the fish, i, 25

muskallonge,
figure of, ii, 192

Musquaw whitefish, ii, 65

Mustelus, i, 71, 541

mutsu, ii, 317

mutton-fish, i, 324; ii, 518

mutton-snapper, ii, 335
figure of, i, 331

Mycteroperca, 271; ii, 325, 327
figure of, ii, 327

Myctophidæ, i, 189, 204; ii, 132-134, 526

Myctophum, i, 195; ii, 133, 134
figure of, ii, 133

Myliobatis, i, 557, 558

Mylognathus, i, 565

Mylostoma, i, 583, 584, 587, 589, 590

Mylostomidæ, i, 587

myotomes, i, 71

Myoxocephalus, ii, 445
figure of, i, 219; ii, 446, 447

Myriacanthidæ, i, 566

Myriacanthus, i, 566; ii, 255

Myrichthys,
figure of, ii, 151

Myridæ, ii, 148, 150

Myriolepis, ii, 14

Myripristis, i, 162, 268, 271; ii, 254-256

Myrocongridæ, ii, 153

Myrophis, i, 313

Myrus, i, 259, 263; ii, 150

Mysis, i, 317

Mysore,
walking-fish of, i, 167

mythology of fishes, i, 359-366

Myxine, i, 198, 490, 593

Myxinidæ, i, 489

Myxobolus, i, 343

Myxocyprinus, ii, 173

Myxodagnus, ii, 506

Myxodes, ii, 508

Myxosporidia, i, 342, 344

Myzontes, i, 486

Nagg's head-fish, i, 375, 376

Naisia, ii, 32

namazu, ii, 188

names of bones, i, 39

names of fishes, i, 372

nami-ho-hana, ii, 218

Nandidæ, ii, 358

Nannocharax, ii, 162

Nansenia, ii, 127

Narcine,
figure of, i, 185, 553

Narcobatidæ,
family of, i, 553

Narcobatis, i, 553

Nardo, i, 412

Nassau,
figure of, ii, 324

natural selection,
effect of, i, 318
in fishes, i, 218
process of, i, 297
species changed by, i, 240

Naucrates, ii, 272, 278
figure of, ii, 273

Nantichthys, ii, 448

Nebris, ii, 355

Necturus, i, 157, 600

needle-bearing filefish,
figure of, ii, 414

needle-fishes, i, 128
figure of, ii, 210

negro-chub, ii, 167

negro-fish, ii, 324

Nelson, i, 419
on Anableps, ii, 196, 197

Nemachilus, ii, 176

Nematognathi, i, 405; ii, 9, 40, 161, 177, 178

Nematistiidæ, ii, 278

Nematocentrus, ii, 218

Nematodes, i, 344
Linton on, i, 352

Nematonurus, ii, 541

Nemichthyidæ, ii, 151

Nemichthys, i, 211; ii, 151
figure of, i, 17, 365; ii, 152
jaws figured, i, 156

Nemipterus, ii, 340

Nemopteryx, ii, 539

Neoceratodus, i, 79, 80, 100, 116, 204, 450, 613
eggs of, i, 618
figure of, i, 614
lower jaw of, figured, i, 616
shoulder-girdle in, i, 68, 609
skull of, i, 67

Neochanna, i, 252; ii, 206

Neoclinus, ii, 462
figure of, ii, 507

Neoditrema, ii, 375

Neoliparis, ii, 455
figure of, ii, 455

Neopercis, ii, 502

Neosebastes, ii, 433

nerka, ii, 73

nerve cells and fibres, i, 152

nerves of fishes, i, 113, 114

nervous system, i, 109-114

nest-building, ii, 229
of sticklebacks, ii, 230, 231

nest of fish, i, 14, 172

Nettastoma, i, 211, 259; ii, 151

Nettastomidæ, ii, 148, 151

neurentric canal, i, 138

Newberry, i, 426, 428, 584, 589

New England,
scanty fauna of, i, 302

Newton, i, 426

New Zealand,
fauna of, i, 252

nezupo, ii, 441

nictitating membrane, i, 540

nijinge-rijinge, i, 171, 172

Nieuhof, i, 396

Nilsson, i, 410

Niphon, ii, 320

nohu, ii, 434

noises of fishes, i, 168, 169

Nomeidæ, ii, 283

nomenclature, i, 173
beginning of, i, 374
trinomial, i, 378
of trunkfishes, i, 373

Nordmann, i, 410

northern blennies, ii, 511

northern zone, i, 250

Norway haddock, ii, 428

Notacanthidæ, ii, 157

Notacanthus, ii, 157, 532
figure of, ii, 158

Notæus, ii, 36

Notagogus, ii, 26
figure of, ii, 28

Notelops, ii, 44

Notidiani, i, 447, 513, 519, 526
order of, i, 523

Notidanoid shark, i, 438
skull of, figured, i, 56

Notidanus, i, 523, 524

notochord, i, 55, 56, 509
in Chimæras, i, 59
in Elasmobranchs, i, 57

Notogeneus, i, 456
figure of, ii, 55

Notopteridæ, ii, 48, 49

Notopterus, ii, 49

Nototheniidæ, ii, 501, 502, 533

Notropis, i, 129, 283, 304, 307, 311, 313; ii, 164
figure of, i, 343, 457; ii, 165, 167

Noturus, i, 180; ii, 177, 182

Novaculichthys, ii, 390

Novara, i, 410

Nozawa, i, 418

numbers of genera, i, 262

numbfish,
figure of, i, 185, 553

number of vertebræ, i, 202-204

nuptial colors, i, 155, 156

nuptial tubercles, i, 33
figure showing, ii, 167

Nyström, i, 416

oarfish, i, 361; ii, 472
figure of, i, 362; ii, 476
Forgy on, ii, 473
Glesnæs, ii, 472
Holder on, ii, 474

