Chapter XLV: Appendix: I (8)

In 1831 De Custine says that there was little remaining of the prosperous colony founded by Olavide (L'Espagne sous Ferdinand VII, II, 98-107), but La Carolina, the principal town, had, in 1877, 6474 inhabitants. The district has historical interest as the scene of the victory of Las Navas de Tolosa, in 1212, and of the surrender of Bailen in 1808.

[640] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXVI, art. iii, n. 42.

[641] Ibidem, n. 10.

[642] Ibidem, cap. XXV, art. i, n. 112.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 255.

[643] Llorente, cap. XXV, art. i, n. 89.--Art. de vérifier les Dates depuis l'année 1770, III, 355.--Modesto Lafuente, Hist. Gen. XXII, 127.--Cf. Rodrigo, Hist. verdadera, III, 365.--Discusion del Proyecto, p. 464 (Cadiz, 1813).

[644] Vélez, Apología, I, 40.--Cf. Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 227.

[645] Cartas escritas por el Conde de Cabarrús, pp. 81, 83, 87-9 (Vitoria, 1808).

[646] Cartas del Filósofo rancio, I, 299.

[647] Partidas, P. VII, Tit. xvii, ley 16.--Córtes de Leon y de Castilla, II, 378.

In the middle of the sixteenth century, branding with the letter " q" was still in force in Castile.--Rojas de Haeret., P. 1, n. 544.

[648] Colmeiro, Córtes de Leon y de Castilla, II, 160, 219.--Nueva Recop., Lib. V, Tit. i, leyes 6, 7.--Novis. Recop., Lib. XII, Tit. xxviii, leyes 8, 9.

[649] Memoria de diversos Autos (See Appendix to Vol. I).

[650] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 2, fol. 21.

[651] Carbonell de Gestis Hæret. (Doc. de la C. de Aragon, XXVIII, 154).

[652] Pragmaticas y altres Drets de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 1, § 4.

[653] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 933; Lib. 918, fol. 381.

[654] Pragmaticas etc. de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 2.

[655] Archivo de Simancas, Patronato Real, Inq., leg. único, fol. 38.

[656] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 3, fol. 241.

[657] Concil. Hispalens., ann. 1512, cap. xxxvii (Aguirre, V, 374).

[658] In the 1534 edition of his _Repetitionem novam_ (Col. 363) Albertino says that he has treated the question extensively in his "Speculum Inquisitorum"--subsequently embodied in his "Tractatus de agnoscendis Assertionibus" as Q. XXIII (Romæ, 1572).

[659] Bibl. pública de Toledo, Sala v, Est. 11, Tab. 3.

[660] Simancæ de Cath. Instt., Tit. XL, n. 3; Enchirid., Tit. XII, n. 4-6.

[661] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. XVII.--Elucidationes S. Officii, § 33 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4).

[662] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 361, fol. 7.--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 418.

[663] Peña, Comment. LXXXI in Eymerici Direct., P. II.--Bibl. nacional, _ubi sup._--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 921, fol. 231.

[664] Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}; Lib. 10.

[665] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Mm, X, 157, p. 190.

[666] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 9, n. 3, fol. 313.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 42.

It was the same in Portugal, where the bishops had to yield. The question was carried to Rome and, in 1612, the Archbishop of Lisbon was commanded to hand bigamists over to the Inquisition.--Collect. Decret. S. Congr. S. Inquis., p. 361 (MS. _penes me_).

[667] Decreta S. Congr. S. Officii, pp. 461, 466 (Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo Camerale, Congr. del. S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[668] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 54, fol. 117.--Ristretto cerca li Delitti più frequenti, pp. 113-141 (MS. _penes me_).

[669] Miguel Calvo (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544,^{2} Lib. 4).--Archivo hist. national, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80; Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[670] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 787.

[671] Elucidationes S. Officii, § 33 (Archive de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4)--Bibl. national, MSS., V, 377, cap. xvii, § 1.

[672] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. 1.

[673] Proceso contra Jos. Ant Ferro (MSS. of Am. Phil. Society).

[674] Bibliothèque nationale, fonds espagnol, No. 354, fol. 242.

[675] Memorias de los Vireyes del Perú, III, 38.--Archive de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 28, fol. 115.

[676] MS. _penes me_.

[677] Novís. Recop., Lib. XII, Tit. xxviii, ley 10.

[678] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Mm, 93.

[679] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 15, n. 11 fol. 7; n. 10, fol. 92.

[680] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 15, n. 11, fol. 1-6; Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[681] Ibidem, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 15, n. 11, fol. 5.--Archivo de Alcalá, Estado, Leg. 2843.

[682] Alcubilla, Códigos antiguos, II, 1908.

[683] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 16, n. 5, fol. 50; Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1, fol. 286.

[684] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[685] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--Archivo hist, nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1; Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.--Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[686] Nueva Recop., Lib. VIII, Tit. iv.

[687] Eymerici Director, P. II, Q. XLI.--Repertor. Inquisit. s.v. _Blasphemus_.

[688] Arguello, fol. 14.

[689] Llorente, Añales, I, 278.

[690] C. Hispalens. ann. 1512, cap. xxxviii (Aguirre, V, 374).

[691] Pragmáticas y altres Dreta de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 1, 2.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 933.

[692] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 918, fol. 382.

[693] Ibidem, Patronato Real, Inq., Leg. único, fol. 37.

[694] Andres de Burgos, Reportorio de todas las Prematicas, fol. xxxix (Medina del Campo, 1551).

[695] Córtes de los Reinos de Leon y de Castilla, IV, 589.

[696] Nueva Recop., Lib. VIII, Tit. iv.

[697] Bibl. pública de Toledo, Sala V, Est. xi, Tab. 3.

[698] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 106; Lib. 81, fol. 27.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 31.

[699] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.--Alberghini, Man. Qualificat., cap. xvi.

[700] This was not the case in Italy where, in 1555, the Inquisition assumed jurisdiction over blasphemy. There were occasional conflicts with the secular authorities, especially in the Venetian territories, as when, in 1595, the podestà of Brescia refused to allow a blasphemer to be imprisoned by the inquisitor. The Roman Congregation protested, but the podestà prevailed and punished the offender, probably with greater severity than the Inquisition would have done. There was the same difficulty of distinction between heretical and non-heretical blasphemy. In 1606 the Congregation decided that _puttana de Dio_ was not heretical although outside of Rome it was held to be so.--Decret. S. Cong. S. Officii, p. 29 (MSS. of Bibl. del Reale Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo Camerale, Congr. del. S. Officii, Vol. 3).

[701] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XV, 191).--Nueva Recop., Lib. I, Tit. i, ley 10.--Autos Acordados, Lib. VIII, Tit. ii, Auto 1.

[702] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 13.

[703] Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4.

[704] Ibidem.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. 1.

[705] Elucidationes S. Officii, § 37 (Archivo de Alcalá, _ubi sup_).

[706] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 3, 13.

[707] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[708] Reportorium Inquisit. S.V. _Degradatio_, § _an clericus_.

[709] Simancæ de Cath. Instt., Tit. XL, n. 8-13; Ejusd. Enchirid., Tit. XII, n. 1-3.--Arnaldi Albertin. Repetitionem novam, Q. xiii, n. 47 (Ed. 1534, col. 331).

