Chapter C: S. Paine, of East Bethel, Vt., found a nest of this species about (15)

(No. 37,010.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 6.10; expanse of wings, 10.80. Prepared specimen: Total length, 5.75; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.70; difference between tenth and longest quill, .95; exposed portion of first primary, .75, of second, 2.34, of longest, third (measured from exposed base of first primary), 2.54; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .31, along gape, .70; tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .23.

HAB. Southern Rocky Mountains; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (RIDGWAY). In winter to Colima, Mexico.

While the pattern of coloration is precisely similar to that of _Lanivireo solitarius_, the difference in the colors appears to be occasioned merely by removing, as it were, the yellow stain, which on the plumbeous produces the olive-green tinge, and exists in a purer tint along the sides, leaving, essentially, only clear plumbeous and pure white; there is, however, in the most typical specimens, always a faint tinge of green on the rump, and a stain of yellow along the side. Though identical with _solitarius_ in most of its proportions, the wings and tail are considerably longer than in the average of that form.

There are many specimens from the Rocky Mountains and westward that are so decidedly intermediate between _solitarius_ and _plumbeus_, that, considering also the lack of essential difference in form and coloration between the two, we do not hesitate to consider them, along with _cassini_ and _propinquus_ (see page 373), as races of a single species, of which each is the representative in a particular region. Thus, _V. solitarius_ breeds in the Eastern Province of the United States (and possibly in the Western, following the same route far to the northward that many Eastern birds pursue in straggling westward), and migrates in winter into Middle America as far as Guatemala; those which breed in the Northwest pass directly southward, thus crossing the region where _cassini_ and _plumbeus_ breed, which accounts for their being obtained together. _V. cassini_ is the representative on the opposite side of the continent; but the history of its migrations is yet obscure. _V. plumbeus_ is the Middle Province and Rocky Mountain representative, breeding alone in that region, and in winter migrating southward through Western Mexico as far as Colima. _V. propinquus_ is another permanent race, but a local one, being resident in the country where found, though mixed in winter with visitors of _solitarius_ from the North.

HABITS. Of this very recently discovered race, very little is at present known. It was first described by Dr. Coues, who met with it in Arizona, near Fort Whipple. He says it is especially abundant in the northern part of that Territory. It was by far the most common Vireo at Fort Whipple, where it is a summer resident, arriving there about the 15th of April and remaining until October.

It was found to be common about Laramie Peak, by Dr. R. Hitz, and was also met with in winter on the plains at Colima, Mexico, by Xantus.

It was seen in the summers of 1868 and 1869, by Mr. Ridgway, among the cedar and nut-pine woods on the slopes and among the brushwood in the cañons of the East Humboldt Mountains, being most partial to the former situations. There, too, it undoubtedly breeds, as in the latter part of July young birds, unable to fly, were met with by him. He also states that the common notes of this Vireo very closely resemble those of the Western Wood Wren (_Troglodytes parkmanni_).

Lanivireo flavifrons, BAIRD.

YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.

_Vireo flavifrons_, VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 85, pl. liv.—AUD.
Orn. Biog. II, 1834, pl. cxix.—IB. Birds. Am. IV, pl.
ccxxxviii.—CASSIN, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 149.—SCLATER, P. Z. S.
1857, 227 (Vera Cruz); 1860, 257 (Orizaba).—SCLATER & SALVIN,
Ibis, I, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—CAB. Jour. III, 468 (Cuba;
winter).—GUNDLACH, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; rare).—CAB. Jour.
1860, 405 (Costa Rica). _Vireo_ (_Lanivireo_) _flav._ BAIRD, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 341. _Vireosylvia_ (_Lanivireo_) _flavifrons_, BAIRD,
Rev. 346. _Muscicapa sylvicola_, WILS. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 117, pl.
vii, f. 3.

[Line drawing: _Vireosylvia flavifrons._
2217]

SP. CHAR. (No. 28,390.) Head and neck above and on sides, with interscapular region, bright olive-green. Lower back, rump, tail, and wing-coverts ashy. Wings brown, with two white bands across the coverts, the outer edges of inner secondaries, and inner edges of all the quills, with inside of wing, white. Outer primaries edged with gray, the inner with olive. Tail-feathers brown, entirely encircled by a narrow edge of white. Under parts to middle of body, a line from nostrils over eye, eyelids, and patch beneath the eye (bordered behind by the olive of neck) bright gamboge-yellow; rest of under parts white, the flanks faintly glossed with ashy. Lores dusky. Bill and legs plumbeous-black.

No spurious primary evident: second quill longest; first a little shorter than third.

Length, 5.80; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.00; difference of longest and innermost quills, .90; tarsus, .73.

HAB. Eastern United States, south to Costa Rica. Veragua (SALVIN). Very rare in Cuba.

Autumnal birds, perhaps more especially the young, are more glossed with olivaceous, which invades the ashy portions, and tinges the white.

HABITS. All the older ornithological writers, in speaking of the Yellow-throated Vireo, repeat each other in describing it as peculiarly attracted to the forest, seeking its solitudes and gleaning its food chiefly among its topmost branches. Such has not been my experience with this interesting and attractive little songster. I have found no one of this genus, not even the _gilva_, so common in the vicinity of dwellings, or more familiar and fearless in its intercourse with man. All of its nests that I have ever met with have been built in gardens and orchards, and in close proximity to dwellings, and they have also been exclusively in comparatively low positions. In one of the most recent instances a pair of these birds built one of their beautiful moss-covered nests in a low branch of an apple-tree that overhung the croquet-ground, within a few rods of my house. It was first noticed in consequence of its bold little builder flying in my face whenever I approached too near, even before its nest contained any eggs. The grounds were in frequent use, and the pair were at first a good deal disturbed by these constant intrusions, but they soon became reconciled to their company, and would not leave their position, even though the game was contested immediately under their nest, which was thus often brought within a foot of the heads of the players. Before this nest was quite finished, the female began her duties of incubation. Her assiduous mate was constantly engaged at first in completing the external ornamentation of the nest with lichens and mosses, and then with a renewal of his interrupted concerts of song. These duties he varied by frequent captures of insects, winged and creeping, most of which he duly carried to his mate. His song was varied, sweet, and touchingly beautiful. Less powerful than the notes of several others of its family, except those of the _Warbling_, I know of none more charming.