Oatka Creek, i, 282

Oblata, i, 260; ii, 348

ocean currents,
agency of, i, 242

Ocyurus,
figure of, ii, 337

Odacidæ, ii, 388

Odax, ii, 390

Odontaspididæ, i, 533

Odontaspis, i, 534

Odontoscion, ii, 355

Odontostomus, ii, 136

Odontotodontidæ, i, 576

Odontotodus,
figure of, i, 570

Ogcocephalidæ, ii, 551

Ogcocephalus,
figure of, ii, 551-553
shoulder-girdle in, i, 88

Ogilby, i, 408, 416
on ragfishes, ii, 285

oil shark, i, 524

Oikopleura, i, 474

ojanco, ii, 337

okose, i, 236, 429; ii, 436

oldwench, ii, 413

oldwife, ii, 413

Old World catfish, ii, 182

olfactory lobe,
figure of, i, 111

Oligocottus, ii, 447, 449
figure of, ii, 449

Oligopleuridæ, ii, 36, 41

Oligopleurus, ii, 36

Oligoplites, ii, 272

Oligorus, ii, 320

ombre chevalier, ii, 108, 109

Omosoma, ii, 284

Omosudis, ii, 136

Onchus,
Agassiz on, i, 530
fin-spine of, i, 509

Oncobatis, i, 553

Oncottus, i, 317; ii, 447, 449
figure of, ii, 447

Oncolepis, ii, 513

Oncopterus, ii, 489

Oncorhynchus, i, 146, 160, 301, 329, 332; ii, 68, 70, 89, 94
figure of, 354; ii, 69, 71, 72, 76

ontogeny, i, 511

ontology, i, 63

oopu, ii, 465

Onychodontidæ, i, 602, 604

Onychodus, i, 604

opahs, i, 210; ii, 243
taken by Berndt, ii, 244
Farquhar on, ii, 244
figure of, i, 323

opercle, i, 7, 45

opercula,
used in climbing, ii, 367

operculum, ii, 7

Ophicephalidæ, ii, 370

Ophidiidæ, ii, 520

Ophidion, i, 391, 612

Ophichthyidæ, i, 211; ii, 150

Ophichthus,
figure of, ii, 151

Ophiocephalidæ, i, 103, 104; ii, 215

Ophiocephalus, i, 149
figure of, i, 150

Ophiodon, ii, 442, 518, 520
figure of, ii, 440

Ophioblennius, ii, 510

Ophiopsis, ii, 26

Ophocephalus,
figure of, ii, 370

Opistharthri, i, 509

Opisthocentrus, ii, 512

Opisthocœlian, i, 49; ii, 29

Opisthocœlous, ii, 6

Opisthognathidæ, ii, 330, 359, 499, 502

Opisthognathus, ii, 462, 508
figure of, ii, 360

Opisthomi, i, 611; ii, 499, 532-542

Opisthomyzon, ii, 469
Storms on, ii, 469

Opisthonema, ii, 51, 53

opisthure, i, 84

Oplegnathus, i, 260

Opsanus, ii, 525
figure of, ii, 524

Opsariichthys, ii, 165

optic nerves,
of flounders, ii, 482

orbitophenoid, ii, 40

orca, i, 361, 536

order,
defined, i, 373

organs of the fish,
electric, i, 25
of hearing, i, 119-121
nutritive, i, 29

Orectolobus, i, 533

Orestias, ii, 200

Oregon lamprey,
figure of, i, 496

Oregon sucker,
teeth of, figured, ii, 175

Ordovician deposits,
figure of, i, 435

origin,
of air-bladder, i, 98
of fins, i, 62, 64, 67
of lungs, i, 98

origin of lancelets,
Willey on, i, 484

Orodontidæ, i, 65, 66, 447, 528

Orr,
on external gill, i, 77

Ortmann, i, 238, 256, 270
map of continents, i, 270

Orthacanthus, i, 521

Orthodon, ii, 165

Orthopristis, ii, 342

Orthopsetta, i, 206; ii, 489

Orthostœchus, i, 271

Osbeck, i, 389

Osbeckia, ii, 414
figure of, ii, 414

Osborn,
on extinction of species, i, 239, 442
on law of radiation, i, 296

Osmeroides, ii, 44, 134

Osmerus, i, 391; ii, 123, 127
figure of, ii, 123

Osphromenidæ, ii, 368, 370

Osphromenus, ii, 368

ossicles,
Hasse on, i, 96

Ostariophysi, i, 120; ii, 38, 40, 140, 209
series of, ii, 159-165

Osteoglossidæ, ii, 56, 60, 160

Osteoglossum, ii, 11, 41, 42, 56, 57

Osteolepis, i, 602-604

Osteostraci, i, 568, 571, 573, 590
order of, i, 575

Ostichthys,
figure of, ii, 255

Ostraciidæ, i, 568
family of, ii, 415

Ostracion, i, 206, 373, 391; ii, 416-418
figure of, i, 16, 376; ii, 416

Ostracodermi, i, 568; ii, 398, 411, 415

Ostracophores, i, 240, 242, 246, 444, 488, 568, 581, 582, 590, 603; ii,
3
figure of, i, 444
nature of, i, 569
order of, i, 573

Ostracophori, i, 462
class of, i, 568, 569

Osurus, ii, 502

Otaki, i, 418, 422

Otodus, i, 538

otoliths, i, 119-121; 354

Otsego bass, ii, 64

Ouananiche, ii, 92, 93

Overland Monthly,
reference to, ii, 69

oviducts, ii, 6

oviparous fishes, i, 125

ovoviviparous fishes, i, 125, 550

Owen, i, 88, 90, 424, 428
on swordfish, ii, 270, 271

Owsjannikow, i, 428

Owston,
sharks taken by, i, 534

Oxuderces, ii, 468

Oxudercidæ, ii, 468

Oxygnathus, ii, 14

Oxylabracidæ, ii, 320, 327
family of, ii, 319

Oxylabrax, ii, 320, 355
figure of, ii, 319

Oxylebius, ii, 440

Oxyjulis, ii, 388

Oxymonacanthus, ii, 415

Oxynotidæ, i, 546

Oxynotus, i, 546

Oxystomus, i, 259

oyster-fish, ii, 525

Ozorthe, ii, 513
figure of, i, 9; ii, 513

Pachycormidæ, ii, 34

Pachycormus, ii, 34

Pachylebias, ii, 201

Pachyrhizodontidæ, ii, 44

Pachyrhizodus, ii, 44

Pacific Creek, i, 308, 309

paddle-fish, i, 199, 253, 290; ii, 20

Pagellus, i, 260, 267; ii, 344, 346

Pagrus, i, 94, 259, 263, 324; ii, 343, 344, 346
figure of, ii, 342

paired fins,
in Acanthodei, i, 515
Balfour on, ii, 8
migration of, i, 75
origin of, i, 64
Ryder on, i, 66