It is perhaps worth noting that the _Repertorium_ of 1494 has no allusion to the subject under the titles _Castitas_, _Clericus_, and _Matrimonium_. At that time it was evidently considered to be outside of the sphere of the Inquisition.

[710] Arnaldi Albertini de agnoscendis Assertionibus, Q. XXIII, n. 41. In Germany, many Catholic priests took wives. By the _Interim_ of Charles V, in 1548, they were allowed to remain undisturbed until the Council of Trent should decide the question.--Interim, cap. XXVI, § 17.

[711] C. Trident. Sess. XXIV, De Sacr. Matrimonii, can. ix. Yet the council recognized the papal power of dispensation.

[712] Catálogo de las causas seguidas ante el tribunal de Toledo, pp. 306, 307.

[713] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[714] MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 420.

[715] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.--Elucidationes S. Officii, § 34 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544,^{2} Lib. 4).

[716] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[717] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 11.

[718] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[719] Olmo, Relacion del Auto, p. 204.

[720] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[721] Ibidem, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[722] "Consentaneum visum est de sanctissimis ecclesiæ sacramentis agere, per quæ omnis vera justitia vel incipit, vel coepta augetur, vel amissa reparatur."--C. Trident. Sess. VII, De Sacramentis, Procem.

[723] P. Denifle, Die älteste Tax-rolle der Apost. Pönitentiarie (Archiv f. Litt. u. K.-Geschichte, IV, 224-5).

[724] Locati Opus judiciale Inquisitor., pp. 475, 476 (Romæ, 1570).--Farinacii de Hæresi, Q. CXCIII, § 1, n. 39.

[725] Bullar. Roman. III, 142; IV, 144.

[726] Collect. Decr. S. Congr. S. Officii, p. 50 (MS. _penes me_).

[727] Ristretto circa li Delitti più frequenti nel S. Offizio, p. 104-5 (MS. _penes me_).

[728] Royal Library of Munich, Cod. Ital. 185.--Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Miscellanea MS., p. 729.

[729] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 107.--Ant. de Sousa. Opusc. circa Constit. Pauli V, p. 57.--Rod. a Cunha pro PP. Pauli V Statuto, p. 65.

[730] Bullar. Roman. II, 415.

[731] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 108; Lib. 942, fol. 39.

[732] Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 118, fol. 114.

[733] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[734] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 1, 11.

[735] Obregon, Mexico Viejo, II, 353, 383.--Museo Mexicano, T. I, pp. 338-40 (Mexico, 1843).

[736] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xix.--Miguel Calvo (Archivo de Alcalá Hacienda, Leg. 544,^{2} Lib. 4).--Elucidationes S. Officii, § 38 (Ibidem).--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 385.

[737] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1183, fol. 13.

[738] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[739] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[740] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[741] MS. Memoria de diversos Autos (see Appendix to Vol. I).

[742] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xvi.

[743] Elucidationes S. Officii, § 47 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4).--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 332.

[744] Archivo de Simancas, Hacienda, Leg. 25, fol. 3.

[745] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--See above, Vol. III, p. 189. Simancas (De Cath. Instt., Tit. XLVI, n. 92, 93) says that the Inquisition cannot relax for personation, however grave the case may be, which explains the necessity of the special papal brief.

[746] Miscelanea de Zapata (Mem. hist, español, XI, 60). There is here evidently confusion between Almagro and Almaden.

[747] Danvila y Collado, Expulsion de los Moriscos, p. 208.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., PV, 3, n. 20.

[748] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[749] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 20.

[750] Llorente, Hist. crit., cap. XXIV, art. 1, n. 11.--MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[751] Archivo hist. nacional, _loc cit._

[752] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 13.

[753] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. XVII.

[754] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 34, fol. 394.

[755] Procesos contra Francisca Mexia y Francisca de la Serna (MSS. of David Fergusson Esq.).

Fuller details of this instructive case will be found in my "Chapters from the Religious History of Spain," pp. 428-35.

[756] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[757] MSS. of Am. Philos. Society.

[758] Decret. S. Congr. S. Officii, p. 388 (Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo Camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[759] Prattica per le cause del Sant' Officio, cap. 25 (MS. _penes me_).

[760] Pellicer, Avisos históricos (Semanário erúdito, XXXIII, 116, 124, 149).

[761] Bibl. national, MSS., V, 377, cap. vii, § 1.

[762] MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[763] Archivo hist, nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[764] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Bb, 122.

[765] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[766] Ibidem.

[767] Ibidem, Leg. 1, n. 4, fol. 179.--MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 218^{b}, p. 167.

[768] Cap. 1, Extra, Lib. III, Tit. xlv.

[769] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 19, fol. 70-76, 108-116.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 6, n. 2, fol. 158 sqq.

[770] Urbani PP. VIII Const. _Coelestis_ (Bullar. Roman. IV, 85, Append, p. 33).

[771] Index of 1640, Regula xvi.--Indice Ultimo, p. xxvi.

[772] Discurso sobre si se le puede hacer fiesta al Premier Padre del Genero Humano Adan y darle culto y veneracion publica como á Santo, sin licencia del Romano Pontifice. Por D. Francisco Miranda y Paz. Madrid, 1636. The book was thought worthy of a refutation, which appeared in 1639 (Nic. Anton. Bibl. nova s. v. Franciscus de Miranda).

[773] Padre Fidel Fita, in Boletin, 1887.--Martínez Moreno Historía del Martirio del Santo Niño de la Guardia (Madrid, 1866).

[774] The best account of these and kindred forgeries is by José Godoy Alcántara, in his _Historia critica de los falsos Cronicones_ (Madrid, 1868). The modern President of the Canons of Sacromonte has given the other side in his _El Sacro Monte de Granada_ (Madrid, 1883).

The influence of the Inquisition at first was adverse to the plomos. See Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 20, fol. 127, 188, 236, 319. A whole volume of the archives (Lib. 44^{1}) is occupied with papers connected with the affair from 1604 to 1636.

[775] Barrantes, Aparato para la Historía de Extremadura, II, 392.

[776] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 435^{2}.

[777] I have considered in some detail the development of this belief, in the "History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages," III, 596 sqq.

[778] Collect. Decretor. S. Congr. S. Officii, s. v. _Conceptio_ (MS. _penes me_).--Collect. Decret. S. Congr. S. Inquisit. (Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[779] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XIII, 450).

[780] Le Tellier, Recueil des Bulles concernans les erreurs etc., p. 296 (Mons [Rouen] 1697).

[781] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Cc, 99, fol. 230.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 11, n. 1, fol. 111-16.

[782] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 10, n. 2, fol. 58, 90; Leg. 11, n. 2, fol. 217.

[783] Ibidem, Leg. 1, n. 4, fol. 114; Leg. 11, n. 3, fol. 62.

[784] Ibidem, Leg. 100.

[785] C. Lateran., ann. 1179, cap. xi (Cap. 4, Extra, Lib. V, Tit. xxxi).--Très ancien Contume de Bretagne, Art. 112, 142.--Statuta criminalia Mediolani, cap. 51 (Bergomi, 1594).--Horne, Myrror of Justice, cap. iv, § 14.

[786] Fuero Real de España, Lib. IV, Tit. ix, leg. 2.--Nueva Recop., Lib. VIII, Tit. xxxi, ley 1.--Ripoll, Bullar. Ord. Prædic., III, 301.--Innocent. PP. IV, Gloss in Cap. _Quod nuper his_, Extra, Lib. III, Tit. xxxiv.