These birds reach New England about the 10th of May, and usually have their nests constructed early in June. Their habits, in all essential respects, are the same as those of all its family. They are somewhat confiding and trustful of man, are readily approached, and soon become so well acquainted with those among whom they have a home as to fearlessly come to the windows of the house in pursuit of spiders or flies, and even to enter them. In the latter case they cannot readily make their exit, and soon lose their self-possession, beating their heads against the walls and ceiling in vain attempts to get out, unless caught and released. In one instance a young bird, that had entered my barn-chamber, became so entangled in cobwebs, around his wings and feet, as to be unable to escape again. When taken in the hand, and his meshes one by one picked out from about his feet and quills, he was very docile, made no resistance or outcry, nor any attempt to escape, until he was entirely freed from his bonds, although it required some time and care to accomplish it. When entirely freed from these clogs, and permitted to go, he flew away very deliberately to a short distance, and occupied himself with dressing his disordered plumage.

The nest of this species is also a pendent structure, and hemispherical in shape. It may always be readily distinguished from any other nest of this family by the profusion of lichens and mosses with which its outer portion is adorned and covered, giving it the appearance of a large moss-covered knot.

In most of the towns in the vicinity of Boston this species, though not abundant, is quite common. Their nests, built usually in low and rather conspicuous positions for birds of this kind, occur most frequently in gardens and orchards. One of these, found suspended from a moss-covered branch of an apple-tree in Roxbury, may be taken as typical of its kind. Its rim was firmly bound around the fork of a branch by a continuation of the materials that form the outside of the nest itself. These are an interweaving of spiders’-webs, and silky threads from insect cocoons, largely intermingled with mosses and lichens, and thus made to conform closely in appearance to the moss-grown bark of the tree. The under portion of the nest is strengthened by long strips of the inner bark of the wild grape. Within is an inner nest made of fine grassy stems and bark. It forms exactly a half-sphere in shape, is symmetrical, and is very thoroughly made. Its diameter is four, and its height two and one fourth inches.

Mr. Nuttall describes a nest of this bird, found by him suspended from the forked twig of an oak, near a dwelling-house, as coated over with green lichens, attached very artfully by a slender string of caterpillars’ silk, the whole afterwards tied over by almost invisible threads of the same, so nicely done as to appear to be glued on. The whole fabric was thus made to resemble an accidental knot of the tree, grown over with moss. Another nest, observed by the same writer, was fixed on the depending branches of a wild cherry, and was fifty feet from the ground. So lofty a position as this is probably very unusual. I have never met with any higher than ten feet from the ground.

The food of this Vireo is chiefly insects, and in the breeding-season is altogether so. Later in the season they mingle with these various kinds of small berries.

The eggs of this species vary from .95 to .88 of an inch in length, and from .65 to .60 in breadth. Their ground-color is white, often with a very perceptible tint of roseate when fresh. In this respect they differ in a very marked manner from the eggs of any other of this genus, except, perhaps, the _barbatula_, and may thus always be very easily recognized. They are more or less boldly marked with blotches of a dark roseate-brown, also peculiar to the eggs of this species, though varying greatly in their size and depth of color.

This Vireo winters, in great numbers, in Central America, and was largely represented in the collection of Dr. Van Patten from Guatemala. It was also found at Pirico, in Colombia, South America, by Mr. C. W. Wyatt. It occurs in abundance as far to the west as Grinnell, Iowa, where Mr. W. H. Parker found it to be a very common summer resident.

SUBGENUS VIREO, VIEILL.

_Vireo_, VIEILL., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 83. (Type, _Muscicapa
noveboracensis_, GM.)

[Line drawing: _Vireo noveboracensis._
29248]

CHAR. Wings short and rounded, a little longer than the tail, equal to it, or shorter. First primary distinct and large, from two fifths to half or more the length of the second, shorter or not longer than the eighth.

The characters of _Vireo_ are essentially those of _Vireosylvia_; the bill, however, is shorter; the first quill always present, better developed, sometimes more than half the second. The wings are shorter, and more rounded; the tarsi usually longer. The, sections are as follows:—

Vireo. Wings pointed; first quill less than half the second, which is about equal to seventh or eighth, and decidedly longer than the tenth primary and the secondaries. Type, _V. noveboracensis_.

Vireonella. Wings rounded, scarcely longer than the tail; the first quill half as long as the second (or more than half), which is not longer than the tenth primary and secondaries, or even less. Bill and feet generally much stouter than the preceding. Type, _V. gundlachi_.

None of the species of _Vireonella_ are found in the United States.

Species.

COMMON CHARACTERS. All the species olivaceous or ashy above, beneath whitish, or olivaceous-yellow. Wings with light bands. A light stripe from bill over the eye, but not beyond it, except in _carmioli_. Iris brown, as far as known, except in _V. noveboracensis_, where it is white.

A. Two conspicuous light bands on wing.

_a._ Sexes different. Whole lore white.

1. V. atricapillus. Above olive-green, outer edges of
tail-feathers bright yellowish-green; wing-bands
greenish-white. Sides olivaceous-yellow. _Male._ Head and
neck (except lore, orbital ring, chin, and throat) deep
black; lower parts pure white medially. _Female_ with the
black replaced by dull slate; lower parts ochraceous-white
medially. Wing, 2.30; tail, 1.80; tarsus, .68; bill, from
nostril, .24. _Hab._ Southern Texas; Mazatlan, Mexico.

_b._ Sexes alike. Lore dusky, with light mark above it.

2. V. carmioli.[78] Above brownish olive-green. Beneath,
with supra-loral stripe, orbital ring, and light markings
on the wings, light ochrey-yellow more whitish on the
throat. Wing, 2.55; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .66; bill, .26.
_Hab._ Costa Rica.

3. V. noveboracensis. Above olive-green, ashy across the
nape. Supra-loral stripe and orbital ring deep yellow.
Beneath ashy-white on throat, purer white on abdomen;
sides, and a tinge across the breast, light yellow. Iris
white. Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .63; bill, .26.
_Hab._ Eastern Province of United States, south (in winter)
to Guatemala (and Bogota?); very rare in Cuba; abundant and
resident in Bermuda.

