Chapter IX: Appendix: To Part IV

MUHAMMADAN MONTHS.

1. _Muharram._
2. _Safar._
3. _Rabia-el-awal._
4. _Rabia-el-akhir._
5. _Jumad-el-awal._
6. _Jumad-el-akhir._
7. _Rejab._
8. _Sha`aban._
9. _Ramazan._
10. _Shawal._
11. _Zu'l-ka`adah._
12. _Zu'l-hajah._

DAYS OF THE WEEK.

Sunday, _Ahad_, lit. "the first."
Monday, _Isnein_ or _Senein_, lit. "the second."
Tuesday, _Salasa_, lit. "the third."
Wednesday, _Arba`ah_ or _Rabu_, lit. "the fourth."
Thursday, _Khamis_, lit. "the fifth."
Friday, _Juma`at_, lit. "the congregation."
Saturday, _Sabtu_, lit. "Sabbath."

PERIODS OF PRAYER.

1. _Maghrib_, a few minutes after sunset.
2. _`Isha_, evening, after dark.
3. _Subh_, daybreak.
4. _Lohor_, or _Dlu[h.]r_, between noon and 1 P.M.
5. _Asr_, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall.

MALAY PHRASES FOR DIVISIONS OF TIME.

1. _Belum terbang lalat_, "Before the flies are astir," just before
daybreak.
2. _Pechah panas_, "When the heat commences," sun-up.
3. _K[)e]ring ambun_, "When the dew dries," about 8 A.M.
4. _Tengah naik_, "When the sun is half-way," 9 A.M.
5. _Tulih tenggala_, "When the plough is idle."[1]
6. _Tengah hari t[)e]pat_, "Mid-day exactly," noon.
7. _Rambang_, "Right in the middle" (_i.e._ the sun in the sky), noon.
8. _Buntar membayang_, "When the shadows are round" (_i.e._, when your
shadow is round your feet), noon.
9. _Ber-alis hari_, "When the day changes," afternoon.
10. _Lepas ba`adah_, and _lepas ba`adah salah_, "After (Friday's)
prayers (in the mosque)," about 1.30 P.M.
11. _Turun kerbau be-rendam_, "When the buffaloes go down to the
water," about 5 P.M.
12. _Jind[)e]ra budak_, "When the children have gone to sleep," about
10 P.M.

[Footnote 1: _Tulih tinggala muda_ is about 9 A.M., and _tulih
tinggala tuah_ about 11 A.M.]

MALAY PROPER NAMES.

The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan world, many of which are Hebrew also, are in use among the Malays. It is common, however, to abbreviate them in a manner peculiarly Malay. For example, "Muhammad" is shortened to "Mat," "Ibrahim" becomes "Brahim" and "Him," and for "Isahak," "Sahak" and "Ak" are often heard.

Certain names are also in use, which, either used by themselves or prefixed to other proper names, show the relative seniority of a person in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, &c., three of these are commonly used, "_Long_," "_Ngah_," and "_Busuk_:"--

_Long_ is equivalent to _Sulong_, "eldest,"
_Ngah_ is equivalent to _Tengah_, "middle,"
_Busuk_ is equivalent to _Bongsu_, "youngest."

In Perak seven of these names are in use:--

1. _Long._
2. _Ngah._
3. _Alang._
4. _Panjang._
5. _Pandah._
6. _Uda._
7. _Utih._

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

16 _tahil_, 1 _kati_.[2]
100 _kati_, 1 _pikul_.
3 _pikul_, 1 _bahara_.
40 _pikul_, 1 _koyan_.

[Footnote 2: 1 _kati_ = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.]

GOLDSMITH'S WEIGHT.

12 _saga_, 1 _mayam_.
16 _mayam_, 1 _bungkal_.[3]
12 _bungkal_, 1 _kati_.

[Footnote 3: 1 _bungkal_ = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832
grains.]

CAPACITY.

4 _chupak_, 1 _gantang_.[4]
10 _gantang_, 1 _parah_.
16 _gantang_, 1 _nalih_.
160 _gantang_, 1 _kunchah_.
5 _kunchah_ or 800 _gantang_ 1 _koyan_.

[Footnote 4: 1 _gantang_ contains 271.65 cubic inches, or 1¼
gallons nearly. The standard varies according to locality.]

LINEAR.

2 _jingkal_ (span), 1 _hasta_ (cubit).
2 _hasta_, 1 _ela_ (yard).
4 _hasta_, 1 _d[)e]pa_ (fathom).
2 _d[)e]pa_, 1 _jumba_.
20 _jumba_, 1 _orlong_ (80 yards).

SQUARE MEASURE.

400 _jumba_, 1 _orlong_.

The _jumba_ is equal to 144 square feet; the _orlong_ is equal to 6400 square feet, or about 1-1/3 acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12 perches).

MONEY.

The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish dollar (_ringgit_ or _real_) divided into cents. A quarter of a dollar (25 cents) is called _suku_ (quarter). Local terms are also used to denote fractions of the dollar, as in Penang, _kupang_ (= 10 cents), and in Malacca, _wang baharu_ (= 2½ cents).

In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, the currency of the British settlements has almost entirely displaced that which was in use before. In Perak lumps of tin were formerly current as coin; in addition to these Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed.

The following are some of the old modes of reckoning:--

TIN COINAGE.

2 _boya_, 1 _tampang_ (value the 10th part of a dollar).[5]
5 _boya_, 1 _bidor_ (value the 4th part of a dollar).

[Footnote 5: The weight of the _tampang_ (in Perak) was one
_kati_. It was a small cubical lump of tin, with a pattern stamped
on it. The _bidor_ weighed 2½ _kati_, or the 40th part of a
_pikul_.]

SILVER COINS USED IN WEIGHING GOLD.

2 _penjuru_, 1 _piah_, weight 1 _mayam_.
4 _piah_, 1 _jampal_, weight 4 _mayam_.
2 _jampal_, 1 _real_, weight 8 _mayam_.

COINS FORMERLY IN USE.

36 _duit hayam_ (copper), 1 _wang_ (silver).
7 _wang_, 1 _suku_.