paired limbs,
Dean on, i, 81
Mivart on, i, 70
relation of, i, 69
Thacker on, i, 70
Gill on, i, 85

palæichthyologists, i, 424, 426, 427

palæichthyology, i, 426

Palæichthys, ii, 3

Palæobalistum, ii, 22

Palæoniscidæ, i, 452, 580; ii, 4, 14, 15, 23

Palæoniscum, i, 437, 622
Blainville on, ii, 14
figure of, i, 453; ii, 14

palæontology, evidence of, i, 64

Palæorhynchidæ,
family of, ii, 268

Palæorhynchus, ii, 268
figure of, ii, 268

Palæospinax, i, 528

Palæospondylidæ, i, 593

Palæospondylus, i, 204, 437, 444, 593, 595, 596
figure of, i, 591
relationships of, i, 593

palatines, i, 6

palatopterygoid arch, ii, 152, 155

palato-quadrate apparatus, i, 508, 509, 523

Palinurichthys, ii, 284

Pallas, ii, 67, 135, 428, 522

Pallasina, ii, 453
figure of, i, 221; ii, 453

Palœaspis, i, 575

palometa, i, 324; ii, 283

pampano, i, 210, 324; ii, 272-292
gaff-topsail, ii, 277
great, ii, 277
round, ii, 277
true, ii, 277

panai feri, ii, 367

Panama,
as barrier, i, 270
final hypothesis as to, i, 279

pancreas, i, 32

Pander, i, 427

pan fish, ii, 355

Panicum, ii, 369

Pantodon, ii, 60

Pantodontidæ, ii, 57

Pantosteus, i, 304, 316; ii, 172

papagallo, ii, 278

papilla, i, 115

Pappichthys, ii, 36

Parabatrachus, i, 604

Paracentropogon, ii, 436

Paracentropristis, ii, 328

Paracirrhites, ii, 363

paraglenal, i, 90; ii, 12

Paragobiodon, ii, 466

Paralabrax, ii, 328

Paralepidæ, ii, 136

Paralichthys, i, 206; ii, 482, 486, 492
figure of, ii, 493
shoulder-girdle of, i, 58; ii, 2
tail of, figured, i, 83; ii, 486

Paraliparis, i, 202, 219; ii, 454, 455

Paramia, ii, 317

Paranguilla, ii, 150

Paranthias, ii, 328

Paraphyllodus, ii, 396

Parapristipoma, ii, 342

Parapegasus, ii, 240

Parapercis, ii, 502

Parasilurus, ii, 183

parasites of fishes,
crustaceans, i, 340
figures illustrating, i, 341-344
fungi, i, 353
Heart Lake tapeworm, i, 348
hosts of, i, 343
internal, i, 342
protozoans, i, 342

parasitic diseases,
Gurley on, i, 342
Linton on, i, 343
Megnin on, i, 343
Railliet on, i, 343
Stiles on, i, 343
Ward on, i, 343

parasitic fungi, i, 353

parasitic worms,
acanthocephala, i, 344
cestodes, i, 344
an article of food, i, 351
nematodes, i, 344
trematodes, i, 344

Paratrachichthys, i, 439; ii, 295
figure of, ii, 253

Paraxus, i, 517

Pareioplitæ, ii, 426-458

parental affection in fishes, i, 166, 167

Parexocœtus, ii, 214

parent-stream theory, ii, 81

Parequula, ii, 287

pargo criollo, i, 324; ii, 335

pargo de lo alto, ii, 336

pargo guachinango, ii, 335

pargos, ii, 333

Park, i, 393

Parker, i, 90, 428, 594; ii, 160, 482
on Chimæras, i, 563
on hearing of fishes, i, 121, 122
optic nerve of flounder, ii, 482, 483
on soles, ii, 483

Parnell, i, 410

Parophrys, ii, 493

Parr, ii, 91

Parra, i, 396

parrot-fish, i, 21; ii, 56, 360, 385, 390, 393
figure of, i, 330; ii, 392, 394, 395
jaws of, figured, i, 30; ii, 391
pharyngeals of, i, 47, 48; ii, 393

parts of skeleton, i, 35

paru, ii, 405

Patæcidæ, ii, 516

Patæcus, ii, 514

patao, ii, 348

Patten, i, 428
on Ostracophores, i, 569

pesce re, ii, 218

peacock flounders, ii, 488

pearlfish, i, 84, 159; ii, 522
figure of, i, 522, 523

pêche prêtre, ii, 429

Peck, i, 419

pecten, ii, 6

pectoral fin, i, 10, 521
of Chiloscyllium, i, 66
of codfish, i, 66
figure of, i, 57, 66
Gegenbaur on, i, 66, 67
of Heptranchias, i, 57
origin of, i, 67

pectoral limb, i, 50
of Dipnoan, i, 60
figure of, i, 85
Kerr on, i, 61
in shark, i, 60

peculiar,
jaws and teeth, i, 201
larval forms, i, 142

pediculates, i, 51, 206, 207, 405; ii, 40, 499
order of, ii, 542-553

Pegador,
figure of, i, 197; ii, 468

pegapega, ii, 468

Pegasidæ, ii, 240
family of, ii, 239

Pegasus, i, 393; ii, 240

peixe rey, ii, 216

pelagic fishes, i, 245
vertebræ in, i, 209

Pelamis, i, 364

Pelargorhynchus, ii, 136

Pelates, ii, 342

Pelecanus, i, 345

Pelecopterus, ii, 34

pelican,
fish parasites in, i, 345

pelican-eel, ii, 156

Pellegrin, i, 412
on poisonous fishes, i, 182-184

Pelor, i, 180; ii, 434

Peltacephalata, i, 568

pelvic girdle, i, 42

Pempheridæ, ii, 288

Pempheris, ii, 289
figure of, ii, 289, 290

penfishes, ii, 344

Penella, i, 242

Pennant, i, 396
on parental affection in fishes, i, 166

Pentacerotidæ,[14] ii, 333

Footnote 14:

This family should stand as _Histiopteridæ_, the name _Pentaceros_,
_Pentacerotidæ_, being used earlier for starfishes.

pentadactyle limb, i, 79

Pentapus, ii, 341

Peprilus, ii, 285
figure of, i, 18; ii, 284

Perca, 391; ii, 307, 315, 367
brain of, i, 111
figure of, ii, 308

Percalates, ii, 320

Percarina, ii, 310

Percesoces, ii, 157, 208, 228, 290, 360, 370, 521, 522
order of, ii, 215

perches, i, 21, 209, 290, 304; ii, 168, 258, 304, 307, 310
brain of, figured, i, 111
European, ii, 307
everglade pigmy, figured, ii, 295
white, ii, 304
yellow, ii, 307, 308

Percichthys, ii, 320

Percidæ, i, 209, 248, 290, 406; ii, 171, 258, 294, 304, 309, 320
family of, ii, 304

Percilia, ii, 320

Percina, ii, 306, 310
figure of, ii, 311

Percis, ii, 453

Percoidea, ii, 293-315

Percoidei, ii, 398

percoid fishes, ii, 293-315

Percomorphi, ii, 258-271, 365, 397, 398, 426
suborder of, ii, 258

Percophidæ, ii, 502

Percopsidæ, i, 290; ii, 241
family of, ii, 241

Percopsis, i, 316; ii, 296
figure of, ii, 241

periblast, i, 136

Periophthalmus, i, 117; ii, 465, 510
figure of, i, 118; ii, 466

Peristediidæ, i, 208; ii, 457

Peristedion, i, 219
figure of, i, 299; ii, 457

peritoneum, i, 32

Permian, ii, 14, 23
sharks from, i, 517

Perugia, i, 412

pescado azul, ii, 382

pescadillo del red, ii, 354

pescado blanco, i, 328; ii, 216
figure of, i, 217, 329

pescado del rey, ii, 216

pesce rey, ii, 216

Petalodontidæ, i, 531
family of, i, 554
teeth of, figured, i, 555

Petalodus, i, 554

Petalopteryx, ii, 26, 458

Peters, i, 411

peto, ii, 266

Petromyzon, i, 132, 142, 357, 372, 391, 490, 618
figure of, i, 491
mouth figured, i, 492
head of, figured, i, 111

Petromyzonidæ, i, 290, 373, 490

Petroscirtes, ii, 509

pez ciego, ii, 524

pez del rey,
figure of, ii, 218

pez de pluma, ii, 344

pez puerco, ii, 413

Phæbodus, i, 522

Phanerodon, ii, 375

Phaneropleuron, i, 612
figure of, i, 613

Phanerosteon, i, 580

Phareodus, ii, 56, 57
figures of, ii, 57-59
fossils of, ii, 58, 59

pharyngeals, i, 5, 48
figure of, i, 47
of Italian parrot-fish, ii, 391
of parrot-fish, figured, ii, 391
use in voice, i, 121

pharyngeal teeth,
figured, ii, 175

Pharyngognathi, i, 405; ii, 259, 380, 396
suborder of, ii, 384

Philippi, i, 415

Philypnus, ii, 459
figure of, ii, 460

Pholidophoridæ, ii, 26, 29, 36, 41

Pholidophorus, ii, 28
figure of, ii, 29

Pholidurus, ii, 22

Pholis, i, 209; ii, 512
figure of, ii, 512

phosphorescent groups, i, 187

phosphorescent organs,
artificial stimulation of, i, 191
chemical action in, i, 196
cross-section of, i, 193
Greene on, i, 194, 196, 197
Lendenfeld on, i, 194, 195
of Porichthys, i, 194

photophores, i, 187, 189

Phoxinus, ii, 167

Phractolamidæ, ii, 48

Phrynorhombus, ii, 488

Phtheirichthys, ii, 469

Phthinobranchii, i, 227-240

Phyllodus, ii, 396

Phyllolepidæ, i, 584

phylogeny, i, 63, 79

Phylopteryx, ii, 238

Phylyctænaspis, i, 586

Physoclysti, i, 405; ii, 39, 209

physostome, ii, 10

Physostomi, i, 405; ii, 39, 40

picarel, ii, 347

pickerel, i, 4; ii, 147

pigfish, ii, 342

pigmentation, i, 226
effect of spirits on, i, 235

pigmy sunfishes, ii, 296

pike, i, 209, 239, 250, 290, 304, 328, 440; ii, 190
figure of, i, 203, 328; ii, 191
skeleton of, i, 203