4. V. huttoni. Above grayish-olive, more olive-green
toward tail. Below pale grayish-buff. Orbital ring very
broad, yellowish-white. Wing, 2.50; tail, 2.05; tarsus,
.67; bill, .24. _Hab._ California; in winter, Western
Mexico to Oaxaca.

B. Only one band on wing, and this indistinct.

5. V. belli. Above ashy-olive, more virescent
posteriorly. Markings on side of head not well defined.
Below dull white, with a slight buffy tinge, strongly
stained with yellow on sides and flanks. Upper feathers of
middle row of wing-coverts passing into paler at tip,
producing an indication of an anterior band. Wing, 2.20;
tail, 1.80; tarsus, .69; bill, .25. _Hab._ Plains between
the Mississippi Valley and the Rocky Mountains, from Dakota
to Texas; in winter south to Tehuantepec, Mexico.

6. V. pusillus. Above grayish-ash, very slightly tinged
with olive on rump. Below dull white, ashy laterally, the
flanks with the slightest possible tinge of yellow. Wing,
2.30; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .69; bill, .24, .13 deep. _Hab._
Arizona; Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; California north
to Sacramento City.

7. V. vicinior. Above bluish-ash, below ashy-white,
scarcely more ashy laterally. Lores entirely ashy-white.
Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.40; tarsus, .67; bill, .26, .18 deep.
_Hab._ Fort Whipple, Arizona.

Vireo atricapillus, WOODHOUSE.

BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.

_Vireo atricapillus_, WOODHOUSE, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1852, 60 (San Pedro,
Tex.).—IB. Sitgreaves’s Rep. 1853, 75, pl. i, Birds.—CASSIN,
Illust. 1854, 153, pl. xxiv.—BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 337; Rev.
353.—COOPER, Orn. Cal. 1, 1870, 121.

[Line drawing: _Vireo atricapillus._
6818]

SP. CHAR. (No. 6,818.) Top and sides of head and neck black; rest of upper parts olive-green. Wing and tail feathers almost black on their upper surface, the quills and rectrices edged with olive (paler on the exterior primaries), the wing-coverts with two greenish-white bands on a blackish ground. Broad line from bill to and around eye (not meeting on forehead) with under parts white; the sides of body olivaceous; the axillars and inner wing-coverts (perhaps crissum) yellowish. Bill black; feet plumbeous; iris bright red. First quill less than half the second, which about equals the tenth; third little shorter than fourth (longest).

_Female._ With the black replaced by dull slate; lower parts ochraceous-white medially. Possibly a distinct species (Mazatlan).

(No. 6,818.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 4.75; expanse of wings, 7.25; wing from carpal joint, 2.12. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.10; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.95.

HAB. Southern border of Western Texas; Mazatlan.

The black head of this species, as far as known, makes it unique in the genus. It is extremely rare, but three or four specimens being known.

We refer to this species a specimen—probably a female—obtained at Mazatlan, on the western coast of Mexico, in April, by Colonel Grayson (S. I., No. 55,046). This specimen differs from those from Texas in having the black of the head replaced by a dull dark slate-color, the olive above rather less virescent, and the lower parts not pure white, but somewhat buffy. As all the other essential characters are identical, there being in both the white space covering the whole lore, and orbital ring interrupted on top,—features not seen in any other species,—we have little hesitation in considering them the same species; which opinion is moreover strengthened by the fact, that among the Texas specimens, all with black caps, there are no females.

HABITS. Of the general history and habits of this rare species very little is known. It was first met with by Dr. Woodhouse, on the 26th of May, 1851, in Western Texas. This was on the Rio San Pedro, within ten miles of its source. He found it among some cedars, and was attracted by its very singular notes. It was in continual motion, like a Wood Warbler, and was by him at first supposed to be one of those birds. He obtained two specimens, both of which proved to be males.

Mr. John H. Clark, the naturalist of the Mexican Boundary Commission, likewise found this species in Texas, and not far from the same locality in which it was discovered by Dr. Woodhouse. His attention also was drawn to the bird by its shrill discordant chirp, which it uttered incessantly in its pursuit of insects. Three specimens only were seen, and all of them at one locality, the valley of the Rio San Pedro, to which it seemed to be confined. It was not at all shy, and showed no concern when Mr. Clark approached within a few rods. Its constant motion, hopping incessantly from branch to branch, made it a matter of some difficulty to procure specimens. It was found in June, and the single specimen shot by Mr. Clark was also a male.

Vireo noveboracensis, BONAP.

WHITE-EYED VIREO.

_Muscicapa noveboracensis_, GM. Syst. Nat. I 1788, 947 (_Green
Flycatcher_, PENNANT, Arctic Zoöl. II, 389). _Vireo noveb._ BON.
Obs. Wilson, 1825.—AUD.; CASSIN.—BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 338;
Rev. 354.—MAX.—SCLATER, P. Z. S. 1857, 204 (Xalapa); 228 (Vera
Cruz).—SCLATER & SALVIN, Ibis, II, 1860, 274 (Coban,
Guat.).—JONES, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 71 (resident).—CAB. Jour. III,
469 (Cuba).—GUNDLACH, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; rare).—SAMUELS,
Birds N. Eng. 275. _Vireo musicus_, VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I,
1807, 83, pl. liii. _Muscicapa cantatrix_, WILS. II, 1810, 266,
pl. xviii.
Figures: AUD. Orn. Biog. pl. lxiii.—IB. Birds N. A. IV, pl. ccxl.

SP. CHAR. (No. 10,193 ♂, Illinois.) First primary about half the length of second, which is longer than secondaries, and about equal to the eighth; the fourth longest; third and fifth little shorter.