[787] Llorente, Anales, I, 327.

[788] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 933.--"En lo que toca al crimen nefando, si otras cosas no hay con ello que abiertamente sepan heregia, contra las tales personas ya sabeis que por esto no debeis vosotros proceder, ni es de vuestra jurisdiccion."

[789] Escolano, Hist. de Valencia, II, 1449-70.--Boix, Hist. de la Ciudad y Reino de Valencia, I, 347.

[790] Bledæ Defensio Fidei, pp. 423-4. Cf. Páramo, p. 184.

[791] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. IV, fol. 6.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 927, fol. 408.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 259.

[792] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 78, fol. 145.

[793] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 927, fol. 429.--Llorente, Añales, II, 373.

[794] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 107; Lib. 82, fol. 163.--MSS. of Bibl. nacional de Lima, Protocolo 223, Expediente, 5270.

[795] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Q, 4.

[796] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 259.

[797] Argument of Dr. Martin Real (MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch. Seld. 130).

[798] Collect. Decr. S. Congr. S. Officii, p. 396 (MS. _penes me_).--Decr. S. Congr. S. Inquisit., pp. 503, 539 (Bib. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[799] Corpo Diplomatico Portugues, VI, 379; VII, 211, 235, 439; VIII, 227, 296; IX, 477; XI, 600, 656.

[800] Regimiento do Santo Officio da Inquisição, Liv. III, Tit. XXV, §§ 1, 12.--Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[801] Fueros y Actos de Corte, p. 10 (Zaragoza, 1647).

[802] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 270.

[803] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 927, fol. 414.

[804] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80; Leg. 61.--Elucidationes S. Officii, § 55 (Archivo de Alcalá, Hacienda, Leg. 544^{2}, Lib. 4).--Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xxiv, § 1.

[805] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 299, fol. 80.--Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xxiv, § 6.

[806] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 2, n. 16, fol. 259.--Parets, Sucesos de Cataluña (Mem. hist. español, XXIV, 297).

[807] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 6, n. 2, fol. 52; Leg. 8, n. 2, fol. 497.

[808] Bibl. nacional, MSS., V, 377, cap. xxiv, § 2.

The Inquisition was more humane than the Castilian courts. Jan. 27, 1637, two culprits were burnt in Madrid. Oct. 14, 1639, two more were burnt and a third was brought out to share the same fate, when the episcopal vicar claimed him, as he had been decoyed from the asylum of a church. Nine more were in prison at the time. Oct. 10, 1640, a man and a boy were burnt.--Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist, español, XIV, 26; XV, 343).--Pellicer, Avisos históricos (Semanário erúdito, XXXI, 87, 228).

In Mexico there was a special quemadero for such cases, distinct from that of the Inquisition.--Obregon, Mexico viejo, II, 391.

[809] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 61.

[810] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 61.

[811] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 39, Leg. 4, fol. 71.

[812] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. IV, fol. 6.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 61; Cartas del Consejo, Leg. 5, n. 1, fol. 5.--Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXIV, art. 4, n. 2.--Giambattista Confalonieri (Spicilegio Vaticano, I, 461).

[813] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 82, fol. 91.

[814] Bibl. nacional, MSS., PV, 3, n. 20.

[815] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 5.

[816] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 99.

[817] Ibidem, Leg. 100.

[818] Raynald. Annal., ann. 1258, n. 23.--Potthast, Regesta, n. 17745, 18396.--Cap. 1, Clement., Lib. V, Tit. v.

[819] Repertor. Inquisit. s. v. _Hæreticus_, § _Pertinax_.

Although simony was the universally corroding vice of the Church, and although it was reckoned as a heresy, it was too profitable to the hierarchy ever to be subjected to the Inquisition. In a project of instructions for the Spanish delegates to the Lateran Council in 1512, simoniacal heresy is denounced as the universal destruction of the Church, owing to the openness with which it is practised in Rome and throughout Christendom, and they are told to labor to have it prosecuted as heresy by the Inquisition--(Döllinger, Beiträge zur politischen kirchlichen und Cultur-Geschichte, III, 204).

[820] Fueros de Aragon, fol. 110. For earlier legislation of similar import see fol. 49 (Zaragoza, 1624).

[821] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. I, fol. 109. The general council here alluded to was that of Lyons, in 1273. See cap. 1, 2, in Sexto, Lib. V, Tit. v. This refers back to Concil. Lateranens. III, ann. 1179, cap. XXV.

[822] Pragmaticas y altres Drets de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 1, § 20.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Barcelona, Córtes, Leg. 17, fol. 32.--Páramo, p. 185.

[823] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 933.

[824] Pragmaticas etc. de Cathalunya, Lib. I, Tit. viii, cap. 2, §§ 20, 35.

[825] Argensola, Añales de Aragon, Lib. I, cap. liv.

[826] Llorente, Añales, II, 298.

[827] Fueros de Aragon, fol. 110.

[828] Dormer, Añales de Aragon, Lib. II, cap. xli, p. 384.

[829] Archivo de Simancas, Patronato Real, Inq., Leg. único, fol. 37, 38.

[830] Simancas de Cath. Instt., Tit. LXVI, n. 3.

[831] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 106.

[832] Ibidem, Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 20.

[833] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.--MSS. of Am. Phil. Society.

[834] Collect. Decret. S. Congr. S. Officii, p. 125 (MS. _penes me_).--Decreta S. Congr. S. Inquisit., pp. 36, 515 (Bibl. del R Archivio di Stato in Romæ, Fondo camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. 3).

[835] Archivo de Simancas Inq., Lib. 21, fol. 198.

[836] Birch, Catalogue of MSS. of Inq. of Canaries, II, 541, 542, 559, 560.

[837] MSS. of David Fergusson Esq.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1002.

[838] Catálogo de las causas seguidas ante el Tribunal de Toledo, p. 325.

[839] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[840] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1.

[841] Ibidem, Lib. 9, fol. 6.

[842] Ibidem, Sala 40, Lib. 4, fol. 164, 266.

[843] Ibidem, Lib. 939, fol. 106.

[844] Ant. Rodríguez Villa, La Corte y Monarquía de España, p. 95.

[845] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XIII, 9, 11, 13-17, 19, 24, 27, 67-71, 73, 78-9, 119, 181, 185, 230; XIV, 395; XVII, 218; XVIII, 52, 59, 81, 105-17).--Juan de Palafox, Epist. III ad Innoc. X, n. 126 (Obras, XI, 107).--Theatro Jesuitico, p. 375.--Morale pratique des Jesuites (Cologne, 1684).

[846] Cartas de Jesuitas (_loc. cit._, XIX, 187).

[847] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 38, fol. 12, 216, 260, 319, 320, 321, 326.

[848] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.

[849] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[850] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[851] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 939, fol. 64.

[852] Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[853] Semanário erúdito, XI, 274.

[854] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[855] Ibidem.

[856] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 39, Leg. 4, fol. 80.

[857] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 111, n. 49.

[858] Bibl. nacional, MSS., Mm, 130.

[859] Joaquin Lorenzo Villanueva, in "Discusion del Proyecto sobre el Tribunal de la Inquisicion," p. 432 (Cádiz, 1813).

[860] V. de la Fuente, Hist. ecles., III, 381.

[861] Clément, Journal, II, 124.

[862] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[863] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 365, n. 46, fol. 56.

