Chapter XXXIX: Appendix: I (5)

[470] Hoffmann, Geschichte der Inquisition, II. 370.--Lucii PP. III. Epist. 171.--Innoc. PP. IV. Bull. _Ad extirpanda_, § 34.--Ejusd. Bull. _Super extirpatione_, 30 Mai. 1254 (Ripoll, I. 247).--Alex. PP. IV. Bull. _Discretioni_ (Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 120).--Potthast No. 18200.

[471] Nich. PP. IV. Bull. _Habet vestræ_, 3 Oct. 1290.--Raynald. ann. 1438, No. 24.--Lami, Antichità Toscane, pp. 588-9.--Alv. Pelag. de Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. art. 67.--Archivio di Firenze, Riformagioni, Classe v. No. 110; Classe XI. Distinz. I, No. 39.

[472] Archivio di Napoli, Registro 9, Lett. C, fol. 90; Regist. 51, Lett. A, fol. 9; Reg. 98, Lett. B, fol. 13; Reg. 113, Lett. A, fol. 194; MSS. Chioccorelli, T. VIII.

[473] Albizio, Risposto al P. Paolo Sarpi, p. 25.--Sclopis, Antica Legislazione del Piemont, p. 485.

[474] Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xix., xxvi., xli. Cf. Pegnæ Comment. in Eymeric. p. 659.--Grandjean, Registre de Benoît XI. No. 299.--Raynald. ann. 1438, No. 24.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquis. s. v. _Bona hæreticorum_, No. 6, 8. As early as 1387, in the sentences of Antonio Secco on the Waldenses of the Alpine valleys, the confiscations are declared to be solely for the benefit of the Inquisition (Archivio Storico Italiano, No. 38, pp. 29, 36, 50).

It must be placed to the credit of Benedict XI, that, in 1304, he authorized Frà Simone, Inquisitor of Rome, to restore confiscations unjustly made by his predecessors and to moderate punishments inflicted by them if he considered them too severe (Grandjean, No. 474).

[475] Alonsi de Spina Fortalicii Fidei, Lib. II. Consid. xi. (fol. 74 Ed. 1594).

[476] MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 14930, fol. 224.--Livres de Jostice et de Plet, Liv. I. Tit. iii. § 7.--Vaissette, III. 391.--Les Olim, I. 317.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 11847.--Concil. Insulan. ann. 1251 c. 3.--Teulet, Layettes, II. 165.--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1246 c. 4.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 975.--Baluz. Concil. Narbonn. Append. pp. 96-99.--Coll. Doat, XXXV. 48. Cf. Berger, Registres d'Innoc. IV. No. 1543-4, 1547-8.--Vaissette, IV. 170.--Baudouin, Lettres inédites de Philippe le Bel, Paris, 1886, p. xl.

In spite of the general sense of equity manifested by St. Louis, he was by no means indifferent to acquisitions justified by the spirit of the age. In 1246 there seems to have been a raid made upon the Jews of Carcassonne, who were thrown into prison. In July St. Louis writes to his seneschal that he wants to get from them all that he can; they are, therefore, to be held in strict duress, while the amount which they can be made to pay is to be reported to him. In August he writes that the sum proposed is not satisfactory, and the seneschal is instructed to extort all that he can.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 1191-2.

[477] A. Molinier (Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VII. 284-94; VIII. 919).--Coll. Doat, XXXIV. 131, 135, 189; XXXV. 93.--Urbani PP. IV. Epist. 62 (Martene Thesaur. II. 94).--Bern. Guidon. Hist. Conv. Albiens.--Vaissette, III. Pr. 467, 500.--Arch. de l'Inq. de Carcass. (Doat, XXXI. 143, 146).

[478] C. Molinier, L'Inquisition dans le midi de la France, p. 101.--Les Olim, III. 1126-9, 1440-2. See also I. 920.

[479] Archives de l'Évêché d'Albi (Doat, XXXV. 83).--Les Olim, I. 556.--Archivio di Napoli, Regist. 4, Lett. B, fol. 47.--Archives de l'Évêché de Béziers (Doat, XXXI. 35).--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1246 c. 3.--Isambert, Anc. Loix Françaises, I. 257.--C. 19 Sexto v. 2.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 11847.--Collect. Doat, XXXV. 68.--Molinier, L'Inq. dans de midi de la France, p. 102.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, X. Pr. 370 sqq.