Above quite olive-green; sides of neck, and a gloss on its upper surface, ashy. The middle concealed portion of feathers of lower back and rump pale sulphur-yellowish. Beneath white; the chin and lower cheeks with a grayish tinge; the sides of breast and body, with axillars and base of crissum (more faintly), bright yellow; the inner wing-coverts and rest of crissum much paler, almost white. A broad yellow line from nostrils to and continuous with a yellow ring round the eye, which is encircled exteriorly by olivaceous; a dusky loral, but no post-ocular spot. Wings with two covert-bands and innermost secondaries externally, broadly yellowish-white; rest of quills edged externally with olive, except the two outer and tips of other primaries, which are grayish. Rectrices edged externally with olive, except outermost, which is bordered by grayish. All the long quills bordered internally by whitish. Bill blue-black, paler on the edges; legs dark plumbeous. Iris white. Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.20.

HAB. United States, west to base of Rocky Mountains; south to Guatemala; Bogota? Very rare in Cuba. Abundant and resident in the Bermudas.

Specimens vary slightly in a greater amount of ashy on the head, and less brilliancy of the yellow of head and sides. Sometimes there is a decided ashy shade in the white of throat and jugulum, which again has a very faint tinge of yellowish.

HABITS. The White-eyed Vireo is one of the most common and one of the most widely diffused of its genus in all parts of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. It apparently breeds in all parts of the Union, from Texas and the Indian Territory on the southwest to Iowa and Wisconsin, and as far to the northeast as Massachusetts. In the last-named State it becomes exceedingly rare, and beyond it is apparently not found, none having been met with either by Messrs. Verrill or Boardman in any part of Maine. In Western Massachusetts it was not found by Mr. Allen, though it occurs in the eastern part, along the coast. Mr. Dresser found it common in Western Texas, many remaining there to breed, and Dr. Woodhouse also found it abundant in Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian Territory, where it frequented the thickets bordering on the streams. It breeds abundantly in the Northwest States of Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. It also breeds in the islands of Bermuda.

In the winter months this species retires to the more southern States, and to Mexico and Central and South America, though Sumichrast does not give it as occurring in the Department of Vera Cruz. Nuttall found it in South Carolina in the middle of January, and Wilson met with them in full song in Georgia in February. The fact that it was seven weeks after this before they made their appearance in Pennsylvania is given by that writer as evidence of the gradual progression made by this species in its movements northward, regulated by the development of the season. Audubon, however, states the first of March as about the time of its first appearance in Louisiana. He also mentions that this species is a constant resident in the Floridas during winter, and also in the lower portions of Alabama and Georgia. A large number also pass farther south, as is shown by the abundance of the arrivals in early spring on the coast of Texas. Mr. Audubon states also that Townsend met with them on the Columbia River, and that he himself found them along the coast in Maine, Nova Scotia, and Labrador. This, however, I am inclined to consider a misstatement, as they have not since been detected either west of Dakota or north of the 42d parallel.

This Vireo is one of the most conspicuous singers of this family. Its songs are more earnest and louder than those of any of our Eastern species, and exhibit the greatest variations, beginning in the earlier part of the season with a simple low whistle, but changing in May into a very quaint and peculiar succession of irregular notes. Some of these are very softly and sweetly whistled, while others are uttered with a vehemence and shrillness that seem hardly possible in so small a bird.

This is an unsuspecting and familiar bird, permitting a near approach, and when whistled to will often stop and eye you with marked curiosity, and even approach a little nearer, as if to obtain a better view, entirely unconscious of any danger. This is not so, however, when they have a nest. On this occasion they exhibit great uneasiness when their nest is visited, approaching very near to the intruder, looking down upon him with marked expressions of uneasiness, and scolding all the while with great earnestness, and with a hoarse mewing that is very peculiar. This display is continued even after the fledglings are full grown and able to take care of themselves.

The food of this species in early summer is almost exclusively small insects, which it gleans with great assiduity. In Eastern Massachusetts, like all its kindred, it feeds eagerly upon the young larvæ of the destructive canker-worm, and doubtless, in the wilder portions of the country, is of considerable service in restricting the increase of this scourge.

The White-eyed Vireo may usually be found in wild, swampy, open grounds, near the edges of woods, and where there are small thickets of smilax and other briers and wild vines, in the midst of which it often builds its pensile nest. These nests are rarely, if ever, more than three or four feet from the ground. Two nests of this bird, one from Neosho Falls, Kansas, the other from Lynn, Mass., may be taken as characteristic of the species. They are almost exactly hemispherical in shape, their height and diameter being the same,—three inches. They were suspended from low bushes, hanging from the extreme ends of the twigs, among which the nests were fastened by fine impacted masses of wood-mosses, which are very nicely and elaborately interwoven with the lower portions of the outer covering of the nest. The latter is composed of a singular medley of various materials, among which may be noticed broken fragments of dry leaves, bits of decayed wood and bark, coarse blades of grass, various vegetable fibres, lichens, fragments of insects, mosses, straws, stems, etc. These are all wrapped round and firmly bound together with strong hempen fibres of vegetables. Within this outer envelope is an inner nest, made of the finer stems of grasses and dry needles of the white pine, firmly interwoven. For the size of the bird, these nests are proportionally larger and deeper than any others of the common kinds. The cavity is two or two and a half inches deep.

The eggs are usually five in number. One from Georgia measures .77 by .55 of an inch, and is of an oblong-oval shape; another, from Massachusetts, is much more broadly ovate, measuring .80 by .62. Their greatest breadth is .65 of an inch, and their length .80. They have a clear crystal-white ground, spotted about the larger end with fine dark-purple and reddish-brown dots.

This species is one of the most common foster-parents of the Cowbird, the eggs of which are always tenderly cared for, and the offspring nurtured by them, always to the destruction of their own nestlings.

Vireo huttoni, CASSIN.

HUTTON’S VIREO.

_Vireo huttoni_, CASSIN, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1851, 150 (Monterey,
Cal.).—IB. 1852, pl. i, fig. 1.—BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 339, pl.
lxxviii, fig. 2; Rev. 357.—SCLATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 302 (Oaxaca);
1862, 19 (La Parada).—IB. Catal. 1861, 358, no. 256.—COOPER, Orn.
Cal. 1, 1870, 121.

SP. CHAR. (No. 3,725.) First quill rather less than half second, which about equals the tenth; third a little longer than seventh; fourth and fifth nearly equal, and longest. Tail slightly rounded, shorter than wings. Bill very small.