[864] Ibidem, Leg. 4, n. 3, fol 58.

[865] MSS. of Am. Philos. Society.

[866] Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXIX, art. iii, n. 2; cap. XLVI.--Muriel, Hist. de Carlos IV (Mem. hist, español, XXXIII, 154).

Llorente tells us that he pursued the task confided to him by Abad and in 1797 produced his "Discursos sobre el órden de procesar del Santo Oficio" which, in 1801, expand him to a smart persecution.--Memoria histórica, p. 11 (Madrid, 1812).

[867] Muriel (_loc. cit._, XXXI, 190).--Lafuente, Hist. gen. de España., XXII, 124.--V. de la Fuente, Hist. ecles., III, 400.

[868] Discusion del Proyecto, p. 473 (Cádiz, 1813).

[869] Somoza de Montsoriu, Las Amarguras de Jovellanos, pp. 47-8 (Gijon, 1889).

[870] Somoza, _op. cit._, pp. 301-5.--Muriel, _op. cit._, XXXII, 117. For the orthodoxy of Jovellanos, see Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 287-90.

[871] Somoza, _op. cit._, pp. 57-60.--Discurso histórico-legal sobre el Origen, Progresos y Utilidad del Santo oficio, p. 101 (Valladolid, 1803).

[872] Somoza, _op. cit._, pp. 77-84, 86-90, 141-2, 312-20.--Cean Bermúdez, Memorias para la Vida de D. Gaspar Melchor de Jove Llanos, p. 81 (Madrid, 1814).

[873] Llorante, Hist. crít., cap, XLII, art. ii, n. 1-18.--Muriel, _op. cit._, xxxiv, 110-19.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 172-3.

[874] Respuesta pacífica de un Español á la Carta sediciosa del Frances Grégoire, que se dice Obispo de Blois, pp. 3, 31, 63, 74, 75, 76, 87 (Madrid, 1798).

[875] Discurso historico-legal sobre el Origen etc. del S. Oficio, pp. 126, 185, 187 (Valladolid, 1803).

[876] Cartas de un Presbitero español, pp. 3, 7, 98, 121, 123, 129, 152-4 (Madrid, 1798).

[877] José Clemente Carnicero, La Inquisicion justamente restablecida, I, 8 (Madrid, 1816).--Toreno, Revolucion etc. de España, I, 160.--Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XLIV, art. i, n. 19.--Rodrigo, Hist. verdadera, III, 486.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 417.

[878] See Appendix.--On January 9, 1813, this letter was produced in the Córtes, by Sr. Arguelles, during the discussion on the suppression of the Inquisition.--Discusion del Proyecto, p. 143.

[879] Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 386-7. For a vivid sketch of the adventurous life of Marchena see Antoine de Latour, "Espagne, Traditions, Moeurs el Littérature, p. 51 (Paris, 1869).

[880] Carnicero, _op. cit._, I, 9.--Código de José Nap. Bonaparte, Tit. XIII, § 5 (Madrid, 1845).

[881] Discusion del Proyecto, p. 148.

[882] Toreno, Historia de la Revolucion, III, 106 (Paris, 1838).

[883] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[884] Puigblanch, La Inquisicion sin Mascara, p. 429.

[885] Toreno, _op. cit._, II, 197-202.

[886] Marliani, Histoire de l'Espagne moderne, I, 171.

[887] Even Evaristo San Miguel, one of the _exaltados_ of 1822 who, as secretary of State, was largely responsible for the follies which invited the French intervention of 1823, admits the errors of the Córtes of Cádiz. The Constitution of 1812, he says, was an exotic that took no root in the soil; the mass of the people, plunged in ignorance and misery, knew of it only by hearing from their spiritual guides that it was a tissue of impieties.--De la Guerra Civil de España, p. 88 (Madrid, 1836).

[888] Toreno, II, 208, 211, 223, 249.--Coleccion de los Decretos y Ordenes que han expedido las Córtes Generales, I, 1-3 (Madrid, 1820).

[889] Vélez, Apología del Altar y del Trono, I, 107-10, 113-19, 211-12 (Madrid, 1825).--Coleccion de Decretos, I, 16.

[890] These letters have been repeatedly reprinted. My edition is of Madrid, 1824-5 in five volumes. Under the Restoration, Alvarado was appointed a member of the Suprema, but he can scarce have acted as he died, August 31, 1814.

[891] La Inquisicion sin Máscara, pp. 5-12, 28, 299, 480-3 (Cádiz, 1811).--An English translation by William Walton appeared in London, in 1816, with a valuable Introduction.

[892] Cartas del Filósofo Rancio, I, 86, 87, 96, 98, 262, 265, 268, 297; II, 21, 457, 461.

[893] Marliani, op. cit., I, 175.

[894] Tit. I, cap. i, art. 2, 3; Tit. II, cap. ii, art. 12 (Coleccion de Decretos, II, 98, 100).

[895] Vélez, Apología, II, 116-27.--Marliani, I, 179.--Carnicero, Hist. de la Revolucion, III, 160, 184.--Coleccion de Decretos, II, 166; III, 60.

[896] Vélez, Apología, I, 126-34, 212-13.--Rodrigo, III, 370.--Toreno, III, 106-7.

[897] Apología de la Inquisicion, pp. 16-18 (Cadiz, 1811).--Riesco, in a speech before the Córtes, said that the functions of the Suprema were suspended on the pretext that its members had not been "purified" (Discusion del Proyecto, p. 148). All officials who had in any way been concerned with the French were required to be purified--that is, to give proofs of patriotism. This so-called purification came repeatedly in play in the kaleidoscopic changes of Spanish politics.

[898] Vélez, Apología, I, 214, 384-5, 399-418.

[899] Vélez, Apología, I, 134-52, 217, 219.--Toreno, III, 105-10.

[900] Discusion del Proyecto, pp. 40-1, 398.

[901] Discusion, pp. 38-40.--The law of the Partidas thus revived was P. VII, Tit. xxvi, ley 2, which says that heretics can be accused by any one before a bishop or his vicar, who shall examine them on the articles of faith and sacraments. If error is found he must labor to convert them by reason and persuasion when, if willing to be converted, they are to be reconciled and pardoned. If persistent they are to be handed over to the secular judge for punishment by fire or otherwise. The revival of the law was only as regards the functions of the bishops.

[902] Ibidem, pp. 42-7.

[903] Cartas del Filósofo Rancio, II, 453.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 473.--Discusion, pp 215, 229, 397.

[904] Discusion del Proyecto, pp. 59, 325, 495, 564, 630-9, 683, 687.--Coleccion de Decretos, III, 215, 220.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

The decree concerning property continued the salaries of all officials. A subsequent decree of September 13th, regulating the national debt, applied the property of the _extinguida inquisicion_ to that incurred in the war with France.--Coleccion, IV, 257.

[905] Carnicero, La Inquisicion justamente restablecida, II, 115.

[906] Vélez, Apología, I, 252-4.

[907] Coleccion de Decretos, III, 26, 30, 66, 137, 211.

[908] Discusion del Proyecto, pp. 683, 689-94.

[909] Toreno, III, 204.

[910] Memoria interesante para la Historia de las Persecuciones de la Iglesia Católica y de sus Ministros en España, Append., pp. 1-16 (Madrid, 1814).

[911] Ibidem, pp. 17-20.