[480] Boutaric, Saint Louis et Alphonse de Poitiers, Paris, 1870, pp. 455-6.--Douais, Les sources de l'histoire de Inquisition (Revue des Questions Historiques, Oct. 1881, p. 436).--Coll. Doat, XXXII. 51, 64.

[481] Archives de l'Évêché d'Albi (Doat, XXXIII. 207-72).--Coll. Doat, XXXV. 93.--Les Olim, II. 111.

[482] Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquis. s. v. _Bona hœreticor_.--Archidiac. Gloss. sup. c. 19 Sexto v. 2.--Archivio di Napoli, Regist. 15, Lett. C, fol. 77, 78.

The English law of felony was also retroactive, and all alienations subsequent to the commission of the crime were void (Bracton, Lib. III. Tract. ii. cap. 13, No. 8).

[483] Coll. Doat, XXXII. 309, 316.

[484] Les Olim, II. 147.--Doat, XXVI. 253.

[485] Archives Générales de Belgique, Papiers d'État, v. 405.--Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 4, 14.

In Arras a charter of 1335, confirmed by Charles V. in 1369, protected the burghers from confiscation when condemned for crime by any competent tribunal.--Duverger, La Vauderie dans les États de Philippe le Bon, Arras, 1885, p. 60.

[486] C. 6, 8, 9, 14, Sexto XII. 26.--Bernardi Comensis Lucerna Inquis. s. v. _Bona hœreticorum_.--Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. pp. 570-2.--Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xxiv.--J.F. Ponzinib. de Lamiis c. 76.

Severe as was the contemporary English law against felony, it had at least this concession to justice, that a felon had to be convicted in his lifetime; his death before conviction thus prevented confiscation (Bracton, Lib. III. Tract. ii. cap. 13, No. 17).

[487] Lami, Antichità Toscane, pp. 497, 536-7.--It is true that when, in 1335, Henri de Chamay, Inquisitor of Carcassonne, sent to the papal court the depositions against the memory of eighteen persons accused of heretical acts committed between 1284 and 1290, and asked for instructions, the decision was that no reliance was to be placed on the testimony of witnesses who mostly contradicted themselves, and who only swore to what they had heard long before. Three previous investigations against the same persons had been held without reaching a conclusion, and the papal advisers assumed that there had been good reasons for dropping the matter.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, IX. 401.

How the system worked is seen in the complaint made in 1247 to St. Louis, by Guillem Pierre de Vintrou, that the royal seneschal of Carcassonne had seized his property derived through his mother, because his grandfather, seventeen years after death, had been accused of heresy. St. Louis thereupon ordered an examination and report.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 1196.

[488] Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 1641.

[489] Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xxvii.--Isambert, Anc. Loix Françaises, I. 257.

Yet there is a case in 1269 in which a creditor of two condemned heretics applies to Alphonse of Poitiers to be paid out of the confiscations, and Alphonse orders an inquiry into the circumstances.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 1682.

[490] Lami, Antichità Toscane, p. 593.--Archivio di Firenze, Riformagioni, Classe v. No. 110.

[491] MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 14930, fol. 228.--Guid. Fulcod. Quæst. III.--Archivio di Napoli, Regist. 6, Lett. B, fol. 35; Reg. 10, Lett. B, fol. 6, 7, 96; Reg. 11, Lett. C, fol. 40; Reg. 13, Lett. A, fol. 212; Reg. 51, Lett. A, fol. 9; Reg. 71, Lett. M, fol. 382, 385, 440; Reg. 98, Lett. B, fol. 13; Reg. 113, Lett. A, fol. 194; Reg. 253, Lett. A, fol. 63; MSS. Chioccorello, T. VIII.

[492] Concil. Tolosan. ann. 1229 c. 9.--Concil. Albiens. ann. 1254 c. 24.--Harduin. VII. 415.--Archives de L'Évêché de Béziers (Doat, XXXI. 35).--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1246 c. 22.--D. Bouquet, T. XXI. pp. 262, 264, 266, 278, etc.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 1206, 1573.--Archives de l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXXI. 250).--Archivio di Napoli, Regist. 20, Lett. B, fol. 91.

The care with which Alphonse looked after the proceeds of the confiscations is seen in his demand for an account from his seneschal, Jacques du Bois, March 25, 1268 (Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 1274).