[Line drawing: _Vireo huttoni._
3725]

Above olive-green; brightest behind, especially on rump and edging of tail, duller and more ashy towards and on top and sides of head and neck. Wings with two bands on coverts, and outer edges of innermost secondaries rather broadly olivaceous-white; other quills edged externally with olive-green, paler towards outer primary; internally with whitish. Lateral tail-feather edged externally with yellowish-white. Feathers of rump with much concealed yellowish-gray.

Under parts pale olivaceous-yellowish; purest behind, lightest on the throat and abdomen; the breast more olivaceous, the sides still deeper olive-green, the breast soiled with a slight buffy tinge. Axillars and crissum yellowish; the inside of wings whitish. Loral region and a narrow space around eye dull-yellowish, in faint contrast to the olive of head. Bill horn-color above, paler below; legs dusky.

Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.05; difference between tenth and longest quills, .43; exposed portion of first primary, .72, of second, 1.52, of longest, fourth, and fifth (measured from exposed base of first primary), 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29, along gape, .60; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .45, claw alone, .22.

HAB. California and Western Mexico, to Oaxaca; La Parada (SCL.); Orizaba (alpine region, resident, SUMICHR.).

The description just given is based upon the type specimen, probably in winter plumage. Spring specimens do not vary materially except in greater purity of white edgings of the feathers. Two Mexican specimens are rather larger, the wing measuring 2.50, the tail 2.30. No other differences are appreciable. In general the first primary is about half the second, sometimes rather less.

This species is readily distinguished from other Vireos, excepting _V. modestus_, which it greatly resembles in the small bill, form, coloration, and size; nor indeed is it easy to separate them. In _modestus_, however, the first quill is usually more than half the second, not less; the wing shorter, and less pointed; the tail longer. The upper parts are more uniform, not much brighter towards rump.

HABITS. This species is one of comparatively recent origin, and of its history but little is as yet known. It was first described by Cassin, in 1851, from a specimen obtained in Monterey, Cal. It has been found in various parts of California, in the valley of the Gila, and in the northern and eastern portions of Mexico. Mr. Sumichrast gives it as a resident of the alpine region of the Department of Vera Cruz.

Dr. Cooper has observed this bird near San Diego, late in February, where he at first mistook it for the Ruby-crowned Wren, a bird that winters there in abundance, and which he states resembles this species closely in appearance and habits. Two of them came to within a few feet of where he sat, scolding in a harsh tone. He recognized then their larger size and different plumage, as well as their remarkably large eyes, and a peculiar slowness and deliberation in their movements as they searched the foliage for insects.

Dr. Cooper has since found them wintering plentifully up to latitude 38°. Having observed but few of them in the Coast Range, in May, he thinks that most of them go farther north in summer. At San Diego, however, he shot a female, on the 9th of March, containing an egg nearly ready to be laid. He had not been able to find the nest, which is presumed to be built in the dense shade of the evergreen oaks (_Quercus agrifolia_). Their song is said to consist of a few short and quaint notes. Among the memoranda of Mr. Xantus, made at Fort Tejon, I find the following: (No. 1,827.) Nest and eggs of _Vireo huttoni_, found May 8, one foot from the ground, under high trees, suspended from three high stems of weeds, fastened to them, but very loosely put together. The eggs had been incubated. He furnished no further description of nest or eggs.

Vireo belli, AUD.

BELL’S VIREO.

_Vireo belli_, AUD. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 333, pl. cccclxxxv (Missouri
River).—CASSIN, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1851, 150.—BAIRD, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 337; Rev. 358.—SCLATER, Catal. 1861, 42, no. 258.—BON.
Consp. 1850, 330.—COOPER, Orn. Cal. 1, 1870, 123.

[Line drawing: _Vireo belli._
1926]

SP. CHAR. (No. 1,926.) Above olive-green, brightest on the rump; tinged anteriorly with ashy; the top and sides of head ashy, in faint contrast. A line from nostrils to eye (scarcely beyond it), and eyelids very pale yellowish-white; lores dusky. Under parts, including inner wing-coverts, and edge of wing, creamy-white; the sides, axillars, and crissum pale yellow (sides of lower neck and of breast glossed with olivaceous, faintest on the longer feathers of the latter). Two rather narrow bands on the wing-coverts, and the outer edges of innermost secondaries white; the other quills edged with faded olivaceous. Inner edges of quills whitish. Tail-feathers brown, edged externally with olive; internally fading into paler brown. Median portion of rump feathers concealed with pale yellowish. Bill horn-color above, pale below. Legs plumbeous. “Iris brown.”

First quill spurious; not quite half the second, which is about equal to the eighth; third and fourth quills longest; fifth scarcely shorter. Tail nearly even, or a little rounded, the feathers narrow.

Total length, 4.20; wing, 2.18; tail, 1.90; tarsus, .75.

HAB. United States, from Missouri River to base of Rocky Mountains; Tehuantepec, Mexico (October, SUMICHRAST); Missouri (HOY); Iowa (ALLEN); Southeast Illinois (RIDGWAY).

The above description is taken from a type specimen received from Mr. Audubon, and represents the average spring plumage. Autumnal skins are rather brighter, and there is occasionally an ochraceous tinge on the white of the under parts.

This species at first sight appears like a miniature of _V. gilvus_, the head being almost exactly similar. The back is, however, much brighter olive, the sides and crissum deeper yellow. The superciliary light stripe is shorter. The white markings of the wings are wanting in _gilvus_. The wing, tail, and feet are entirely different in their proportions.

HABITS. This species was first procured by Mr. Audubon’s party in the excursion to the Yellowstone River, in what is now known as Dakota Territory. In his account of it Mr. Audubon states that it is usually found in the bottom-lands along the shores of the Upper Missouri River, from the neighborhood of the Black Snake Hills, as far as they ascended that river. In its habits he describes it as more nearly allied to the White-eyed Vireo than any other.