[912] Manifesto istorico del Cardinale Pietro Gravina, pp. 63-68 (Roma, 1824).--E. Nuñez de Taboada, Le dernier soupir de l'Inquisition, pp. 43-9 (Paris, 1814).

[913] Memoria interesante, Append., pp. 23-6.

[914] Toreno, III, 193-203.

[915] Memoria interesante, pp. ix, x, 58; Append., pp. 27-30.--Vélez, Apología, I, 262-87.

[916] Taboada, _op. cit._, pp. 50-71.--Gravina, Manifesto istorico, pp. 68-106.

[917] Vélez, Apología, I, 303.--Gravina, Manifesto istorico, pp. 106-116, 1-41.

[918] Vélez, Apología, I, 260.

[919] It would seem as though some of the tribunals continued to act. There is a case of a Dominican sub-deacon, Fray Tomas García, who denounced himself for saying mass to that of Valencia, which forwarded the sumaria to Cuenca, August 15, 1813.--Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[920] Toreno, III, 284-305.

[921] Carnicero, Historia de la Revolucion, III, 169-76.

[922] Miraflores, Apuntes para escribir la Historia de España, pp. 11-13 (Londres, 1834).

[923] Miraflores, Documentos á los que se hace referencia en los Apuntes, I, 9-23.

[924] Marliani, I, 195-200.--Toreno, III, 317, 395.--Coleccion de Decretos, I, 43; V, 87.

[925] Conservatives concur with Liberals in denouncing the memory of Fernando. See Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 495 and V. de la Fuente, III, 472.

[926] Toreno, III, 355-9.--Miraflores, Documentos, I, 30.--Constitucion, art. 3, 144-9, 173, 181, 187 (Coleccion de los Decretos, V, 148, 153, 182, 185).

[927] Representacion y Manifiesto que algunos Diputados á las Córtes ordinarias firmaron en los mayores Apuros de su Opresion en Madrid, pp. 12, 17, 59, 60 (Madrid, 1814).

[928] Toreno, III, 359, 361-4.--Koska Vayo, Historia de la Vida y Reinado de Fernando VII, II, 26, 32-5, 377 (Madrid, 1842).--Marliani, I, 206.

[929] Coleccion de las Reales Cédulas etc. de Fernando VII, p. 1 (Valencia, 1814).--Toreno, III, 400.--It would be difficult to find a more slovenly piece of writing than this celebrated and fateful manifesto. Its authorship was attributed to Juan Pérez Villamil, the head of the Regency dismissed by the Córtes in March, 1813.--Toreno, III, 364.

[930] Marliani, I, 208-17.--Koska Vayo, II, 48-52.--Toreno, III, 405.

[931] Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 545.

[932] Hervaz, Ruiz de Padron y su tiempo, pp. 101-5 (Madrid, 1898).--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Libro 890.--His speech was issued in Coruña in 1813, under the title of "Dictamen del Dr. Antonio José Ruiz de Padron sobre la Inquisicion." Other clerical deputies who suffered reclusion in convents were Oliveros, in la Cabrera; Gallego, in the Cartuja de Jerez; Ramos, in that of Valencia; Arispe, in that of Seville; Lopez Cepero, in the Capuchins of Novelda; Antonio Larrazabal, wherever the Archbishop of Guatemala might designate, and Bernabeu, in one not ascertained. Besides these La Canal and Jaime Villanueva were recluded for editing a periodical.--V. de la Fuente, III, 471.

[933] Amador de los Rios, III, 555.--When the royal decree of July 21 was received, August 16th, the cathedral was illuminated and the bells were rung, followed, August 23d and 24th, by great solemnities.--Relacion histórica de la Judería de Sevilla, pp. 46-8.

[934] Rodrigo, III, 480.--Archivo de Sevilla, Seccion VI, 1ª Escribanía del Cabildo, Tomo 49, n. 14.

[935] Coleccion de Cédulas de Fernando VII, p. 85.

[936] Rodrigo, III, 485.--Carnicero, La Inquisicion justamente restablecida, II, 51.

[937] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559; 890.

[938] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.

[939] Ibidem, Lib. 890.

[940] Coleccion de los Decretos, III, 220.

[941] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.--See Appendix.

[942] Ibidem, Lib. 559.

[943] Ibidem.

[944] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 17, n. 4, fol. 9, 21, 36, 57, 85, 88, 93.

[945] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.

[946] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559; Lib. 435^{2}.

[947] Relacion de la Judería de Sevilla, pp. 49-51.

[948] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.

[949] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[950] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[951] Ibidem, Sala 39, Leg. 1473, fol. 29.

[952] Ibidem, Lib. 890.

[953] Ibidem.

[954] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 559.--Rodrigo, III, 489.

[955] Archivo de Simancas, _loc. cit._

[956] Archivo de Simancas, Registro de Genealogías, n. 916, fol 4, 12.--Inq., Lib. 435^{2}; Lib. 559; Leg. 1473.

[957] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1473.

[958] Ibidem.

[959] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[960] L'Espagne et ses Revolutions, p 148--quoted by Marliani, I, 235. See also Miraflores (Apuntes, pp. 23, 26) who, as an aristocrat, had no affiliation with the Liberals.

[961] Many documents were gathered in the streets and sent to the United States, which have mostly perished through neglect, but some which were secured by Mr. Andrew Thorndike, then a resident of Barcelona, were presented, in 1840, to the American Philosophical Society, through whose courtesy I have been enabled to use them.

Some cases, from a similar source were translated and printed in Boston, in 1828, under the title of "Records of the Spanish Inquisition, translated from the original Manuscripts."

In Majorca the populace was more aggressive and destroyed the palace of the Inquisition.

[962] Koska Vayo, II, 133-54, 170.--Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 26-37; Documentos, I, 73-81.--Memorias de Francisco Espoz y Mina, II, 255-72.--Martínez de la Rosa, Examen crítico de las Revoluciones de España, I, 14-22.

[963] Urquinaona, La España bajo el Poder arbitrario de la Congregacion Apostólica, p. 14 (Madrid, 1835).--Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 40-5; Documentos, I, 87-91.--Cappa, La Inquisicion española, p. 239.--Rodrigo, III, 495.

[964] See Appendix.

[965] Archivo de Sevilla, Seccion VII, 1820-3, Tomo XVII, n. 2.--Rodrigo, III, 495.--Coleccion de los Decretos, VI, 33.

[966] Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 435^{3}.

[967] España venturosa por la vida de la Constitucion y la muerte de la Inquisicion. Madrid, 1820.

Of course pamphleteers did not allow the opportunity to escape, but I have met with only two of their productions--"Memorial de la Santa Inquisicion á los Señores Ministros de Francia" and "Oracion funebre en las Exequias que se hicieron á la difunta Inquisicion en el Templo de Fanatismo de la Villa de Ignorancia, por un Ministro de la misma." Their only interest lies in their expression of the feelings of the period.

[968] Coleccion de Decretos, VI, 64, 141, 155, 258; VII, 57, 60, 245, 251; IX, 384; X, 16, 17, 31.

[969] H. Brück, Die geheimen Gessellschaften in Spanien, pp. 233-9, 250-60.--V. de la Fuente, III, 477-9.

[970] Coleccion de los Decretos, VI, 43.

[971] Modesto Lafuente, XXVII, 83.

[972] Coleccion de los Decretos, VII, 36.

