Chapter V: Pronouns

Sec. 65.

1. PERSONAL.

SING.

Nom. ich, _I_ du, d[u], _thou_
Acc. mich dich
Gen. m[i]n d[i]n
Dat. mir dir

PLUR.

Nom. wir ir
Acc. unsich, uns iuch
Gen. unser iuwer
Dat. uns iu

SING.

_Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._

Nom. [e:]r, _he_ [e:][z], _it, there_ si, s[i], siu, sie, _she_
Acc. in [e:][z] sie, si, s[i]
Gen. ([e:]s) [e:]s ir(e)
Dat. im(e) im(e) ir(e)

PLUR.

Nom. Acc. si, s[i], sie (Neut. also siu), _they_
Gen. ir(e)
Dat. in

NOTE.--1. The gen. {ir} is often used as a possessive pronoun. For
{[e:][z]} the form {i[z]} sometimes appears.

2. For the acc. pl. {unsich} the dat. {uns} is mostly used. {iu} is
often used for {iuch}, and _vice versa_. {im}, {ir} are more usual
than {ime}, {ire}.

3. The unstressed forms of personal pronouns are often attached to
other words, as {ich[z]}, {i[z]} = {ich [e:][z]}; {ichne}, {ine}, {ichn}
= {ich ne} (_not_); {tuostu} = {tuost du}; {dune}, {dun} = {du ne}
(_not_); {tuo[z]} = {tuo [e:][z]}; {eist}, {[e]st} = {[e:][z] ist}; {dei[z]}
= {da[z] [e:][z]}; {mohter} = {mohte [e:]r}; {baten} = {bat in}; {wir[z]}
= {wir [e:][z]}, &c.

Sec. 66.

2. REFLEXIVE.

SING. PLUR.

Acc. sich sich
Gen. s[i]n (fem. ir) ir
Dat. im, ir in

Sec. 67.

3. POSSESSIVE.

{m[i]n}, _my_; {d[i]n}, _thy_; {s[i]n}, _his_; {ir}, _her_; {unser}, _our_; {iuwer}, _your_; {ir}, _their_.

They are declined like the strong adjective {michel}, _great_ (Sec. 55). The dat. sing. forms {d[i]nme}, {s[i]nme} are generally contracted to {d[i]me}, {s[i]me}, see Sec. 9, 3.

Sec. 68.

4. DEMONSTRATIVE.

SING.
_Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._

Nom. d[e:]r, _the_ da[z] diu
Acc. d[e:]n da[z] die
Gen. d[e:]s d[e:]s d[e:]r(e)
Dat. d[e:]m(e) d[e:]m(e) d[e:]r(e)
Instr. diu

PLUR.
_Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._

Nom. die diu die
Acc. die diu die
Gen. d[e:]r(e) d[e:]r(e) d[e:]r(e)
Dat. d[e:]n d[e:]n d[e:]n

Like {d[e:]r} is also declined {jener}, _that_, except that the Nom., Acc. sg. neut. ends in {-e[z]}. {d[e:]r}, &c., is used both as definite article and relative pronoun.

NOTE.--1. For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl. {diu},
the form {die} was sometimes used; and conversely {diu} for {die} in
the fem. acc. singular. {diu} and {die} were sometimes weakened to
{de}, and to {d'} before words beginning with a vowel. {da[z]} was
sometimes weakened to {de[z]}, and still further to {[z]} which was then
attached to a preceding word, as {l[a]t[z] kind} = {l[a]t da[z] kint};
{an[z]} {in[z]} = {an}, {in da[z]}. {d[e]st}, {deis}, {d[e]s} = {da[z] ist}.

2. The various cases were often fused into one word with
prepositions, as {anme}, {ame}, {am} = {an d[e:]me}; {z[e:]me}, {z[e:]m}
= {ze d[e:]me}; {[u]fme} = {[u]f d[e:]me}; {z[e:]r} = {ze d[e:]r} (fem.);
{[u:]bern} = {[u:]ber d[e:]n}; {[u]f[e:]n} = {[u]f d[e:]n}; {z[e:]n}
= {ze d[e:]n}.

SING.
_Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._

Nom. dirre (diser, dise), _this_ ditze, diz, di[z] disiu
Acc. disen ditze, diz, di[z] dise
Gen. dises dises dirre
Dat. disem(e) disem(e) dirre

PLUR.

Nom. dise disiu dise
Acc. dise disiu dise
Gen. dirre dirre dirre
Dat. disen disen disen

5. RELATIVE.

Sec. 69.

A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles were used to express it:--

1. {d[e:]r}, {da[z]} (also used as a conjunction), {diu}, also in combination with the particles {dar der d[a]}. 2. {s[o]}, {als[o]} ({alse}, {als}), _as_; {sam} ({alsam}), _as_. 3. {d[a](r)}, _where_, {dar}, _thither, whither_, {darinne}, _therein_, {dannen}, _wherefrom_, {darumbe}, _therefore_, {d[o]}, _when, as._ 4. Indefinite relatives, as {sw[e:]r} (from {s[o] w[e:]r}), _whoever_, {swelch}, _each who_, {sw[e:]der}, _who of two_; {sw[a]}, {swar}, _wherever_, {swannen}, {swanne} ({swenne}), _whenever_, {swie}, _however, howsoever._ 5. The conjunction {unde}, _and_.

6. INTERROGATIVE.

Sec. 70.

The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the feminine, and is declined in the singular only.

_Masc. Fem._ _Neut._

Nom. w[e:]r, _who_ wa[z]
Acc. w[e:]n wa[z]
Gen. w[e:]s w[e:]s
Dat. w[e:]m(e) w[e:]m(e)
Instr. wiu

In the same manner are declined the compounds:

{sw[e:]r} (from {s[o] w[e:]r}), _whoever_, {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r}, _anyone_, {nei[z]w[e:]r} (= {ne wei[z] w[e:]r}, _I do not know who_), _anyone_.

{w[e:]der}, _who of two_, is declined like a strong adjective; {wel[i]ch} ({welch}), _which_, is also declined like a strong adjective, but the nom. singular remains uninflected.

7. INDEFINITE.

Sec. 71.

{ander}, _other_; {dechein}, {dehein}, {dekein}, _no, none_; {dew[e:]der}, _neither_; {ein}, _one, some one_: when {ein} is used with the meaning _alone_ it follows the weak declension; {etel[i]ch}, {etl[i]ch}, {etesl[i]ch}, {etsl[i]ch}, _anyone, many a_, pl. = _some_; {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r}, _anyone_; {etewa[z]}, _anything_; {iegel[i]ch}, {iesl[i]ch}, {iegesl[i]ch}, _each_; {ieman}, {iemen}, _someone, somebody_; {iew[e:]der}, {ietw[e:]der}, _each_; {iewel[i]ch}, {iewelich}, _each_; {iewiht}, {iht}, _anything_; {kein}, _no_; {man}, _one_; {manec}, _many a_, declined {maneger}, {manege[z]}, {manegiu}, &c.; {nehein}, _no, none_; {niht}, _nothing_; {solch}, _such_, declined like {manec}; {sum}, _any one at all_, pl. _some_; {sumel[i]ch}, {suml[i]ch}, _many a_; {swelch}, _each who_; {sw[e:]r}, _whoever_; {w[e:]der}, _which of two_; {wel[i]ch} ({welch}), _which_, declined like {manec}.