[493] Molinier, L'Inquisition dans le midi de la France, p. 308.--Bern. Guidon. Fundat. Convent. Prædicat. (Martene Thesaur. VI. 481).--Boutaric, Saint Louis et Alphonse de Poitiers, pp. 456-7.

[494] Coll. Doat, XXXIV. 189.--In 1317 the result had been much less. We have the receipt of the royal treasurer of Carcassonne, Lothaire Blanc, to Arnaud Assalit, dated Sept. 24, 1317, for collections during the year ending the previous St. John's day, amounting to four hundred and ninety-five livres six sols eleven deniers, being the balance after deducting wages and expenses (Doat, XXXIV. 141).

[495] Doat, XXXV. 79, 100.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, X. Pr. 705, 777, 783.

[496] Potthast No. 13000, 15995.--Monteiro, Historia da Santo Inquisição, P.I. Lib. II. c. 34, 35.

[497] Mosheim de Beghardis pp. 356-63.

[498] Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. pp. 652-3.

[499] Vaissette, Éd. Privat, X. Pr. 791-2, 802.--Raynald. ann. 1375, No. 26.--Wadding, ann. 1375, No. 21, 22; 1409, No. 13.--Isambert, Anc. Loix Françaises, V. 491.--Martene Ampl. Collect. VIII. 161-3.

[500] Bernard. Guidon. Practica P. IV. (Doat, XXX.).

[501] Coll. Doat, XXI. 143.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 9992.--Doctrina de modo procedendi (Martene Thesaur. V. 1807).--Lami, Antichità Toscane, pp. 557, 559.--Lib, Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 2, 4, 36, 208, 254, 265, 289, 380.--Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. pp. 510-12.

[502] Pegnæ Comment, xx. in Eymeric. p. 124.--Tract. de Paup. de Lugd. (Martene Thesaur. V. 1792).--S. Thom. Aquinat. Summ. Sec. Sec. Q. XI. Art. 3.--Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. pp. 510-12.--Tract. de Inquisit. (Doat, XXX.).--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. IV. (Doat, XXX.).--A. de Spina Fortalic. Fidei Ed. 1494 fol. 76_a_.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds Moreau, No. 444, fol. 10. Cf. Archiv. di Napoli, Reg. 6, Lett. D, fol. 39; Reg. 13, Lett. A, fol. 139.--Coll. Doat, XXXIV. 189.--Malleus Maleficarum P. II. Q. i. c. 2.--Albizio, Risposto al P. Paolo Sarpi, p. 30.

Gregory IX. had no scruple in asserting the duty of the Church to shed the blood of heretics. In a brief of 1234 to the Archbishop of Sens he says, "_nec enim decuit Apostolicam Sedem in oculis suis, cum Madianita coeunte Judeo, manum suam a sanguine prohibere, ne si secus ageret non custodire populum Israel.... videretur_."--Ripoll I. 66.

Friar Heinrich Kaleyser was a celebrated doctor of theology, and was subsequently Inquisitor of Cologne (Nider. Formicar. v. viii.).

[503] C. 18 Sexto v. 2.--Concil. Albiens. ann. 1254 c. 22.--Eymeric. Direct. Inq. pp. 372, 562.--Pegnæ Comment. in Eymeric. p. 564.--Guid. Fulcod. Quæst. x.--Alex. PP. IV. Bull. _Ad audientiam_, 1260 (Eymeric. Append. p. 34).--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. IV. (Doat, XXX.).--Alex. PP. IV. Bull. _Quœsivisti_, 1260 (Ripoll I. 393).--Wadding. Annal. ann. 1288, No. 20.--Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xviii.--Fortalicii Fidei fol. 74_b_.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquisit. s. v. _Executio_, No. 1, 8.

[504] Guill. Pod. Laur. cap. 48.--Les Olim, I. 317.--Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 1674. X. Pr. 484, 659.--Baluz. et Mansi, II. 257.

[505] Vaissette, III. 410.--Wadding. Annal. ann. 1288, No. xix.--Hoffmann, Geschichte der Inquisition, II. 391.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquisit. s. v. _Executio_, No. 6.--Innoc. PP. VIII. Bull. _Dilectus filius_, 1486 (Pegnæ App. ad Eymeric. p. 84).--Leo. PP. X. Bull. _Honestis_, 1521 (Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 617).--Albizio, Risposto al P. Paolo Sarpi. pp. 64-70.