[973] Koska Vayo, III, 42. In the reaction of 1823, Villanueva escaped to England where, as Menéndez y Pelayo tells us (Heterodoxos, III, 527), under the pressure of misery, he nearly or quite embraced Protestantism. Puigblanch, who was also a refugee, amused himself with writing violent diatribes against his fellows in misfortune and especially against Villanueva, who retorted in kind. He died in Dublin, reconciled to the Church, March 25, 1836, at the age of 80.

[974] Canto, El Coloso constitucional derrocado (Orihuela, 1823).

[975] Koska Vayo, III, 181.

[976] Coleccion de los Decretos, VI, 145; VII, 4, 92, 105.

[977] Miraflores, Apuntes, p. 65.

[978] Koska Vayo, II, 317; III, 121.

[979] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 76, 79.--Koska Vayo, III, 8.

[980] Miraflores, Documentos, I, 214-25; II, 15.

[981] Mina, Memorias, III, 16, 111-13, 159, 169.

[982] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 32-99.

[983] Ibidem, II, 114-72.--Koska Vayo, II, 317; III, 8.--Mina, Memorias, III, 88-9.--Châteaubriand, El Congreso de Verona, Traducela Cayetano Cortés, II, 379-80, 384.

[984] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 172-4, 177-80.

[985] Ibidem, pp. 174-6.

[986] Miraflores, Apuntes, p. 163.

[987] Ibidem, pp. 172-5.

[988] Coleccion de los Decretos, X, 162.

[989] Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 185, 215; Documentos, II, 284-94--Koska Vayo, III, 72, 101-12.

[990] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 240, 244; Apuntes, pp. 189, 191, 194.--Koska Vayo, III, 74.

[991] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 242.

[992] Miraflores, Documentos, II, 247-70.

[993] Koska Vayo, III, 97-8.--Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 219-21.

[994] Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 221-4; Documentos, II, 294-6.--Koska Vayo, III, 442.

[995] Koska Vayo, III, 128.

[996] Ibidem, III, 126-154.--Miraflores, Apuntes, pp. 234-44; Documentos II, 316-38.

[997] Koska Vayo, III, 159-64.

[998] Koska Vayo, III, 175, 184.

[999] El Congreso de Verona, II, 234, 265, 268, 302, 307, 311, 317, 319, 322, 324, 339, 342.--Martínez de la Rosa, I, 372, 392, 394, 408.--Koska Vayo, III, 319.

[1000] Koska Vayo, III, 185.--Miraflores, Apuntes, p. 224; Documentos, II, 296.--Urquinaona, p. 195.

[1001] Javier de Burgos, Añales del Reinado de Dª Isabel II, I, 46 (Madrid, 1850).

A characteristic freak of Fernando was the establishment in Seville of a school of bull-fighting, with Don Pedro Ramiro at its head, on a salary of 12,000 reales. When Burgos became minister of Fomento, under Isabel II, he had the satisfaction of suppressing this.

[1002] Rodrigo, III, 497.--Miraflores, Documentos, II, 299.--Barrantes, Aparato para la Historia de Extremadura, III, 43.

[1003] El Congreso de Verona, II, 283, 302.

[1004] Koska Vayo, III, 206.

[1005] Rodrigo, III, 498.

[1006] Martínez de la Rosa, I, 422.--Koska Vayo, III, 241.

[1007] Koska Vayo, III, 222.

[1008] Modesto Lafuente, XXVIII, 453-63; XXIX, 393-5.--Urquinaona, pp. 141-2.

[1009] Modesto Lafuente, XXVIII, 465-71; XXIX, 7-13.--Koska Vayo, III, 305, 311.

[1010] Urquinaona, p. 143.--Modesto Lafuente, XXVIII, 475.

[1011] Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 100.--Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 890.

[1012] Archivo hist. nacional, Leg. 463, Hacienda XVI.

[1013] Archivo hist. nacional, Leg. 6462.

[1014] Koska Vayo, III, 207.

[1015] Modesto Lafuente, XXIV, 346.--Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 524.--Vicente de la Fuente, III, 482.

[1016] Modesto Lafuente, _loc. cit._--V. de la Fuente, _loc. cit._

[1017] Pii PP. VIII Const. _Cogitationes nostras_, 5 Oct. 1829 (Bullar. Roman. Contin., IX, 76).

[1018] Partidas, P. II, Tit. xv, ley 2.

[1019] Autos Acordados, Lib. V, Tit. vii, Auto 5.

[1020] Andrés Muriel, Hist. de Carlos IV (Mem. hist. español, XXIX, 14-29).

[1021] Juan Pérez de Guzman (Revista de Archivos, April, 1904, p. 267).--Modesto Lafuente, XXIX, 51.

[1022] Koska Vayo, III, 342, 352, 358-68.--Modesto Lafuente, XXIX. 191.

[1023] Koska Vayo, III, 369-75, 387.--Modesto Lafuente, XXIX, 152.

[1024] Koska Vayo, III, 380.

That the Carlists should regard the opportune resurrection of this long-buried pragmática as a fraud was not unnatural, but the records produced in its favor bear every evidence of genuineness. From them it appears that on May 31, 1789, Carlos IV summoned the Córtes to assemble on September 23d to take the oath of allegiance to his son Fernando and to transact other business. The oath was duly taken on that day; on the 30th a petition in the customary form was addressed to the king for the abrogation of the pragmática of Philip V and the restoration of the ancient law of succession. The session continued with various acts of legislation; on October 7th Carlos obtained an approval of the measure from fourteen archbishops and bishops who had joined in the oath of allegiance; on October 30th he confirmed the pragmática, but ordered absolute secrecy to be maintained with respect to it and to this all concerned took a solemn oath. Still it did not remain wholly unknown and, in December 1809, Doña Carlota, Princess of Brazil, applied to the supreme Junta Central, then ruling the kingdom, to have her possible rights to the succession under it acknowledged. The Junta was sitting in Seville; the archives were in Madrid, then in possession of the French, and inquiries were made of such survivors of the Córtes of 1789 as could be reached, who confirmed the fact of the adoption of the pragmática and of the secrecy enjoined, whereupon the Consejo de España é Indias reported in favor of the Portuguese princess's application. That these records, with their wealth of names and dates and elaborate details could be manufactured is simply incredible.--Testimonio de las Actas de Córtes de 1789 sobre la Sucesion en la Corona de España, y de los Dictámenes dados sobre esta materia; publicado por real decreto de S. M. la Reina N^{ra} S^{ra}. Año de 1833, Madrid, en la Imprenta Real.

[1025] Koska Vayo, III, 393-425.

[1026] Ibidem, p. 437.

[1027] Quoted by Hervaz, Ruiz de Padron, p. 160.

[1028] Archivo de Alcalá, Ministerio de Estado, Leg. 897, n. 30; Leg. 906, n. 87, 88.--(See Appendix.)

It will be remembered that the Duke of Medinaceli was alguazil mayor of the Madrid tribunal, and as such was drawing a yearly stipend of a thousand reales.

[1029] See Appendix. The allusion to the concurrence of the Holy See is a pure assumption, seeing that, for political reasons, Isabel and the Regency were not recognised by the papacy for many years.

[1030] Castillo y Ayensa, Negociaciones con Roma, I, Append, p. 156 (Madrid, 1859).

[1031] Antequera, Historia de la Legislacion española, p. 419 (Madrid, 1884).

[1032] Soler, Un Milagro y una Mentira, p. 5 (Valencia, 1858).