Dr. Woodhouse, in his report of the Zuñi River Expedition, mentions finding this species abundant in Texas. Mr. Dresser also speaks of it as not uncommon, during the summer, near San Antonio, and remaining there to breed. He mentions finding a nest on the 2d of July in a _wesatche_ bush near the San Pedro, containing three eggs of this species and one of the Cow-Bunting. Being anxious to procure the parent bird he left it, but on his return the nest had been torn and the Vireo’s eggs smashed. Dr. Heermann found a nest on the Medina about the same time. He describes this nest as beautifully formed of fine grasses, and hung from the small twigs of a tree. The eggs, four in number, were very small, white, with an occasional reddish dot at the larger end. The nest found by Dr. Heermann was attached to the pendent twigs of a willow. The stomachs of these Vireos were found to contain small green caterpillars.

Dr. Coues met with this species near Fort Riley, May 23. It appeared to be quite common, and was found inhabiting thickets and clumps of bushes, like _V. noveboracensis_, but having a very different song, the peculiarity of which first attracted his attention. Mr. Ridgway found it to be a common summer resident in the thickets and copses of Southern Illinois, especially in the prairie districts. He first met with it on the 8th of June, 1871, on Fox Prairie, in Richland County. His attention was drawn to it by its peculiar song, which has a general resemblance to that of the White-eyed Vireo, having the same odd delivery, but being more sputtering, reminding one somewhat of the song of _Troglodytes ædon_.

This Vireo appears to have quite an extended distribution during the breeding-season, or from Texas to the Upper Missouri, and even as far as the eastern edge of Southern Illinois. It breeds also as far to the east as Eastern Kansas. Its western limits are not so clearly defined. It was not found by Mr. Ridgway in Nevada or Utah, nor by Dr. Coues in Arizona.

A nest of this species, found in June, near Neosho Falls, Kansas, by Mr. B. F. Goss (S. I. Coll., 1,875), is pensile; suspended from two small twigs, which make the basis of three fourths of its rim. Over these is strongly bound a finely felted webbing of the flax-like fibres of plants, interwoven with slender stems. With these are connected and interwoven also the materials that make up the periphery of the nest itself. This is composed of long and slender strips of bark, fragments of dry leaves, bits of wood, and various other fragmentary substances. The nest, unlike others of this family, is lined with down, and the fine long hair of some animals, instead of with vegetable stems. The diameter as well as the height of this nest is about two and a half inches.

Another nest from West Texas, obtained by Captain Pope, is essentially different in its general characteristics. It is three inches in diameter, and but one inch and three quarters high. The opening is circular, but only one and a half inches wide. Below the rim the cavity widens until it is two and a half inches in diameter. The outer nest is made up of an interweaving of fine strips of bark and dry leaves, intermixed with and firmly bound around by strong flax-like fibres of different plants. Within, it is lined with fine flexible grasses and stems of plants.

The eggs of this species are from .73 to .76 of an inch in length, and from .52 to .56 in breadth. They are pure white, sparingly spotted with fine red dots distributed around the larger end.

Vireo pusillus, COUES.

LEAST VIREO.

_Vireo pusillus_, COUES, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1866.—BAIRD, Rev. Am.
B. 360.—ELLIOT, Illust. Birds N. A. I, vii.—COOPER, Orn. Cal. 1,
1870, 124. _? Vireo belli_, COOPER, Pr. Cal. Acad. 1861, 122 (Fort
Mohave).

[Line drawing: _Vireo pusillus._
31893]

SP. CHAR. Somewhat similar in general appearance to _Vireosylvia gilva_ and _swainsoni_, but smaller. Bill very small; tarsi lengthened. Wings about equal to the tail, which is lengthened, graduated, and with the feathers narrow and pointed. Exposed part of first primary about half that of the second, which is intermediate between seventh and eighth; the fourth and fifth longest.

Above grayish-ash, with a tinge of olive behind. Beneath, including the inside of the wings, white, with a soiled tinge on the sides of the throat and across the breast. Axillars and flanks exhibiting a faint trace of greenish-yellow. Eyelids and a short line from the nostrils to the eye whitish; no other stripe apparent. A dusky loral spot. Primary coverts edged indistinctly with whitish, producing an obscure band (a second on the middle coverts hardly appreciable). Quills and tail-feathers edged externally with pale grayish-olive, the innermost secondaries with whitish. Bill dusky above, whitish beneath. Legs plumbeous. Iris of two specimens marked as “light brown,” of another as “rufous.”

The details of structure taken from No. 23,785, of color from No. 23,788: Length, of 23,785 ♂, 4.80 when fresh, of skin, 4.25; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.25; bill above, .37; tarsus, .73; middle toe and claw, .50; hind toe and claw, .42. First quill, .70; second, 1.40; longest (fifth), 1.64. (Cape St. Lucas.)

HAB. Cape St. Lucas; San Diego; Fort Mohave, and Arizona; Sacramento, California (RIDGWAY).

This species scarcely needs comparison with any other, except, perhaps, _V. pallens_ of Middle America, which, however, besides belonging to _Vireonella_, and not _Vireo_, as restricted, differs in many minor, but no less essential points. The coloration of the two is remarkably similar, but _pusillus_ has only one indistinct band on the wing, instead of two sharply defined ones. The bill is much smaller, and the tail longer, than in _pallens_. _V. belli_ is less ashy above and less pure white beneath, the sides much more yellowish; the wing is also longer, and the tail much shorter. _V. vicinior_ is much larger, with the wing longer than the tail, instead of shorter; the ash above has a bluish instead of a greenish cast; the lores are wholly grayish-white, etc.

HABITS. The Least Vireo is a recently described species of its genus, and one in regard to whose history comparatively little has been ascertained. It was first met with at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus, and described by Dr. Coues in 1866. Dr. Coues assigns as its habitat Lower and Southern California, Sonora, and Arizona, at least as far north as Fort Whipple. Dr. Cooper also found it at Fort Mohave. Dr. Coues met with it fifty miles south of Fort Whipple, where he found it breeding abundantly. He gives no information in regard to its habits. Dr. Cooper states that he found it rather common along the upper part of Mohave River, in June, 1861; and in the following spring, about April 20, they began to arrive at San Diego in considerable numbers. In its habits Dr. Cooper thinks it greatly resembles _V. gilvus_, though it differs entirely in its song. The notes of those that he heard singing resembled very much those of the Polioptilas uttering a quaint mixture of the notes of the Wrens, Swallows, and Vireos. They also seem to possess more or less of imitative powers. At Sacramento he saw and heard, in the willows along the river, individuals which, from their peculiar notes, he had no doubt were of this species, but he did not verify his conjectures. His suppositions were confirmed later by the observations of Mr. Ridgway, who states that he found these birds the most abundant as well as the most characteristic Greenlet in the vicinity of Sacramento. It is a species, he adds, easily recognized, being in all respects quite distinct from any other. The character of its notes, as well as its habits, show it to be a true Vireo. Its song, though weaker, bears a great resemblance to that of the White-eyed. A nest of this species was found by him near Sacramento. It was placed about three feet from the ground, in a low bush in a copse of willows. Like all the nests of this genus it was pensile, being attached to and suspended from the twigs of a branch.