[506] Rodrigo, Historia Verdadera de la Inquisition, Madrid, 1876, I. 176-77.--Von der Hardt, IV. 317-18.

[507] Von der Hardt, III, 50-1.

[508] Concil. Arelatens. ann. 1234 c. 6.--Concil. Tarraconens. ann. 1242.--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1246, Append. c. 17.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. IV. (Doat, XXX.).--Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. pp. 514-16.--Anon. Passaviens. c. ix. (Mag. Bib. Pat. XIII. 308).--Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xviii.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. p. 6.

[509] Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1244 c. 26.--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1246, App. c. 9.--Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. pp. 376-77, 521-4.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 9992.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 379-80.--Zanchini Tract, de Hæret. c. xxiii.

[510] Lucii PP. III. Epist. 171.--Hist. Diplom. Frid. II. T. IV. p. 300.--Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1244 c. 11.--Gregor. PP. IX. Bull. _Ad capiendas_ (Vaissette, III. Pr. 364).--Epistt. Sæcul. XIII. No. 514 (Mon. Germ. Hist.).--Ripoll I. 55.--Concil. Tarraconens. ann. 1242.--Doctrina de modo procedendi (Martene Thesaur. V. 1800).--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1246, App. c. 20.--Coll. Doat, XXI. 148, 292,--Lami, Antichità Toscane, p. 560.

[511] Arch, de l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXXI. 5, 139, 149).--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 9992.--Martene Thesaur. I, 1045.--Vaissette, III. Pr. 479.--Molinier, L'Inq. dans le midi de la France, pp. 387-8, 418.--Anon. Passaviens. (Mag. Bib. Pat. XIII. 308).--Tract. de Paup. de Lugd. (Martene Thesaur. V. 1791).--Doctrina de modo procedendi (Ibid. 1807).--Practica super Inquisit. (MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 14930, fol. 206, 212, 213, 222, 223).--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1246, App. c. 33.

[512] Boutaric, Saint Louis et Alphonse de Poitiers, pp. 453-4.

[513] Ripoll I. 254.--C. 4 Sexto v. 2.--Potthast No. 17845.--S. Thom. Aquin. Sec. Sec. Q. xi. Art. 4.--Eymeric. Direct. Inq. p. 331, 512.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. p. 36.--Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xvi.

[514] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 2-4, 22, 48, 63, 76, 81-90, 122, 142, 149, 150, 198-99, 230, 232, 287-88.

[515] Alex. PP. IV. Bull. _Quod super nonnullis_, 9 Dec. 1257, 15 Dec. 1258, 10 Jan. 1260.--Urban. PP. IV. Bull. _Quod super nonnullis_, 21 Aug. 1262.--Can. 8 Sexto v. 2.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. IV. (Doat, XXX.).--Eymeric. Direct. Inq. p. 331.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquis. s. v. _Relapsus_.--Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xvi.

[516] Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1244 c. 13.--Doctrina de modo procedendi (Martene Thesaur. V. 1802, 1808).--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. IV. (Doat, XXX.).--Eymeric. Direct. Inq. p. 386.

[517] Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1244 c. 13.--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1246, Append, c. 33.--Concil. Valentin, ann. 1248 c. 13.--Archives de l'Évêché d'Albi (Doat, XXXV. 69).--Alex. PP. IV. Bull. _Ad audientiam_, 1260 (Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 118).--Guidon. Fulcod. Quæst. XIII.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. IV. (Doat, XXX.).--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 177, 199, 350, 393.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, nouv. nequis. No. 139, fol. 2.--Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. p. 643.--Zanchini Tract, de Hæret. c. x.--Bern. Comens. Lucerna Inquisit. s. v. _Fuga_, No. 5.--Albertini Repertor. Inquisit. s. vv. _Deficiens, Impænitens_.

[518] Bern. Guidon. Fund. Conv. Prædicat. (Martene Thesaur. VI. 481-3).--Coll. Doat, XXI. 143, 146.--MSS. Bib. Nat., funds latin, No. 9992.--Molinier, L'Inq. dans le midi de la France, pp. 73-4.

[519] Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. p. 513.--Tract. de Paup. de Lugd. (Martene Thesaur. V. 1792).