[1033] Menéndez y Pelayo, III, 682-3, 686.--Hermann Dalton, Die evangelische Bewegung in Spanien, pp. 40-5 (Wiesbaden, 1872).

[1034] A. Luque y Vicens, La Inquisicion, su Pro y su Contra, Segunda Edicion, Madrid, 1859.

[1035] Parades, Curso de Derecho político, p. 720 (Madrid, 1883).

[1036] Novísimo Código penal, arts. 236-41 (Valencia, 1872, pp. 126-7).

[1037] Paredes, _op cit._, p. 666.

[1038] See the very interesting collection of papers published by the _Ateneo Cientifico y Literario_ of Madrid under the title _Oligarquia y Caciquismo como la forma actual de Gobierno en España; urgencia y modo de cambiarla_ (Madrid, 1903).

This Caciquism is described as "a despotism a hundred times worse than that of the absolute kings" (p. 33).

[1039] Reconstitucion y Europeizacion de España, pp. 113, 123, 289 (Madrid, 1900).--Ricardo Macías Picavea, El Problema nacional, p. 304 (Madrid, 1899).

Another eloquent exposition of the deplorable condition of public affairs in Spain is Doctor Madrazo's _El Pueblo español ha muerto?_ (Santander, 1903).

[1040] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 463.

[1041] Clemencin, Elogio de la Reina Isabel, p. 302 (Madrid, 1821).

[1042] Cabrera, Relaciones, _passim_; Append. pp. 582-3.--Relazioni di Ambasciadori Lucchesi, pp. 29, 31 (Lucca, 1903).

[1043] Cespedes y Meneses, Don Felipe Quarto, Lib. II, cap. i, x.

[1044] A. Rodriguez Villa, La Corte y Monarquía de España, p. 110 (Madrid, 1886).

[1045] Zanctornato, Relazione della Corte de España, pp. 76-82 (Cosmopoli, 1672).

[1046] Relasioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 396.

[1047] The Córtes of 1570 complained of the sale of _hidalguias_, which were bought by the richer taxpayers, whose burden was thus thrown on the poor and miserable. To this Philip II replied that his necessities compelled him to it, but that more consideration would be shown in future.--Córtes de Cordova del año de setenta, fol. 5 (Alcalá, 1575).

By the censuses of 1768 and 1787 the exempt classes were--

1768. 1787. Hidalgos 722,794 480,589 Clergy 183,965 151,973 ------- ------- 906,759 632,562

Floridablanca felicitated himself on the reduction thus shown in the exemptions, resulting from greater strictness in admitting claims, while the population had increased from 9,309,804 to 10,409,879.--Censo español en el año de 1787.

[1048] Dávila, Vida de Felipe III, p. 216.

[1049] Libro de las Cincas Excelencias del Español que despueblan á España, fol. 163, 170 (Pamplona, 1629).

[1050] Representacion al Rey D. Felipe V dirigida al mas seguro aumento del Real Erario. Hecha por D. Miguel de Zavala y Auñon, pp. 7-35, 74-97 (Madrid, 1732).

It should be observed that in none of the descriptions of the burdens imposed on the peasantry is any allusion made to what perhaps was the most grievous of all, both in amount and method of collection--the tithe by which the enormous church establishment was supported. This was wholly beyond control by the secular power and was therefore left out of consideration.

In 1820, Dr. Sebastian de Miñano, in his _Cartas del Pobrecito Holgazan_, gives a graphic picture of the ecclesiastical burdens of the peasant--the first fruits, the tithes and the obligatory "almsgiving" to all the neighboring convents.--Ochoa, Epistolario español, II, 616.

[1051] Jovellanos, Informe en el Expediente de Ley Agraria (Obras, VII, 165-8).

The trouble still exists. In 1898 the Chamber of Agriculture of Upper Aragon states that notwithstanding large subventions to railroads and highways the greater part of the population is as isolated as ever, and it urges the expenditure of 400 or 500 millions of pesetas to convert 250,000 kilométres of mule-track into cheap wagon roads.--Reconstitucion de España, pp. 24, 89.

[1052] Córtes de Leon y de Castilla, II, 344.--Jovellanos, Informe, pp. 48-80.

The exorbitant privileges of the Mesta were largely curtailed by the Córtes of Cádiz, but were promptly restored by Fernando VII, in a decree of October 2, 1514 (Coleccion de Cédulas etc., p. 170).

[1053] Zavala y Auñon, pp. 104-30.--Jovellanos, p. 44.

[1054] Relazioni Lucchese, p. 29.--For the multifarious laws respecting the coinage see _Autos Acordados_, Lib. V, Tit. xxi.

[1055] Discorsos apolóxicos (Coll. de Doc. inéd., LXXI, 220).

[1056] I owe this passage to Professor James Harvey Robinson's "Readings in European History," II, 25.

[1057] Colmeiro, Córtes de los antiguos Reinos, II, 223.

[1058] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. III, p. 256, 287; V, 18; VI, 360.

[1059] Relazioni Lucchese, pp. 58, 70.

[1060] Discurso político (Semanario erúdito, II, 143).

A modern writer attributes to the infusion of Saracen blood this characteristic--"este carácter indolente y apático, que nos impede llegar á tiempo en nuestras empresas, ó que no nos consiente llevarlas á termino bien cumplido."--Madrazo, El pueblo español ha muerto? p. 29 (Santander, 1903).

[1061] Francisco Santos, El No Importe de España, pp. 149, 203 (Madrid, 1668).

[1062] Dávila, Vida de Felipe III, p. 216.

[1063] Pedro Fernández Navarrete, Discursos políticos, fol. 66 (Barcelona, 1621).

See also his later _Conservacion de Monarquias_, Discurso XLVI (Madrid, 1626) where he states that there were thirty-two universities and more than four thousand grammar-schools where Latin was taught.

[1064] Semanário erúdito, XXVI, 108.--Jovellanos, Informe, p. 154.

[1065] Relazioni Lucchese, p. 89.

[1066] Semanário erúdito, VII, 167, 169.

[1067] Juan de Valera, Disertaciones y Judicios literários, p. 201 (Madrid, 1878).--Reconstitucion de España, p. 29.

[1068] See the very instructive sketch by D. Antonio Rodríguez Villa, "Patiño y Campillo," Madrid, 1882.

[1069] Vida política y ministerial del Conde de Floridablanca. This, I believe, has never been printed. My copy is in MS.

[1070] Córtes de los antiguos Reinos, I, 605; II, 55, 66, 134, 140, 143.

[1071] Córtes de los antiguos Reinos, 1, 2, 24, 42, 43, 51, 244, 246, 289, 291, 360-1, 470.--Fuero viejo, Lib. v, Tit. ii, ley 1; Lib. I, Tit. i, ley 3.

[1072] Córtes etc. III, 339-40.

[1073] Ibidem, 516-18.--Autos acordados, Lib. V, Tit. x, Auto 1.

[1074] Colmeiro, Córtes, II, 88, 98, 121, 147, 163, 168, 180, 192, 199, 207.--Córtes de Madrid del año de Setenta y tres, Peticion 57 (Alcalá. 1575).

[1075] Bleda, Coronica de los Moros, pp. 864, 1025.

[1076] Salazar, Crónica del Gran Cardenal de España, Lib. I, cap. 68 (Madrid, 1625).