Two nests of this interesting species were also obtained near Camp Grant, Arizona, in 1867, by Dr. E. Palmer. They are wrought like all the nests of this kind, below the small forked branches of a tree, suspended from the extremity of its twigs. They each have a diameter of about three and a half inches, a height of two, with a cavity an inch and a half deep and two wide. The external portion, like the nests of the _V. belli_, is wrought with woven hemp-like vegetable fibres, strongly bound around the ends of the twigs and covering the entire exterior. Within this is placed a strong, firmly made basket, composed of slender strips of bark and long, fine, and flexible pine-needles, with a lining of finer materials of the same. In one of these nests there were three eggs of the Vireo, and one of a _Molothrus_ (_obscurus?_). The former were of a bright crystalline whiteness, marked with very minute and hardly discernible spots of red, and measure .69 by .56 of an inch. The egg of the _Molothrus_, except in its much smaller size, is hardly distinguishable from those of the common _M. pecoris_, and measures .75 by .56 of an inch.

In the other nest were also three eggs of the Vireo. They correspond in size, but are much more distinctly marked with larger spots of a dark red and reddish-brown. In this nest there is a somewhat larger proportion of fine strips of inner bark, and mixed with these are also a few silky insect cocoons, by means of which the nest is firmly bound around the twigs from which the whole is suspended.

Vireo vicinior, COUES.

ARIZONA VIREO.

_Vireo vicinior_, COUES, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1866.—BAIRD, Rev. Am.
B. 361.—ELLIOT, Illust. Birds N. A. I, vii.—COOPER, Orn. Cal. 1,
1870, 125.

[Line drawing: _Vireo vicinior._
40697]

SP. CHAR. (No. 40,697 ♂.) Bill stout, considerably compressed and deep. Wings moderately pointed, about equal to tail, which is decidedly graduated; first quill rather more than half the second, which about equals ninth and the secondaries; the fourth and fifth longest. Tarsus considerably longer than middle toe and claw; lateral toes quite conspicuous for their disproportion, the inner claw reaching only to base of outer, and falling short of base of middle; the terminal digit of inner toe reaching only to end of second joint of middle toe.

Upper parts, with sides of head and neck, ashy or light plumbeous, faintly olivaceous on rump. Beneath white; slightly ashy on sides of breast. Flanks and inside of wings showing a faint trace of yellow, only appreciable on raising the wings. An obsolete line from bill to eye, and a more distinct ring round the eye, white. No bands on the wing, except a faint edging of whitish on the greater coverts; the quills edged internally with white. Bill and legs plumbeous. “Iris brown. Mouth livid, bluish-white.” (COUES.)

Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.60; expanse of wings, 8.60. Prepared specimen: Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.60, its graduation, .22; difference of tenth and longest quills, .40; exposed portion of first primary, .85, of second, 1.65, of longest (measured from exposed base of first primary), 1.95; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32, along gape, .61; depth of bill, .18; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .51, claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .40, claw alone, .19.

HAB. Prescott, Arizona.

This species might at first sight be taken for a small specimen of _V. plumbeus_, the colors, character of bill, etc., being very similar, except that the white of lores and around eye is much less distinct, the lore without any blackish before the eye, and there is only one faint band on wing, instead of two conspicuous ones; the tail-feathers, too, lack the distinct white edgings. The much more rounded wing, and the first primary half the second or more, will, however, readily distinguish them. The form of the bird is very much that of _V. pusillus_, which it resembles considerably also in color. The outer quill is, however, longer, the bill deeper and more compressed, the inner lateral toe considerably shorter, and the size larger. The colors are purer, without the olive of the back or the yellowish of the under parts; the bill, too, is entirely dark plumbeous, instead of horn-color, whitish beneath. From _V. pallens_ it is distinguished by a smaller, darker bill; longer tail and wing; one wing-band, not two; and purer colors.

HABITS. In regard to the habits of this well-marked but very rare species but little is as yet known. It was first described, in 1866, by Dr. Coues, from a single specimen obtained by him near Fort Whipple, Arizona. It was shot May 4, 1865, and is supposed by Dr. Coues to be a summer resident of Arizona wintering in the Gila and the Lower Colorado Valleys, or in Sonora.

FAMILY AMPELIDÆ.—THE CHATTERERS.

The characteristics of the _Ampelidæ_ have already been presented in the synopsis of allied families; chief among them, the short, broad, depressed, and triangular bill with short gonys, the deeply cleft mouth, the short tarsus, and the tendency to subdivision of its lateral plates.

The South American genus, _Dulus_, probably forms the type of a subfamily _Dulinæ_, characterized by the much arched gape of mouth, the metatarsal scutellæ in two series, and the body streaked beneath, as in young _Ampelis_. The two other subfamilies may be defined as follows:—

Subfamilies.

COMMON CHARACTERS. Grape of mouth nearly straight. Metatarsal scutellæ in three series. Body plain beneath.

Ampelinæ. Wings very long and much pointed, longer than the
short, even tail. First primary excessively rudimentary; the
outermost about the longest. Gape without bristles. Frontal
feathers extending forward beyond the nostrils.

Ptilogonatinæ. Horny appendages like red sealing-wax at end
of shaft of secondaries. Wings rounded, shorter than the
graduated tail. First primary nearly half the second. Gape well
bristled. Frontal feathers falling short of the nostrils. No
red horny appendage to wing-feathers.

SUBFAMILY AMPELINÆ.