pike-perch, ii, 309

pilchard, ii, 50

pilot-fish, i, 63; ii, 272
figure of, ii, 273

Pimelodus, ii, 183, 186

Pimelometopon, ii, 388, 389
figure of, ii, 389

pineal organ, i, 111
Dean on, i, 112
figure of, i, 111

pine-cone-fish,
figure of, i, 16; ii, 257

pinfish, ii, 344

ping, ii, 91

Pinguipedidæ, ii, 363, 499

pink, ii, 72

pintado, ii, 266

pipefish, i, 64, 128, 440
family of, ii, 236

pirate-perch, i, 290; ii, 294
figure of, ii, 295

Pisces, i, 393, 588
characteristics of, i, 506

Piso, i, 389

placoderm, i, 462, 584, 590, 591, 593

Placodermi, i, 568, 622, 623

placoid scales, i, 21

Placopharynx, ii, 174
lower pharyngeal figured, ii, 171

Plagioscion, ii, 354

Plagiostomi, i, 507

Plagiuri, i, 392

Plagyodontidæ, ii, 134, 136

Plagyodus, ii, 136
figure of, ii, 135

plaice, ii, 487, 493

plaice tribe, ii, 492

pla-kat, ii, 370

Platacidæ, ii, 398, 400, 401

Platax, i, 240, 268; ii, 243, 245, 398, 401

Platophrys,
figure of, i, 174, 175
larval form, i, 174

Platichthys, ii, 482, 493
figure of, ii, 495

Platophrys, ii, 481, 482, 488
larval stages of, figured, ii, 484

Platycephalidæ, i, 267
family of, ii, 441

Platycephalus, ii, 441

Platycormus, ii, 283, 284, 485

Platyglossus, ii, 390

Platyptera, ii, 506

Platysomidæ, ii, 4, 14, 15

Platysomus, ii, 15
figure of, i, 452

Platystacus, i, 128; ii, 184

Platyurus, i, 364

Playfair, i, 416

Plecoglossus, i, 260; ii, 62, 115, 117
figure of, i, 321; ii, 116

plectognath fishes, i, 206

Plectognathi, ii, 9, 40
series of, ii, 411

Plectognaths, ii, 291, 411

Plectorhynchus, ii, 341

Plectospondyli, ii, 40, 161, 162

plectospondylous, i, 48

Plectromus, ii, 253

Plectropoma, ii, 323

Plesiops, ii, 330, 359

Plethodus, ii, 44

Pleuracanthus, i, 65, 66, 204, 437, 510, 511, 513
diphycercal tail of, i, 80
figures of, i, 74, 519, 520
headbones and teeth of, figured, i, 520

Pleurocanthidæ, i, 519, 520, 522, 566

Pleurogrammus, i, 209
figure of, i, 328; ii, 439

Pleuronectidæ, i, 290
family of, ii, 485

Pleuronectinæ, ii, 492

Pleuronectes, i, 391; ii, 493

Pleuronichthys, i, 206, 257; ii, 493
figure of, i, 441

Pleuropholis, ii, 29

Pleuropterygii, i, 513, 514, 518

Plioplarchus, ii, 304

Plotosidæ, ii, 184

Plotosus, ii, 184

Plumier, i, 389

Pneumatosteus, ii, 32

Podopteryx, ii, 457

Podothecus, ii, 453

pond-skipper,
figure of, i, 118; ii, 466

Pœcilia, ii, 199

Pœciliidæ, 22, 125; ii, 194, 198, 199, 201, 213
figure of, i, 126

Pœcilodus, i, 531

Poey, i, 376, 415
portrait of, i, 413

Pogonias, i, 595; ii, 354, 357
figure of, ii, 358

Pogonichthys, ii, 169

poison fishes, i, 180-185, 236
figure of, i, 229; ii, 436

poison glands, ii, 177, 527
in catfishes, ii, 182
Günther on, ii, 527, 528, 529

poisonous fishes, ii, 325, 335
diseases arising from, i, 183
varieties of, i, 180, 182, 183

Polistotrema,
figure of, i, 489

Pollachius, i, 209; ii, 537

pollack,
figure of, ii, 537

Pollard, i, 595, 600

Polycentridæ, ii, 358

Polyclinidæ, i, 477

Polydactylus,
figure of, ii, 225
shoulder-girdle of, i, 89; ii, 225

Polygnathus,
figure of, i, 486

Polymixia, i, 122; ii, 257

Polymixiidæ,
family of, ii, 256

Polynemidæ, i, 122; 11, 215, 224

Polynemus, i, 393

Polyodon, i, 199, 253, 302, 452, 534, 566, 622, 623; ii, 22
figure of, ii, 22

Polyodontidæ, i, 290; ii, 20, 21, 22

Polyospondyli, i, 509, 530, 561

Polypteridæ, i, 602, 605
Boulenger on, i, 608

Polypterus, i, 76, 79, 88, 89, 204, 450, 600, 601, 603, 606, 616; ii, 2
figure of, i, 79, 602, 607
shoulder-girdle of, figured, i, 600

Polyrhizodus, i, 555

Polystylidæ, i, 476

Pomacanthus, ii, 403, 405
figure of, ii, 403

Pomacentridæ, i, 206, 209; ii, 380, 381, 382
organs of smell in, i, 115

Pomacentrus, i, 235; ii, 383
figure of, ii, 382
species of, ii, 383

Pomadasis, ii, 341, 342

Pomatomidæ, ii, 278

Pomatomus, ii, 278
figure of, i, 324

pomfret, ii, 286

Pomolobus, i, 300; ii, 49, 53
figure of, i, 455; ii, 50

Pomotis, i, 302; ii, 379

Pomoxis, i, 302; ii, 297
figure of, ii, 297, 298

pompon, ii, 341

pond-skipper,
figure of, i, 118

pond-smelt, ii, 124

poolfishes, i, 159

pope, ii, 309

poppy-fish, ii, 283

Popular Science Monthly,
reference to, ii, 69

porbeagle, i, 537

porc des rivières, ii, 369

porcupine-fish, i, 19, 197; ii, 422, 423
figure of, i, 17; ii, 422

porgy, i, 239; ii, 342
varieties of, ii, 344

Porichthys, i, 121, 190, 191, 192; ii, 526
figure of, i, 23; ii, 526
Greene on, i, 190; ii, 526
luminous organs of, i, 172
phosphorescent organs of, i, 191