[520] Mladenowie Narrat. (Palacky Monument. J. Huss II. pp. 321-4).--Landucci, Diar. Fiorent. p. 178.

[521] Coll. Doat, XXXIV. 189.

[522] Guillel. Pelisso Chron. Ed. Molinier p. 45.--Coll. Doat, XXXIV 189.

[523] Sozomen. H. E. II. 20.--Constt. vi.; xvi. § I, Cod. I. 5.--Auth. Novell. CXLVI. c. 1.--Rigord. de Gest. Phil. Aug. ann. 1210.--Petri Venerab. Tract. contra Judæos c. iv.--D'Argentré, Collect. Judicior. de nov. Erroribus I. I. 132, 146-56, 349.--Potthast. No. 10759, 10767, 11376.--Ripoll, I. 487-88.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 509.--Coll. Doat, XXXVII. 125, 246.--Harduin. Concil. VII. 485.--S. Martial. Chron. ann. 1309 (Bouquet, XXI. 813).--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 273-4.--Bern. Guidon. Practica (Doat, XXIX. 246).--Raynald. ann. 1320, No. 23.--Wadding. ann. 1409, No. 12.--C. 1 in Septimo v. 4.

In the Paris condemnation of 1248 the Talmud only is specified, though in the examination mention is made of the Gloss of Solomon of Troyes, and of a work which from its description would seem to be the Toldos Jeschu, or history of Jesus, which so excited the ire of the Carthusian, Ramon Marti, in his _Pugio Fidei_, and of all subsequent Christians (cf. Wagenseilii Tela Ignea Satanæ, Altdorfi, 1681). No one can read its curious account of the career of Christ from a Jewish standpoint without wondering that a single copy of it was allowed to reach modern times.

[524] Bern. Guidon. Gravam. (Doat, XXX. 101).

[525] Extrav. Commun. Lib. v. Tit. viii. c. 1.--Amalrici Augerii Vit. Pontif. ann. 1316-17.--Bern. Guidon. Vit. Joann. XXII.

[526] Theod. a Niem de Schismate Lib. I. c. 42, 45, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 60.--Gobelin. Personæ Cosmodrom. Aet. VI. c. 78.--Chronik des J. v. Königshofen (Chron. der Deutschen Städte, IX. 598).--Raynald. ann. 1362, No. 13; 1372, No. 10.--Poggii Hist. Florentin. Lib. II. ann. 1376.

[527] I have treated this subject at some length in an essay on torture (Superstition and Force, 3d Edition, 1878), and need not here dwell further on its details. The student who desires to see the shape which the inquisitorial process assumed in later times can consult Brunnemann (Tractatus Juridicus de Inquisitionis Processu, Ed. octava, Francof. 1704), who attributes its origin to the Mosaic law (Deut. XIII. 12; XVII. 4), and vastly prefers it to the proceeding _per accusationem_. Indeed, a case in which _accusatio_ failed or threatened to fail could be resumed or continued by _inquisitio_ (op. cit. Cap. I. No. 2, 15-18). It supplied all deficiencies and gave the judge almost unlimited power to convict.

The manner in which the civil power was led to adopt the abuses of the Inquisition is well illustrated in a Milanese edict of 1393, where the magistrates, in proceedings against malefactors, are ordered to employ the inquisitorial process "_summarie et de plano sine strepitu et figura juditii_" and to supply all defects of fact "_ex certa scientia_" (Antiq. Ducum Mediolan. Decreta. Mediolani, 1654, p. 188). A comparison of this with the Milanese jurisprudence of sixty years earlier, quoted above (p. 401), will show how rapidly in the interval force had usurped the place of justice.

[528] Fortescue de Laudibus Legum Angliæ cap. xxii.--As late as 1823 there is a case in which a court in Martinique condemned a man to the galleys for life for "vehement suspicion" of being a sorcerer (Isambert. Anc. Loix Françaises, XI. 253).

[529] There is evidently something lacking here. It can doubtless be supplied from Moneta, p. 151. "Et e contrario Deuteronomii, 15, v. 9, dicit legislator: _Dominaberis nationibus plurimis et nemo tibi dominabitur_."

[530] It was this bull which enabled inquisitors to administer torture. A date several years later has usually been assigned to it.