CHAR. Legs moderate. Nostrils elongated, linear, with the frontal feathers extending close to the edge and to anterior extremity, concealing them; these feathers short, velvety, and erect, with few bristles. Wings very long and acute; outer or first primary so much reduced as to be almost inappreciable; the second nearly the longest. Wing nearly twice the length of the short, narrow, even tail. Under coverts of tail reaching almost to its tip. Secondary quills with flat horny appendages at end of shaft like red sealing-wax. Young birds streaked beneath as in _Dulus_. Adults plain.

Of this family as restricted, we have but a single genus in America.

GENUS AMPELIS, LINN.

_Ampelis_, LINN. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 297. (Type, _Lanius
garrulus_, L. Named Linnæus in 1735.)

GEN. CHAR. Tail even. Tertials and secondaries with horny appendages like red sealing-wax. A well-developed soft crest.

A more elaborate diagnosis of this genus could be readily given (see Rev. Am. Birds, 404), but the above characters, as entirely peculiar, will serve to establish it.

Species.

COMMON CHARACTERS. A lengthened crest of soft blended feathers. Colors, soft silky brownish becoming more vinaceous anteriorly, and ashy posteriorly above. A black stripe on side of head, from nasal feathers across lores through the eye and behind it beneath crest, and a patch of the same on chin, with a white streak between them, on side of lower jaw.

A. Wing variegated. Lower tail-coverts rufous. Crest much
developed. Forehead and side of head bright purplish-rufous.
Black patch covering whole throat, and sharply defined. No
white line between black of lore, etc., and brown of forehead.
Inner webs of primaries tipped narrowly with white.

_a._ Terminal band of tail red.

A. phœnicopterum.[79] Greater coverts tipped with red,
producing a band across the wing. No yellow on tips of
primaries. _Hab._ Japan and Eastern Siberia.

_b._ Terminal band of tail yellow.

A. garrulus. Secondaries and primary coverts tipped with
white, forming two broad short bands. Primaries with outer
webs tipped with yellow. _Hab._ Arctic regions of both
hemispheres; in winter south into northern United States,
and along Rocky Mountains as far as Fort Massachusetts, New
Mexico.

B. Wings unvariegated. Lower tail-coverts white. Crest
moderately developed. Forehead, etc., not different from crest.
Chin only black, this fading gradually into the brown of
throat. A white line between black of lore, etc., and brown of
forehead. Inner webs of primaries not tipped with white.

_a._ Terminal band of tail yellow.

A. cedrorum. Wing bluish-ashy. _Hab._ Whole of North
America, from 52° N., south (in winter?) to Guatemala;
Jamaica and Cuba in winter.

Ampelis garrulus, LINN.

NORTHERN WAXWING; BOHEMIAN CHATTERER.

_Lanius garrulus_, LINN. “Fauna Suecica 2, no. 82.”—IB. Syst. Nat.
10th ed. 1758, 95. _Ampelis garrulus_, LINN. Syst. Nat. 12th ed.
1766, 297 (Europe).—BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 317; Rev.
405.—BOARDMAN, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IX, 1862, 126 (Calais,
Me.).—COOPER, Pr. Cal. Acad. II, 1861 (1863), 122 (Fort Mohave,
Ar.). _Bombycilla garrula_, BON. Zoöl. Jour. III, 1827,
50.—RICH.—AUD. Orn. Biog. IV, 462, pl. ccclxiii.—IB. Birds Am. IV,
169, pl. ccxlvi.—MAYNARD, B. E. Mass., 107.—DALL & BANNISTER, 280
(Alaska).—COOPER, Orn. Cal. 1, 1870, 127.—SAMUELS, Birds N. Eng.
264. _Bombycilla garrula_, KEYS. & BLAS. Wirb. Europas, 1840,
167.—DEGLAND, Ornith. Europ. I, 1849, 349 (European).—WOLLEY, Pr.
Z. S. 1857, 55 (nest and eggs).—NEWTON, Ibis, 1861, 92, pl. iv
(nesting).—NORDMANN, Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 307, and VII, 1859, pl.
i (nesting). (European.)
Other figures: BON. Am. Orn. III, pl. xvi.

1. Ampelis garrulus, _Linn._ ♂ Montana, 11055.
2. “ cedrorum, _Vieill._ ♂ H. B. T., 42622.
3. Phænopepla nitens, _Swains._ ♂ Cal., 8275.
4. “ “ “ ♀.
5. Myiadestes townsendi, _Aud._ ♂ Cal., 16168.
6. “ “ “ _juv._, N. T., 21444.]

SP. CHAR. Crest lengthened. Body generally soft, silky brownish-ashy, with a purplish cast, the wing-coverts and scapulars more brownish, becoming more reddish anteriorly and ashy posteriorly; the rump and upper tail-coverts, as well as the secondaries, being nearly pure ash. Anteriorly the color passes gradually into deep vinaceous-chestnut on the forehead to behind the eye and on the cheeks; abdomen yellowish-white. Lower tail-coverts deep chestnut. A stripe on side of the head, covering the lores and nasal feathers (scarcely meeting across the forehead), involving the eye and continued back toward the occiput and beneath the crest, with a large patch covering the chin and throat, deep black; a narrow crescent on lower eyelid, and a short stripe between the black of the throat and that of the chin at the base of the lower mandible, two very broad bars on the wing, one across ends of primary coverts, and the other across ends of secondaries (the first occupying both webs, and the latter the outer), white. Primary coverts, primaries, and tail slaty-black, the latter growing gradually ashy basally. A broad band across end of tail, and a longitudinal space along end of outer web of primaries, gamboge-yellow,—the marks on primaries, however, sometimes white, only stained with yellow. Each of the secondaries with an expanded continuation of the shaft, in form of flattened, very thin, somewhat elliptical appendages, of a bright vermilion-red resembling red sealing-wax. _Male_ with the white of outer web of primaries continued around end of inner webs also. _Female_ without white on terminal edge of inner webs of primaries, and with the “sealing-wax” appendages smaller. _Young_ not seen. Length, 7.40; wing, 4.50; tail, 3.00.

[Line drawing: _Ampelis garrula._
19221]