porkfish, ii, 341
figure of, ii, 341

portal vein, i, 108

Portheus, ii, 48
skeleton of, ii, 47

Port Jackson shark,
eggs of, figured, i, 128, 527

portugais, ii, 405

Portuguese man-of-war,
figure of, i, 160

Porcus, ii, 183

postembryonic development of fishes, i, 132

posterior limbs, i, 53

postero-temporal, i, 90

post-temporal, i, 88, 90

Potamorrhaphis, ii, 211

Powrie, i, 424

predatory fishes, i, 116; ii, 164

premaxillary,
figure of, i, 55

preopercle, i, 45

preservation of fishes,
Günther on, i, 431
methods of, i, 431, 432

Priacanthidæ, ii, 333

Priacanthus, ii, 333
figure of, ii, 331

Pribilof sculpin,
figure of, ii, 446

Priem, i, 427

priestfish,
figure of, ii, 430

Prime,
on crab-eater as game fish, ii, 282

primitive fishes,
brain of, i, 112
skeleton of, i, 54

primitive herring-like fishes, i, 454

primitive sharks, i, 511
orders of, i, 513

Prionace, i, 542

Prionodus, i, 488

Prionodes, ii, 329

Prionotus, i, 246; ii, 283
figure of, ii, 456

Prionurus, ii, 409

Priscacara, ii, 381

Pristipoma, i, 375

Pristididæ, i, 549

Pristodontidæ, i, 555

Pristiophoridæ,
family of, i, 548, 549

Pristiophorus, i, 199
figure of, i, 201, 548

Pristis, i, 199, 548
figure of, i, 200

Pristiurus, i, 70

proach, ii, 445

Proantigonia, ii, 400

Proballostomus, ii, 201

problem of highest fishes,
Gill on, i, 383

problem of Oatka Creek, i, 282

process of natural selection, i, 297, 302

Prochanos, ii, 45

Prognathodes, ii, 404

Progymnodon, ii, 423

Prolebias, ii, 201

Promethichthys, ii, 267

Promicrops, ii, 323

pronephros, i, 619; ii, 5, 8

Pronotocanthus, ii, 157

Propristis, i, 550

propterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523

Prosarthri, i, 509, 526

proscapula, i, 89

prosencephalon, i, 109
figure of, i, 111

Protamia, ii, 36

Protaulopsis, ii, 233

protection,
through poisonous flesh, i, 182
of young, i, 128

protective,
coloration, i, 226
markings, i, 228

Proteus, i, 600

Protocatostomus, ii, 56

protocercal tail, i, 81, 598
Wyman on, i, 81

Protochordata, i, 460-466

Protonotacanthidæ, ii, 157

Protopterus, i, 82, 85, 100, 204, 450, 613, 616, 617
figure of, i, 622

Protoselachii, i, 523

Protosphyræna, ii, 34

Protosphyrænidæ, ii, 34

Prostospondyli, ii, 23, 34

Protosyngnathus, ii, 233

Prototroctes, i, 252; ii, 128

protozoan parasites, i, 342

Provençal i, 95

Psammobatis, i, 553

Psammodus, i, 558, 559

Psammosteidæ, i, 574

Psenes, ii, 285

Psenopsis, ii, 284

Psephodus, i, 531

Psephurus, i, 199, 253, 452, 622, 623
figure of, ii, 21

Psettidæ, ii, 291

Psettus, ii, 398, 400
figure of, ii, 399

Pseudecheneis, ii, 184

Pseudeleginus, ii, 502

Pseudobagrus, ii, 183

Pseudoberyx, ii, 52

Pseudoblennius, i, 260; ii, 448

pseudobranch, ii, 7

pseudobranchiæ, i, 92

Pseudocheilinus, ii, 390

Pseudochromipidæ, ii, 359

Pseudogaleus, i, 533

Pseudojulis, ii, 389

Pseudolabrus, ii, 390

Pseudomonacanthus, ii, 415

Pseudopleuronectes, i, 174; ii, 493
larval figures of, i, 176; ii, 483

Pseudopriacanthus, ii, 332, 333
figure of, ii, 332

Pseudorhombus, ii, 492

Pseudoscaphirhynchus, ii, 18, 20

Pseudoscarus, i, 329; ii, 394, 396
figure of, i, 330

Pseudosciæna, i, 169; ii, 355, 356

Pseudotriakidæ,
family of, i, 536

Pseudotriakis, i, 536

Pseudovomer, ii, 278, 286

Pseudogobio, i, 416

Pseudupeneus, ii, 352
figure of, i, 122, 329; ii, 351

Psychrolutes, i, 219; ii, 441, 447, 449
figure of, i, 221; ii, 451

Psychromaster, ii, 315

Pteraclidæ, ii, 286, 291

Pteraclis, ii, 286

Pteraspidæ, i, 570

Pteraspis, i, 569, 571, 591, 622
figure of, i, 575

Pterichthyodes, i, 444, 622
figure of, i, 576

Pterichthys, i, 581

Pterogobius,
figure of, ii, 462

Pterois, i, 180, 202; ii, 434
figure of, ii, 435

Pterophryne, ii, 550
figure of, ii, 549
species of, ii, 550

Pteroplatea, i, 556

Pteropsaridæ, ii, 502

Pteropsaron,
figure of, ii, 502

Pterothrissidæ, ii, 46
described, ii, 46

Pterothrissus, ii, 46

Pterophryne,
figure of, i, 52

pterygials, ii, 1

Pterygocephalus, ii, 513

pterygoid, i, 606

Ptilichthyidæ, ii, 513

Ptilichthys,
figure of, ii, 514

Ptychochelius, i, 164, 304; ii, 169
figure of, i, 162

Ptychoderidæ, i, 465

Ptychodus, i, 557

Ptycholepis, ii, 26
figure of, ii, 28

ptychopterygium, i, 510, 512

Ptychodus, i, 566

pudding-wife, ii, 388

pudiano, ii, 388

puffer, inflated,
figure of, ii, 420

puffers, i, 206, 236;
figure of, ii, 419, 420
silver, ii, 419
tiger, ii, 423

pugnacity of fishes, i, 162

pug-nosed eel, ii, 148
figure of, ii, 149

Putnam, i, 405; ii, 522

Pycnodonti, ii, 13

Pycnodontidæ, ii, 22

Pycnodus, ii, 22

Pygæidæ, ii, 405

Pygæus, ii, 405, 410

Pygidiidæ, ii, 185, 186

Pygopterus, ii, 14

Pygosteus, ii, 231

pyloric cæca, i, 26, 32

Pyrosoma, i, 477

Pyrosomidæ, i, 477

quadrate, i, 606

Quassilabia, ii, 174

Quensel, i, 396

Querimana, ii, 222

questions,
by Agassiz, i, 284
by Cope, i, 288

quiescent fishes, i, 158

quillfish,
the, ii, 513
figure of, ii, 514

quinnat salmon, i, 150, 301; ii, 68, 73-76
figure of, i, 354; ii, 69, 79
young male figured, i, 355