[1077] Dávila, Vida de Felipe III, p. 216.

[1078] Cespedes y Meneses, Don Felipe Quarto, Lib, II, cap. 10.

[1079] Cartas de Jesuitas (Mem. hist. español, XIII, 86).

[1080] Autos Acordados, Lib. IV, Tit. i, Auto 4.

[1081] Llorente, Coleccion diplomática, p. 44.

[1082] Autos Acordados, Lib. V, Tit. x, Auto 3.

[1083] C. Trident. Sess. XXI, De Reform. cap. 2; Sess. XXIII, De Reform. cap. 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; Sess. XXV, De Reg. et Mon. cap. 3.

[1084] Innocent. PP. XIII, Constit. _Apostolici ministerii_, 13 Maii, 1723. Confirmed by Benedict XIII, September 23, 1724 (Bullar. Roman. XIII, 60).

[1085] Semanário erúdito, X, 149-58.

[1086] Ibidem, VII, 172, 182-4; VIII, 231-33.

[1087] Novís. Recop., Lib. 1, Tit. v, leyes 14, 15, 17, 18. Under Carlos III the numbers of the clergy were:

1768. 1787. Parish priests 15,639 16,689 Beneficed clergy, vicars etc. 51,408 42,707 Regular clergy, males 55,453 47,515 Do. Do. females 27,665 24,559 Servants, sacristans, acolytes, etc. 25,248 16,376 Treasurers of religious houses 8,552 4,127 -------- -------- 183,965 151,973

The falling off in 1787 is probably due to greater rigor in scrutinizing claims to exemption.

[1088] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 19.

[1089] Ricordi sulla Spagna nell'anno 1853 (Ibidem, III, 469).

[1090] Conservacion de Monarquías, Discurso XLV.

[1091] Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 118, fol. 146, n 49.

[1092] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 450.

[1093] Ibidem, T. VI, p. 378.--Zanetornato, p. 88.

The _subsidio_ was a grant from Paul IV to arm sixty galleys, a purpose which was speedily forgotten. The _excusado_ was a grant from Paul V empowering the king to claim in each parish the tithe of the largest tithe-payer, but it led to difficulties in collecting and was commuted.

[1094] Archivo de Simancas, Inquisicion de Granada, Expedientes varios, Leg. 2.

[1095] Jovellanos, Informe, p. 88.

[1096] Marina, Teoria de las Córtes, P. I, cap. xiii, n. 24 (Madrid, 1820).

The burden of the tithe was the same in France under the _ancien régime_. As a recent writer remarks "Les dimes étaient une des plus lourdes, peutêtre même celle qui pesait sur les campagnes de la façon la plus générale et la plus fâcheuse ... on ne devrait pas oublier que le droit en lui-même était, le plus souvent, bien moins odieux, moins funeste, que les abus auxquels il donnait lieu ou servait de prétexte."--Edme Champion, La Séparation de l'Eglise et de l'Etat en 1794 (Paris, 1903).

The tithes and first fruits were by no means the only ecclesiastical exaction which impoverished the husbandman. An anonymous _Presbítero secular_ who, in 1828, vigorously defended the temporalities of the Church, candidly admits the oppressiveness of some of its revenues. Among those enumerated was one known as _Luctuosa_--the right to the best head of cattle on the death of the peasant. The lay lords had mostly commuted this for a small money payment, but the clergy farmed it out and the farmers exacted it with the utmost rigor, not only on the death of the head of a family but on that of every member, so that the survivors, in the hour of bereavement, were often stripped of the means of cultivating their holdings. In 1787 the people of the see of Lugo, after a long struggle, obtained from Carlos III a decree restricting it to the death of the head of the family and commuting it to a money payment of sixty reales when four head of cattle were owned and lesser sums for a smaller number.--Historia y Origen de las Rentas de la Iglesia de España, pp. 90-7 (Madrid, 1828).

This exaction was by no means confined to Spain. See Burn's Law Dictionary s. v. Heriot and Du Cange s. vv. _Hereotum_, _Luctuosa_.

[1097] Breve Memoria (Döllinger, Beiträge zur polit. kirchl. u. Cultur-Geschichte, III, 203).

[1098] C. Hispalens. ann. 1512, cap. 13, 17, 23, 26, 27 (Aguirre, T. V).--Barrantes, Aparato para la Hist. de Extremadura, I, 469.

[1099] De justa Hæreticorum punitione, Lib. III, cap. 5.

[1100] Comentarios, fol. 167, 260.

[1101] Archivo de Simancas, Patronato Real, Inq., Leg. único, fol. 76.

[1102] Synod. Oriolan., ann. 1600, cap. xxviii (Aguirre, VI, 457).

[1103] Alphonsus a Castro adversus Hæreses, Lib. I, cap. xii.

[1104] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 79.

[1105] Col. de Doc. inéd., V, 83, 85.

[1106] Bleda, Corónica de los Moros, p. 910.--See Bonifacii PP. VIII. Bull. _Unam Sanctam_ (Extrav. Commun., Lib. I, Tit. VIII, cap. 1). Also the _De Regimine Principum_, Lib. III, cap. x, xiii, xix, which passes under the name of Aquinas.

[1107] Picatoste, La Grandeza y Decadencia de España, III, 192 (Madrid, 1887).

[1108] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. II, p. 208.

[1109] Dávila, Hist. de Felipe III, Lib. II, cap. lvii.

[1110] Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib. V, fol. 93, 95, 97.

[1111] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. I, pp. 341-2; II, 61, 213; III, 222-3.

[1112] Sandoval, Vida del Emp. Carlos V, II, 740, 777, 792 (Barcelona, 1625).

[1113] Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II, Tom. II, 27, 44, 58; III, 588.

[1114] Pallavicini, Hist. Conc. Trident., Lib. XIV, cap. xi, n. 2.

See also the letter of St. Pius V, April 26, 1569, to the Duke of Anjou (Henry III) congratulating him on his victory over the Huguenots at Jarnac, and urging him to show himself inexorable to those who should plead for mercy towards heretics and rebels.--Pii Quinti Epistolar. Lib. V, p. 168 (Antverpiæ, 1640).

[1115] Testamento y Codicilo del Rey Don Felipe II, p. 14 (Madrid, 1882).

[1116] Relazioni Lucchese, p. 16.

[1117] In his instructions to Colonel Lockhart, his envoy to France after the negotiation of the treaty of 1656, Cromwell tells him to explain to Cardinal Mazarin "what my principles are which led me to a closure with France rather than with Spaine ... viz. that the one gives libertie of conscience to the professors of the Protestant religion and the other persecuteing it with losse of life and estate."--Prof. C. H. Firth, in English Historical Review, October, 1906, p. 744.

[1118] Coleccion de Tratados de Paz; Phelipe IV, P. VII, p. 685.

[1119] MSS. of Bodleian Library, Arch Seld., 130.

[1120] A. de Castro adv. Hæreses, Lib. I, cap. xiii.

[1121] Comentarios, fol. 209.

Spain was not exceptional in this. In 1700, a pastoral of Archbishop Precipiano of Mechlin describes with equal energy this profanation of saints' days.--Collectio Synodorum Archiep. Mechliniensis, II, 434 (Mechliniæ, 1829).

[1122] Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. V, p. 18.--In 1565, Giovanni Soranzo makes the same statement and both remark on the facility with which Spanish troops passed over to the infidel--Ibid, p. 82.