rabbit-fishes,
figure of, ii, 423

Rabirubia, ii, 337

Rachycentridæ,
family of, ii, 282

Rachycentron, ii, 470, 468
figure of, ii, 282

Rafinesque, i, 395; ii, 315
on imaginary garpike, i, 364, 366

ragfishes, the, ii, 285
Ogilby on, ii, 285

rainbow darter, ii, 315

rainbow trout, ii, 96-98, 100
figure of, i, 326; ii, 98, 99

Raja, i, 72, 129, 391, 549
figure of, i, 448, 552

Rajidæ, i, 551, 553

Ranicipitidæ, ii, 539

Rangeley trout, ii, 109
figure of, i, 326

Raniceps, ii, 539

Ranzania, i, 84, 412
figure of, ii, 425

Rapp, i, 411

Rascasio, ii, 433

ratfish, i, 564

Rathke, i, 428; ii, 144

rat-tail, i, 209; ii, 441, 540

Ray, i, 390

ray, i, 9, 24, 35, 117, 508, 509, 549
electric organs of, i, 186

razor-back sucker, ii, 174
figure of, ii, 175

razor-fish,
figure of, ii, 388

recognition marks, i, 7, 231, 232

records of fishes, i, 433

red charr, ii, 108

red drum,
figure of, ii, 356

redeye, ii, 168

Redfield, i, 423

redfin, ii, 166

Redfieldius, ii, 16

redfish, ii, 68, 324, 355, 388
figure of, ii, 389

red goatfish, ii, 35
figure of, i, 329

red grouper, ii, 324
figure of, ii, 325

red hind, ii, 324
figure of, ii, 326

red-mouth grunt, ii, 340

red mullet, ii, 352

red mumea, ii, 335

red parrot-fish,
figure of, ii, 393

red porgy, ii, 343

red rockfish, ii, 429

red rock-trout, ii, 440
skeleton of, figured, i, 214

red salmon, ii, 69, 71, 82
figure of, ii, 70, 76

red snapper, ii, 330, 335

red tai, ii, 349
figure of, ii, 342

red-throated trout, ii, 102

red voraz, ii, 338

red wrasse, ii, 387

Reed, ii, 112, 113
on trout-fishing, ii, 112

Regalecidæ,
family of, i, 472

Regalecus, i, 361; ii, 425, 472, 473, 479
figure of, i, 362, 363

Regan, ii, 291
on Teleostomi, i, 622, 623

Règnè Animal, i, 400

Reighard, i, 428
on lampreys, i, 491

Reinhardt, i, 410; ii, 127
portrait of, i, 409

Reinhardtius, ii, 491

Reis, i, 427, 428, 571

relations of fish faunas,
Japan and Mediterranean, i, 270

relationships,
of Chimæras, i, 563
of Palæspondylus, i, 593, 595

relation of vertebræ to temperature, i, 202

Remora, i, 197; ii, 468, 469

Remorina, ii, 469

Remoropsis, ii, 469

Remsberg,
photograph by, i, 362

Renard, i, 396

reproduction of lost parts, i, 150

Requins, i, 540

resemblances of fish faunas, i, 259, 260

respiration, i, 91-108

Retropinna, i, 252; ii, 123

Retzius, i, 428

Rhabdofario, ii, 62, 118

Rhacochilus, ii, 375
figure of, ii, 374

Rhacolepis, ii, 44

Rhadinichthys, ii, 14

Rhamphognathus, ii, 218

Rhamphocottidæ, ii, 449

Rhamphocottus, ii, 449
figure of, ii, 451

Rhamphosidæ, ii, 234

Rhamphosus, ii, 234

Rhegnopteri,
order of, ii, 224

Rheopresbe, i, 256; ii, 445

Rhina, i, 551

Rhinæ,
suborder of, i, 547

Rhineastes, ii, 186

Rhinellidæ, ii, 134

Rhinellus, ii, 134
figure of, ii, 134

Rhineodon, i, 540

Rhineodontidæ, i, 540

Rhinesomus, i, 377

Rhinichthys, i, 283, 307
figure of, i, 342; ii, 164

Rhinidæ, i, 551

Rhinobatidæ, i, 551
family of, i, 550

Rhinobatis, i, 553
figure of, i, 551

Rhinochimæra, i, 199, 566

Rhinochimæridæ, i, 565

Rhinoptera, i, 557

Rhinotriacis, i, 541

Rhipidistia, i, 602

Rhizodontidæ, i, 603

Rhizodopsis, i, 603

Rhodeus, i, 129; ii, 164

Rhombochirus,
figure of, ii, 469

Rhomboganoidea, ii, 24

Rhomboplites, ii, 337

Rhombus, ii, 486

Rhyacichthyidæ, ii, 504

Rhyacichthys, ii, 504

Rhynchias, ii, 522

Rhynchobdella, ii, 532

Rhynchodus, i, 566

Rhynchorhinus, ii, 150

ribbon-fish, ii, 471, 475, 485
Goode on, ii, 475

rice-field eels, ii, 141

Richardson, i, 408, 418; ii, 64
on whitefish, i, 322

Richardson's sculpin,
figure of, ii, 451

Rio Grande trout,
figure of, ii, 106

Risso, i, 395

Rissola,
figure of, ii, 520

Ritter,
on ascidians, i, 474
on Enteropneusta, i, 464

river-bullhead,
spawning of, i, 166

river-drum, ii, 354, 355

river-fishes,
dispersion of, i, 297-319

river-ruff, ii, 309

river-sculpin, ii, 445

river-sheepshead, ii, 354

river-trout, ii, 94

river-wolf, ii, 190

Rivulus, i, 314

roach, ii, 163, 168

robalito, ii, 320

robalo, the, i, 320, 355
figure of, ii, 319, 324

Roccus, i, 291, 324; ii, 321, 330
bones of, i, 35
cranium of, i, 36-39
figures of, i, 35-39, 46, 48

Roche, i, 396

rock-bass, i, 4; ii, 297
figure of, ii, 299
skull of, figured, ii, 296

rock-beauty, ii, 404
figure of, ii, 405

rock-cod, i, 203; ii, 429

rock-cook, ii, 387

rockfish, i, 94, 125, 159; ii, 321, 429, 431
figure of, i, 218

rock-hind, i, 19; ii, 324
figure of, i, 29

rocklings, i, 209; ii, 520, 539

rock-pilots, the, ii, 381

rock-pool fishes,
figure of, i, 294

rock-skipper, ii, 510
figure of, ii, 509

Rocky Mountains,
barriers to dispersion, i, 305

Rohon, i, 427, 428

romero, ii, 272

roncador, ii, 353, 355, 356

ronco amarilla, ii, 340

ronco arará, ii, 340

Rondelet, i, 361, 388
on sea-monster, i, 360

Rondeletiidæ, ii, 132

Ronquilus, ii, 502

ronquils, ii, 502

rosefishes, i, 125; ii, 428
figure of, ii, 427

Rosenthal, i, 428

rothfisch, ii, 106

rough-headed sea-robin, ii, 457

roundfish, ii, 63

round-herring, ii, 52

round-minnow,
figure of, ii, 196

round-robin, ii, 274

rousettes, i, 533

Rudarius,
figure of, i, 241

rudder-fish, ii, 273, 285, 349, 350
figure of, ii, 349

runners, ii, 272

Rüppell, i, 411

Rusconi,
on external gills, i, 77

Russell, i, 396; ii, 473

rusty-dab, ii, 493

Rutilus, ii, 164, 168

Rutter, i, 422; ii, 69, 84
photograph by, i, 355

Ruvettus, ii, 267

Ryder, i, 408, 428
on embryos, i, 64
on nest-building, ii, 229
on paired limbs, i, 66
on tail forms, i, 81, 84

Rypticus,
figure of, ii, 330

saboti, ii, 304

Saccopharynx, ii, 136, 157

Sacramento perch, i, 179
figure of, i, 258

Sagenodus, i, 613

sailfish, ii, 268

sailor-fish, i, 199

St. Ambrose, ii, 120
on Thymallus, ii, 120

St. Hilaire, i, 396, 428

St. John, i, 426

Salangidæ, ii, 127

Salanx, i, 146; ii, 123, 127, 128
figure of, i, 147; ii, 128

sälbling, ii, 108

Salar, ii, 90, 93

Salarias, i, 208, 271; ii, 510, 511

salema, ii, 346

Salmo, i, 291, 304, 305, 316-318, 332, 345, 346, 378, 391; ii, 62, 68,
89, 94-96, 98
figure of, i, 326; ii, 98, 99, 101, 104-106
general description, ii, 89
tail of, figured, ii, 486

salmon, i, 21, 25, 28, 39, 53, 146, 204, 209, 249, 256, 290, 440; ii,
67-69, 94, 107, 128, 159
artificial propagation of, ii, 88
ascent of cascades, ii, 76
Callbreath on, ii, 89
colors of, ii, 78
family of, i, 61-119
habits in ocean, ii, 73
method of descent of stream, ii, 78
mutilation of, ii, 75, 76
nest of, ii, 78
packing of, ii, 87
scales of, i, 21
sexual distortion in, i, 129
spawning changes in, ii, 89
spawning of, ii, 78-80
spring running, ii, 73
white-meated, ii, 78
of Yukon, i, 73

salmonete, i, 329
figure of, ii, 351

salmon fishery,
of Japan, ii, 81
output of, ii, 87

salmon fry,
liberation of, ii, 84
marking of, ii, 84

Salmonidæ, i, 204, 290; ii, 61-119, 127, 130, 161, 190

Salmonoidea, ii, 41, 61

salmonoids, ii, 94, 107

salmon pack,
estimate of, ii, 80

salmon roe, ii, 76

salmon shark, i, 447, 537

salmon trout, ii, 94, 105, 114

Salmopercæ, ii, 241-249
suborder of, ii, 241

Salpa, i, 477; ii, 348

Salpidæ, i, 477

Salvelini, ii, 95, 106

Salvelinus, i, 282, 306, 307, 311; ii, 62, 95, 99, 107, 108-110,
112-114
description of, ii, 107
figure of, i, 326; ii, 110, 111

samarang, i, 408

Samaris, ii, 489

samlet,
figure of, ii, 116

Sancassini, ii, 144

Sandalodus, i, 531

sand-dab, ii, 491

sand-darter, ii, 313
figure of, i, 158; ii, 313

sandfishes, ii, 364
figure of, ii, 364

sand-lance,
figure of, ii, 521

sand-pike, ii, 308

sand-roller,
figure of, ii, 241

Sandroserrus, ii, 309

Sandrus, ii, 309

sandstone,
fragment figured, i, 435

sand-sucker, ii, 357

sand-whiting, ii, 357

San Pedro fish, ii, 244

São Paulo, ii, 162

Saprolegnia, i, 353; ii, 76
surface on, i, 354

sarcastic blenny,
figure of, ii, 507

Sarda, i, 210; ii, 264

Sardinella, i, 204, 327, 332; ii, 50